CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Abdul Hamid II - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"da21a381-3ac1-4e67-8032-ec592e1e996c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Abdul_Hamid_II","wgTitle":"Abdul Hamid II","wgCurRevisionId":1260779168,"wgRevisionId":1260779168,"wgArticleId":18950786,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","CS1 German-language sources (de)", "CS1 Thai-language sources (th)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2022","Biography articles needing translation from Turkish Wikipedia","Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia","Abdul Hamid II","1842 births","1918 deaths","Dethroned monarchs","19th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire","20th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire","Ottoman people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)","Ottoman people of the Greco-Turkish War (1897)","Turks from the Ottoman Empire", "People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent","Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain","Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary","Sons of sultans"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Abdul_Hamid_II","wgRelevantArticleId":18950786,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q134817","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1324"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="882"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="706"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Abdul Hamid II - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Abdul_Hamid_II rootpage-Abdul_Hamid_II skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Abdul+Hamid+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Abdul+Hamid+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Abdul+Hamid+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Abdul+Hamid+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_Ottoman_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_Ottoman_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Accession to the Ottoman throne</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accession_to_the_Ottoman_throne-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accession to the Ottoman throne subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_Ottoman_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Constitutional_Era,_1876–1878" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Constitutional_Era,_1876–1878"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First Constitutional Era, 1876–1878</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Constitutional_Era,_1876–1878-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>War with Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disintegration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disintegration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Disintegration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disintegration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_decisions_and_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_decisions_and_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Political decisions and reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_decisions_and_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Armenian question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pan-Islamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Islamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Pan-Islamism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Islamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America_and_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America_and_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>America and the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America_and_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany's_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany's_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Germany's support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany's_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Turk_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Young Turk Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paranoia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paranoia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Paranoia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paranoia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Impressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Consorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daughters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daughters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Daughters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daughters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdul Hamid II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_dari_Turki" title="Sultan Abdul Hamid II dari Turki – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sultan Abdul Hamid II dari Turki" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" title="Abdülhamid II – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abdülhamid II" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="عبد الحميد الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبد الحميد الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanlu_Abdul_Hamid_Dheftherlu" title="Sultanlu Abdul Hamid Dheftherlu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sultanlu Abdul Hamid Dheftherlu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%C6%8Fbd%C3%BClh%C9%99mid" title="II Əbdülhəmid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Əbdülhəmid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ایکینجی عبدالحمید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی عبدالحمید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="দ্বিতীয় আব্দুল হামিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় আব্দুল হামিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_2-s%C3%A8" title="Abdul Hamid 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abdul Hamid 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_II" title="Әбделхәмит II – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әбделхәмит II" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4_II" title="Абдул-Хамід II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абдул-Хамід II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4_II" title="Абдул Хамид II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абдул Хамид II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamit_II" title="Abdülhamit II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abdülhamit II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II." title="Abdulhamid II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abdulhamid II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" title="Abdülhamid II – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abdülhamid II" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_2." title="Abdülhamid 2. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abdülhamid 2." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II." title="Abdülhamid II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abdülhamid II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamit_II" title="Abdülhamit II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abdülhamit II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Αμπντούλ Χαμίτ Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμπντούλ Χαμίτ Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-ul-Hamid_la_2-a" title="Abd-ul-Hamid la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abd-ul-Hamid la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II.a" title="Abdulhamid II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abdulhamid II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="عبدالحمید دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبدالحمید دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" title="Abdülhamid II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abdülhamid II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%92%AC%ED%95%98%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_2%EC%84%B8" title="압뒬하미트 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="압뒬하미트 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4_II" title="Աբդուլ Համիդ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբդուլ Համիդ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="अब्दुल हमीद द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अब्दुल हमीद द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II." title="Abdul Hamid II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abdul Hamid II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BAl_Hamid_2." title="Abdúl Hamid 2. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Abdúl Hamid 2." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="עבדול חמיד השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדול חמיד השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_II" title="აბდულჰამიდ II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბდულჰამიდ II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D3%98%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="II Әбділхамит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Әбділхамит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebdulhem%C3%AEd_II" title="Ebdulhemîd II – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ebdulhemîd II" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4_II" title="Абдул-Хамид II – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абдул-Хамид II" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamids_II" title="Abdulhamids II – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abdulhamids II" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamidas_II" title="Abdulhamidas II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abdulhamidas II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Abdul-Hamid_oszm%C3%A1n_szult%C3%A1n" title="II. Abdul-Hamid oszmán szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Abdul-Hamid oszmán szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4_II" title="Абдул Хамид II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абдул Хамид II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_II" title="അബ്ദുൽ ഹമീദ് II – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബ്ദുൽ ഹമീദ് II" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6" title="दुसरा अब्दुल हमीद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरा अब्दुल हमीद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="عبد الحميد التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبد الحميد التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="عبدالحمید دوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عبدالحمید دوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamit_II" title="Abdülhamit II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abdülhamit II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%882%E4%B8%96" title="アブデュルハミト2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブデュルハミト2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II." title="Abdülhamid II. – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Abdülhamid II." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-ul-Hamid_II" title="Abd-ul-Hamid II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abd-ul-Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_%C3%BCl-Hamid_II_av_Det_osmanske_riket" title="Abd ül-Hamid II av Det osmanske riket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abd ül-Hamid II av Det osmanske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II" title="Abdulhamid II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abdulhamid II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عبدالحمید ثانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عبدالحمید ثانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="عبدالحمید ثاني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عبدالحمید ثاني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" title="Abdülhamid II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abdülhamid II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulamide_II" title="Abdulamide II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abdulamide II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Abd%C3%BClhamid" title="II Abdülhamid – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="II Abdülhamid" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Hamid_al_II-lea" title="Abdul-Hamid al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abdul-Hamid al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4_II" title="Абдул-Хамид II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абдул-Хамид II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdyl_Hamiti_II" title="Abdyl Hamiti II – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abdyl Hamiti II" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II." title="Abdülhamid II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abdülhamid II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II." title="Abdul Hamid II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abdul Hamid II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="عەبدولحەمیدی دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەبدولحەمیدی دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4_II" title="Абдул Хамид II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абдул Хамид II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-ul-Hamid_II" title="Abd-ul-Hamid II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abd-ul-Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_%C3%BCl-Hamid_II" title="Abd ül-Hamid II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abd ül-Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_II" title="Габделхәмит II – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Габделхәмит II" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="สุลต่านอับดุล ฮามิดที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุลต่านอับดุล ฮามิดที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Abd%C3%BClhamid" title="II. Abdülhamid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Abdülhamid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II" title="Abdulhamid II – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abdulhamid II" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4_II" title="Абдул-Гамід II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абдул-Гамід II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عبدالحمید ثانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عبدالحمید ثانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%84%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D9%89%D8%AF_II" title="ئابدۇلھەمىد II – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئابدۇلھەمىد II" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜勒哈米德二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿卜杜勒哈米德二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Abdul Hamid II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Abdul_Hamid_II" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Abdul_Hamid_II" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&oldid=1260779168" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Abdul_Hamid_II&id=1260779168&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbdul_Hamid_II"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbdul_Hamid_II"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abd%C3%BClhamit_II" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Abd-ul-Hamid_II" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134817" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Abd%C3%BClhamid" class="extiw" title="tr:II. Abdülhamid">the corresponding article</a> in Turkish</b>.  <i><small>(November 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Wikipedia article at [[:tr:II. Abdülhamid]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|tr|II. Abdülhamid}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Talk:Abdul Hamid II">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Hamid">Abd al-Hamid</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Abdul Hamid II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png/220px-Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png/330px-Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png/440px-Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1899</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Grand_viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand viziers">Grand viziers</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Rushdi_Pasha" title="Mehmed Rushdi Pasha">Mehmed Rushdi Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Edhem_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Edhem Pasha">Ibrahim Edhem Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hamdi_Pasha" title="Ahmed Hamdi Pasha">Ahmed Hamdi Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Vefik_Pasha" title="Ahmed Vefik Pasha">Ahmed Vefik Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Sad%C4%B1k_Pasha" title="Mehmed Sadık Pasha">Mehmed Sadık Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saffet_Pasha" title="Saffet Pasha">Saffet Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Pasha" title="Hayreddin Pasha">Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Arifi_Pasha" title="Ahmed Arifi Pasha">Ahmed Arifi Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadri_Pasha" title="Kadri Pasha">Kadri Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Nurettin_Pasha" title="Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha">Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevad_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevad Pasha">Ahmed Cevad Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Halil_Rifat_Pasha" title="Halil Rifat Pasha">Halil Rifat Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ferid_Pasha" title="Mehmed Ferid Pasha">Mehmed Ferid Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Caliph">Ottoman Caliph</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Murad V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mehmed V</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1842-09-21</span>)</span>21 September 1842<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-juYpK_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juYpK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1918<span style="display:none">(1918-02-10)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a>, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">1918<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label">Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, <a href="/wiki/Fatih,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih, Istanbul">Fatih, Istanbul</a>, Turkey</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nazikeda_Kad%C4%B1n_(consort_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Nazikeda Kadın (consort of Abdul Hamid II)">Nazikeda Kadın</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nurefsun_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Nurefsun Kadın">Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bedrifelek_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bedrifelek Kadın">Bedrifelek Kadın</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bidar Kadın">Bidar Kadın</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dilpesend_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Dilpesend Kadın">Dilpesend Kadın</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mezidemestan_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Mezidemestan Kadın">Mezidemestan Kadın</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Emsalinur_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Emsalinur Kadın">Emsalinur Kadın</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BC%C5%9Ffika_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Müşfika Kadın">Destizer Müşfika Kadın</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sazkar_Han%C4%B1m" title="Sazkar Hanım">Sazkar Hanım</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Peyveste_Han%C4%B1m" title="Peyveste Hanım">Rabia Peyveste Hanım</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Pesend_Han%C4%B1m" title="Fatma Pesend Hanım">Fatma Pesend Hanım</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Behice_Han%C4%B1m" title="Behice Hanım">Behice Hanım</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saliha_Naciye_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Saliha Naciye Kadın">Saliha Naciye Kadın</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Sons">Among others</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selim">Şehzade Mehmed Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zekiye_Sultan" title="Zekiye Sultan">Zekiye Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naime_Sultan" title="Naime Sultan">Naime Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkadir" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nuri" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nuri">Şehzade Ahmed Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naile_Sultan_(daughter_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Naile Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)">Naile Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eadiye_Sultan" title="Şadiye Sultan">Şadiye Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)">Ayşe Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refia_Sultan_(daughter_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Refia Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)">Refia Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdurrahim_Hayri" title="Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri">Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abid" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abid">Şehzade Mehmed Abid</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abdul Hamid bin Abdulmejid</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Osman">Ottoman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Biological mother:<br /><a href="/wiki/Tirim%C3%BCjgan_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Tirimüjgan Kadın">Tirimüjgan Kadın</a><br />Adoptive mother:<br /><a href="/wiki/Rahime_Perestu_Sultan" title="Rahime Perestu Sultan">Rahime Perestu Sultan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdul Hamid II's signature"><img alt="Abdul Hamid II's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.svg/125px-Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.svg/188px-Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.svg/250px-Tughra_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abdulhamid II</b> or <b>Abdul Hamid II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">عبد الحميد ثانی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ottoman Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">II. Abdülhamid</i>; 21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a>, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.<sup id="cite_ref-dw98K_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw98K-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He oversaw a <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">period of decline</a> with rebellions (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>), and presided over <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">an unsuccessful war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1877–78), the loss of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus</a> from Ottoman control, followed by a successful <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897</a>, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention. </p><p>Elevated to power in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Young_Ottomans" title="Young Ottomans">Young Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">coups</a>, he promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire's first constitution</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tersane_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Tersane Conference">Tersane Conference</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a sign of the progressive thinking that marked his <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">early rule</a>. But his enthronement came in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a>, which began with the Empire's default on its loans, uprisings by Christian Balkan minorities, and a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">war with the Russian Empire</a>. At the end of the crisis, <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Ottoman rule in the Balkans</a> and its international prestige were severely diminished, and the Empire lost its economic sovereignty as its finances came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a>. </p><p>In 1878, Abdul Hamid consolidated his rule by suspending both the constitution and the parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yıldız Trials (page does not exist)">purging the Young Ottomans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_mahkemesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Yıldız mahkemesi">tr</a>]</span>, and curtailing the power of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>. He ruled as an absolute monarch for three decades. Ideologically an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a>, the sultan asserted his title of <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> to Muslims around the world. His paranoia about being overthrown, like his <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">uncle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">brother</a>, led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Intelligence_Agency" title="Yıldız Intelligence Agency">secret</a> <a href="/wiki/Umur-u_Hafiye" title="Umur-u Hafiye">police</a> organizations and a censorship regime. The Ottoman Empire's modernization and centralization continued during his reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, extension of the <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_Orientaux" title="Chemins de fer Orientaux">Rumelia Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_Ottomans_d%27Anatolie" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de Fer Ottomans d'Anatolie">Anatolia Railway</a>, and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a>. Systems for population registration, <a href="/wiki/Sedentarization_of_Kurdish_tribes" title="Sedentarization of Kurdish tribes">sedentarization</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekteb-i_A%C5%9Firet-i_Humayun" title="Mekteb-i Aşiret-i Humayun">of tribal groups</a>, and control over the press were part of a unique <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> system in fringe provinces known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_colonialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borrowed colonialism (page does not exist)">borrowed colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The farthest-reaching reforms were in education, with many professional schools established in fields such as law, arts, trades, civil engineering, veterinary medicine, customs, farming, and linguistics, along with the first local modern law school in 1898. A network of primary, secondary, and military schools extended throughout the Empire. German firms played a major role in developing the Empire's railway and telegraph systems.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Ironically, the same education institutions that the Sultan sponsored proved to be his downfall. Large sections of the pro-constitutionalist Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> sharply criticized and opposed him for his repressive policies, which coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-red_sultan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red_sultan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic minorities started organizing their own <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">national liberation movements</a>. Armenians especially suffered from <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">massacres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)" title="Hamidiye (cavalry)"><i>Hamidiye</i></a> regiments. Of the many assassination attempts during Abdul Hamid's reign, one of the most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a> of 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Panossian2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panossian2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> forced him to recall parliament and reinstate the constitution in the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>. Abdul Hamid II attempted to reassert his absolutism a year later, resulting in his deposition by <a href="/wiki/Action_Army" title="Action Army">pro-constitutionalist forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">31 March incident</a>, though the role he played in these events is disputed.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abd%C3%BClhamid_II_of_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II_of_Turkey.jpg/200px-Abd%C3%BClhamid_II_of_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II_of_Turkey.jpg/300px-Abd%C3%BClhamid_II_of_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II_of_Turkey.jpg/400px-Abd%C3%BClhamid_II_of_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="2243" /></a><figcaption>Prince Abdul Hamid at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> in 1867, accompanying his uncle Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz#European_tour" title="Abdulaziz">visit to Western Europe</a> between 21 June 1867 – 7 August 1867.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hamid <a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">Efendi</a> was born on 21 September 1842 either in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace" title="Çırağan Palace">Çırağan Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Ortaköy">Ortaköy</a>, or at <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. He was the son of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tirim%C3%BCjgan_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Tirimüjgan Kadın">Tirimüjgan Kadın</a> (<a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a>, 20 August 1819 – Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_University" title="Galatasaray University">Feriye Palace</a>, 2 November 1853),<sup id="cite_ref-RE51V_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE51V-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sq5Wt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sq5Wt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally named Virjinia.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his mother's death, he became the adoptive son of his father's legal wife, <a href="/wiki/Perestu_Kad%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Perestu Kadın">Perestu Kadın</a>. Perestu was also the adoptive mother of Abdul Hamid's half-sister <a href="/wiki/Cemile_Sultan" title="Cemile Sultan">Cemile Sultan</a>, whose mother <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzdidil_Kad%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Düzdidil Kadın">Düzdidil Kadın</a> had died in 1845, leaving her motherless at the age of two. The two were brought up in the same household, where they spent their childhood together.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike many other Ottoman sultans, Abdul Hamid II visited distant countries. In the summer of 1867, nine years before he ascended the throne, he accompanied his uncle Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdul Aziz</a> on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (30 June – 10 July 1867), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (12–23 July 1867), <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (28–30 July 1867), and capitals or cities of a number of other European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropeanVoyage1867_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanVoyage1867-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_to_the_Ottoman_throne">Accession to the Ottoman throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accession to the Ottoman throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdul Hamid ascended the throne after his brother <a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad</a> was deposed on 31 August 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vn9Ba_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vn9Ba-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his accession, some commentators were impressed that he rode practically unattended to the <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan Mosque</a>, where he was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Osman" title="Sword of Osman">Sword of Osman</a>. Most people expected Abdul Hamid II to support liberal movements, but he acceded to the throne at a <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">critical time</a>. Economic and political turmoil, local wars in the Balkans, and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a> threatened the Empire's very existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Constitutional_Era,_1876–1878"><span id="First_Constitutional_Era.2C_1876.E2.80.931878"></span>First Constitutional Era, 1876–1878</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Constitutional Era, 1876–1878"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young_Ottomans" title="Young Ottomans">Young Ottomans</a></div><p>Abdul Hamid worked with the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ottomans" title="Young Ottomans">Young Ottomans</a> to realize some form of constitutional arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-CA6MA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA6MA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new form could help bring about a liberal transition with an Islamic provenance. The Young Ottomans believed that the modern parliamentary system was a restatement of the practice of consultation, or <i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a></i>, that had existed in early Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-TmaGD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TmaGD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1876, due to the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875-1878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875-1878)">1875 insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">war with Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegro</a>, and the feeling aroused throughout Europe by the cruelty used in stamping out the 1876 <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Bulgarian rebellion</a>, Abdul Hamid promulgated a constitution and a parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a> headed the commission to establish a new constitution, and the cabinet passed the constitution on 6 December 1876, allowing for a <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">bicameral legislature</a> with <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">senatorial</a> appointments made by the sultan. The first ever <a href="/wiki/First_1877_Ottoman_general_election" title="First 1877 Ottoman general election">election</a> in the Ottoman Empire was held in 1877. Crucially, the constitution gave Abdul Hamid the right to exile anyone he deemed a threat to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a><sup id="cite_ref-1ac64_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1ac64-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2rNBk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2rNBk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were surprised by the promulgation of a constitution, but European powers at the conference rejected the constitution as a too-radical change; they preferred the 1856 constitution (<i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu</a>)</i> or the 1839 Gülhane edict (<a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane"><i>Hatt-ı Şerif</i></a>), and questioned whether a parliament was necessary to act as an official voice of the people. </p><p>In any event, like many other would-be reforms of the Ottoman Empire, it proved nearly impossible. Russia continued to mobilize for war, and early in 1877 the Ottoman Empire went to war with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Russia">War with Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War with Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grivita_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grivita_1877.jpg/200px-Grivita_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grivita_1877.jpg/300px-Grivita_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grivita_1877.jpg/400px-Grivita_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3670" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman troops under Romanian attack at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Siege of Plevna</a> (1877) in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul Hamid's biggest fear, near dissolution, was realized with the Russian declaration of war on 24 April 1877. In that conflict, the Ottoman Empire fought without help from European allies. Russian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Prince Gorchakov</a> had by that time effectively purchased Austrian neutrality with the <a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a>. The British Empire, though still fearing the Russian threat to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British presence in India</a>, did not involve itself in the conflict because of public opinion against the Ottomans, following reports of Ottoman brutality in putting down the Bulgarian uprising. Russia's victory was quick; the conflict ended in February 1878. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, signed at the end of the war, imposed harsh terms: the Ottoman Empire gave independence to <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Romania">Romania</a>, Serbia, and Montenegro; it granted autonomy to Bulgaria; instituted reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and ceded parts of <a href="/wiki/Dobrudzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrudzha">Dobrudzha</a> to Romania and parts of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Armenia">Armenia</a> to Russia, which was also paid an enormous indemnity. After the war, Abdul Hamid suspended the constitution in February 1878 and dismissed the parliament, after its only meeting, in March 1877. For the next three decades, Abdul Hamid ruled the Ottoman Empire from <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Russia could dominate the newly independent states, the Treaty of San Stefano greatly increased its influence in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>. At the Great Powers' insistence (especially the United Kingdom's), the treaty was revised at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> so as to reduce the great advantages Russia gained. In exchange for these favors, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> was ceded <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">to Britain</a> in 1878. There were troubles in Egypt, where a discredited <i><a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">khedive</a></i> had to be deposed. Abdul Hamid mishandled relations with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Urabi" title="Ahmed Urabi">Urabi Pasha</a>, and as a result, Britain gained <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> control over <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(1821%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan (1821–85)">Sudan</a> by sending its troops in 1882 to establish control over the two provinces. Cyprus, Egypt, and Sudan ostensibly remained Ottoman provinces until 1914, when Britain officially annexed them in response to the Ottoman participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disintegration">Disintegration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disintegration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/200px-Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/300px-Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/400px-Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></i> (Prince) Abdul Hamid in 1868.</figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul Hamid's distrust of the reformist admirals of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> (whom he suspected of plotting against him and trying to restore the constitution) and his subsequent decision to lock the Ottoman fleet (the world's third-largest fleet during the reign of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdul Aziz</a>) inside the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> indirectly caused the loss of Ottoman overseas territories and islands in North Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea during and after his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-WciMy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WciMy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financial difficulties forced him to consent to foreign control over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Ottoman national debt</a>. In a decree issued in December 1881, a large portion of the empire's revenues were handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Public Debt Administration</a> for the benefit of (mostly foreign) bondholders (see <a href="/wiki/Kararname_of_1296" title="Kararname of 1296">Kararname of 1296</a>). </p><p>The 1885 <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">union</a> of Bulgaria with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> was another blow to the Empire. The creation of an independent and powerful Bulgaria was viewed as a serious threat to the Empire. For many years Abdul Hamid had to deal with Bulgaria in a way that did not antagonize the Russians or the Germans. There were also key problems regarding the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Albanian</a> question resulting from the Albanian <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greek</a> and Montenegrin frontiers, where the European powers were determined that the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Congress">Berlin Congress</a>'s decisions be carried out. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a> was granted "extended privileges", but these did not satisfy the population, which sought unification with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>. In early 1897 a Greek expedition sailed to Crete to overthrow Ottoman rule on the island. This act was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War</a>, in which the Ottoman Empire defeated Greece, but as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1897)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1897)">Treaty of Constantinople</a>, Crete was taken over <i>en depot</i> by the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George of Greece">Prince George of Greece</a> was appointed ruler and Crete was effectively lost to the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAmmiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAmmiyya">ʿAmmiyya</a>, a revolt in 1889–90 among <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syrians</a> against excesses of the local sheikhs, similarly led to capitulation to the rebels' demands, as well as concessions to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Belgium">Belgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French</a> companies to provide <a href="/wiki/Beirut-Damascus_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut-Damascus Railway">a railroad between Beirut and Damascus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_decisions_and_reforms">Political decisions and reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political decisions and reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most people expected Abdul Hamid II to have liberal ideas, and some conservatives were inclined to regard him with suspicion as a dangerous reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite working with the reformist <a href="/wiki/Young_Ottomans" title="Young Ottomans">Young Ottomans</a> while still crown prince and appearing to be a liberal leader, he became increasingly conservative after taking the throne. In a process known as <i>İstibdad</i>, Abdul Hamid reduced his ministers to acting as secretaries and concentrated much of the Empire's administration into his own hands. Default in the public funds, an empty treasury, the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875-1878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875-1878)">1875 insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">war with Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegro</a>, the result of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish war</a>, and the feeling aroused throughout Europe by Abdul Hamid's government in stamping out <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">the Bulgarian rebellion</a> all contributed to his apprehension regarding enacting significant changes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His push for education resulted in the establishment of 18 professional schools; and in 1900, <a href="/wiki/Darulfunun" class="mw-redirect" title="Darulfunun">Darülfünûn-u Şahâne</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a>, was established.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also created a large system of primary, secondary, and military schools throughout the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 51 secondary schools were constructed in a 12-year period (1882–1894). As the goal of the educational reforms in the Hamidian era were to counter foreign influence, these secondary schools used European teaching techniques while instilling in students a strong sense of <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottoman identity</a> and Islamic morality.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland,_William_L._2008_pg.121_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland,_William_L._2008_pg.121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdul Hamid also reorganized the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Justice (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Justice</a> and developed rail and telegraph systems.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telegraph system was expanded to incorporate the furthest parts of the Empire. Railways connected Constantinople and Vienna by 1883, and shortly afterward the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a> connected Paris to Constantinople. During his rule, railways within the Ottoman Empire expanded to connect Ottoman-controlled Europe and Anatolia with Constantinople as well. The increased ability to travel and communicate within the Ottoman Empire served to strengthen Constantinople's influence over the rest of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland,_William_L._2008_pg.121_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland,_William_L._2008_pg.121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdul Hamid introduced legislation against the slave trade via the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1880" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kanunname_of_1889" title="Kanunname of 1889">Kanunname of 1889</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdul Hamid took stringent measures regarding his security. The memory of the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdul Aziz</a> was on his mind and convinced him that a constitutional government was not a good idea. Because of this, information was tightly controlled and the press rigidly censored. A secret police (<a href="/wiki/Umur-u_Hafiye" title="Umur-u Hafiye">Umur-u Hafiye</a>) and a network of informants was present throughout the empire, and many leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a> and Ottoman successor states were arrested or exiled. School curricula were closely inspected to prevent dissidence. Ironically, the schools that Abdul Hamid founded and tried to control became "breeding grounds of discontent" as students and teachers alike chafed at the censors' clumsy restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_question">Armenian question</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Armenian question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_qirsh_-_Abdul_Hamid_II_-_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/20_qirsh_-_Abdul_Hamid_II_-_1905.png/200px-20_qirsh_-_Abdul_Hamid_II_-_1905.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/20_qirsh_-_Abdul_Hamid_II_-_1905.png/300px-20_qirsh_-_Abdul_Hamid_II_-_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/20_qirsh_-_Abdul_Hamid_II_-_1905.png/400px-20_qirsh_-_Abdul_Hamid_II_-_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>20 <a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">kuruş</a> during the reign of Abdul Hamid II, dating 1878</figcaption></figure><p>Starting around 1890, Armenians began demanding implementation of the reforms promised to them at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NxxP1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NxxP1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent such measures, in 1890–91 Abdul Hamid gave semi-official status to the bandits who were already actively mistreating the <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a> in the provinces. Made up of Kurds and other ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turcomans</a>, and armed by the state, they came to be called the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)" title="Hamidiye (cavalry)">Hamidiye Alayları</a></i> ("Hamidian Regiments").<sup id="cite_ref-Ns7tZ_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ns7tZ-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye and Kurdish brigands were given free rein to attack Armenians – confiscating stores of grain, foodstuffs, and driving off livestock – confident of escaping punishment as they were subject only to court-martial.<sup id="cite_ref-PbNB4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PbNB4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the face of such violence, the Armenians established revolutionary organizations: the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hunchak; founded in Switzerland in 1887) and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (the ARF or Dashnaktsutiun, founded in 1890 in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sJWv9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sJWv9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrest ensued and clashes occurred in 1892 at <a href="/wiki/Merzifon" title="Merzifon">Merzifon</a> and in 1893 at <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Tokat</a>. Abdul Hamid put these revolts down with harsh methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Q6gnX_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q6gnX-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, 300,000 Armenians were killed in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>. News of the massacres was widely reported in Europe and the United States and drew strong responses from foreign governments and humanitarian organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-BxHUK_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BxHUK-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid was called the "Bloody Sultan" or "Red Sultan" in the West. On 21 July 1905, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">attempted to assassinate him</a> with a car bomb during a public appearance, but he was delayed for a minute, and the bomb went off too early, killing 26, wounding 58 (four of whom died during their treatment in hospital), and destroying 17 cars. This continued aggression, along with the handling of the Armenian desire for reform, led western European powers to take a more hands-on approach with the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid survived an attempted stabbing in 1904 as well. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pan-Islamism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sitara_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Sitara_.jpg/220px-The_Sitara_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Sitara_.jpg/330px-The_Sitara_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Sitara_.jpg/440px-The_Sitara_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>An example of what once hung on the Door of Repentance of the Ka'ba in 1897 until 1898. It was made in Egypt under Abdul Hamid II's ruling of the Ottoman Empire. His name is stitched into the fifth line following a verse from the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-HmVrS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HmVrS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul Hamid did not believe that the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> movement could succeed in helping the disparate peoples of the empire achieve a common identity, such as <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a>. He adopted a new ideological principle, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a>; since, beginning in 1517, Ottoman sultans were also nominally Caliphs, he wanted to promote that fact and emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a>. Given the great diversity of ethnicities in the Ottoman Empire, he believed that <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was the only way to unite his people. </p><p>Pan-Islamism encouraged Muslims living under European powers to unite under one polity. This threatened several European countries: <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a> through <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Muslim">Bosnian Muslims</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> through <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> through <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> Muslims; and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> through <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a> Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Takkush,_Mohammed_Suhail_pp.489,490_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takkush,_Mohammed_Suhail_pp.489,490-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreigners' privileges in the Ottoman Empire, which were an obstacle to effective government, were curtailed. At the very end of his reign, Abdul Hamid finally provided funds to start construction of the strategically important <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Constantinople-Baghdad Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_railway" title="Hejaz railway">Constantinople-Medina Railway</a>, which would ease the trip to Mecca for the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Hajj</a>; after he was deposed, the CUP accelerated and completed construction of both railways. Missionaries were sent to distant countries preaching Islam and the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>'s supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his rule, Abdul Hamid refused <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>'s offers to pay down a substantial portion of the Ottoman debt (150 million pounds sterling in gold) in exchange for a charter allowing the <a href="/wiki/Zionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionists">Zionists</a> to settle in <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Palestine</a>. He is famously quoted as telling Herzl's Emissary, "as long as I am alive, I will not have our body divided; only our corpse they can divide."<sup id="cite_ref-Hdi4y_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hdi4y-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pan-Islamism was a considerable success. After the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Ottoman war</a>, many Muslims celebrated the Ottoman victory as their victory. Uprisings, lockouts, and objections to European colonization in newspapers were reported in Muslim regions after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Takkush,_Mohammed_Suhail_pp.489,490_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takkush,_Mohammed_Suhail_pp.489,490-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oHdhh_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oHdhh-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Abdul Hamid's appeals to Muslim sentiment were not always very effective, due to widespread disaffection within the Empire. In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a>, disturbance was endemic; nearer home, a semblance of loyalty was maintained in the army and among the Muslim population only by a system of deflation and espionage<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America_and_the_Philippines">America and the Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: America and the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Empire_Administrative_Divisions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ottoman_Empire_Administrative_Divisions.png/200px-Ottoman_Empire_Administrative_Divisions.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ottoman_Empire_Administrative_Divisions.png/300px-Ottoman_Empire_Administrative_Divisions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ottoman_Empire_Administrative_Divisions.png/399px-Ottoman_Empire_Administrative_Divisions.png 2x" data-file-width="4455" data-file-height="4840" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Abdul Hamid II</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> asked United States Minister to the Ottoman Empire <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Oscar Straus</a> to request that Abdul Hamid, in his capacity as <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, write a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Sulu Muslims</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a> subgroup, of the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Sultanate">Sulu Sultanate</a> in the Philippines, ordering them not to join the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a> and submit to American suzerainty and American military rule. The Sultan obliged the Americans and wrote the letter, which was sent to Mecca, whence two Sulu chiefs brought it to Sulu. It was successful, since the "Sulu Mohammedans ... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty."<sup id="cite_ref-Karpat2001_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karpat2001-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yegar2002_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yegar2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bal2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bal2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bal2004_2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bal2004_2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3xwv5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3xwv5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WTOsc_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTOsc-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Abdul Hamid's "pan-Islamic" ideology, he had readily acceded to Straus's request for help in telling the Sulu Muslims to not resist America, since he felt no need to cause hostilities between the West and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaboration between the American military and Sulu Sultanate was due to the Ottoman Sultan persuading the Sulu Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Moskin2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskin2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John P. Finley wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule. As the Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-BlakesleeHall1915_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlakesleeHall1915-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1sEyG_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1sEyG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>President McKinley did not mention the Ottoman role in the pacification of the Sulu Moros in his address to the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress in December 1899, since the agreement with the Sultan of Sulu was not submitted to the Senate until 18 December.<sup id="cite_ref-YxrXZ_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YxrXZ-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bates Treaty, which the Americans signed with the Moro Sulu Sultanate, and which <a href="/wiki/History_of_Basilan#American_occupation" title="History of Basilan">guaranteed the Sultanate's autonomy in its internal affairs and governance</a>, was then <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion#Cause_of_the_war" title="Moro Rebellion">violated by the Americans</a>, who then invaded Moroland,<sup id="cite_ref-PJVnn_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PJVnn-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a> to break out in 1904, with war raging between the Americans and Moro Muslims and atrocities committed against Moro Muslim women and children, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Crater_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro Crater Massacre">Moro Crater Massacre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany's_support"><span id="Germany.27s_support"></span>Germany's support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany's support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Muslim_Kansu_Braves_1900_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chinese_Muslim_Kansu_Braves_1900_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg/170px-Chinese_Muslim_Kansu_Braves_1900_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Chinese_Muslim_Kansu_Braves_1900_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Abdul Hamid II attempted to correspond with the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> troops in service of the Qing imperial army serving under General <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a>; they were also known as the <a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Kansu Braves</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> – the United Kingdom, France and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> – had strained relations with the Ottoman Empire. Abdul Hamid and his close advisors believed the Empire should be treated as an equal player by these great powers. In the Sultan's view, the Ottoman Empire was a European empire that was distinguished by having more Muslims than Christians. </p><p>Over time, the hostile diplomatic attitudes of France (the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunisia</a> in 1881) and Great Britain (the 1882 establishment of de facto control in <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a>) caused Abdul Hamid to gravitate towards Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid twice hosted <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> in Istanbul, on 21 October 1889 and on <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II%27s_voyage_to_the_Levant_in_1898" title="Wilhelm II's voyage to the Levant in 1898">5 October 1898</a>. (Wilhelm II later visited Constantinople a third time, on 15 October 1917, as a guest of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>.) German officers such as <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">Baron von der Goltz</a> and Bodo-Borries von Ditfurth were employed to oversee the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a>. </p><p>German government officials were brought in to reorganize the Ottoman government's finances. The German emperor was also rumored to have counseled Abdul Hamid in his controversial decision to appoint his third son as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany's friendship was not altruistic; it had to be fostered by railway and loan concessions. In 1899, a significant German wish, the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Berlin-Baghdad railway</a>, was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaiser Wilhelm II also requested the Sultan's help when he had trouble with Chinese Muslim troops. During the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, the Chinese Muslim <a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Kansu Braves</a> fought the German Army, routing them and the other Eight Nation Alliance forces. The Muslim Kansu Braves and Boxers defeated the Alliance forces led by the German Captain <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_Usedom" title="Guido von Usedom">Guido von Usedom</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langfang" title="Battle of Langfang">Battle of Langfang</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_intervention,_Seymour_Expedition,_China_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="First intervention, Seymour Expedition, China 1900">Seymour Expedition</a>, in 1900, and besieged the trapped Alliance forces during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_International_Legations" title="Siege of the International Legations">Siege of the International Legations</a>. It was only on the second attempt, in the <a href="/wiki/Gasalee_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasalee Expedition">Gasalee Expedition</a>, that the Alliance forces managed to get through to battle the Chinese Muslim troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peking_(1900)" title="Battle of Peking (1900)">Battle of Peking</a>. Wilhelm was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested that Abdul Hamid find a way to stop the Muslim troops from fighting. Abdul Hamid agreed to Wilhelm's demands and sent <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Enver_Pasha" title="Hasan Enver Pasha">Hasan Enver Pasha</a> (no relation to <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">the Young Turk leader</a>) to China in 1901, but the rebellion was over by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-HlfsK_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HlfsK-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Ottomans did not want conflict with the European nations and because the Ottoman Empire was ingratiating itself to gain German assistance, an order imploring Chinese Muslims to avoid assisting the Boxers was issued by the Ottoman Khalifa and reprinted in Egyptian and Muslim Indian newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bickers2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bickers2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdul Hamid II made many enemies in the Ottoman Empire. His reign featured several coup d'état plans and many rebellions. The Sultan triumphed in a challenge by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a> of absolute rule in 1895. A large conspiracy by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> was also foiled in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1896_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1896 Ottoman coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)">1896</a>. His ascendancy finally ended in a <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">revolution</a> in 1908, and his reign for good ended with the <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">31 March Incident</a>. These conspiracies were primarily driven by members of inside the Ottoman government, due to dissatisfaction with autocracy. Journalists had to contend with a strict censorship regime, while the intelligentsia chafed under the surveillance of intelligence agencies. It was in this context that a broad opposition movement to the sultan emerged, known as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> to European observers. Most Young Turks were ambitious military officers, constitutionalists, and bureaucrats of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>. </p><p>With state policy fostering an Islamist Ottomanism, Christian minority groups also began to turn against the government, going so far as to advocate for separatism. By the 1890s, Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, and Aromanian militant groups started fighting Ottoman authorities, and each other, in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian conflict</a>. Using the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0dare-i_%C3%96rfiyye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İdare-i Örfiyye (page does not exist)">İdare-i Örfiyye</a></i>, a clause in the defunct Ottoman constitution comparable to declaring a <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_and_state_of_emergency_in_Turkey" title="Martial law and state of emergency in Turkey">state of siege</a>, the government suspended <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Ottoman Balkans</a>. <i>İdare-i Örfiyye</i> was also soon declared in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia</a> to more effectively prosecute <a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">fedayi</a>. The statute persisted under the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educated Muslim women resented the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hatt-i_humayun" title="Hatt-i humayun">Hatts</a></i> that mandated veils be worn outside the home and to be accompanied by men, though these decrees were mostly ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201634_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201634-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Turk_Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Young Turk Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_by_the_Sultan,_at_the_Palace_of_Dolma-Bagtche,_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Opening_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_by_the_Sultan%2C_at_the_Palace_of_Dolma-Bagtche%2C_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_by_the_Sultan%2C_at_the_Palace_of_Dolma-Bagtche%2C_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Opening_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_by_the_Sultan%2C_at_the_Palace_of_Dolma-Bagtche%2C_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_by_the_Sultan%2C_at_the_Palace_of_Dolma-Bagtche%2C_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Opening_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_by_the_Sultan%2C_at_the_Palace_of_Dolma-Bagtche%2C_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_by_the_Sultan%2C_at_the_Palace_of_Dolma-Bagtche%2C_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the first Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-i Umumî), at the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> in 1877.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/220px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/330px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/440px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Greek <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in 1908 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">restoration of the 1876 constitution</a> in the Ottoman Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>The national humiliation of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian conflict</a>, together with the resentment in the army against the palace spies and informers, at last brought matters to a crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP), a <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> organization that was especially influential in the Rumelian army units, undertook the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in the summer of 1908. Upon learning that the troops in <a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a> were marching on Istanbul (23 July), Abdul Hamid capitulated. On 24 July an <i>irade</i> announced the restoration of the suspended <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">constitution of 1876</a>; the next day, further <i>irades</i> abolished espionage and censorship, and ordered the release of political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December, Abdul Hamid reopened the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">General Assembly</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a> in which he said that the first parliament had been "temporarily dissolved until the education of the people had been brought to a sufficiently high level by the extension of instruction throughout the empire."<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deposition">Deposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:II._Abd%C3%BClahmit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/II._Abd%C3%BClahmit.jpg/200px-II._Abd%C3%BClahmit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/II._Abd%C3%BClahmit.jpg/300px-II._Abd%C3%BClahmit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/II._Abd%C3%BClahmit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Abdul Hamid II's last ride through the streets of Istanbul after the 31 March Incident</figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul Hamid's new attitude did not save him from the suspicion of intriguing with the state's powerful reactionary elements, a suspicion confirmed by his attitude toward the counter-revolution of 13 April 1909, known as the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a>, when an insurrection of the soldiers backed by a conservative upheaval in some parts of the military in the capital overthrew <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a>'s government. With the Young Turks driven out of the capital, Abdul Hamid appointed <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a> in his place, and once again suspended the constitution and shuttered the parliament. But the Sultan controlled only Constantinople, while the Unionists were still influential in the rest of the army and provinces. The CUP appealed to <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket Pasha</a> to restore the status quo. Shevket Pasha organized an <i>ad hoc</i> formation known as the <a href="/wiki/Action_Army" title="Action Army">Action Army</a>, which marched on Constantinople. Şevket Pasha's chief of staff was captain <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>. The Action Army stopped first in <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y" title="Yeşilköy">Aya Stefanos</a>, and negotiated with the rival government established by deputies who escaped from the capital, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Mehmed Talat</a>. It was secretly decided there that Abdul Hamid must be deposed. When the Action Army entered Istanbul, a <i>fatwa</i> was issued condemning Abdul Hamid, and the parliament voted to dethrone him. On 27 April, Abdul Hamid's half-brother Reshad Efendi was proclaimed as Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sultan's countercoup, which had appealed to conservative Islamists against the Young Turks' liberal reforms, resulted in the massacre of tens of thousands of Christian Armenians in the Adana province, known as the <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LfkvC_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LfkvC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_deposition">After deposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: After deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_tombs_Divan_Yolu_March_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sultan_tombs_Divan_Yolu_March_2008.JPG/220px-Sultan_tombs_Divan_Yolu_March_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sultan_tombs_Divan_Yolu_March_2008.JPG/330px-Sultan_tombs_Divan_Yolu_March_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sultan_tombs_Divan_Yolu_March_2008.JPG/440px-Sultan_tombs_Divan_Yolu_March_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The mausoleum (<i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">türbe</a></i>) of Sultans Mahmud II, Abdulaziz, and Abdul Hamid II, located at <a href="/wiki/Divanyolu_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Divanyolu Street">Divanyolu street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul Hamid was conveyed into captivity at Salonica (now <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Allatini" title="Villa Allatini">Villa Allatini</a> in the city's southern outskirts. In 1912, when Salonica fell to Greece, he was returned to captivity in Constantinople. He spent his last days studying, practicing carpentry, and writing his memoirs in custody at <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, in the company of his wives and children. He died there on 10 February 1918, a few months before his brother <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>, the reigning sultan. He was buried in Istanbul. </p><p>In 1930, his nine widows and thirteen children were granted $50 million from his estate after a lawsuit that lasted five years. His estate was worth $1.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-O2wzI_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O2wzI-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdul Hamid was the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire to hold absolute power. He presided over 33 years of decline, during which other European countries regarded the empire as the "<a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe" title="Sick man of Europe">sick man of Europe</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seyh_Muhammed_Zafir_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seyh_Muhammed_Zafir_Tomb.jpg/200px-Seyh_Muhammed_Zafir_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seyh_Muhammed_Zafir_Tomb.jpg/300px-Seyh_Muhammed_Zafir_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seyh_Muhammed_Zafir_Tomb.jpg/400px-Seyh_Muhammed_Zafir_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan">Libyan</a> Sufi Sheikh Muhammad Zafir al-Madani in Istanbul who initiated the Sultan into the <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi Order</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul Hamid II was a skilled carpenter and personally crafted some high-quality furniture, which can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eale_K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şale Köşkü (page does not exist)">Şale Köşkü</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a> in Istanbul. He was also interested in opera and personally wrote the first-ever Turkish translations of many classic operas. He also composed several opera pieces for the <i>Mızıka-yı Hümâyun</i> (Ottoman Imperial Band/Orchestra, established by his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> who had appointed <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Donizetti" title="Giuseppe Donizetti">Donizetti Pasha</a> as its Instructor General in 1828), and hosted the famous performers of Europe at the Opera House of Yıldız Palace, which was restored in the 1990s and featured in the 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/Harem_Suare" title="Harem Suare">Harem Suare</a></i> (it begins with a scene of Abdul Hamid watching a performance). One of his guests was the French stage actress <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>, who performed for audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdul Hamid was also a good wrestler at <a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1_g%C3%BCre%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Yağlı güreş">Yağlı güreş</a> and a "patron saint" of the wrestlers. He organized wrestling tournaments in the empire, and selected wrestlers were invited to the palace. Abdul Hamid personally tried the sportsmen, and good ones remained in the palace. He was also skilled at drawing, having drawn the sole known portrait of his fourth wife, <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bidar Kadın">Bidar Kadın</a>. He was extremely fond of <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> novels,<sup id="cite_ref-DreUr_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DreUr-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and awarded their author, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a>, 2nd-Class, in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bilgi_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilgi University">Bilgi University</a> professor Suraiya Farooqi stated that the sultan's "tastes were distinctly <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>" despite his political rule being "conservative".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paranoia">Paranoia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paranoia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was rumored that Abdul Hamid always carried a pistol on his person at all times. In addition to locking the Ottoman Navy in the Golden Horn, he also did not allow the army to train with live ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201631_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201631-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdul Hamid practiced traditional Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. He was influenced by the Libyan <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a> Madani Sheikh, Muhammad Zafir al-Madani, whose lessons he attended in disguise in Unkapani before he became sultan. After he ascended the throne, Abdul Hamid asked al-Madani to return to Istanbul. Al-Madani initiated Shadhili gatherings of remembrance (<i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a></i>) in the newly commissioned <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque</a>; on Thursday evenings he accompanied <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> masters in reciting dhikr.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became a close religious and political confidant of the sultan. In 1879, the sultan forgave the taxes of all of the Caliphate's Madani Sufi lodges (also known as <i>zawiyas</i> and <i>tekkes</i>). In 1888, he even established a Sufi lodge for the Madani order of Shadhili Sufism in Istanbul, which he commissioned as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Tekke_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ertuğrul Tekke mosque">Ertuğrul Tekke mosque</a>. The relationship of the sultan and the sheik lasted for 30 years, until the latter's death in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-b7zfK_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7zfK-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Hameed_II_Poetry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abdul_Hameed_II_Poetry.png/200px-Abdul_Hameed_II_Poetry.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abdul_Hameed_II_Poetry.png/300px-Abdul_Hameed_II_Poetry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Abdul_Hameed_II_Poetry.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>A sample of his handwritten poetry in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> language and scripts, which was taken from the book <i>My Father Abdul Hameed</i>, written by his daughter Ayşe Sultan</figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul Hamid wrote poetry, following in the footsteps of many other Ottoman sultans. One of his poems translates thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>My Lord I know you are the Dear One (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Al-Aziz</a>)<br /> ... And no one but you are the Dear One<br /> You are the One, and nothing else<br /> My God take my hand in these hard times<br /> My God be my helper in this critical hour </p> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impressions">Impressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the opinion of F. A. K. Yasamee:<sup id="cite_ref-2td87_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2td87-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was a striking amalgam of determination and timidity, of insight and fantasy, held together by immense practical caution and an instinct for the fundamentals of power. He was frequently underestimated. Judged on his record, he was a formidable domestic politician and an effective diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-tEHaj_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tEHaj-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdul Hamid had numerous consorts, but allowed none of them to have political influence; in the same way he did not allow his adoptive mother, <a href="/wiki/Rahime_Perestu_Sultan" title="Rahime Perestu Sultan">Rahime Perestu Sultan</a>, or other female members of his family to have such influence, though some of them still had some degree of power in private or in the daily life of the harem. The only, partial exception was <a href="/wiki/Cemile_Sultan" title="Cemile Sultan">Cemile Sultan</a>, his half-sister and adoptive sister. He was convinced that his predecessors' reigns, especially those of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdülaziz</a> and his father <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdülmecid I</a>, had been ruined by the excessive meddling of the women of the imperial family in affairs of state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts">Consorts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Consorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdul Hamid had at least 23 consorts:<sup id="cite_ref-tgMJY_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgMJY-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSU8K_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSU8K-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5riGL_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5riGL-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harun_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harun-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazikeda_Kad%C4%B1n_(consort_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Nazikeda Kadın (consort of Abdul Hamid II)">Nazikeda Kadın</a> (1848 – 11 April 1895). <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">BaşKadin</a> (First Consort). She was an Abkhazian princess, born Mediha Hanim, lady-in-waiting to <a href="/wiki/Cemile_Sultan" title="Cemile Sultan">Cemile Sultan</a>. She died prematurely after years of deep depression, due to the tragic death of her only daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurefsun_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Nurefsun Kadın">Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın</a> (1850–1915). Her real name was Ayşe and she was the younger sister of the last consort of <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I#Consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Yıldız Hanım</a>. When Yıldız Hanım married Abdülmecid, Ayşe was sent into the service of <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Şehzade Abdülaziz</a>, where she was renamed Safinaz. According to Harun Açba, Abdülaziz was fascinated by her beauty and wanted to marry her, but she refused because she was in love with Şehzade Abdul Hamid. The feeling was mutual and the young prince asked for the help of his stepmother <a href="/wiki/Rahime_Perestu_Sultan" title="Rahime Perestu Sultan">Rahime Perestu Kadin</a>. She told Abdülaziz that Safinaz was ill and that she needed a change of air; later, Abdülaziz was informed of her death. Abdul Hamid then secretly married Safinaz, who was renamed Nurefsun, in October 1868. However, she could not get used to life in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_imperial_harem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman imperial harem">harem</a> and wanted to be Abdul Hamid's only consort. She then asked for a divorce, which he was granted to her in 1879. She had no children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrifelek_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bedrifelek Kadın">Bedrifelek Kadın</a> (1851–1930). Circassian Princess who took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> when Russia invaded the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. She ruled Abdul Hamid's harem when <a href="/wiki/Rahime_Perestu_Sultan" title="Rahime Perestu Sultan">Rahime Perestu Sultan</a> died. She left Abdul Hamid when he was deposed, perhaps disappointed that their son had not been chosen as successor. She had two sons and a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bidar Kadın">Bidar Kadın</a> (5 May 1855 – 13 January 1918). <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabartian</a> princess, she was considered the most beautiful and charming of Abdul Hamid's consorts. She had a son and a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilpesend_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Dilpesend Kadın">Dilpesend Kadın</a> (16 January 1865 – 17 June 1901). <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a>. She was educated by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II#Consorts" title="Mahmud II">Tiryal Hanim</a>, the last consort of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, who was Abdul Hamid's grandfather. She had two daughters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezidemestan_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Mezidemestan Kadın">Mezidemestan Kadın</a> (3 March 1869 – 21 January 1909). She was born Kadriye Kamile Merve Hanim, she was the aunt of <a href="/wiki/Nazikeda_Kad%C4%B1n_(wife_of_Mehmed_VI)" title="Nazikeda Kadın (wife of Mehmed VI)">Emine Nazikeda Kadın</a>, future consort of <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet VI">Mehmed VI</a>. She was loved by everyone, including his other consorts and her stepchildren. She was the most influential of his consorts, but she never abused her power. She had a son, who was Abdul Hamid's favorite.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsalinur_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Emsalinur Kadın">Emsalinur Kadın</a> (1866–1952). She entered the Palace with her sister Tesrid Hanım, who became a consort of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ibrahim_Tevfik" title="Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik">Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik</a>. She was very beautiful. She did not follow Abdul Hamid into exile and died in poverty. She had a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BC%C5%9Ffika_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Müşfika Kadın">Destizer Müşfika Kadın</a> (1872 – 18 July 1961). She was Abkhazian, born Ayşe Hanim. She grew up with her sister under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Pertevniyal_Sultan" title="Pertevniyal Sultan">Pertevniyal Sultan</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdülaziz</a>, uncle of Abdul Hamid. She followed Abdul Hamid into exile and was with him until his death, so much so that it is said that the sultan died in her arms. She had a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazkar_Han%C4%B1m" title="Sazkar Hanım">Sazkar Hanım</a> (8 May 1873 – 1945). She was a noble Abkhazian, born Fatma Zekiye Hanım. She was among the consorts who followed Abdul Hamid into exile, and later left Turkey with her one daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyveste_Han%C4%B1m" title="Peyveste Hanım">Peyveste Hanım</a> (1873 – 1943). Abkhazian princess, born Hatice Rabia Hanim and aunt of <a href="/wiki/Leyla_Achba" title="Leyla Achba">Leyla Açba</a>. She served Nazikeda Kadın, with her sisters, and then became the treasurer of the harem. She was highly respected. She followed her husband into exile and then her one son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesend_Han%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesend Hanım">Pesend Hanım</a> (13 February 1876 – 5 November 1924). Born princess Fatma Kadriye Achba, she was one of Abdul Hamid's favorite consorts, and was known for her kindness, charity, and tolerance. She was one of the consorts who stayed with Abdul Hamid until his death; and, on his death, she cut her hair and threw it into the sea as a sign of mourning. She had a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behice_Han%C4%B1m" title="Behice Hanım">Behice Hanım</a> (10 October 1882 – 22 October 1969). She was Sazkar Hanım's cousin and her real name was Behiye Hanim. She was arrogant and proud, initially she had to marry Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin, son of Abdul Hamid, but in the end the sultan decided to marry her himself, against Behice's will. She had two twin sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliha_Naciye_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Saliha Naciye Kadın">Saliha Naciye Kadın</a> (1887–1923). She was born Zeliha Ankuap and was also called Atike Naciye Kadın. Known for her kindness and modesty, she was Abdul Hamid's favorite among the consorts who stayed with him until his death. She had a son and a daughter.</li> <li>Dürdane Hanım (1869 - January 1957).</li> <li>Calibös Hanım (1890 - 1955).</li> <li>Simperver Nazlıyar Hanım.</li> <li>Bergüzar Hanım.</li> <li>Levandit Hanım.</li> <li>Ebru Hanım.</li> <li>Sermelek Hanım.</li> <li>Gevherriz Hanım.</li> <li>Mihrimend Zelide Hanım (? - 1946).</li> <li>Nevcedid Hanım.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sons">Sons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdul Hamid had at least eight sons:<sup id="cite_ref-Harun_Açba_2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harun_Açba_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5riGL_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5riGL-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selim">Şehzade Mehmed Selim</a> (11 January 1870 – 5 May 1937) – with Bedrifelek Kadın. He did not get along with his father. He had eight consorts, two sons and a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkadir" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir</a> (16 January 1878 – 16 March 1944) – with Bidar Kadın. He had seven consorts, five sons and two daughters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nuri" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nuri">Şehzade Ahmed Nuri</a> (12 February 1878 – 7 August 1944) – with Bedrifelek Kadın. He had a consort but no children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a> (19 December 1885 – 15 June 1949) – with Mezidemestan Kadın. He had four consorts and two sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdurrahim_Hayri" title="Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri">Şehzade Abdürrahim Hayri</a> (15 August 1894 – 1 January 1952) – with Peyveste Hanım. He had two consorts, a son, and a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a> (June 22, 1901 – December 1944) – with Behice Hanım. Twin of Şehzade Mehmed Bedreddin. He had a consort and a son.</li> <li>Şehzade Mehmed Bedreddin (22 June 1901 – 13 October 1903) – with Behice Hanım. Twin of Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin. Born in <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a>. He died of meningitis and was buried in the Yahya Efendi cemetery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abid" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abid">Şehzade Mehmed Abid</a> (May 17, 1905 – December 8, 1973) – with Saliha Naciye Kadın. He had two consorts but no children.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daughters">Daughters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Daughters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdul Hamid had at least 13 daughters:<sup id="cite_ref-Harun_Açba_2007_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harun_Açba_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5riGL_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5riGL-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ulviye Sultan (1868 – 5 October 1875) – with Nazikeda Kadın. Born in <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>, she tragically died at the age of seven: while her mother played the piano and the servants were dismissed for their meal, Ulviye Sultan began to play with some matches. Her dress caught fire and her gold belt trapped her inside it, even though her mother burned her hands trying to unhook it. In panic, Nazikeda picked up her daughter and ran down the stairs, screaming for help, but the movement fueled the flames and Ulviye Sultan died burnt alive, leaving her mother in despair from which she never recovered. Nazikeda was buried in the <a href="/wiki/New_Mosque_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mosque (Istanbul)">Yeni Cami</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zekiye_Sultan" title="Zekiye Sultan">Zekiye Sultan</a> (12 January 1872 – 13 July 1950) – with Bedrifelek Kadın. She married once and had two daughters. She was one of Abdul Hamid's favorite daughters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naime_Sultan" title="Naime Sultan">Fatma Naime Sultan</a> (5 September 1876 – 1945) – with Bidar Kadın. She is the favorite daughter of Abdul Hamid, who called her "my accession daughter", because she was born close to the date of his accession to the throne. She married twice and had a son and a daughter. In 1904 she was embroiled in a scandal when she discovered that her first husband was cheating on her with her cousin <a href="/wiki/Hatice_Sultan_(daughter_of_Murad_V)" title="Hatice Sultan (daughter of Murad V)">Hatice Sultan</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naile_Sultan_(daughter_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Naile Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)">Naile Sultan</a> (9 February 1884 – 25 October 1957) – with Dilpesend Kadın. She married once, with no children.</li> <li>Seniye Sultan (1884 – 1884) – unknown motherhood.</li> <li>Seniha Sultan (1885 – 1885) – with Dilpesend Kadın. She died at five months.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eadiye_Sultan" title="Şadiye Sultan">Şadiye Sultan</a> (30 November 1886 – 20 November 1977) – with Emsalinur Kadın. She married twice and had a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamide_Ay%C5%9Fe_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamide Ayşe Sultan">Hamide Ayşe Sultan</a> (15 November 1887 – 10 August 1960) – with Müşfika Kadın. She was married twice and had three sons and a daughter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refia_Sultan_(daughter_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Refia Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)">Refia Sultan</a> (15 June 1891 – 1938) – with Sazkar Hanım. She married once and had two daughters.</li> <li>Hatice Sultan (10 July 1897 – 14 February 1898) – with Pesend Hanım. She died of smallpox and was buried in the Yahya Efendi cemetery.</li> <li>Aliye Sultan (1900 – 1900) – unknown motherhood. She died a few days after her birth.</li> <li>Cemile Sultan (1900 – 1900) – unknown maternity. She died a few days after her birth.</li> <li>Samiye Sultan (16 January 1908 – 24 January 1909) – with Saliha Naciye Kadın. She died of pneumonia and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">mausoleum</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Kemaleddin" title="Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin">Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin</a> in the Yahya Efendi cemetery.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdul_the_Damned_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul the Damned (film)">Abdul the Damned</a></i> (1935) portrays a time near the end of the sultan's life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Unsworth" title="Barry Unsworth">Barry Unsworth</a>'s historical novel <i>The Rage of the Vulture</i> (1982) portrays the paranoia of Abdul Hamid's at the twilight of his sultanate (May 1908 onwards)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Don_Rosa" title="Don Rosa">Don Rosa</a>'s comic book story "The Treasury of Croesus", <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</a> pulls out a permit which Abdul Hamid II signed in 1905, allowing McDuck <i>carte blanche</i> to excavate the ancient ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payitaht_Abdulhamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Payitaht Abdulhamid">Payitaht Abdulhamid</a></i>, named 'The Last Emperor' in English, is a Turkish popular historical television drama series depicting the last 13 years of the reign of Abdul Hamid II.<sup id="cite_ref-Ain_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ain-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a>'s satirical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nights_of_Plague" title="Nights of Plague">Nights of Plague</a></i> (2021), Abdul Hamid dispatches the Ottoman Empire's chief inspector of public health, along with a Muslim epidemiologist and his wife, the sultan's niece, to the fictitious island of Mingheria to combat the bubonic plague.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_V:_Brave_New_World" title="Civilization V: Brave New World">Civilization V: Brave New World</a></i> features Abdul Hamid II as the leader of the Ottoman Empire during the Scramble for Africa scenario.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Ottoman orders</dt></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OTT_Order_of_the_Crescent_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/OTT_Order_of_the_Crescent_BAR.svg/50px-OTT_Order_of_the_Crescent_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/OTT_Order_of_the_Crescent_BAR.svg/75px-OTT_Order_of_the_Crescent_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/OTT_Order_of_the_Crescent_BAR.svg/100px-OTT_Order_of_the_Crescent_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crescent" title="Order of the Crescent">Order of the Crescent</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Glory_(Ottoman_Empire)_-_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Order_of_Glory_%28Ottoman_Empire%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/50px-Order_of_Glory_%28Ottoman_Empire%29_-_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Order_of_Glory_%28Ottoman_Empire%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/75px-Order_of_Glory_%28Ottoman_Empire%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Order_of_Glory_%28Ottoman_Empire%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/100px-Order_of_Glory_%28Ottoman_Empire%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire)">Order of Glory</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/50px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/75px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png/100px-Order_of_the_Medjidie_lenta.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="187" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png/50px-Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png/75px-Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png/100px-Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="187" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign orders and decorations</dt></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary_-_Ribbon_bar_Grand-Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary_-_Ribbon_bar_Grand-Cross.svg/50px-Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary_-_Ribbon_bar_Grand-Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary_-_Ribbon_bar_Grand-Cross.svg/75px-Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary_-_Ribbon_bar_Grand-Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary_-_Ribbon_bar_Grand-Cross.svg/100px-Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary_-_Ribbon_bar_Grand-Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Order of Saint Stephen</a>, in Diamonds, <i>1881</i> (<a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg/75px-Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>, <i> 13 December 1884</i> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CCYBq_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCYBq-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/75px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a>, in Diamonds, <i>24 July 1879</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ufLEE_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufLEE-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_Grand_Cross.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_Grand_Cross.gif/50px-Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_Grand_Cross.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_Grand_Cross.gif/75px-Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_Grand_Cross.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_Grand_Cross.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I</a>, <i>July 1881</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1L4xQ_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1L4xQ-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg/50px-St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg/75px-St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg/100px-St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Olav">Order of Saint Olav</a>, <i>11 February 1885</i> (<a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Kingdom of Norway</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-404ad_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-404ad-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Military_Order_of_the_Tower_and_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PRT_Military_Order_of_the_Tower_and_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/50px-PRT_Military_Order_of_the_Tower_and_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PRT_Military_Order_of_the_Tower_and_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/75px-PRT_Military_Order_of_the_Tower_and_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PRT_Military_Order_of_the_Tower_and_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/100px-PRT_Military_Order_of_the_Tower_and_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Order of the Tower and Sword</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_Rib.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_Rib.gif/50px-Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_Rib.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_Rib.gif/75px-Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_Rib.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_Rib.gif 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>19 December 1880</i> (<a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Kingdom of Spain</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GEzc1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GEzc1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_White_Falcon_-_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_the_White_Falcon_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/50px-Order_of_the_White_Falcon_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_the_White_Falcon_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/75px-Order_of_the_White_Falcon_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_the_White_Falcon_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Order_of_the_White_Falcon_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Order of the White Falcon</a>, <i>1891</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-oFzLh_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oFzLh-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg/50px-St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg/75px-St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg/100px-St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="154" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Alexander_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria)">Order of Saint Alexander</a>, <i>1897</i> (<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif/50px-OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif/75px-OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/OrderofCarolI.ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I" title="Order of Carol I">Order of Carol I</a>, <i>1907</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-nBAjn_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nBAjn-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg/75px-Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Order of the Annunciation</a>, <i>29 November 1881</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-dell'interno1898_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1898-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/75px-Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Order of the Black Eagle</a>, in Diamonds, <i>3 February 1882</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/75px-Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, <i>18 December 1892</i> (<a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Kingdom of Siam</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NFxAC_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFxAC-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/50px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/75px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, <i>26 June 1888</i> (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bavaria012.png/50px-Bavaria012.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bavaria012.png/75px-Bavaria012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Bavaria012.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Hubert" title="Order of Saint Hubert">Order of Saint Hubert</a>, <i>1908</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Threatened by several assassination attempts, Abdul Hamid II did not travel often (though still more than many previous rulers). Photographs provided visual evidence of what took place in his realm. He commissioned thousands of photographs of his empire, including from the Constantinople studio of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pascal_S%C3%A9bah" title="Jean Pascal Sébah">Jean Pascal Sébah</a>. The sultan presented large gift albums of photographs to various governments and heads of state, including the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-tkYcS_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkYcS-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-94kIE_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94kIE-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American collection is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> and has been digitized.<sup id="cite_ref-oXTS0_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oXTS0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem_enhaced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eunuch near the door of the sultan's harem (from East and War by Vlas Doroshevich)"><img alt="Eunuch near the door of the sultan's harem (from East and War by Vlas Doroshevich)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem_enhaced.jpg/85px-V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem_enhaced.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem_enhaced.jpg/127px-V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem_enhaced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem_enhaced.jpg/170px-V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem_enhaced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> near the door of the sultan's <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> (from <i>East and War</i> by <a href="/wiki/Vlas_Doroshevich" title="Vlas Doroshevich">Vlas Doroshevich</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_3911_Page_162.,_Le_sultan_d%27etron%27e_Abdul-Hamid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdul Hamid II, 1908 (L'Illustration)"><img alt="Abdul Hamid II, 1908 (L'Illustration)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/No_3911_Page_162.%2C_Le_sultan_d%27etron%27e_Abdul-Hamid.jpg/80px-No_3911_Page_162.%2C_Le_sultan_d%27etron%27e_Abdul-Hamid.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/No_3911_Page_162.%2C_Le_sultan_d%27etron%27e_Abdul-Hamid.jpg/120px-No_3911_Page_162.%2C_Le_sultan_d%27etron%27e_Abdul-Hamid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/No_3911_Page_162.%2C_Le_sultan_d%27etron%27e_Abdul-Hamid.jpg/160px-No_3911_Page_162.%2C_Le_sultan_d%27etron%27e_Abdul-Hamid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abdul Hamid II, 1908 (<i><a href="/wiki/L%27Illustration" title="L'Illustration">L'Illustration</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_abdulhamit_niyazi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enver Bey, Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Niyazi Bey"><img alt="Enver Bey, Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Niyazi Bey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Enver_abdulhamit_niyazi.jpg/120px-Enver_abdulhamit_niyazi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Enver_abdulhamit_niyazi.jpg/180px-Enver_abdulhamit_niyazi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Enver_abdulhamit_niyazi.jpg/240px-Enver_abdulhamit_niyazi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a>, Sultan Abdul Hamid II and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Niyazi Bey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Dioikitirio_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdul Hamid II arrives in Thessaloniki"><img alt="Abdul Hamid II arrives in Thessaloniki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sultan_Dioikitirio_Thessaloniki.jpg/120px-Sultan_Dioikitirio_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sultan_Dioikitirio_Thessaloniki.jpg/180px-Sultan_Dioikitirio_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sultan_Dioikitirio_Thessaloniki.jpg/240px-Sultan_Dioikitirio_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abdul Hamid II arrives in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Military_museum_3035.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul Military Museum Abdulhamid II desk"><img alt="Istanbul Military Museum Abdulhamid II desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Istanbul_Military_museum_3035.jpg/120px-Istanbul_Military_museum_3035.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Istanbul_Military_museum_3035.jpg/180px-Istanbul_Military_museum_3035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Istanbul_Military_museum_3035.jpg/240px-Istanbul_Military_museum_3035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Military_Museum" title="Istanbul Military Museum">Istanbul Military Museum</a> Abdulhamid II desk</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Persia_(1906)" title="Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)">Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Mavrogenis" title="Spyridon Mavrogenis">Spyridon Mavrogenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Suavi Incident">Ali Suavi Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_Period" title="Hamidian Period">Hamidian Period</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/22">"Abdulhamid II"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdulhamid+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-juYpK-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-juYpK_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources state that his birth date was on 22 September.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw98K-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dw98K_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard pp. 252, 253 (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdulhamid-II">"Abdulhamid II | biography – Ottoman sultan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126124110/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdulhamid-II">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abdulhamid+II+%7C+biography+%E2%80%93+Ottoman+sultan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAbdulhamid-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeringil2003" class="citation journal cs1">Deringil, Selim (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879318">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery': The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 311–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001041750300015X">10.1017/S001041750300015X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879318">3879318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=%27They+Live+in+a+State+of+Nomadism+and+Savagery%27%3A+The+Late+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Post-Colonial+Debate&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-342&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001041750300015X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deringil&rft.aufirst=Selim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-red_sultan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-red_sultan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1909/04/25/archives/sultan-beaten-capital-falls-6000-are-slain-the-macedonian-army.html">"Sultan beaten, capital falls, 6,000 are slain"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 25 April 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816052008/https://www.nytimes.com/1909/04/25/archives/sultan-beaten-capital-falls-6000-are-slain-the-macedonian-army.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sultan+beaten%2C+capital+falls%2C+6%2C000+are+slain&rft.date=1909-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1909%2F04%2F25%2Farchives%2Fsultan-beaten-capital-falls-6000-are-slain-the-macedonian-army.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahan_Hamamdjian2004" class="citation book cs1">Vahan Hamamdjian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oV95BIPvGYwC&pg=PR11"><i>Vahan's Triumph: Autobiography of an Adolescent Survivor of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. iUniverse. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-29381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-29381-0"><bdi>978-0-595-29381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vahan%27s+Triumph%3A+Autobiography+of+an+Adolescent+Survivor+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-595-29381-0&rft.au=Vahan+Hamamdjian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoV95BIPvGYwC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharkey2017" class="citation book cs1">Sharkey, Heather J. (2017). "The Pivotal Era of Abdulhamid II, 1876–1909". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-muslims-christians-and-jews-in-the-middle-east/pivotal-era-of-abdulhamid-ii-18761909/468D25CC6A5ED9BAD65F1B0EAF76714F"><i>A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Modern Middle East</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139028455.006">10.1017/9781139028455.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02845-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02845-5"><bdi>978-1-139-02845-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180610233852/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-muslims-christians-and-jews-in-the-middle-east/pivotal-era-of-abdulhamid-ii-18761909/468D25CC6A5ED9BAD65F1B0EAF76714F">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pivotal+Era+of+Abdulhamid+II%2C+1876%E2%80%931909&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Muslims%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=179-242&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139028455.006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-02845-5&rft.aulast=Sharkey&rft.aufirst=Heather+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-of-muslims-christians-and-jews-in-the-middle-east%2Fpivotal-era-of-abdulhamid-ii-18761909%2F468D25CC6A5ED9BAD65F1B0EAF76714F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2018" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Jan (2018). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Set5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The Orientalist Karl Süssheim Meets the Young Turk Officer İsma'il Hakki Bey: Two Unexplored Sources from the Last Decade in the Reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II</i></a>. Brill. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36617-6"><bdi>978-90-04-36617-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509101949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Set5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Orientalist+Karl+S%C3%BCssheim+Meets+the+Young+Turk+Officer+%C4%B0sma%27il+Hakki+Bey%3A+Two+Unexplored+Sources+from+the+Last+Decade+in+the+Reign+of+the+Ottoman+Sultan+Abdulhamid+II&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-36617-6&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSet5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhrig2014" class="citation book cs1">Ihrig, Stefan (2014). "Prologue: Leaving 'Enverland'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qdt54">10.2307/j.ctt9qdt54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36837-8"><bdi>978-0-674-36837-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qdt54">j.ctt9qdt54</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prologue%3A+Leaving+%27Enverland%27&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+in+the+Nazi+Imagination&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qdt54%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qdt54&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36837-8&rft.aulast=Ihrig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevrim1964" class="citation journal cs1">Devrim, Cemil (February 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001654926401000103?journalCode=gaza">"The Oldest Turkish Newspaper – Yeni Asir"</a>. <i>Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands)</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 11–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001654926401000103">10.1177/001654926401000103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144092475">144092475</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029100002/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001654926401000103?journalCode=gaza">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+%28Leiden%2C+Netherlands%29&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Turkish+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+Yeni+Asir&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-15&rft.date=1964-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001654926401000103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144092475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Devrim&rft.aufirst=Cemil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F001654926401000103%3FjournalCode%3Dgaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Panossian2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panossian2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazmik_Panossian2013" class="citation book cs1">Razmik Panossian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEL-CuhdWU4C&pg=PA165"><i>The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13926-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13926-7"><bdi>978-0-231-13926-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+From+Kings+and+Priests+to+Merchants+and+Commissars&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13926-7&rft.au=Razmik+Panossian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEL-CuhdWU4C%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE51V-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RE51V_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406201614/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/turkey/i9.html#I9">"Turkish Royalty"</a>. Ancestry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/turkey/i9.html#I9">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Royalty&rft.pub=Ancestry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~royalty%2Fturkey%2Fi9.html%23I9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sq5Wt-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sq5Wt_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711181046/http://www.osmanli.org.tr/osmanlisultanlari-5-243.html">"Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Türk Sultanları"</a>. Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmanli.org.tr/osmanlisultanlari-5-243.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu+T%C3%BCrk+Sultanlar%C4%B1&rft.pub=Osmanl%C4%B1+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Vakf%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osmanli.org.tr%2Fosmanlisultanlari-5-243.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1999_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freely, John – <i>Inside the Seraglio</i>, published 1999, Chapter 15: On the Shores of the Bosphorus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookes2010" class="citation book cs1">Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). <i>The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem</i>. University of Texas Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78335-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78335-5"><bdi>978-0-292-78335-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concubine%2C+the+Princess%2C+and+the+Teacher%3A+Voices+from+the+Ottoman+Harem&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-292-78335-5&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuropeanVoyage1867-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EuropeanVoyage1867_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/sultan-abdulaziz---avrupa-seyahati/Blog/?BlogNo=367847">"Sultan Abdülaziz – Avrupa Seyahati"</a>. <i>blog.milliyet.com.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111161051/http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/sultan-abdulaziz---avrupa-seyahati/Blog/?BlogNo=367847">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.milliyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=Sultan+Abd%C3%BClaziz+%E2%80%93+Avrupa+Seyahati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.milliyet.com.tr%2Fsultan-abdulaziz---avrupa-seyahati%2FBlog%2F%3FBlogNo%3D367847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vn9Ba-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vn9Ba_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Chambers Biographical Dictionary">Chambers Biographical Dictionary</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2">0-550-18022-2</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA6MA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CA6MA_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davison, Roderique H. <i>Reform in the Ottoman Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TmaGD-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TmaGD_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hourani, Albert. <i>Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1962, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely1998" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140244618"><i>Istanbul: The Imperial City</i></a>. London; New York: Penguin Books. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024461-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024461-8"><bdi>978-0-14-024461-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%3A+The+Imperial+City&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024461-8&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780140244618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1ac64-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1ac64_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; <i>Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2rNBk-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2rNBk_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul">Britannica, Istanbul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul">Archived</a> 18 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>:<i>When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WciMy-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WciMy_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207103242/http://www.dzkk.tsk.mil.tr/English/Tarihce.asp">"Turkish Naval History: The Period of the Navy Ministry"</a>. Dzkk.tsk.mil.tr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dzkk.tsk.mil.tr/English/Tarihce.asp">the original</a> on 7 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Naval+History%3A+The+Period+of+the+Navy+Ministry&rft.pub=Dzkk.tsk.mil.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dzkk.tsk.mil.tr%2FEnglish%2FTarihce.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland,_William_L._2008_pg.121-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland,_William_L._2008_pg.121_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland,_William_L._2008_pg.121_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, William L. (2008)"History of the Modern Middle East" (4th ed.) p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erdem, Y. (1996). <i>Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800–1909</i>. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandBurton2013" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William; Burton, Martin (2013). <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-4833-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=123-124&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4833-9&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Burton%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NxxP1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NxxP1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/history/en/getHistory.cgi?5=1=254=Latest%20updates=Armenian%20Question=1=3=A">"Curios Information about Armenia"</a>. Armenica.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210511/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/history/en/getHistory.cgi?5=1=254=Latest%20updates=Armenian%20Question=1=3=A">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curios+Information+about+Armenia&rft.pub=Armenica.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenica.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fhistory%2Fen%2FgetHistory.cgi%3F5%3D1%3D254%3DLatest%2520updates%3DArmenian%2520Question%3D1%3D3%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ns7tZ-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ns7tZ_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Janet (2011). <i>The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 21–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PbNB4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PbNB4_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowall, David (2004). <i>A Modern History of the Kurds</i> (3rd rev. and updated ed.) London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sJWv9-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sJWv9_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nalbandian, Louise (1963). <i>The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q6gnX-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Q6gnX_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009195434/http://www.crf-usa.org/bria/bria19_3b.htm">"Constitutional Rights Foundation"</a>. Cfr-usa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crf-usa.org/bria/bria19_3b.htm">the original</a> on 9 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Rights+Foundation&rft.pub=Cfr-usa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crf-usa.org%2Fbria%2Fbria19_3b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BxHUK-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BxHUK_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodogno, Davide. <i>Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2012, pp. 185–211; Gary J. Bass, <i>Freedom's Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008; Balakian, <i>The Burning Tigris</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HmVrS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HmVrS_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/456947?searchField=All&sortBy=relevance&deptids=14&ft=sitara&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=1">"Sitara, Interior Door Curtain of the Ka'ba, Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876–1909)"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016231850/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/456947?searchField=All&sortBy=relevance&deptids=14&ft=sitara&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Sitara%2C+Interior+Door+Curtain+of+the+Ka%27ba%2C+Sultan+Abd%C3%BClhamid+II+%28r.+1876%E2%80%931909%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F456947%3FsearchField%3DAll%26sortBy%3Drelevance%26deptids%3D14%26ft%3Dsitara%26offset%3D0%26rpp%3D20%26pos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takkush,_Mohammed_Suhail_pp.489,490-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Takkush,_Mohammed_Suhail_pp.489,490_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takkush,_Mohammed_Suhail_pp.489,490_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takkush, Mohammed Suhail, "The Ottoman's History" pp. 489, 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abd-ul-Hamid_II" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abd-ul-Hamid II">Abd-ul-Hamid II</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abd-ul-Hamid+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hdi4y-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hdi4y_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>"עניין היהודים", (יומני הרצל)</i>. הוצאת מוסד ביאליק. p. 332. <q>את הדברים אמר הסולטאן לשליחו של הרצל (נוולינסקי) ב-19 ביוני 1896. מקור - "עניין היהודים", (יומני הרצל) - הוצאת מוסד ביאליק, כרך א' עמוד 332. הרצל עצמו נפגש עם הסולטאן רק ב-17 במאי 1901, ללא הישגים נוספים.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%22%2C+%28%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C%29&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oHdhh-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oHdhh_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis.B, "The Emergence of Modern Turkey" Oxford, 1962, p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karpat2001-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karpat2001_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemal_H._Karpat2001" class="citation book cs1">Kemal H. Karpat (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvVlS3ljx20C&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA235"><i>The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 235–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513618-0"><bdi>978-0-19-513618-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politicization+of+Islam%3A+Reconstructing+Identity%2C+State%2C+Faith%2C+and+Community+in+the+Late+Ottoman+State&rft.pages=235-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513618-0&rft.au=Kemal+H.+Karpat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvVlS3ljx20C%26q%3DStraus%2BSulu%2BOttoman%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yegar2002-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yegar2002_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshe_Yegar2002" class="citation book cs1">Moshe Yegar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA397"><i>Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. 397–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0356-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Integration+and+Secession%3A+The+Muslim+Communities+of+the+Southern+Philippines%2C+Southern+Thailand%2C+and+Western+Burma%2FMyanmar&rft.pages=397-&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2&rft.au=Moshe+Yegar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5q7qxi5LBgC%26q%3DStraus%2BSulu%2BOttoman%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bal2004-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bal2004_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdris_Bal2004" class="citation book cs1">Idris Bal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PA405"><i>Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. pp. 405–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-423-1"><bdi>978-1-58112-423-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy+in+Post+Cold+War+Era&rft.pages=405-&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-423-1&rft.au=Idris+Bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDzjkrTDKjYC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bal2004_2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bal2004_2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdris_Bal2004" class="citation book cs1">Idris Bal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&q=Abdulhamid+issued+decree+people+territory+support+America+Muslim+accepted&pg=PA406"><i>Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. pp. 406–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-423-1"><bdi>978-1-58112-423-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy+in+Post+Cold+War+Era&rft.pages=406-&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-423-1&rft.au=Idris+Bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDzjkrTDKjYC%26q%3DAbdulhamid%2Bissued%2Bdecree%2Bpeople%2Bterritory%2Bsupport%2BAmerica%2BMuslim%2Baccepted%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3xwv5-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3xwv5_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2006" class="citation news cs1">Akyol, Mustafa (26 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/20326">"Mustafa Akyol: Remembering Abdul Hamid II, a pro-American caliph"</a>. <i>Weekly Standard</i>. History News Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927042534/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/20326">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Akyol%3A+Remembering+Abdul+Hamid+II%2C+a+pro-American+caliph&rft.date=2006-12-26&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F20326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTOsc-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WTOsc_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFERASMUS2016" class="citation news cs1">ERASMUS (26 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2016/07/ottoman-caliphs">"Why European Islam's current problems might reflect a 100-year-old mistake"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904014844/https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2016/07/ottoman-caliphs">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+European+Islam%27s+current+problems+might+reflect+a+100-year-old+mistake&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft.au=ERASMUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Ferasmus%2F2016%2F07%2Fottoman-caliphs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akyol2011-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akyol2011_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_Akyol2011" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa Akyol (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mRXt7NtFhEC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA159"><i>Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty</i></a>. W. W. Norton. pp. 159–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07086-6"><bdi>978-0-393-07086-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+without+Extremes%3A+A+Muslim+Case+for+Liberty&rft.pages=159-&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07086-6&rft.au=Mustafa+Akyol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mRXt7NtFhEC%26q%3DStraus%2BSulu%2BOttoman%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moskin2013-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moskin2013_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Robert_Moskin2013" class="citation book cs1">J. Robert Moskin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pc5FAQAAQBAJ&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA204"><i>American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 204–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-03745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-03745-9"><bdi>978-1-250-03745-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Statecraft%3A+The+Story+of+the+U.S.+Foreign+Service&rft.pages=204-&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-250-03745-9&rft.au=J.+Robert+Moskin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpc5FAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DStraus%2BSulu%2BOttoman%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlakesleeHall1915-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlakesleeHall1915_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Hubbard_BlakesleeGranville_Stanley_HallHarry_Elmer_Barnes1915" class="citation book cs1">George Hubbard Blakeslee; Granville Stanley Hall; Harry Elmer Barnes (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwdPWJMbZCQC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA358"><i>The Journal of International Relations</i></a>. Clark University. pp. 358–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.pages=358-&rft.pub=Clark+University&rft.date=1915&rft.au=George+Hubbard+Blakeslee&rft.au=Granville+Stanley+Hall&rft.au=Harry+Elmer+Barnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwdPWJMbZCQC%26q%3DStraus%2BSulu%2BOttoman%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1sEyG-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1sEyG_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9vfAAAAMAAJ&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA358"><i>The Journal of Race Development</i></a>. Clark University. 1915. pp. 358–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Race+Development&rft.pages=358-&rft.pub=Clark+University&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9vfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DStraus%2BSulu%2BOttoman%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YxrXZ-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YxrXZ_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalscienc03sciegoog"><i>Political Science Quarterly</i></a>. Academy of Political Science. 1904. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalscienc03sciegoog/page/n37">22</a>–. <q>Straus Sulu Ottoman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.pages=22-&rft.pub=Academy+of+Political+Science&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalscienc03sciegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PJVnn-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PJVnn_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKho" class="citation web cs1">Kho, Madge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippineupdate.com/Bates.htm">"The Bates Treaty"</a>. <i>Philippine Update</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001209112400/http://www.philippineupdate.com/Bates.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Update&rft.atitle=The+Bates+Treaty&rft.aulast=Kho&rft.aufirst=Madge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippineupdate.com%2FBates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Snelling1906" class="citation news cs1">R. Snelling (5 October 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dig-eg-gaz/page-images/master/1906-page-images-4/1906-10-05-p2.jpg">"The Sultan's Successor"</a>. <i>The Egyptian Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017125344/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dig-eg-gaz/page-images/master/1906-page-images-4/1906-10-05-p2.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Egyptian+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Sultan%27s+Successor&rft.date=1906-10-05&rft.au=R.+Snelling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fdig-eg-gaz%2Fpage-images%2Fmaster%2F1906-page-images-4%2F1906-10-05-p2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HlfsK-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HlfsK_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemal_H._Karpat2001" class="citation book cs1">Kemal H. Karpat (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvVlS3ljx20C&q=boxer+rebellion+muslims&pg=PA237"><i>The politicisation of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, and community in the late Ottoman state</i></a>. US: Oxford University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513618-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513618-7"><bdi>0-19-513618-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politicisation+of+Islam%3A+reconstructing+identity%2C+state%2C+faith%2C+and+community+in+the+late+Ottoman+state&rft.place=US&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-513618-7&rft.au=Kemal+H.+Karpat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvVlS3ljx20C%26q%3Dboxer%2Brebellion%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfIhAQAAMAAJ&q=enver+pasha+sent+kansu+concerned&pg=PA243"><i>The Spectator, Volume 87</i></a>. F.C. Westley. 1902. p. 243<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectator%2C+Volume+87&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=F.C.+Westley&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfIhAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Denver%2Bpasha%2Bsent%2Bkansu%2Bconcerned%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Lillian Craig (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmptAAAAMAAJ&q=enver+pasha+kansu+concerned"><i>China Considers the Middle East</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). I. B. Tauris. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-598-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-598-7"><bdi>1-85043-598-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Considers+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85043-598-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lillian+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmptAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Denver%2Bpasha%2Bkansu%2Bconcerned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19010710.2.4.aspx">"The official Russian announcement that..."</a> <i>The Straits Times</i>. 10 July 1901. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803103301/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19010710.2.4.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=The+official+Russian+announcement+that...&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1901-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19010710.2.4.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xoJCAAAAYAAJ&q=mysterious+Enver+Pasha"><i>The Moslem World</i></a>. Vol. 1–3. Hartford Seminary Foundation. 1966. p. 190<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moslem+World&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Hartford+Seminary+Foundation&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxoJCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmysterious%2BEnver%2BPasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bickers2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bickers2007_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Bickers2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Bickers (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxgZT6XJUIoC&pg=PA150"><i>The Boxers, China, and the World</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 150–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5395-8"><bdi>978-0-7425-5395-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxers%2C+China%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5395-8&rft.au=Robert+A.+Bickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjxgZT6XJUIoC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévy-Aksu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lévy-Aksu, Noémi (8 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-perspectives-on-turkey/article/an-ottoman-variation-on-the-state-of-siege-the-invention-of-the-idarei-orfiyye-during-the-first-constitutional-period/07031A58E341BB1C27869D035D9A985A#access-block">"An Ottoman variation on the state of siege: The invention of the idare-i örfiyye during the first constitutional period"</a>. <i>New Perspectives on Turkey</i>. <b>55</b>: 5–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fnpt.2016.19">10.1017/npt.2016.19</a> – via Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Perspectives+on+Turkey&rft.atitle=An+Ottoman+variation+on+the+state+of+siege%3A+The+invention+of+the+idare-i+%C3%B6rfiyye+during+the+first+constitutional+period&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=5-28&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fnpt.2016.19&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vy-Aksu&rft.aufirst=No%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fnew-perspectives-on-turkey%2Farticle%2Fan-ottoman-variation-on-the-state-of-siege-the-invention-of-the-idarei-orfiyye-during-the-first-constitutional-period%2F07031A58E341BB1C27869D035D9A985A%23access-block&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201634-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201634_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2016">McMeekin 2016</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LfkvC-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LfkvC_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreelman,_James1909" class="citation news cs1">Creelman, James (22 August 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00812FF3F5A15738DDDAB0A94D0405B898CF1D3">"The Slaughter of Christians in Asia Minor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728092831/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00812FF3F5A15738DDDAB0A94D0405B898CF1D3">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Slaughter+of+Christians+in+Asia+Minor&rft.date=1909-08-22&rft.au=Creelman%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF00812FF3F5A15738DDDAB0A94D0405B898CF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O2wzI-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O2wzI_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/100510696/">"World's Largest Fortune to be Split Among Harem Inmates of the Last and Ill-Fated Turkish Sultan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer" title="The Cincinnati Enquirer">The Cincinnati Enquirer</a></i>. 20 April 1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224113249/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/100510696/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.atitle=World%27s+Largest+Fortune+to+be+Split+Among+Harem+Inmates+of+the+Last+and+Ill-Fated+Turkish+Sultan&rft.date=1930-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F100510696%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenée_Worringer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Renée Worringer (2004). "Sickman of Europe or Japan of the Near East?: Constructing Ottoman Modernity in the Hamidian and Young Turk Eras". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743804362033">10.1017/S0020743804362033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156657393">156657393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Sickman+of+Europe+or+Japan+of+the+Near+East%3F%3A+Constructing+Ottoman+Modernity+in+the+Hamidian+and+Young+Turk+Eras&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743804362033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156657393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9e+Worringer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21683981-worldly-pluralist-hedonisticand-muslim-too-straddling-two-worlds">"The Ottoman caliphate: Worldly, pluralist, hedonistic – and Muslim, too"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 19 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808195245/https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21683981-worldly-pluralist-hedonisticand-muslim-too-straddling-two-worlds">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+caliphate%3A+Worldly%2C+pluralist%2C+hedonistic+%E2%80%93+and+Muslim%2C+too&rft.date=2015-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fchristmas-specials%2F21683981-worldly-pluralist-hedonisticand-muslim-too-straddling-two-worlds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DreUr-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DreUr_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Barry. Suez.1956 pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüskü2021" class="citation journal cs1">Küskü, Fırat (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/69826543">"II. Abdülhamid'in Madalya Siyaseti: Liyakat Madalyası Örneği / Abdul Hamid II's Medal Policy: The Medal of Merit Example"</a>. <i>Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi (TKİD)</i>. <b>04</b> (46): 109. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103630/https://www.academia.edu/69826543">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC+%C4%B0ncelemeleri+Dergisi+%28TK%C4%B0D%29&rft.atitle=II.+Abd%C3%BClhamid%27in+Madalya+Siyaseti%3A+Liyakat+Madalyas%C4%B1+%C3%96rne%C4%9Fi+%2F+Abdul+Hamid+II%27s+Medal+Policy%3A+The+Medal+of+Merit+Example&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCsk%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=F%C4%B1rat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F69826543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21683981-worldly-pluralist-hedonisticand-muslim-too-straddling-two-worlds">"Straddling two worlds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. 19 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Straddling+two+worlds&rft.date=2015-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fchristmas-specials%2F21683981-worldly-pluralist-hedonisticand-muslim-too-straddling-two-worlds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201631-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201631_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2016">McMeekin 2016</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b7zfK-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b7zfK_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madani86.blogspot.com/2008/07/shaik-mohammed-zafir.html">"Sheikh Mohammed Zafir"</a>. Madani86.blogspot.com. 19 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226173949/http://madani86.blogspot.com/2008/07/shaik-mohammed-zafir.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Mohammed+Zafir&rft.pub=Madani86.blogspot.com&rft.date=2008-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadani86.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F07%2Fshaik-mohammed-zafir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2td87-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2td87_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers 1878–1888</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tEHaj-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tEHaj_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. A. K. Yasamee. Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers 1878–1888 p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tgMJY-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tgMJY_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarah,_C.E.2008" class="citation book cs1">Farah, C.E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBQtAQAAIAAJ"><i>Abdülhamid II and the Muslim world</i></a>. Foundation for Research on Islamic history, Art and History. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-7874-31-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-7874-31-7"><bdi>978-975-7874-31-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416084445/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBQtAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abd%C3%BClhamid+II+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Research+on+Islamic+history%2C+Art+and+History&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-975-7874-31-7&rft.au=Farah%2C+C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBQtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSU8K-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KSU8K_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMushirul_Hasan2010" class="citation book cs1">Mushirul Hasan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixg1AQAAIAAJ"><i>Between Modernity and Nationalism: Halide Edip's Encounter with Gandhi's India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806332-2"><bdi>978-0-19-806332-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416084444/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixg1AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Modernity+and+Nationalism%3A+Halide+Edip%27s+Encounter+with+Gandhi%27s+India&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-806332-2&rft.au=Mushirul+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dixg1AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5riGL-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-5riGL_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-5riGL_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-5riGL_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brookes, D.S., 2010. The concubine, the princess, and the teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harun-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harun_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarun_Açba2007" class="citation book cs1">Harun Açba (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?gA0nNAAACAAJ"><i>Kadın efendiler: 1839–1924</i></a>. Profil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-759-96109-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-759-96109-1"><bdi>978-9-759-96109-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kad%C4%B1n+efendiler%3A+1839%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Profil&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-759-96109-1&rft.au=Harun+A%C3%A7ba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3FgA0nNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGündoğdu2020" class="citation book cs1">Gündoğdu, Raşit (19 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqsJEAAAQBAJ&dq=AbdulHamid+II+wifes+-wiki&pg=PA217"><i>The Portrait of A Political Genius Sultan Abdulhamid II</i></a>. Rumuz Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045149/https://books.google.com/books?id=bqsJEAAAQBAJ&dq=AbdulHamid+II+wifes+-wiki&pg=PA217">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portrait+of+A+Political+Genius+Sultan+Abdulhamid+II&rft.pub=Rumuz+Publishing&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fdu&rft.aufirst=Ra%C5%9Fit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqsJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAbdulHamid%2BII%2Bwifes%2B-wiki%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adra, Jamil (2005). Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005, pg. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Necdet Sakaoğlu, "<i>Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları: Vâlide Sultanlar, Hâtunlar, Hasekiler, Kadınefendiler, Sultanefendiler</i>"; pp.667-686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harun_Açba_2007-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harun_Açba_2007_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harun_Açba_2007_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harun Açba (2007). Kadın efendiler: 1839–1924. Profil. ISBN 978-9-759-96109-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ain-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ain_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asghar, Ain Hafizah (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.3isk.space/video/series/itfarag-payitaht-abdulhamid-tv/">"Payitaht Abdulhamid Turkish Historical Drama Series"</a>. <i>3ISK Space</i> (in Arabic). Jannah Aamal Shammas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=3ISK+Space&rft.atitle=Payitaht+Abdulhamid+Turkish+Historical+Drama+Series&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Asghar&rft.aufirst=Ain+Hafizah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs.3isk.space%2Fvideo%2Fseries%2Fitfarag-payitaht-abdulhamid-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1900&size=45&page=329">"Ritter-Orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie</i>, 1900, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1900&size=45&page=334">58</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713024120/http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1900&page=329&size=45">archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+der+%C3%96sterreichisch-Ungarischen+Monarchie&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1900%26size%3D45%26page%3D329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCYBq-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCYBq_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen,_Jørgen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pedersen, Jørgen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114044143/https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+J%C3%B8rgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ufLEE-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ufLEE_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0464.html"><i>Sveriges Statskalender</i></a> (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140523/http://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0464.html">archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span> – via runeberg.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+Statskalender&rft.pages=440&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fstatskal%2F1905%2F0464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1L4xQ-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1L4xQ_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf">The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019083943/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Hawaiian Journal of History</i>, vol. 5, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-404ad-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-404ad_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/norkal/1890/0356.html"><i>Norges Statskalender</i></a> (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 595–596, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711033500/http://runeberg.org/norkal/1890/0356.html">archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span> – via runeberg.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norges+Statskalender&rft.pages=595-596&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnorkal%2F1890%2F0356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GEzc1-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GEzc1_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es">"Guía Oficial de España"</a>. <i>Guía Oficial de España</i>: 147. 1887. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222032234/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gu%C3%ADa+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.atitle=Gu%C3%ADa+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1887&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0000941464%26search%3D%26lang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oFzLh-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oFzLh_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif">Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906150133/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif">Archived</a> 6 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingsimeon.bg/en/simvoli-i-ordeni/velikiyat-magistar-na-balgarskite-ord/">The Grand Master of the Bulgarian Orders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710230712/http://www.kingsimeon.bg/en/simvoli-i-ordeni/velikiyat-magistar-na-balgarskite-ord/">Archived</a> 10 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - official website of H.M. Simeon II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nBAjn-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nBAjn_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familiaregala.ro/ordine-si-decoratii/ordinul-carol-i">"Ordinul Carol I"</a> [Order of Carol I]. <i><a href="/wiki/Romanian_royal_family" title="Romanian royal family">Familia Regală a României</a></i> (in Romanian). Bucharest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506011333/https://familiaregala.ro/ordine-si-decoratii/ordinul-carol-i">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Familia+Regal%C4%83+a+Rom%C3%A2niei&rft.atitle=Ordinul+Carol+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamiliaregala.ro%2Fordine-si-decoratii%2Fordinul-carol-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dell'interno1898-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dell'interno1898_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalia_:_Ministero_dell'interno1898" class="citation book cs1">Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5"><i>Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia</i></a>. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PA54">54</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+generale+del+Regno+d%27Italia&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Unione+tipografico-editrice&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Italia+%3A+Ministero+dell%27interno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dnhcmSJ6FcC%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">"Schwarzer Adler-orden"</a>. <i>Königlich Preussische Ordensliste</i> (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: General-Ordenskommission. 1886. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=17&skin=2021">9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818034008/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schwarzer+Adler-orden&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich+Preussische+Ordensliste&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=General-Ordenskommission&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015049878831%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D5%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFxAC-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NFxAC_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Thai_Government_Gazette1892" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Thai Government Gazette">Royal Thai Government Gazette</a> (18 December 1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212559/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2435/038/316_1.PDF">"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2435/038/316_1.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C&rft.date=1892-12-18&rft.au=Royal+Thai+Government+Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2435%2F038%2F316_1.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刑部芳則2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">刑部芳則 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf"><i>明治時代の勲章外交儀礼</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%84%80%E7%A4%BC&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E8%8A%B3%E5%89%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeijiseitoku.org%2Fpdf%2Ff54-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und - Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern</i> (1910), "Königliche Orden". p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tkYcS-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tkYcS_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Allen, "The Abdul Hamid II Collection", History of Photography eight (1984): 119–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94kIE-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94kIE_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. I. Waley and British Library, "Sultan Abdulhamid II Early Turkish Photographs in 51 Albums from the British Library on Microfiche"; Zug, Switzerland: IDC, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oXTS0-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oXTS0_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/ahiiquery.html">"Ottoman Empire photographs"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306052754/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/ahiiquery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Empire+photographs&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fpp%2Fahiiquery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/abdul-hamid-ii/">Abdul Hamid II Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikinciabdulhamid.com/iaforum/index.php?showforum=7">All Documents about Abdul Hamid in English from a Turkish Web Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623023232/http://www.ikinciabdulhamid.com/iaforum/index.php?showforum=7">Archived</a> 23 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2016" class="citation cs2">McMeekin, Sean (2016), <i>The Ottoman Endgame: war, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923</i>, New York, New York: Penguin Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594205323" title="Special:BookSources/9781594205323"><bdi>9781594205323</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Endgame%3A+war%2C+revolution%2C+and+the+making+of+the+modern+Middle+East%2C+1908%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781594205323&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Overy, Richard. <i>The Times Complete History of the World</i>, HarperCollins <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-731569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-731569-7">978-0-00-731569-7</a> (2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkarli2001" class="citation book cs1">Akarli, Engin D. (2001). "The Tangled Ends of an Empire and Its Sultan". In Leila Tarazi Fawaz; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">C.A. Bayly</a> (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernityculture18901920fawa"><i>Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernityculture18901920fawa/page/n279">261</a>–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11426-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11426-4"><bdi>978-0-231-11426-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tangled+Ends+of+an+Empire+and+Its+Sultan&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Culture%3A+From+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=261-284&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11426-4&rft.aulast=Akarli&rft.aufirst=Engin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernityculture18901920fawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeon2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Georgeon" title="François Georgeon">Georgeon, François</a> (2003). <i>Abdülhamid II. Le sultan calife</i>. Paris: Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abd%C3%BClhamid+II.+Le+sultan+calife&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Georgeon&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw,_Ezel_K.1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i></a></span>. Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29166-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29166-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasamee1996" class="citation book cs1">Yasamee, F.A.K. (1996). <i>Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, 1878–1888</i>. Istanbul: ISIS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-088-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-088-3"><bdi>978-975-428-088-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Diplomacy%3A+Abd%C3%BClhamid+II+and+the+Great+Powers%2C+1878%E2%80%931888&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=ISIS&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-975-428-088-3&rft.aulast=Yasamee&rft.aufirst=F.A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPears1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Pears" title="Edwin Pears">Pears, Edwin Sir</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofabdulhamid00pearuoft/page/n9"><i>The Life of Abdul Hamid</i></a> (1 ed.). London: Constable and Company Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Abdul+Hamid&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Constable+and+Company+Ltd.&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Pears&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Sir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofabdulhamid00pearuoft%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslip1973" class="citation book cs1">Haslip, Joan (1973). <i>The Sultan: The life of Abdul Hamid</i> (2nd ed.). Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76519-6"><bdi>978-0-297-76519-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%3A+The+life+of+Abdul+Hamid&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-297-76519-6&rft.aulast=Haslip&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüçük1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Küçük, Cevdet (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/abdulhamid-ii"><i>Abdülhamid II – An article published in the first volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a> (in Turkish). Vol. 1 (Ab-i Hayat /el-Ahkamu's – Ser'iyye). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/TDV_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" class="mw-redirect" title="TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi">TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a>. pp. 216–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89428-9"><bdi>978-97-53-89428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abd%C3%BClhamid+II+%E2%80%93+An+article+published+in+the+first+volume+of+Turkish+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=216-224&rft.pub=TDV+%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-97-53-89428-9&rft.aulast=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk&rft.aufirst=Cevdet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fabdulhamid-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abdül Hamid II">Abdül Hamid II</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikinciabdulhamid.com/iaforum/documents-in-english-f7.html">II. Abdul Hamid Forum in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202194239/http://www.ikinciabdulhamid.com/iaforum/documents-in-english-f7.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> II. Abdul Hamid Forum in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425170450/http://www.odevara.com/odev/197/id.36080.1.html">II. Abdülhamit Dönemi Olayları – ittihat Ve Terakki</a> Ödev Sitesi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/ahiiquery.html">US Library of Congress Abdul Hamid II Photo Collection</a> – about 1,800 photographs mounted in albums, ca. 1880–1893</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdul-Hamid II."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abdul-Hamid_II.">"Abdul-Hamid II." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdul-Hamid+II.&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdul+Hamid+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000034">Newspaper clippings about Abdul Hamid II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Abdul Hamid II </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">House of Osman</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 21 September 1842</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 10 February 1918</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> </b><br />31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_caliphs" title="List of caliphs">Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate</a> </b><br />31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reign_of_Abdul_Hamid_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Template:Abdul Hamid II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Template talk:Abdul Hamid II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abdul Hamid II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reign_of_Abdul_Hamid_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Reign of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abdul Hamid II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution of 1876</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 3px;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WORMELEY(1893)_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdul Hamid II"><img alt="Abdul Hamid II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg/80px-WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg/120px-WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg/160px-WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Abdul Hamid II</figcaption></figure></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirim%C3%BCjgan_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Tirimüjgan Kadın">Tirimüjgan Kadın</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestu_Kad%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Perestu Kadın">Perestu Kadın</a> (adoptive mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> (uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazikeda_Kad%C4%B1n_(wife_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazikeda Kadın (wife of Abdul Hamid II)">Nazikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrifelek_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bedrifelek Kadın">Bedrifelek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurefsun_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Nurefsun Kadın">Nurefsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bidar Kadın">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilpesend_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Dilpesend Kadın">Dilpesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezidimestan_Kad%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezidimestan Kadın">Mezidimestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsalinur_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Emsalinur Kadın">Emsalinur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BC%C5%9Ffika_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Müşfika Kadın">Müşfika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazkar_Han%C4%B1m" title="Sazkar Hanım">Sazkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyveste_Han%C4%B1m" title="Peyveste Hanım">Peyveste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Pesend_Han%C4%B1m" title="Fatma Pesend Hanım">Fatma Pesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behice_Han%C4%B1m" title="Behice Hanım">Behice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliha_Naciye_Han%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Saliha Naciye Hanım">Saliha Naciye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Category:Abdul Hamid II">Category:Abdul Hamid II</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_sultans_/_caliphs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_sultans_/_caliphs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree" title="Ottoman family tree">Family tree (detailed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree_(simplified)" title="Ottoman family tree (simplified)">Family tree (simplified)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty#Succession_practices" title="Ottoman dynasty">Line of succession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_%C3%87elebi" title="İsa Çelebi">İsa Çelebi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%87elebi" title="Mustafa Çelebi">Mustafa Çelebi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Cem Sultan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abdul Hamid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a><sup>§§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> First Ottoman caliph • <sup>§§</sup> Caliph only <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Related templates: <a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_the_Osmano%C4%9Flu_family" title="Template:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family">Heads of the Osmanoğlu family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mothers_of_the_Ottoman_Sultans" title="Template:Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans">Valide sultans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px_Ottoman_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_princes" title="Template:Ottoman princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_princes" title="Template talk:Ottoman princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Ottoman_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span> Ottoman princes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Pasha" title="Alaeddin Pasha">Alaeddin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="23" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)">Süleyman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Bey_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Halil Bey (son of Orhan)">Şehzade Halil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savc%C4%B1_Bey" title="Savcı Bey">Savcı Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_%C3%87elebi" title="Yakub Çelebi">Yakub Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_%C3%87elebi" title="İsa Çelebi">İsa Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%87elebi" title="Mustafa Çelebi">Mustafa Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Mustafa" title="Küçük Mustafa">Küçük Mustafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Orhan Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Cem Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehzade Ahmet">Şehzade Ahmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut" title="Şehzade Korkut">Şehzade Korkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah_(son_of_Bayezid_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Abdullah (son of Bayezid II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(son_of_Bayezid_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Mahmud (son of Bayezid II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad_(son_of_Cem_Sultan)" title="Şehzade Murad (son of Cem Sultan)">Şehzade Murad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehzade Murad">Şehzade Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cveys_Pasha" title="Üveys Pasha">Üveys Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah" title="Şehzade Abdullah">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Şehzade Cihangir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Yahya">Sultan Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(son_of_Mehmed_III)" title="Şehzade Mahmud (son of Mehmed III)">Şehzade Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_(son_of_Ahmed_I)" title="Şehzade Mehmed (son of Ahmed I)">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid_(son_of_Ahmed_I)" title="Şehzade Bayezid (son of Ahmed I)">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Süleyman">Şehzade Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Kas%C4%B1m" title="Şehzade Kasım">Şehzade Kasım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer" title="Şehzade Ömer">Şehzade Ömer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Selim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Selim (page does not exist)">Şehzade Selim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Efendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Efendi (page does not exist)">Mustafa Efendi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abdul Hamid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Kemaleddin" title="Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin">Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdulmejid_I)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdulmejid I)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdulmejid_I)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdulmejid I)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Yusuf_Izzeddin" title="Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin">Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Selim_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Selim Süleyman">Şehzade Selim Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Celaleddin" title="Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin">Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_%C5%9Eevket" title="Şehzade Mehmed Şevket">Şehzade Mehmed Şevket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Seyfeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selaheddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin">Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selim">Şehzade Mehmed Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ziyaeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ibrahim_Tevfik" title="Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik">Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkadir" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Necmeddin" title="Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin">Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nuri" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nuri">Şehzade Ahmed Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Hilmi" title="Şehzade Ömer Hilmi">Şehzade Ömer Hilmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Cemaleddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin">Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdurrahim_Hayri" title="Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri">Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClhalim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Faruk" title="Şehzade Ömer Faruk">Şehzade Ömer Faruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Abdulaziz">Mehmed Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_%C5%9Eevket" title="Şehzade Mahmud Şevket">Şehzade Mahmud Şevket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Tevhid" title="Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid">Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abid" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abid">Şehzade Mehmed Abid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Nizameddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin">Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul">Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nihad" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nihad">Şehzade Ahmed Nihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Osman_Fuad" title="Şehzade Osman Fuad">Şehzade Osman Fuad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkerim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Orhan" title="Mehmed Orhan">Mehmed Orhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Osman" title="Ertuğrul Osman">Ertuğrul Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Nam%C4%B1k" title="Şehzade Mahmud Namık">Şehzade Mahmud Namık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_Osman" title="Bayezid Osman">Bayezid Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ali_Vasib" title="Şehzade Ali Vasib">Şehzade Ali Vasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCndar_Ali_Osman" title="Dündar Ali Osman">Dündar Ali Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harun Osman">Harun Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134817#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083558237">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9880442">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12016/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4xY3yfcYX3bhhhvxxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118646435">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50035365">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122445k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122445k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35778465">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073095206">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90787445">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000268784&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=100264">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810558497905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/59086">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257206505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620159706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1083041">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118646435.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118646435">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029642094">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581451">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/abdulhamid-ii">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&oldid=1260779168">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&oldid=1260779168</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Category:Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1842_births" title="Category:1842 births">1842 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_deaths" title="Category:1918 deaths">1918 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dethroned_monarchs" title="Category:Dethroned monarchs">Dethroned monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:19th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire">19th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:20th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire">20th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_people_of_the_Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Category:Ottoman people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Ottoman people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_people_of_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Category:Ottoman people of the Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Ottoman people of the Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turks_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire">Turks from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_of_Circassian_descent" title="Category:People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent">People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece_of_Spain" title="Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain">Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sons_of_sultans" title="Category:Sons of sultans">Sons of sultans</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)">CS1 Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_articles_needing_translation_from_Turkish_Wikipedia" title="Category:Biography articles needing translation from Turkish Wikipedia">Biography articles needing translation from Turkish Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 December 2024, at 16:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-848qg","wgBackendResponseTime":196,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.130","walltime":"2.513","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10317,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":269477,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15127,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":322826,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2165.188 1 -total"," 37.16% 804.520 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.70% 296.547 38 Template:Cite_book"," 8.74% 189.202 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.63% 186.809 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 7.82% 169.366 3 Template:Navbox"," 7.22% 156.430 2 Template:Langx"," 6.82% 147.723 1 Template:Abdul_Hamid_II"," 6.29% 136.199 1 Template:Expand_Turkish"," 6.16% 133.297 1 Template:Expand_language"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.270","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20224990,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAkarli2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkyol2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsghar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrookes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClevelandBurton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreelman,_James1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeringil2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevrim1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFERASMUS2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarah,_C.E.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreely1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Hubbard_BlakesleeGranville_Stanley_HallHarry_Elmer_Barnes1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgeon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGündoğdu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarun_Açba2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaslip1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoiberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdris_Bal2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIhrig2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItalia_:_Ministero_dell\u0026#039;interno1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Robert_Moskin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemal_H._Karpat2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKho\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKüskü2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKüçük1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLévy-Aksu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoshe_Yegar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMushirul_Hasan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_Akyol2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPears1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen,_Jørgen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Snelling1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazmik_Panossian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenée_Worringer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_A._Bickers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Thai_Government_Gazette1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharkey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawShaw,_Ezel_K.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVahan_Hamamdjian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasamee1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF刑部芳則2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Abdul Hamid II\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Hamid II\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"End\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand Turkish\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Similar names\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 5,\n [\"Sons of the Ottoman Sultans\"] = 1,\n [\"Sultans of the Ottoman Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","22.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","19.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.0"],["format","40","3.0"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.0"],["[others]","300","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-lq84h","timestamp":"20241203071757","ttl":2479336,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdul_Hamid_II","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q134817","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q134817","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-26T02:55:45Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T16:03:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/43\/Sultan_Gazi_Abd%C3%BCl_Hamid_II_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.png","headline":"34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909"}</script> </body> </html>