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href="#Linguistic_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Linguistic classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_other_than_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_other_than_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Languages other than English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages_other_than_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages other than English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages_other_than_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transmission_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Transmission in the Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_in_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_words_in_Indonesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_words_in_Indonesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dutch words in Indonesian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_words_in_Indonesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_words_in_Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_words_in_Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dutch words in Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_words_in_Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaps_in_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaps_in_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leaps in meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaps_in_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Loanword</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leenwoord" title="Leenwoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leenwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لفظ دخيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لفظ دخيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9stamu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Préstamu llingüísticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Préstamu llingüísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آلینما سؤزلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلینما سؤزلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="ঋণশব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঋণশব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chioh-%C4%93ng-j%C4%AB" title="Chioh-ēng-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chioh-ēng-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Запазычаныя словы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Запазычаныя словы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Запазычаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Запазычаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinubling_kataga" title="Sinubling kataga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sinubling kataga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Чужди думи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чужди думи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwoat" title="Loanwoat – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Loanwoat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%91ica" title="Tuđica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tuđica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amprest_(yezhoniezh)" title="Amprest (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amprest (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlleu_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Manlleu (lingüística) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manlleu (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%83_c%C4%83%D0%BCa%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Йышăннă căмaхсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йышăннă căмaхсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99ejat%C3%A9_slovo" title="Přejaté slovo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přejaté slovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gair_benthyg" title="Gair benthyg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gair benthyg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5neord" title="Låneord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Låneord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehnwort" title="Lehnwort – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lehnwort" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laens%C3%B5na" title="Laensõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laensõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1)" title="Δάνειο (γλώσσα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δάνειο (γλώσσα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ушовал – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ушовал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9stamo_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Préstamo lingüístico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Préstamo lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingva_prunto" title="Lingva prunto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingva prunto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87" title="وام‌واژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وام‌واژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emprunt_lexical" title="Emprunt lexical – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emprunt lexical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienwurd" title="Lienwurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lienwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasacht_(focal)" title="Iasacht (focal) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iasacht (focal)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9stamo_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Préstamo lingüístico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Préstamo lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%9E%98%EC%96%B4" title="외래어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외래어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փոխառություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="आगत शब्द – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आगत शब्द" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BE%C4%8Donka" title="Požčonka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Požčonka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posu%C4%91enice" title="Posuđenice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Posuđenice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_serapan" title="Kata serapan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kata serapan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6kuor%C3%B0" title="Tökuorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tökuorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestito_linguistico" title="Prestito linguistico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prestito linguistico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מילה שאולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילה שאולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кірме сөздер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кірме сөздер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utohozi" title="Utohozi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utohozi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Кабылдоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кабылдоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizguvums" title="Aizguvums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aizguvums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolinys" title="Skolinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skolinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8nwoord" title="Liènwoord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liènwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fu%27ivla" title="fu'ivla – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fu'ivla" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6vev%C3%A9nysz%C3%B3" title="Jövevényszó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jövevényszó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Заемка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заемка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കടം കൊണ്ട വാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടം കൊണ്ട വാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="كلمه مستعاره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلمه مستعاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_pinjaman" title="Kata pinjaman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata pinjaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leenwoord" title="Leenwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leenwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leynwoord" title="Leynwoord – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Leynwoord" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="借用語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="借用語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lånord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lånord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B8" title="ពាក្យកម្ចី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពាក្យកម្ចី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehnwoort" title="Lehnwoort – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lehnwoort" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapo%C5%BCyczenie_j%C4%99zykowe" title="Zapożyczenie językowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapożyczenie językowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empr%C3%A9stimo_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Empréstimo (linguística) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empréstimo (linguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Заимствование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заимствование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Киирии тыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киирии тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leenwoud" title="Leenwoud – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Leenwoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjala_e_huazuar" title="Fjala e huazuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fjala e huazuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1" title="ඉල්ලාගත් වචන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉල්ලාගත් වචන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Loanword" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevzeta_beseda" title="Prevzeta beseda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prevzeta beseda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88" title="وشەی وەرگیراو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وشەی وەرگیراو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozajmljenice" title="Pozajmljenice – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pozajmljenice" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainasana" title="Lainasana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lainasana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lånord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கடன்சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடன்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алынма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алынма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="అరువు పదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరువు పదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%A1" title="คำยืม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำยืม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%B1nt%C4%B1_kelime" title="Alıntı kelime – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alıntı kelime" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мовне запозичення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовне запозичення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8" title="دخیل لفظ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دخیل لفظ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_m%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3n" title="Từ mượn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ mượn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaedje_(linwince)" title="Calcaedje (linwince) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Calcaedje (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="外来语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="外来语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="借詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="外来语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外来语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q103808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG/220px-20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG/330px-20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG/440px-20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> loanword from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tōfu</i></span><i>,</i> in which it is itself a loanword from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> word 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociolinguistics" title="Template:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociolinguistics" title="Template talk:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociolinguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>loanword</b> (also a <b>loan word</b>, <b>loan-word</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> at least partly assimilated from one <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)" title="Borrowing (linguistics)">borrowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loanwords may be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a>, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a>, which are words in two or more <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">related languages</a> that are similar because they share an <a href="/wiki/Etymological" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymological">etymological</a> origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_and_related_terms">Examples and related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples and related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A loanword is distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Loan_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan translation">loan translation</a>), which is a word or phrase whose <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a> is adopted from another language by word-for-word <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> into existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loanwords, in contrast, are <em>not</em> translated. </p><p>Examples of loanwords in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> include <i><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café">café</a></i> (from French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">café</i></span>, which means "coffee"), <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> (from Persian <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">bāzār</i></span>, which means "market"), and <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> (from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kindergarten</i></span>, which literally means "children's garden"). The word <i>calque</i> is a loanword, while the word <i>loanword</i> is a calque: <i>calque</i> comes from the French noun <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">calque</i></span> ("tracing; imitation; close copy");<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the word <i>loanword</i> and the phrase <i>loan translation</i> are translated from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> nouns <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lehnwort</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lehnübersetzung</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈleːnʔybɐˌzɛt͡sʊŋ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/74\/De-Lehn%C3%BCbersetzung.ogg\/De-Lehn%C3%BCbersetzung.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Lehn\u00fcbersetzung.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/De-Lehn%C3%BCbersetzung.ogg/De-Lehn%C3%BCbersetzung.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Lehn%C3%BCbersetzung.ogg" title="File:De-Lehnübersetzung.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a></i>, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although colloquial and <a href="/wiki/Informal_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal register">informal register</a> loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-algeo_2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algeo_2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fiedler_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiedler-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a> are often used when two languages interact. However, the meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target language (the superstrate).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (December 2021)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wanderwort" title="Wanderwort">Wanderwort</a> is a word that has been borrowed across a wide range of languages remote from its original source; an example is the word <i>tea</i>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> but has been borrowed into languages all over the world. For a sufficiently old Wanderwort, it may become difficult or impossible to determine in what language it actually originated. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of musical terms">technical vocabulary of classical music</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegro_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegro (music)">allegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>) is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fencing" title="Glossary of fencing">terminology</a> of the sport of <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> also comes from French. Many loanwords come from prepared food, drink, fruits, vegetables, seafood and more from languages around the world. In particular, many come from <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chantilly (disambiguation)">Chantilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e" title="Crème brûlée">crème brûlée</a>), <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguine" title="Linguine">linguine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chow_mein" title="Chow mein">chow mein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">wonton</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_classification">Linguistic classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linguistic classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in a variety of ways.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studies by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Betz" title="Werner Betz">Werner Betz</a> (1971, 1901), <a href="/wiki/Einar_Haugen" title="Einar Haugen">Einar Haugen</a> (1958, also 1956), and <a href="/wiki/Uriel_Weinreich" title="Uriel Weinreich">Uriel Weinreich</a> (1963) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic theoretical statements all take Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these classifications is given below.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "foreign word" used in the image below is a mistranslation of the German <i>Fremdwort</i>, which refers to loanwords whose pronunciation, spelling, inflection or gender have not been adapted to the new language such that they no longer seem foreign. Such a separation of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in talking about any language. Basing such a separation mainly on spelling is (or, in fact, was) not common except amongst German linguists, and only when talking about German and sometimes other languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the word has been widely used for a long time. </p><p>According to the linguist Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be defined as follows in English: "[W]hen most speakers do not know the word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Schadenfreude (German)."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not how the term is used in this illustration: </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loanword_classification_tree_3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Loanword_classification_tree_3.gif/800px-Loanword_classification_tree_3.gif" decoding="async" width="800" height="533" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Loanword_classification_tree_3.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /></a></span> </p><p>On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen (1950: 214f.) distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: "(1) <i>Loanwords</i> show morphemic importation without substitution.... (2) <i>Loanblends</i> show morphemic substitution as well as importation.... (3) <i>Loanshifts</i> show morphemic substitution without importation". Haugen later refined (1956) his model in a review of Gneuss's (1955) book on Old English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by Betz (1949) again. </p><p>Weinreich (1953: 47ff.) differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by compound words and phrases. Weinreich (1953: 47) defines <i>simple words</i> "from the point of view of the bilinguals who perform the transfer, rather than that of the descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the category 'simple' words also includes compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form". After this general classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz's (1949) terminology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English">In English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English language has borrowed many words from other cultures or languages. For examples, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Lists of English words by country or language of origin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a>. </p><p>Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to the original phonology even though a particular <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> might not exist or have contrastive status in English. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Lava#ʻAʻā" title="Lava">ʻaʻā</a></i> is used by geologists to specify lava that is thick, chunky, and rough. The Hawaiian spelling indicates the two <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stops</a> in the word, but the English pronunciation, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʔ/: the catch in 'uh-oh'">ʔ</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, contains at most one. The English spelling usually removes the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> diacritics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most English affixes, such as <i>un-</i>, <i>-ing</i>, and <i>-ly</i>, were used in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the verbal suffix <a href="/wiki/-ize" class="mw-redirect" title="-ize"><i>-ize</i> (American English) or <i>ise</i> (British English)</a> comes from Greek -ιζειν (<i>-izein</i>) through Latin <i>-izare</i>. </p><p>Pronunciation often differs from the original language, occasionally dramatically, especially when dealing with <a href="/wiki/Place_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Place name">place names</a>. This often leads to divergence when many speakers anglicize pronunciations as other speakers try to maintain the way the name would sound in the original language, as in the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Louisville" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronunciation of Louisville">pronunciation of Louisville</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_other_than_English">Languages other than English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Languages other than English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_in_the_Ottoman_Empire">Transmission in the Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transmission in the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backgammon_and_Dominos_numbers_in_Ottoman_Turkish,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Backgammon_and_Dominos_numbers_in_Ottoman_Turkish%2C_1907.jpg/220px-Backgammon_and_Dominos_numbers_in_Ottoman_Turkish%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Backgammon_and_Dominos_numbers_in_Ottoman_Turkish%2C_1907.jpg/330px-Backgammon_and_Dominos_numbers_in_Ottoman_Turkish%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Backgammon_and_Dominos_numbers_in_Ottoman_Turkish%2C_1907.jpg/440px-Backgammon_and_Dominos_numbers_in_Ottoman_Turkish%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Backgammon and Dominos numbers in Ottoman Turkish, 1907 (see <a href="/wiki/Tables_game#Languages" title="Tables game">Tables game#Languages</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During more than 600 years of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the literary and administrative language of the empire was <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, with many <a href="/wiki/Persian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian (language)">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> loanwords, called <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>, considerably differing from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Many such words were adopted by other languages of the empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>. After the empire fell after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> was founded, the Turkish language underwent an extensive <a href="/wiki/Language_reform" title="Language reform">language reform</a> led by the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a>, during which <a href="/wiki/List_of_replaced_loanwords_in_Turkish" title="List of replaced loanwords in Turkish">many adopted words</a> were replaced with new formations derived from <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> roots. That was part of the ongoing cultural reform of the time, in turn a part in the broader framework of <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">Atatürk's Reforms</a>, which also included the introduction of the new <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>. </p><p>Turkish also has taken many words from <a href="/wiki/French_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="French (language)">French</a>, such as <i>pantolon</i> for <i>trousers</i> (from French <i>pantalon</i>) and <i>komik</i> for <i>funny</i> (from French <i>comique</i>), most of them pronounced very similarly. </p><p>Word usage in modern Turkey has acquired a political tinge: <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> publications tend to use more Arabic-originated words, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> publications use more words adopted from Indo-European languages such as Persian and French, while centrist publications use more native Turkish root words.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_words_in_Indonesian">Dutch words in Indonesian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dutch words in Indonesian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost 350 years of Dutch presence in what is now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> have left significant linguistic traces. Though very few Indonesians have a fluent knowledge of Dutch, the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday life (e.g., <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buncis" class="extiw" title="wikt:buncis">buncis</a></i> from Dutch <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boontjes" class="extiw" title="wikt:boontjes">boontjes</a></i> for (green) beans) and as well in administrative, scientific or technological terminology (e.g., <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kantor" class="extiw" title="wikt:kantor">kantor</a></i> from Dutch <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kantoor" class="extiw" title="wikt:kantoor">kantoor</a></i> for office).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Professor of Indonesian Literature at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of Comparative Literature at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">UCR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that roughly 20% of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> words can be traced back to Dutch words.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_words_in_Russian">Dutch words in Russian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch words in Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> had a leading position in shipbuilding. Czar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, eager to improve his navy, studied shipbuilding in <a href="/wiki/Zaandam" title="Zaandam">Zaandam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Many Dutch naval terms have been incorporated in the Russian vocabulary, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:бра́мсель">бра́мсель</a> (<i>brámselʹ</i>) from Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">bramzeil</i></span> for the <a href="/wiki/Topgallant_sail" title="Topgallant sail">topgallant sail</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%CC%81%D1%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:домкра́т">домкра́т</a> (<i>domkrát</i>) from Dutch <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dommekracht" class="extiw" title="wikt:dommekracht">dommekracht</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Jack_(device)" title="Jack (device)">jack</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%CC%81%D1%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:матро́с">матро́с</a> (<i>matrós</i>) from Dutch <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matroos#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:matroos">matroos</a></i> for sailor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large percentage of the lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, themselves descended from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, consists of loanwords (later <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/learned_borrowing" class="extiw" title="wikt:learned borrowing">learned or scholarly borrowings</a>) from Latin. These words can be distinguished by lack of typical sound changes and other transformations found in descended words, or by meanings taken directly from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> that did not evolve or change over time as expected; in addition, there are also semi-learned terms which were adapted partially to the Romance language's character. Latin borrowings can be known by several names in Romance languages: in French, for example, they are usually referred to as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mots savants</i></span>, in Spanish as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cultismos</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Italian as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">latinismi</i></span>. </p><p>Latin is usually the most common source of loanwords in these languages, such as in Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc.,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ulaval.ca_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulaval.ca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some cases the total number of loans may even outnumber inherited terms<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the learned borrowings are less often used in common speech, with the most common vocabulary being of inherited, orally transmitted origin from Vulgar Latin). This has led to many cases of etymological <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublets</a> in these languages. </p><p>For most Romance languages, these loans were initiated by scholars, clergy, or other learned people and occurred in Medieval times, peaking in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance era<sup id="cite_ref-ulaval.ca_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulaval.ca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>- in Italian, the 14th century had the highest number of loans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the case of Romanian, the language underwent a "re-Latinization" process later than the others (see <a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Romanian lexis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language#French,_Italian,_and_English_loanwords" title="Romanian language">Romanian language § French, Italian, and English loanwords</a>), in the 18th and 19th centuries, partially using French and Italian words (many of these themselves being earlier borrowings from Latin) as intermediaries,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an effort to modernize the language, often adding concepts that did not exist until then, or replacing words of other origins. These common borrowings and features also essentially serve to raise mutual intelligibility of the Romance languages, particularly in academic/scholarly, literary, technical, and scientific domains. Many of these same words are also found in English (through its numerous borrowings from Latin and French) and other European languages. </p><p>In addition to Latin loanwords, many words of Ancient Greek origin were also borrowed into Romance languages, often in part through scholarly Latin intermediates, and these also often pertained to academic, scientific, literary, and technical topics. Furthermore, to a lesser extent, Romance languages borrowed from a variety of other languages; in particular English has become an important source in more recent times. The study of the origin of these words and their function and context within the language can illuminate some important aspects and characteristics of the language, and it can reveal insights on the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in linguistics as a method of enriching a language.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_aspects">Cultural aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hans_Henrich_Hock" title="Hans Henrich Hock">Hans Henrich Hock</a> and Brian Joseph, "languages and dialects ... do not exist in a vacuum": there is always linguistic contact between groups.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contact influences what loanwords are integrated into the lexicon and which certain words are chosen over others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaps_in_meaning">Leaps in meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leaps in meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, the original meaning shifts considerably through unexpected logical leaps, creating <a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">false friends</a>. The English word <i>Viking</i> became Japanese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:バイキング">バイキング</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">baikingu</i></span>), meaning "buffet", because the first restaurant in Japan to offer <a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">buffet</a>-style meals, inspired by the Nordic <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a>, was opened in 1958 by the Imperial Hotel under the name "Viking".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kachel#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kachel">Kachel</a></i>, meaning "tile", became the Dutch word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kachel" class="extiw" title="wikt:kachel">kachel</a></i> meaning "stove", as a shortening of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kacheloven" class="extiw" title="wikt:kacheloven">kacheloven</a></i>, from German <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kachelofen" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kachelofen">Kachelofen</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Cocklestove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocklestove">cocklestove</a>. The Indonesian word <i lang="id"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manset#Indonesian" class="extiw" title="wikt:manset">manset</a></i> primarily means "base layer", "inner bolero", or "detachable sleeve", while its French etymon <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manchette#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:manchette">manchette</a></i> means "cuff". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_pun" title="Bilingual pun">Bilingual pun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">Hybrid word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkhorn_term" title="Inkhorn term">Inkhorn term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">Neologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reborrowing" title="Reborrowing">Reborrowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_loan" title="Semantic loan">Semantic loan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/loanword">"loanword"</a>. <i>Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary&rft.atitle=loanword&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Floanword&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJespersen1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Jespersen, Otto</a> (1964). <i>Language</i>. New York: Norton Library. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00229-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00229-4"><bdi>978-0-393-00229-4</bdi></a>. <q>Linguistic 'borrowing' is really nothing but imitation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Norton+Library&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00229-4&rft.aulast=Jespersen&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkin2014" class="citation book cs1">Dunkin, Philip (2014). "1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574995.001.0001"><i>Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English</i></a> (Online ed.). Google Books: OUP Oxford. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199574995" title="Special:BookSources/9780199574995"><bdi>9780199574995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Borrowed+Words%3A+A+History+of+Loanwords+in+English&rft.place=Google+Books&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199574995&rft.aulast=Dunkin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199574995.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffer2005" class="citation web cs1">Hoffer, Bates L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/05-Bates-L.-Hoffer.pdf">"Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adaptability and Receptivity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Intercultural Communication Studies</i>. Trinity University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intercultural+Communication+Studies&rft.atitle=Language+Borrowing+and+the+Indices+of+Adaptability+and+Receptivity&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Bates+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.uri.edu%2Fiaics%2Ffiles%2F05-Bates-L.-Hoffer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompany" class="citation web cs1">Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Calque">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Calque"</a>. <i>ahdictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+Calque&rft.aulast=Company&rft.aufirst=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DCalque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1934" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Charles T. 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Harald (2010). "Predicting New Words from Newer Words: Lexical Borrowings in French". <i>Linguistics</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 1343–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fling.2010.043">10.1515/ling.2010.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51733037">51733037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=Predicting+New+Words+from+Newer+Words%3A+Lexical+Borrowings+in+French&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1343-74&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fling.2010.043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51733037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chesley&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Baayen%2C+R.+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Sarah G. (2001). <i>Language Contact: An Introduction</i>. Washington: Georgetown University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-algeo_2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-algeo_2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgeo2009" class="citation book cs1">Algeo, John (2 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znFmBZ2D8rEC&q=%22popular+and+learned+loanwords%22&pg=PA248"><i>The Origins and Development of the English Language</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1428231450" title="Special:BookSources/978-1428231450"><bdi>978-1428231450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.isbn=978-1428231450&rft.aulast=Algeo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznFmBZ2D8rEC%26q%3D%2522popular%2Band%2Blearned%2Bloanwords%2522%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiedler-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiedler_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fiedler, Sabine (May 2017). "Phraseological borrowing from English into German: Cultural and pragmatic implications". <i>Journal of Pragmatics</i>. <b>113</b>: 89–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2017.03.002">10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Phraseological+borrowing+from+English+into+German%3A+Cultural+and+pragmatic+implications&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=89-102&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2017.03.002&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinreich1979" class="citation cs2">Weinreich, Uriel (1979) [1953], <i>Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems</i>, New York: Mouton Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-2689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-2689-0"><bdi>978-90-279-2689-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Contact%3A+Findings+and+Problems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mouton+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-90-279-2689-0&rft.aulast=Weinreich&rft.aufirst=Uriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shanet 1956: 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kersley & Sinclair 1979: 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenstowicz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kenstowicz, Michael (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024384105001002">"Issues in loanword adaptation: A case study from Thai"</a>. <i>Lingua</i>. <b>116</b> (7): 921–949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2005.05.006">10.1016/j.lingua.2005.05.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Issues+in+loanword+adaptation%3A+A+case+study+from+Thai&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=921-949&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2005.05.006&rft.aulast=Kenstowicz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0024384105001002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the two survey articles by Oksaar (1992: 4f.), Stanforth (2021) and Grzega (2003, 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The following comments and examples are taken from Grzega, Joachim (2004), <i>Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?</i>, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 139, and Grzega, Joachim (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdf">"Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology"</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onomasiology.de">Onomasiology Online</a></i> 4: 22–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html">Loanwords</a> by S. Kemmer, Rice University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbertPukui1986" class="citation book cs1">Elbert, Samuel H.; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986). <i>Hawaiian Dictionary</i> (Revised and enlarged ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0703-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0703-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-0703-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Dictionary&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=389&rft.edition=Revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0703-0&rft.aulast=Elbert&rft.aufirst=Samuel+H.&rft.au=Pukui%2C+Mary+Kawena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Geoffrey (2002). <i>The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDWRITERS&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Maier&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidwriters.com%2Fauthors%2Fhendrik-maier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCRDepartment_of_Comparative_Literature_and_Languages" class="citation web cs1">UCR; Department of Comparative Literature and Languages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://complitlang.ucr.edu/people/faculty/maier/">"Faculty: Hendrik Maier"</a>. <i>UCR Faculty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCR+Faculty&rft.atitle=Faculty%3A+Hendrik+Maier&rft.au=UCR&rft.au=Department+of+Comparative+Literature+and+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomplitlang.ucr.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fmaier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maier, Hendrik M. (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/ies/050208/">"A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia"</a>. <i>UC Berkeley: Institute of European Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521281393" title="Special:BookSources/9780521281393"><bdi>9780521281393</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-09-05&rft.isbn=9780521281393&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtxywY_6g4UC%26q%3Dsemi%2Bcultismos%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, William T. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/157203089/Diccionario-Critico-Etimologico-castellano-A-CA-Corominas-Joan-pdf">the original</a> on 29 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Critico+Etimologico+castellano+A-CA+-+Corominas%2C+Joan.PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F157203089%2FDiccionario-Critico-Etimologico-castellano-A-CA-Corominas-Joan-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dex.ro/">"dex.ro - Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române"</a>. <i>dex.ro</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dex.ro&rft.atitle=dex.ro+-+Dic%C5%A3ionarul+explicativ+al+limbii+rom%C3%A2ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dex.ro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.A._Goddard1969" class="citation journal cs1">K.A. Goddard (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=rlr-001:1969:33::530">"Loan-words and lexical borrowing in Romance"</a>. <i>Revue de linguistique romane</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+linguistique+romane&rft.atitle=Loan-words+and+lexical+borrowing+in+Romance&rft.date=1969&rft.au=K.A.+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Drlr-001%3A1969%3A33%3A%3A530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockJoseph.2009" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph., Brian D. (2009). "Lexical Borrowing". <i>Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics</i> (2nd ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 241–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexical+Borrowing&rft.btitle=Language+History%2C+Language+Change%2C+and+Language+Relationship%3A+An+Introduction+to+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=241-78&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rft.au=Joseph.%2C+Brian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imperialhotel.co.jp/e/tokyo/restaurant/sal/">"The Imperial Viking Sal"</a>. Imperial Hotel Tokyo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Viking+Sal&rft.pub=Imperial+Hotel+Tokyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperialhotel.co.jp%2Fe%2Ftokyo%2Frestaurant%2Fsal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Best, Karl-Heinz, Kelih, Emmerich (eds.) (2014): <i>Entlehnungen und Fremdwörter: Quantitative Aspekte.</i> Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag.</li> <li>Betz, Werner (1949): <i>Deutsch und Lateinisch: Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen Benediktinerregel</i>. Bonn: Bouvier.</li> <li>Betz, Werner (1959): "Lehnwörter und Lehnprägungen im Vor- und Frühdeutschen". In: Maurer, Friedrich / Stroh, Friedrich (eds.): <i>Deutsche Wortgeschichte</i>. 2nd ed. Berlin: Schmidt, vol. 1, 127–147.</li> <li>Bloom, Dan (2010): "What's That Pho?". French Loan Words in Vietnam Today; Taipei Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2010/05/29/2003474148">[ SOCIETY ] What's that 'pho'? - Taipei Times</a></li> <li>Cannon, Garland (1999): "Problems in studying loans", <i>Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i> 25, 326–336.</li> <li>Duckworth, David (1977): "Zur terminologischen und systematischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz: Kritische Übersicht und neuer Vorschlag". In: Kolb, Herbert / Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.) (1977): Sprachliche Interferenz: Festschrift für Werner Betz zum 65. Geburtstag. Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 36–56.</li> <li>Gneuss, Helmut (1955): <i>Lehnbildungen und Lehnbedeutungen im Altenglischen</i>. Berlin: Schmidt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Grzega" title="Joachim Grzega">Grzega, Joachim</a> (2003): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdf">"Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology"</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onomasiology.de">Onomasiology Online</a></i> 4, 22–42.</li> <li>Grzega, Joachim (2004): <i>Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?</i> Heidelberg: Winter.</li> <li>Haugen, Einar (1950): <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/410058" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/410058">"The analysis of linguistic borrowing"</a>. <i>Language</i>, <i>26</i>(2), 210–231.</li> <li>Haugen, Einar. (1956): [<a href="//doi.org/10.2307/411105" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/411105">Review of <i>Lehnbildungen und Lehnbedeutungen im Altenglischen</i>, by H. Gneuss</a>]. <i>Language</i>, <i>32</i>(4), 761–766.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchings2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hitchings" title="Henry Hitchings">Hitchings, Henry</a> (2008), <i>The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English</i>, London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6454-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6454-3"><bdi>978-0-7195-6454-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Life+of+Words%3A+How+English+Became+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6454-3&rft.aulast=Hitchings&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersleySinclair1979" class="citation cs2">Kersley, Leo; Sinclair, Janet (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_viUlWzimvQC&q=french"><i>A Dictionary of Ballet Terms</i></a>, Da Capo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80094-8"><bdi>978-0-306-80094-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ballet+Terms&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80094-8&rft.aulast=Kersley&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_viUlWzimvQC%26q%3Dfrench&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Koch, Peter (2002): "Lexical Typology from a Cognitive and Linguistic Point of View". In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.): <i>Lexicology: An International on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies/Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen</i>. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1142–1178.</li> <li>Oksaar, Els (1996): "The history of contact linguistics as a discipline". In: Goebl, Hans et al. (eds.): <i>Kontaktlinguistik/contact linguistics/linguistique de contact: ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung/an international handbook of contemporary research/manuel international des recherches contemporaines</i>. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1–12.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanet1956" class="citation cs2">Shanet, Howard (1956), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learntoreadmusic00shan"><i>Learn to Read Music</i></a></span>, New York: Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-21027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-21027-4"><bdi>978-0-671-21027-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+to+Read+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-671-21027-4&rft.aulast=Shanet&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearntoreadmusic00shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoanword" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Stanforth, Anthony W. (2002): "Effects of language contact on the vocabulary: an overview". In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.) (2002): Lexikologie: ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen/Lexicology: an international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 805–813.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232"><i>Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</i></a>, Houndmills: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3869-5">978-1-4039-3869-5</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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