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<span>Motives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edict_of_Gülhane_of_1839" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edict_of_Gülhane_of_1839"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Edict of <span><span>Gülhane</span></span> of 1839</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_of_Gülhane_of_1839-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edict_of_1856_and_religious_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edict_of_1856_and_religious_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Edict of 1856 and religious freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_of_1856_and_religious_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_in_different_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_in_different_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Effects in different provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_in_different_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Political consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanzimat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التنظيمات العثمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التنظيمات العثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99nzimat_islahatlar%C4%B1" title="Tənzimat islahatları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tənzimat islahatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تنظیمات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تنظیمات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="তানযিমাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তানযিমাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Танзимат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Танзимат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Танзімат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Танзімат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Танзимат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Танзимат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Τανζιμάτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τανζιμάτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تنظیمات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنظیمات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%A7%80%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8" title="탄지마트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄지마트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Թանզիմաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թանզիմաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98" title="טנזימאט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנזימאט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenz%C3%AEmat" title="Tenzîmat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tenzîmat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Танзимат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Танзимат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimats" title="Tanzimats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tanzimats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Танзимат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Танзимат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF)" title="തൻസീമാത്ത് (ഒട്ടോമൻ തുർക്കി) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൻസീമാത്ത് (ഒട്ടോമൻ തുർക്കി)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimaat" title="Tanzimaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tanzimaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="タンジマート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンジマート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimot" title="Tanzimot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tanzimot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دور تنظیمات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دور تنظیمات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Танзимат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танзимат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimati" title="Tanzimati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tanzimati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تەنزیمات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەنزیمات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Танзиматске реформе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Танзиматске реформе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="டான்சிமாத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டான்சிமாத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тәнзимат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәнзимат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Танзимат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Танзимат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دور تنظیمات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دور تنظیمات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tanzimat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%BF%97%E9%BA%A6%E7%89%B9" title="坦志麦特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman Empire reform period (1839–1876)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Timeline of the Ottoman Empire">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Osman">Beylik of Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1402–1413)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1566)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1533–1656)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1566–1703)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Era">Köprülü Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656–1703)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703–1789)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era in the Ottoman Empire">Tulip Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1718–1730)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline & Modernization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Nizam-i Djedid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(late 18th and early 19th)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanzimat Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1839–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">1st Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1878)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire during World War I">World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partitioning</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the Sultanate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Historiography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Tanzimat</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Turkish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[tanziˈmat]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">تنظيمات</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ottoman Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Tanẓîmât</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Reorganization', <i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nizam#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:nizam">nizam</a>) was a period of Western influenced reform in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that began with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a> in 1839. Its goals were to modernize and consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire in order to secure territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms encouraged <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>Different functions of government received reform, were completely reorganized, or started from scratch. Among institutions that received significant attention throughout this period included legislative functions, secularization and codification of the legal system, crackdowns on the slave trade, education, property law, law enforcement, and the military, to name a few. The end goal was to establish a powerful and centralized <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the late Ottoman Empire">national government</a>. Ottoman statesmen also worked with reformers of the many confessional communities of the empire, <i><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millets</a></i>, to codify, and in some cases democratize, their confessional governments. </p><p>The Tanzimat built on previous reform efforts of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>. During its height, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>'s bureaucracy overshadowed the sultans. Leading "<b>Men of the Tanzimat</b>" included <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a> in the period of 1839–1855, and then <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Fuad_Pasha" title="Mehmed Fuad Pasha">Keçecizade Fuad Pasha</a> from the early 1850s to 1871. After Âli Pasha's death, the spirit of reorganization turned towards the imperial <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">1876 Ottoman Constitution</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a>. The Tanzimat Period is considered to have ended with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> (1875–1878).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201282_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201282-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it can also be said that reform efforts continued into the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidian era">Hamidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Unionist</a> eras until the end of the Ottoman Empire in <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">1922</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reforms emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1808–1839</span>), his son <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1839–1861</span>) and prominent, often European-educated bureaucrats, who recognised that the old religious and military institutions no longer met the needs of the empire. Most of the symbolic changes, such as uniforms, were aimed at changing the mindset of imperial administrators. Many of the officials affiliated with the government were encouraged to wear a more western style of dress. Many of the reforms were attempts to adopt successful European practices. The reforms were heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French law</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> as a direct result of the increasing number of Ottoman students being educated in France. Changes included the conscription reforms; educational, institutional and legal reforms; and systematic attempts at eliminating political corruption. </p><p>Also, a policy called <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> was meant to unite all the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". The policy officially began with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a> of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of dress reform</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmet_cemil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diplomat Mehmed Cemil Bey wearing a frock coat and a bow tie."><img alt="Diplomat Mehmed Cemil Bey wearing a frock coat and a bow tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mehmet_cemil.jpg/100px-Mehmet_cemil.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mehmet_cemil.jpg/150px-Mehmet_cemil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mehmet_cemil.jpg/200px-Mehmet_cemil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diplomat <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Cemil_Bey" title="Mehmed Cemil Bey">Mehmed Cemil Bey</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">frock coat</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bow_tie" title="Bow tie">bow tie</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necip_pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Necip Ahmed Pasha, career officer and composer in French-inspired uniform."><img alt="Necip Ahmed Pasha, career officer and composer in French-inspired uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Necip_pasha.jpg/100px-Necip_pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Necip_pasha.jpg/150px-Necip_pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Necip_pasha.jpg/200px-Necip_pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necip Ahmed Pasha, career officer and composer in French-inspired uniform.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selanik_mebusu_Rahmi_Bey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor Rahmi Bey"><img alt="Governor Rahmi Bey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Selanik_mebusu_Rahmi_Bey.jpg/100px-Selanik_mebusu_Rahmi_Bey.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Selanik_mebusu_Rahmi_Bey.jpg/150px-Selanik_mebusu_Rahmi_Bey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Selanik_mebusu_Rahmi_Bey.jpg/200px-Selanik_mebusu_Rahmi_Bey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor <a href="/wiki/Rahmi_Arslan" title="Rahmi Arslan">Rahmi Bey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmed_fuad_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mehmed Galip Bey Efendi"><img alt="Mehmed Galip Bey Efendi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mehmed_fuad_young.jpg/100px-Mehmed_fuad_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mehmed_fuad_young.jpg/150px-Mehmed_fuad_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mehmed_fuad_young.jpg/200px-Mehmed_fuad_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mehmed Galip Bey Efendi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%BClistu_Kad%C4%B1nefendi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gülüstü Hanım"><img alt="Gülüstü Hanım" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/G%C3%BClistu_Kad%C4%B1nefendi_%282%29.jpg/100px-G%C3%BClistu_Kad%C4%B1nefendi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/G%C3%BClistu_Kad%C4%B1nefendi_%282%29.jpg/150px-G%C3%BClistu_Kad%C4%B1nefendi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/G%C3%BClistu_Kad%C4%B1nefendi_%282%29.jpg/200px-G%C3%BClistu_Kad%C4%B1nefendi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCst%C3%BC_Han%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Gülüstü Hanım">Gülüstü Hanım</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayeste_Hanim_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Şayeste Hanım"><img alt="Şayeste Hanım" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sayeste_Hanim_%282%29.jpg/100px-Sayeste_Hanim_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sayeste_Hanim_%282%29.jpg/150px-Sayeste_Hanim_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sayeste_Hanim_%282%29.jpg/200px-Sayeste_Hanim_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eayeste_Han%C4%B1m" title="Şayeste Hanım">Şayeste Hanım</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives">Motives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenap_sahabettin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cenap_sahabettin.jpg/220px-Cenap_sahabettin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Cenap_sahabettin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A2b_%C5%9Eeh%C3%A2bedd%C3%AEn" title="Cenâb Şehâbeddîn">Cenab Şehabeddin</a> was known for his liberal ideals and poetry influenced by <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">French Symbolism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ambitious project was launched to combat the slow decline of the empire that had seen its borders shrink and its strength wane in comparison to the European powers. There were both internal and external reasons for the reforms. </p><p>The primary purpose of the Tanzimat was to reform the military by modernizing and taking inspiration from European armies. The traditional Ottoman army, the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>, had fallen from grace in terms of military prestige and a European-inspired reconstruction was a necessary change to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman Empire consisted of a multitude of different cultures and the secondary priorities of the Tanzimat reforms were aimed at balancing the social structure that previously favoured Muslim subjects. Another vital section of these reforms was the abolition of <i><a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">İltizam</a>,</i> or land-tenure agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internally, the Ottoman Empire hoped that abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Millet_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Millet system">millet system</a> would create a more centralized government, as well as increased legitimacy of the Ottoman rule, thus gaining direct control of its citizens. Another major hope was that being more open to various demographics would attract more people into the empire. There was fear of internal strife between Muslims and non-Muslims, and allowing more religious freedom to all was supposed to diminish this threat. Giving more rights to the Christians within the empire was considered likely to reduce the danger of outside intervention on their behalf. </p><p>Although the motives for the implementation of Tanzimât were bureaucratic, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">liberal</a> ministers and intellectuals contributed to reform like <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Zambakos_Pasha" title="Dimitrios Zambakos Pasha">Dimitrios Zambakos Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabuli_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Kabuli Mehmed Pasha">Kabuli Mehmed Pasha</a>, the secret society of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ottomans" title="Young Ottomans">Young Ottomans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hershlagp36-37_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hershlagp36-37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkel2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a>, government ministers lead by <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a> conspired to overthrow Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdul Aziz</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">coup</a> and introduce a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">constitution</a>. This began the <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a>, which many historians agree represents the end of the Tanzimat,<sup id="cite_ref-Somelp188_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somelp188-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though reform continued uninterrupted at its end in 1878, and then into the <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Hamidian Era</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms">Reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Taxes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adet-i_A%C4%9Fnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adet-i Ağnam">Adet-i Ağnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adet-i_de%C5%9Ftbani" title="Adet-i deştbani">Adet-i deştbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashar" title="Ashar">Ashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar%C4%B1z" title="Avarız">Avarız</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bac-i_pazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bac-i pazar (page does not exist)">Bac-i pazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedl-i_askeri" title="Bedl-i askeri">Bedl-i askeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Cizye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BCrm-%C3%BC_cinayet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cürm-ü cinayet (page does not exist)">Cürm-ü cinayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damga_resmi" title="Damga resmi">Damga resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_resmi" title="Gümrük resmi">Gümrük resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara%C3%A7" title="Haraç">Haraç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihtisab" title="Ihtisab">Ihtisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispendje" title="Ispendje">Ispendje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istira (page does not exist)">Istira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maktu_(tax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maktu (tax) (page does not exist)">Maktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mururiye_resmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mururiye resmi (page does not exist)">Mururiye resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskirat_resmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskirat resmi">Muskirat resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCz%C3%BCl" title="Nüzül">Nüzül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otlak_resmi" title="Otlak resmi">Otlak resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rav_ak%C3%A7esi" title="Rav akçesi">Rav akçesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_arusane" title="Resm-i arusane">Resm-i arusane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_benn%C3%A2k" title="Resm-i bennâk">Resm-i bennâk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_bostan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i bostan (page does not exist)">Resm-i bostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_%C3%A7ift" title="Resm-i çift">Resm-i çift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_d%C3%B6n%C3%BCm" title="Resm-i dönüm">Resm-i dönüm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_filori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i filori (page does not exist)">Resm-i filori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_ganem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i ganem (page does not exist)">Resm-i ganem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_h%C4%B1nz%C4%B1r" title="Resm-i hınzır">Resm-i hınzır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_m%C3%BCcerred" title="Resm-i mücerred">Resm-i mücerred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_sicill" title="Resm-i sicill">Resm-i sicill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusum-e-eflak" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusum-e-eflak">Rusum-e-eflak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selamet_isni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selamet isni (page does not exist)">Selamet isni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapu_resmi" title="Tapu resmi">Tapu resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekalif-i_orfiye" title="Tekalif-i orfiye">Tekalif-i orfiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temettu" title="Temettu">Temettu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuz_resmi" title="Tuz resmi">Tuz resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Implementation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahidn%C3%A2me" title="Ahidnâme">Ahidnâme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">Defter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_(Ottoman_official)" title="Emin (Ottoman official)">Emin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evkaf-i_H%C3%BCmayun_Nezareti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti (page does not exist)">Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazine-i_Hassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazine-i Hassa (page does not exist)">Hazine-i Hassa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazine-i_Amire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazine-i Amire (page does not exist)">Hazine-i Amire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hane_(household)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hane (household) (page does not exist)">Hane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">Iltizam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istira (page does not exist)">Istira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadı">Kadı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanun-i_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanun-i Raya (page does not exist)">Kanun-i Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanunname" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanunname">Kanunname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik%C3%A2ne" title="Malikâne">Malikâne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdiban" title="Merdiban">Merdiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muafiyet" title="Muafiyet">Muafiyet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhassil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhassil (page does not exist)">Muhassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqata%27ah" title="Muqata'ah">Muqata'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtesellim" title="Mütesellim">Mütesellim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regie_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Regie Company">Regie Company</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyakat (page does not exist)">Siyakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrsat" title="Sürsat">Sürsat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahrir_(tax_survey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahrir (tax survey) (page does not exist)">Tahrir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mizanci_murat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mizanci_murat.jpg/150px-Mizanci_murat.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mizanci_murat.jpg/225px-Mizanci_murat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Mizanci_murat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Prominent statesman <a href="/wiki/Mizanc%C4%B1_Murat" title="Mizancı Murat">Mizancı Murat Bey</a> was renowned for his work on reviving the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanzade_Sabahaddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sultanzade_Sabahaddin.jpg/150px-Sultanzade_Sabahaddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sultanzade_Sabahaddin.jpg/225px-Sultanzade_Sabahaddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Sultanzade_Sabahaddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Prince <a href="/wiki/Sultanzade_Sabahaddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanzade Sabahaddin">Sabahaddin</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Liberal Party</a> of the Ottoman Empire during the Second Constitutional Era.</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 3, 1839, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Hatt-i_humayun" title="Hatt-i humayun">hatt-i sharif</a>, or imperial edict, called the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a>. The edict gave guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property. This was followed by several statutes enacting its policies. </p><p>In the edict the Sultan stated that he wished "to bring the benefits of a good administration to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire through new institutions". Among the reforms thereafter included were the following:<sup id="cite_ref-NTVtarih_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTVtarih-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Agriculture_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Trade and Agriculture (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Trade and Agriculture</a> (1839)</li> <li>Introduction of the first Ottoman paper <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a> (1840)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Post_and_Telegraph_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Post and Telegraph (Ottoman Empire) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Post</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Turkey" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey">post offices of the empire</a> (1840)<sup id="cite_ref-PTT_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PTT2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTT2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reorganization of the finance system (1840)</li> <li>Reorganization of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Turkey">Civil</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_Code_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal Code of Turkey (page does not exist)">Penal Code</a> (1840)</li> <li>Establishment of the Council of Education (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye</i></span>) (1841)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service (1843–44)</li> <li>Redesign of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_imperial_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman imperial anthem">Ottoman national anthem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman flag">Ottoman national flag</a> (1844)</li> <li>First nationwide <a href="/w/index.php?title=1844_Ottoman_Census&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1844 Ottoman Census (page does not exist)">Ottoman census in 1844</a> (only male citizens were counted)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>First national identity cards (officially named the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Mecidiye</i></span> identity papers, or informally <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">kafa kağıdı</i></span> (<i>head paper</i>) documents, 1844)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Institution of a Council of Public Instruction (1845) and the Ministry of Education (<i>Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti</i>, 1847, which later became the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A2rif-i_Um%C3%BBmiye_Nez%C3%A2reti" class="extiw" title="tr:Maârif-i Umûmiye Nezâreti"><i>Maarif Nezareti</i></a>, 1857)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholic</a> Millet (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishment_of_the_Istanbul_Slave_Market" title="Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market">Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market</a> (1847)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_slave_trade_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf">Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf</a> (1847)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Millet (1847)</li> <li>Establishment of the first telegraph networks (1847–1855) and <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="History of rail transport in Turkey">railway networks</a> (1856)</li> <li>Establishment of the first modern universities (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">darülfünun</i></span>, 1848), academies (1848) and teacher schools (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">darülmuallimin</span></span>, 1848)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Healthcare_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Healthcare (Ottoman Empire) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Healthcare</a> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Tıbbiye Nezareti</i></span>, 1850)</li> <li>Promulgation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commerce_Code_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commerce Code of Turkey (page does not exist)">Commerce</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Code_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade Code of Turkey (page does not exist)">Trade Code</a> (1850)</li> <li>Establishment of the Academy of Sciences (<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enc%C3%BCmen-i_Dani%C5%9F" class="extiw" title="tr:Encümen-i Daniş"><i>Encümen-i Daniş</i></a>) (1851)</li> <li>Establishment of the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eirket-i_Hayriye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şirket-i Hayriye (page does not exist)">Şirket-i Hayriye</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eirket-i_Hayriye" class="extiw" title="tr:Şirket-i Hayriye">tr</a>]</span></i></span> which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries (1851)</li> <li>Reorganization of the Penal Code (1851)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison196398_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison196398-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1854" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1854">Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian slave trade</a> (1854–1855)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Legislative functions of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Council_of_Judicial_Ordinances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances (page does not exist)">Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclis-i_V%C3%A2l%C3%A2-y%C4%B1_Ahk%C3%A2m-%C4%B1_Adliyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliyye">tr</a>]</span> (<i>Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliye</i>) passed to the Council of Reorganization (<i>Meclis-i Âli-i Tanzimat</i>) (1854)</li> <li>Establishment of the modern <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi" class="extiw" title="tr:İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi">Municipality of Constantinople</a> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Şehremaneti</i></span>, 1854) and the City Planning Council (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu</i></span>, 1855)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Imperial Reform Edict of 1856</a> promising full legal equality for citizens of all religions (1856)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> (originally established as the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Bank-ı Osmanî</i></span> in 1856, and later reorganized as the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane</i></span> in 1863)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Stock_Exchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Stock Exchange (page does not exist)">Ottoman Stock Exchange</a> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası</i></span>, established in 1866)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1857">Prohibition of the Black Slave Trade</a> (1857)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Codification and promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Land_Code_of_1858" title="Ottoman Land Code of 1858">Land Code</a> (1858)</li> <li>Permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi</i></span> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Turkey">Decriminalization of homosexuality</a> (1858)</li> <li>Promulgation of a western-inspired <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_Code_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal Code of Turkey (page does not exist)">Penal Code</a>, replacing 1851 codex, which endured until 1928 (1858)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison196398_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison196398-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Establishment of the School of Civil Service, an institution of higher learning for civilians under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a>, and the School of Economical and Political Sciences (<a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Political_Science,_Ankara_University" title="Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University"><i>Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane</i></a>) (1859)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201284_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201284-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Internal security duties of the office of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a> passed to a new <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of the Interior</a> (1860)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Uniat_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Uniat Church">Bulgarian Catholic Millet</a> (1860)</li> <li>Promulgation of a French inspired Mixed Commercial Code (1861)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison196399_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison196399-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Merging of the Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances and Council of Reorganization (1861)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a> (1861)</li> <li>Promulgation of <a href="/wiki/Basic_law" title="Basic law">basic laws</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in the Ottoman Empire">Greek Millet</a> (1862)</li> <li>Promulgation of a French inspired Maritime Commerce Code (1863)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison196399_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison196399-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Promulgation of a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Constitution for the Armenian Millet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Assembly" title="Armenian National Assembly">Armenian National Assembly</a> (1863)</li> <li>Promulgation of a <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Press and Journalism Regulation Code</a> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Matbuat Nizamnamesi</i></span>) (1864)<sup id="cite_ref-NTVtarih_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTVtarih-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reorganization of provincial administration with the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_Law" title="Vilayet Law">Vilayet Law</a> (1864)</li> <li>Establishment of secular <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Nizamiye_Courts" title="Ottoman Nizamiye Courts">Nizamiye courts</a> (1864)</li> <li>Promulgation of a Constitution for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jewish Millet</a> and a Jewish National Assembly (1865)</li> <li>Governance over <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi Orders</a> handed to the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> with the establishment of the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclis-i_Me%C5%9F%C3%A2yih" class="extiw" title="tr:Meclis-i Meşâyih">Assembly of Shaykhs</a> (<i>Meclis-i Meşayıh</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeyh%C3%BClislam" class="mw-redirect" title="Şeyhülislam">Şeyhülislam</a>, (1866)</li> <li>Reorganization of <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a>, or Islamic mortmain property (1867)</li> <li>Regulation of foreigners on owning Ottoman property, effectively weakening <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">capitulation</a> treaties (1867)</li> <li>Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances (<i>Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliye</i>) split into a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Council of State (Ottoman Empire)">Council of State</a> and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judicial Council (Ottoman Empire) (page does not exist)">Judicial Council</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEv%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_Ahk%C3%A2m-%C4%B1_Adliyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Dîvân-ı Ahkâm-ı Adliyye">tr</a>]</span> (<i>Divan-ı Ahkâmı Adliye</i>), the latter of which acted as a supreme court of appeal and cassation (1868)</li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_High_School" title="Galatasaray High School">Galatasaray High School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_High_School#Modern_period_(1868–1923)" title="Galatasaray High School">Imperial Ottoman Lycée at Galatasaray</a>), another institution of higher learning for civilians (1868);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201284_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201284-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nationality Law creating a common Ottoman citizenship irrespective of religious divisions, another attack on <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">capitulations</a> (1869)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Gendarmerie" title="Ottoman Gendarmerie">Ottoman Gendarmerie</a> (1869)</li> <li>Publication of a <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanefite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> civil code: the <i><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></i> which endured until 1926 in Turkey and beyond in other post-Ottoman states (1869–1876)</li> <li>Reorganization of the judiciary of the Muslim millet (1869)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian millet</a> (1872)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> Millet (1873)</li> <li>Promulgation of an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constitution">Ottoman Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Senate">Senate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> (1876)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edict_of_Gülhane_of_1839"><span id="Edict_of_G.C3.BClhane_of_1839"></span>Edict of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Gülhane</span></span> of 1839</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Edict of Gülhane of 1839"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_reshid_pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mustafa_reshid_pasha.jpg/220px-Mustafa_reshid_pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mustafa_reshid_pasha.jpg/330px-Mustafa_reshid_pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mustafa_reshid_pasha.jpg/440px-Mustafa_reshid_pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Re%C5%9Fid_Pasha" title="Mustafa Reşid Pasha">Mustafa Reşid Pasha</a>, the principal architect of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Gülhane</span></span></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane"><i>Hatt-ı Şerif</i> of Gülhane</a>, was the first major reform in the Tanzimat reforms under the government of sultan Abdulmejid and a crucial event in the movement towards secularization. The decree, named after the rosehouse (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClhane_Park" title="Gülhane Park">gülhane</a></i></span>) on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapi Palace">Topkapi Palace</a>, abolished <a href="/wiki/Tax_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">tax farming</a>. It also created a bureaucratic system of taxation with salaried tax collectors. This reflects the centralizing effects of the Tanzimat reforms. Additionally, the Edict of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Gülhane</span></span> imposed forced military conscription within the administrative districts based on their population size. </p><p>However, the most significant clause of the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Gülhane</span></span> decree was the one enforcing the rule of law for all subjects, including non-Muslims, by guaranteeing the right to life and property for all. This put an end to the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">kul</i></span> system, which allowed the ruler's servants to be executed or have their property confiscated at his desire. These reforms sought to establish legal and social equality for all Ottoman citizens. The reforms eliminated the <i>millet</i> system in the Ottoman Empire. The millet system created religiously based communities that operated autonomously, so people were organized into societies, some of them often receiving privileges. This clause terminated the privileges of these communities and constructed a society where all followed the same law. </p><p>The new reforms called for an almost complete reconstruction of public life in the Ottoman Empire. Under the reconstruction, a system of state schools was established to produce government clerics. Ottomans were encouraged to enroll. Each province was organized so that each governor would have an advisory council and specified duties in order to better serve the territory. The new reforms also called for a modern financial system with a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">treasury bonds</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Decimalisation#Decimal_currency" title="Decimalisation">decimal currency</a>. Finally, the reforms implemented the expansion of roads, canals and rail lines for better communication and transportation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions">Reactions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reaction to the edict was not entirely positive. Christians in the Balkans refused to support the reforms because they wanted an autonomy that became more difficult to achieve under centralized power. In fact, its adoption spurred some provinces to seek independence by rebelling. It took strong British backing in maintaining Ottoman territory to ensure that the reforms were instated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edict_of_1856_and_religious_freedom">Edict of 1856 and religious freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edict of 1856 and religious freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmed_ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mehmed_ali.jpg/290px-Mehmed_ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Mehmed_ali.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a>, the principal architect of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Imperial Reform Edict of 1856</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Reform Edict</a> of 1856 was intended to carry out the promises of the Tanzimat. The Edict is very specific about the status of non-Muslims, making it possible "to see it as the outcome of a period of religious restlessness that followed the Edict of 1839". Officially, part of the Tanzimat's goal was to make the state intolerant to forced conversion to Islam, also making the execution of <a href="/wiki/Apostates_from_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostates from Islam">apostates from Islam</a> illegal. Despite the official position of the state in the midst of the Tanzimat reforms, this tolerance of non-Muslims seems to have been seriously curtailed, at least until the Reform Edict of 1856. The Ottoman Empire had tried many different ways to reach out to non-Muslims. First it tried to reach out to them by giving all non-Muslims an option to apply for <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a> status. Having Dhimmi status gave non-Muslims the ability to live in the Ottoman Empire and own property, but this ability was not without special taxes (<i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>). </p><p>For the "Ottoman ruling elite, 'freedom of religion' meant 'freedom to defend their religion<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/235px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/353px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/470px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">1876 Constitution</a>: Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millets</a> grant freedom to an idealized female figure representing Turkey, whose chains are being smashed. The flying angel displays a banner with the motto of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>: <a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_Egalit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité">Liberty, Equality, Fraternity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (Arabic script) and in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. The scene takes place in a generic <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> scenery. Reproduced from a 1908 postcard (the printed caption of 1895 is inaccurate) celebrating the re-introduction of the constitution thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> of 1908.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Edict of Gülhane and the Tanzimat provided strong guidelines for society, they were not a constitution and did not replace the authority of the sultan. </p><p>Still, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects overall. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included major personalities of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> that would develop from the Ottoman Empire. The system was ultimately undone by negotiations with the Great Powers following the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. As part of the Charter of 1856, European powers demanded a much stronger sovereignty for ethnic communities within the empire, differing from the Ottomans, who envisioned equality meaning identical treatment under the law for all citizens. That served to strengthen the Christian middle class, increasing their economic and political power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The reforms peaked in 1876 with the implementation of an Ottoman constitution checking the autocratic powers of the Sultan. The details of this period are covered under the <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">First Constitutional Era</a>. Although the new Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> signed the first constitution, he quickly turned against it. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Hans-Lukas Kieser</a> has argued that the reforms led to "the rhetorical promotion of equality of non-Muslims with Muslims on paper vs. the primacy of Muslims in practice" (see Tanzimat <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(politics)" title="Dualism (politics)">Dualism</a>); other historians have argued that the decreased ability of non-Muslims to assert their legal rights during this period led to the land seizure and emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reform policy was an economic policy based on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Balta_Liman" title="Treaty of Balta Liman">Treaty of Balta Liman</a> of 1838. Many changes were made to improve civil liberties, but many Muslims saw them as a foreign influence on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Tanzimat period, the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">conscripted army</a>, banking system reforms, the replacement of religious law with secular law<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> with modern factories. </p><p>Some scholars argue that from the Muslim population's traditional Islamic view, the Tanzimat's fundamental change regarding the non-Muslims, from a status of a subjugated population (<a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a>) to that of equal subjects, was in part responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. In their view, these were inevitable backlashes from the Muslim community to the legal changes, as the Tanzimat's values were imposed from above and did not reflect those of society.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_in_different_provinces">Effects in different provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effects in different provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Lebanon</a>, the Tanzimat reforms were intended to return to the tradition of equality for all subjects before the law. However, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> assumed that the underlying hierarchical social order would remain unchanged. Instead, the upheavals of reform would allow for different understandings of the goals of the Tanzimat. The elites in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, in fact, interpreted the Tanzimat far differently from one another, leading to <a href="/wiki/1860_Druze%E2%80%93Maronite_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Druze–Maronite conflict">ethno-religious uprisings among newly emancipated Maronites</a>. As a result, "European and Ottoman officials engaged in a contest to win the loyalty of the local inhabitants — the French by claiming to protect the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a>; the British, the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>; and the Ottomans by proclaiming the sultan's benevolence toward all his religiously equal subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, land reforms, especially the change in land ownership structure via the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Land_Law_of_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Land Law of 1858">Ottoman Land Law of 1858</a>, allowed <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemeni Jews</a> to buy land, thus enabling them to immigrate there under the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliya" class="mw-redirect" title="First Aliya">first Aliya</a>. In order to boost its tax base, the Ottoman state required Arabs in Palestine, as elsewhere, to register their lands for the first time. As a rule the <a href="/wiki/Fellahin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellahin">fellahin</a> didn't trust the ailing regime, fearing that registration would only lead to higher taxation and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">conscription</a>. Prevailing illiteracy among the fellahin meant in the end that many local <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar" title="Mukhtar">mukhtars</a> were able to collectively register village lands under their own name. Thus, they were able to later claim ownership and to sell the local peasants' lands out from under their feet to the new Jewish immigrants, as they themselves relocated permanently to Syria or Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately, rich Christian or Muslim families, the class of the '<a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">Effendis</a>', were able to accumulate large amounts of land which they exploited by themselves or sold on. </p><p>In 1863 the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian National Constitution</a> was approved by the Ottoman government. The "Code of Regulations" consisted of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia and defined the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Armenian Patriarch</a> under the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet system</a> and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Assembly_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian National Assembly (Ottoman Empire)">Armenian National Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_consequences">Political consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite progressive intentions, the policy of reform in the form of Tanzimat ultimately failed. The historical circumstances of the reforms, the reasons for this failure and the consequences of the reforms are of interest for historical analysis and are considered by historians all over the world. <a href="/wiki/Zeynep_%C3%87elik_(scholar)" title="Zeynep Çelik (scholar)">Zeynep Çelik</a> wrote: "In summary, from 1838 to 1908 the Ottoman Empire staged its final but doomed struggle for survival."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPRY(1895)_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT,_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meeting of the Parliament, 1877."><img alt="Meeting of the Parliament, 1877." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg/150px-SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg/225px-SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg/300px-SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="1445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meeting of the Parliament, 1877.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meeting of the Parliament, 1908."><img alt="Meeting of the Parliament, 1908." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg/150px-Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg/225px-Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg/300px-Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meeting of the Parliament, 1908.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_parliament_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Building of the Ottoman Parliament."><img alt="Building of the Ottoman Parliament." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ottoman_parliament_building.jpg/150px-Ottoman_parliament_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ottoman_parliament_building.jpg/225px-Ottoman_parliament_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ottoman_parliament_building.jpg/300px-Ottoman_parliament_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Building of the Ottoman Parliament.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Imperial Ottoman Bank headquarters, 1896."><img alt="The Imperial Ottoman Bank headquarters, 1896." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ottoman_Bank.jpg/150px-Ottoman_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ottoman_Bank.jpg/225px-Ottoman_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ottoman_Bank.jpg/300px-Ottoman_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Imperial <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> headquarters, 1896.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naum_Tiyatrosu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naum Theatre in Constantinople."><img alt="Naum Theatre in Constantinople." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Naum_Tiyatrosu.jpg/150px-Naum_Tiyatrosu.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Naum_Tiyatrosu.jpg/225px-Naum_Tiyatrosu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Naum_Tiyatrosu.jpg/300px-Naum_Tiyatrosu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Naum_Theatre" title="Naum Theatre">Naum Theatre</a> in Constantinople.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_Fabrikas%C4%B1_i%C3%A7i.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tobacco factory in Samsun, 1910."><img alt="Tobacco factory in Samsun, 1910." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Samsun_T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_Fabrikas%C4%B1_i%C3%A7i.jpg/150px-Samsun_T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_Fabrikas%C4%B1_i%C3%A7i.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Samsun_T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_Fabrikas%C4%B1_i%C3%A7i.jpg/225px-Samsun_T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_Fabrikas%C4%B1_i%C3%A7i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Samsun_T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_Fabrikas%C4%B1_i%C3%A7i.jpg/300px-Samsun_T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_Fabrikas%C4%B1_i%C3%A7i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tobacco factory in <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>, 1910.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bomonti_Beer_Factory-Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bomonti brewery of Constantinople."><img alt="Bomonti brewery of Constantinople." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bomonti_Beer_Factory-Istanbul.jpg/150px-Bomonti_Beer_Factory-Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bomonti_Beer_Factory-Istanbul.jpg/225px-Bomonti_Beer_Factory-Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bomonti_Beer_Factory-Istanbul.jpg/300px-Bomonti_Beer_Factory-Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bomonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomonti">Bomonti</a> brewery of Constantinople.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyaz%C4%B1t,_%C4%B0stanbul_(12967786513).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beyazıt Square, 1880s."><img alt="Beyazıt Square, 1880s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beyaz%C4%B1t%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2812967786513%29.jpg/150px-Beyaz%C4%B1t%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2812967786513%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beyaz%C4%B1t%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2812967786513%29.jpg/225px-Beyaz%C4%B1t%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2812967786513%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beyaz%C4%B1t%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2812967786513%29.jpg/300px-Beyaz%C4%B1t%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2812967786513%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Square" title="Beyazıt Square">Beyazıt Square</a>, 1880s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmara_University%E2%80%99s_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Campus,_%C4%B0stanbul_(14264063653).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marmara University, 1880s."><img alt="Marmara University, 1880s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marmara_University%E2%80%99s_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Campus%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2814264063653%29.jpg/150px-Marmara_University%E2%80%99s_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Campus%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2814264063653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marmara_University%E2%80%99s_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Campus%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2814264063653%29.jpg/225px-Marmara_University%E2%80%99s_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Campus%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2814264063653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marmara_University%E2%80%99s_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Campus%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2814264063653%29.jpg/300px-Marmara_University%E2%80%99s_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Campus%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%2814264063653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_University" title="Marmara University">Marmara University</a>, 1880s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budapest_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_vend%C3%A9gei._Mo._%C3%A9s_a_Nagyvil%C3%A1g,_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkish delegates to Budapest"><img alt="Turkish delegates to Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Budapest_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_vend%C3%A9gei._Mo._%C3%A9s_a_Nagyvil%C3%A1g%2C_1877.jpg/150px-Budapest_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_vend%C3%A9gei._Mo._%C3%A9s_a_Nagyvil%C3%A1g%2C_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Budapest_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_vend%C3%A9gei._Mo._%C3%A9s_a_Nagyvil%C3%A1g%2C_1877.jpg/225px-Budapest_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_vend%C3%A9gei._Mo._%C3%A9s_a_Nagyvil%C3%A1g%2C_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Budapest_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_vend%C3%A9gei._Mo._%C3%A9s_a_Nagyvil%C3%A1g%2C_1877.jpg/300px-Budapest_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_vend%C3%A9gei._Mo._%C3%A9s_a_Nagyvil%C3%A1g%2C_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4603" data-file-height="3273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turkish delegates to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Ottoman military reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ottomans" title="Young Ottomans">Young Ottomans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Court uniform and dress in the Ottoman Empire">Court uniform and dress in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur"><i>Düstür</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevdet Pasha">Ahmed Cevdet Pasha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Currently, in French, the word "Tanzimat" is used as a plural, as in "Les Tanzimat". At the time, when French was <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">a common language for the educated in the empire</a>, the word was often treated in the singular, as "Le Tanzimat".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For why French is important, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages of the Ottoman Empire</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2010" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the <i>Kanun-ı Esasi</i> and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true"><i>The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orient-Institut_Istanbul" title="Orient-Institut Istanbul">Orient-Institut Istanbul</a>. pp. 21–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Constitution+for+a+Multilingual+Empire%3A+Translations+of+the+Kanun-%C4%B1+Esasi+and+Other+Official+Texts+into+Minority+Languages&rft.btitle=The+First+Ottoman+Experiment+in+Democracy&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.pages=21-51&rft.pub=Orient-Institut+Istanbul&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fmenalib%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F2734659%3ForiginalFilename%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/tanzimat-reforms">"Tanzimat Reforms"</a>. <i>rpl.hds.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PTT+Chronology&rft.pub=PTT+Genel+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft.date=2008-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptt.gov.tr%2Ftr%2Fkurumsal%2Ftarihce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTT2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PTT2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptt.gov.tr/index.snet?wapp=histor_en&open=1">"History of the Turkish Postal Service"</a>. Ptt.gov.tr<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obarsiv.com/ob-tarih.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obarsiv.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obarsiv.com%2Fob-tarih.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094722/http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/tarih.htm">"History of the Istanbul Stock Exchange"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imkb.gov.tr/genel/tarih.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Istanbul+Stock+Exchange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imkb.gov.tr%2Fgenel%2Ftarih.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201284-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201284_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClevelandBunton201284_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClevelandBunton2012">Cleveland & Bunton 2012</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison196399-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison196399_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison196399_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1963">Davison 1963</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeringil2003" class="citation journal cs1">Deringil, Selim (July 2003). "There Is No Compulsion in Religion': On Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire: 1839–1856". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 547–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500002930">10.1017/S0010417500002930</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146795365">146795365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=There+Is+No+Compulsion+in+Religion%27%3A+On+Conversion+and+Apostasy+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire%3A+1839%E2%80%931856&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=547-575&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500002930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146795365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deringil&rft.aufirst=Selim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaksudyan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Maksudyan, Nazan (2019). "review of This Is a Man's World?: On Fathers and Architects: Talaat Pasha father of modern Turkey, architect of genocide, by Hans-Lukas Kieser, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2018". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 540–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1613816">10.1080/14623528.2019.1613816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181910618">181910618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=review+of+This+Is+a+Man%27s+World%3F%3A+On+Fathers+and+Architects%3A+Talaat+Pasha+father+of+modern+Turkey%2C+architect+of+genocide%2C+by+Hans-Lukas+Kieser%2C+Princeton%2C+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2018&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-544&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1613816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A181910618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maksudyan&rft.aufirst=Nazan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderic1990" class="citation book cs1">Roderic, H. Davison (1990). <i>Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923 – The Impact of the West</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. pp. 115–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Ottoman+and+Turkish+History%2C+1774%E2%80%931923+%E2%80%93+The+Impact+of+the+West&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Roderic&rft.aufirst=H.+Davison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshtiaq" class="citation web cs1">Ishtiaq, Hussain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf">"The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Faith Matters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tanzimat%3A+Secular+reforms+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Faith+Matters&rft.aulast=Ishtiaq&rft.aufirst=Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaith-matters.org%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Ffm-publications%2Fthe-tanzimat-final-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMovsesian2010" class="citation journal cs1">Movsesian, Mark (2010-05-05). "Elusive Equality: The Armenian Genocide and the Failure of Ottoman Legal Reform". Rochester, NY. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1600745">1600745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elusive+Equality%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+the+Failure+of+Ottoman+Legal+Reform&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1600745%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Movsesian&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Makdisi, Ussama (2000). "Corrupting the Sublime Sultanate: The Revolt of Tanyus Shahin in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 180–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500002644">10.1017/S0010417500002644</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143901523">143901523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Corrupting+the+Sublime+Sultanate%3A+The+Revolt+of+Tanyus+Shahin+in+Nineteenth-Century+Ottoman+Lebanon&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=180-208&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500002644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143901523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Ussama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir" class="citation book cs1">Shafir, Gershon. <i>Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882–1914</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land%2C+Labor+and+the+Origins+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict+1882%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=Gershon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). <i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i>. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandBunton2012" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin P. (4 December 2012). <i>A history of the modern Middle East</i> (Fifth ed.). Boulder, CO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-4833-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813691473">813691473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813691473&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4833-9&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Bunton%2C+Martin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1963" class="citation cs2">Davison, Roderic (1963), <i>Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856–1876</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+1856%E2%80%931876&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Roderic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzimat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lafi, Nora. <i>The Ottoman Municipal Reforms between Old Regime and Modernity: Towards a New Interpretative Paradigm</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695237486">695237486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Municipal+Reforms+between+Old+Regime+and+Modernity%3A+Towards+a+New+Interpretative+Paradigm&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695237486&rft.aulast=Lafi&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lafi, Nora (2002). <i>Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes : genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie, 1795–1911</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-2616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-2616-6"><bdi>978-2-7475-2616-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52813928">52813928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+ville+du+Maghreb+entre+ancien+r%C3%A9gime+et+r%C3%A9formes+ottomanes+%3A+gen%C3%A8se+des+institutions+municipales+%C3%A0+Tripoli+de+Barbarie%2C+1795%E2%80%931911&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52813928&rft.isbn=978-2-7475-2616-6&rft.aulast=Lafi&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lafi, Nora. <i>Municipalités méditerranéennes. Les réformes urbaines ottomanes au miroir d'une histoire comparée</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695236822">695236822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Municipalit%C3%A9s+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9ennes.+Les+r%C3%A9formes+urbaines+ottomanes+au+miroir+d%27une+histoire+compar%C3%A9e&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695236822&rft.aulast=Lafi&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Finkel" title="Evgeny Finkel">Finkel, Evgeny</a>; Gehlbach, Scott (2020). <i>Reform and Rebellion in Weak States</i> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108855112">10.1017/9781108855112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-85511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-85511-2"><bdi>978-1-108-85511-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219497050">219497050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Rebellion+in+Weak+States&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219497050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108855112&rft.isbn=978-1-108-85511-2&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft.au=Gehlbach%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Gelvin" title="James L. Gelvin">Gelvin, James L.</a> (2008). <i>The Modern Middle East: A History</i> (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532759-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532759-5"><bdi>978-0-19-532759-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East%3A+A+History&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532759-5&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Indzhov, Emil (2017). <i>The Bulgarians and the Administrative Reforms in the Ottoman Empire in 50-60 Years at the XIX Century</i> (in Bulgarian). Vol. 56. Avalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-4833-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarians+and+the+Administrative+Reforms+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+in+50-60+Years+at+the+XIX+Century&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4833-9&rft.aulast=Indzhov&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Creasy, Edward Shepherd (2011). <i>History of the Ottoman Turks : from the beginning of their empire to the present time</i>. British Library, Historic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-241-43206-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-241-43206-5"><bdi>978-1-241-43206-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/942693443">942693443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Turks+%3A+from+the+beginning+of+their+empire+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=British+Library%2C+Historic&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942693443&rft.isbn=978-1-241-43206-5&rft.aulast=Creasy&rft.aufirst=Edward+Shepherd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Costanza, Maurizio (2010). <i>Le mezzaluna sul filo : la riforma ottomana di Mahmûd II (1808–1839) : politica, società, arte e cultura di un grande impero euro-asiatico all'alba della modernità e del confronto con l'Occidente</i>. Venezia: Marcianum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6512-032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6512-032-3"><bdi>978-88-6512-032-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/722436035">722436035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mezzaluna+sul+filo+%3A+la+riforma+ottomana+di+Mahm%C3%BBd+II+%281808%E2%80%931839%29+%3A+politica%2C+societ%C3%A0%2C+arte+e+cultura+di+un+grande+impero+euro-asiatico+all%27alba+della+modernit%C3%A0+e+del+confronto+con+l%27Occidente&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=Marcianum+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F722436035&rft.isbn=978-88-6512-032-3&rft.aulast=Costanza&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanzimat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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/></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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