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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Mandarin">Modern Standard Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling conventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Mandarin_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Mandarin transcription systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Late imperial Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morrison_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morrison romanization (page does not exist)">Morrison romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese dialect">Sichuanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Pinyin" title="Sichuanese Pinyin">Sichuanese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuanxua_Ladinxua_Xin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz">Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">General Wu</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization of Wu Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese_romanisation" title="Wenzhounese romanisation">Wenzhounese romanization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(romanisation)" title="S. L. Wong (romanisation)">S. L. Wong (romanization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Cantonese_romanization_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Cantonese romanization systems"> <i>Comparison chart</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">Modern Literal Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" title="Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Fuzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Shaowu" title="Romanized Shaowu">Romanized Shaowu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang-Du</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagfa_Pinyim" title="Hagfa Pinyim">Hagfa Pinyim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Yi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang–Yi dialects">Chang–Yi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Diasystem" title="Diasystem">Polylectal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">General Chinese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Romanized_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Romanized General Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other transliterations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Character-based_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Character-based General Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By place</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Romanization in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Romanization in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Romanization in Taiwan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template talk:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im</b> (<a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbr</a>: DT; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">臺語通用拼音</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Taiwanese phonetic transcription system') is an <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> for <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> based upon <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>. It is able to use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> to indicate the proper variation of <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">pitch</a> with nine <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">unaspiration</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>g</td> <td>-h/ ' (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>p</td> <td>t</td> <td>k</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></th> <th>unaspiration </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>bh</td> <td> </td> <td>gh</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">voiceless</th> <th>unaspiration </th> <td>z</td> <td>zi</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>aspiration </th> <td>c</td> <td>ci</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced</th> <th>unaspiration </th> <td> </td> <td>r</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">voiceless</th> <th>unaspiration </th> <td>s</td> <td>si</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>aspiration </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <th>voiced</th> <th>unaspiration </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ng</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <th>voiced</th> <th>unaspiration </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>i</td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td>e</td> <td> </td> <td>or(2) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>or(1)</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>a</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_number">Tone number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tone number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Minnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Minnan">Taiwanese</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>, so the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 1.2em; text-align: center"> <caption>DT <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">tone number</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1st</th> <th>2nd</th> <th>3rd</th> <th>4th</th> <th>5th</th> <th>6th</th> <th>7th</th> <th>8th</th> <th>9th</th> <th>Neutral</th> <th>Nasal </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a></td> <td>a̱</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">ā</a>(p/t/k/h)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">ă</a></td> <td>à</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a(p/t/k/h)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">á</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></td> <td>aⁿ/ann </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tone_definition">Tone definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tone definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/210px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/315px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/420px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Schema of the <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> rules in Taiwanese.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_marks">Tone marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tone marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tones are expressed by <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stops</a>) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead. </p> <ol><li>a (1st tone; yinping)</li> <li>à (2nd tone; yingshang)</li> <li>a̠ (3rd tone; yinqu)</li> <li>ā (ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)</li> <li>ă (5th tone; yangping)</li> <li>ä (6th tone; yangshang)</li> <li>ā (7th tone; yangqu)</li> <li>a (ptkh) (8th tone; yangru)</li> <li>á (9th tone; high rising)</li> <li>å (neutral tone)</li> <li>aⁿ (ann) (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>)</li></ol> <p>Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">contour</a>; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "neutral tone" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">輕聲</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).<sup id="cite_ref-Daiuaan-ghi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daiuaan-ghi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daiuaan-bunhua_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daiuaan-bunhua-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows one of the six underlying patterns:<sup id="cite_ref-Daiuaan-bunhua_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daiuaan-bunhua-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DT alphabet adopts the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> of 19 letters, 4 <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, and 6 <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to express the basic sounds of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Minnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Minnan">Taiwanese</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 1.2em;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th><small>dt <a href="/wiki/Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">capital letter</a></small> </th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>Bh</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>G</td> <td>Gh</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>Ng</td> <td>O</td> <td>Or</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>dt <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a></small> </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>bh</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>g</td> <td>gh</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ng</td> <td>o</td> <td>or</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t </p><p>Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, <i>bh</i> and <i>gh</i> are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated</a>, whereas <i>b</i>, <i>g</i>, and <i>d</i> are plain unvoiced as in <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>. <i>p</i>, <i>k</i>, and <i>t</i> are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, and <i>k</i> in English. It is inconsistent with the use of h's in the <a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a> and the use of the diacritic in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> to signal consonantal <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a>: a, i, u, e, or, o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a>: ai, au, ia, iu, io, ui, ua, ue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">Triphthongs</a>: iau, uai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasals</a>: m, n, ng</li></ul> <p>The nasals <i>m, n,</i> and <i>ng</i> can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, <i>m</i> and <i>ng</i> can function as independent syllables by themselves. </p><p>The stops <i>h</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>b</i> and <i>d</i> can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced with <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a>. (The final <i>h</i> in DT stands for a glottal stop.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delimiting_symbols">Delimiting symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Delimiting symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All syllables in each word are normally separated by the <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> (-) mark. Generally, syllables before the dash which must undergo <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DT_examples">DT examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: DT examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Universal Declaration of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <th align="left">DT </th> <th align="left">English </th></tr> <tr> <td class="Unicode">Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghĕn <p>Dê 1 diău </p><p>Lāng-lăng seⁿ-låi zû-iŭ, zāi zūn-ghiăm gāh kuăn-lī siòng it-lip bīng-dìng. In hù-iù li-sîng gāh liōng-sim, lî-ciaⁿ ìng-gai i hiānn-dī gūan-hē ē zīng-sĭn hō-siōng dùi-dāi. </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <p>Article 1 </p><p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greeting_of_Voyager_Golden_Record">Greeting of Voyager Golden Record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greeting of Voyager Golden Record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <th align="left">DT </th> <th align="left">English </th> <th align="left">Audio file:<br /><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="Unicode">Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr. </td> <td>Friends of space, how are you all! Have you eaten yet? Drop in on us if you have time. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au">Taiwanese(Amoy; Min nan; Formosan) sound record of voyager 1</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C4%AB-gh%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-i%C5%8Dng_p%C4%ABng-im&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/dia/diacritics-revised.htm">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/pulmonic.html">IPA: Pulmonic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316003917/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/pulmonic.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html">IPA: Vowels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313235947/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daiuaan-ghi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daiuaan-ghi_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, Hen-zng(李獻璋),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建語法序說)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風書局), <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Dec. 1950. <span class="languageicon">(in Taiwanese Hokkien and Japanese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daiuaan-bunhua-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daiuaan-bunhua_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daiuaan-bunhua_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan, Hue-liong(陳輝龍),"Taiwanese(臺灣語法(全));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附臺灣語助數詞)",Anonymous association publ.(無名會出版部), <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>,July 1934. <span class="languageicon">(in Taiwanese Hokkien and Japanese)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daī-ghî_tōng-iōng_pīng-im&oldid=1222266416">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daī-ghî_tōng-iōng_pīng-im&oldid=1222266416</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Category:Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Hokkien" title="Category:Romanization of Hokkien">Romanization of Hokkien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pinyin" title="Category:Pinyin">Pinyin</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Taiwanese_Hokkien-language_sources_(nan-tw)" title="Category:Articles with Taiwanese Hokkien-language sources (nan-tw)">Articles with Taiwanese Hokkien-language sources (nan-tw)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja)">Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 May 2024, at 22:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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