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id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Deception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Denial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relativization_and_trivialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relativization_and_trivialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relativization and trivialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relativization_and_trivialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Book burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_book_burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_book_burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Chinese book burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_book_burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>United States history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confederate_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Confederate revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>California genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>War crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Japanese war crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Croatian war crimes in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Serbian war crimes in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965–66" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965–66"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965–66-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_and_the_Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_and_the_Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.8</span> <span>Turkey and the Armenian genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_and_the_Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_war_crimes_in_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_war_crimes_in_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.9</span> <span>South Korean war crimes in Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_war_crimes_in_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_and_Russian_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_and_Russian_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Soviet and Russian history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_and_Russian_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_relation_to_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_relation_to_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>In relation to Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_relation_to_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_relation_to_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_relation_to_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>In relation to Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_relation_to_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea_and_the_Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea_and_the_Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>North Korea and the Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea_and_the_Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocaust_denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust_denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Holocaust denial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust_denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>North Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Historiography in Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>In textbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11.1</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11.3</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11.4</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11.5</span> <span>Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_law_recognizing_colonialism's_positive_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_law_recognizing_colonialism's_positive_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>French law recognizing colonialism's positive value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_law_recognizing_colonialism's_positive_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcos_martial_law_negationism_in_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcos_martial_law_negationism_in_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Marcos martial law negationism in the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcos_martial_law_negationism_in_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_of_the_Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_of_the_Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Denial of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial_of_the_Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nakba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nakba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Nakba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nakba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramifications_and_judicature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramifications_and_judicature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ramifications and judicature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ramifications_and_judicature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ramifications and judicature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ramifications_and_judicature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>International law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cases_of_denialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases_of_denialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cases of denialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases_of_denialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical negationism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="إنكار تاريخي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنكار تاريخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negationismus" title="Negationismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Negationismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_(negacionismo)" title="Revisionismo histórico (negacionismo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revisionismo histórico (negacionismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neadismo" title="Neadismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neadismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negazionismo_historiko" title="Negazionismo historiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Negazionismo historiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="انکار تاریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انکار تاریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gationnisme" title="Négationnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Négationnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC_%EC%99%9C%EA%B3%A1" title="역사 왜곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사 왜곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="ऐतिहासिक निषेधवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐतिहासिक निषेधवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negasionisme_sejarah" title="Negasionisme sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negasionisme sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negazionismo" title="Negazionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Negazionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="שכתוב ההיסטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שכתוב ההיסטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negationisme" title="Negationisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Negationisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="歴史否定主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史否定主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8" title="د تاریخ منکرتوب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تاریخ منکرتوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_hist%C3%B3rico" title="Negacionismo histórico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Negacionismo histórico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Фальсификация истории – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фальсификация истории" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negatzionismu" title="Negatzionismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Negatzionismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohimi_historik" title="Mohimi historik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mohimi historik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Негационизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Негационизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk_negationism" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the critical re-examination of historical facts, see <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a>. For "negationism" as a form of psychological abuse, see <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Historical negationism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>historical denialism</b>, is falsification<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or distortion of the historical record. This is not the same as <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a></i>, a broader term that extends to newly evidenced, fairly reasoned academic reinterpretations of history.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger-154_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In attempting to revise and influence the past, historical negationism acts as illegitimate historical revisionism by using techniques inadmissible in proper historical discourse, such as presenting known forged documents as genuine, inventing ingenious but implausible reasons for distrusting genuine documents, attributing conclusions to books and sources that report the opposite, manipulating statistical series to support the given point of view, and deliberately mistranslating traditional or modern texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-145_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-145-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some countries, such as Germany, have criminalized the negationist revision of certain historical events, while others take a more cautious position for various reasons, such as protection of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>. Others have in the past mandated negationist views, such as the US state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where it is claimed that some schoolchildren have been explicitly prevented from learning about the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples of negationism include denials of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">clean <i>Wehrmacht</i> myth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehnert1952Marx_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehnert1952Marx-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markwick_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markwick-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In literature, it has been imaginatively depicted in some <a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">works of fiction</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>. In modern times, negationism may spread via <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> agendas through <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>negationism</i> (<i>négationnisme</i>) was first coined by the French historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Henry Rousso</a> in his 1987 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vichy_Syndrome" title="The Vichy Syndrome">The Vichy Syndrome</a></i> which looked at the French popular <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>. Rousso posited that it was necessary to distinguish between legitimate <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Holocaust studies</a> and politically motivated denial of the Holocaust, which he termed negationism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, the purpose of historical negation is to achieve a national, political aim, by transferring war guilt, demonizing an enemy, providing an illusion of victory, or preserving a friendship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_influence">Ideological influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideological influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_ideas" title="War of ideas">War of ideas</a></div> <p>The principal functions of negationist history are the abilities to control ideological and political influence. </p><p>History is a social resource that contributes to shaping <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>, culture, and the public memory. Through the study of history, people are imbued with a particular cultural identity; therefore, by negatively revising history, the negationist can craft a specific, ideological identity. Because historians are credited as people who single-mindedly pursue truth, by way of fact, negationist historians capitalize on the historian's <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">professional credibility</a>, and present their <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a> as true scholarship. By adding a measure of credibility to the work of revised history, the ideas of the negationist historian are more readily accepted in the public mind. As such, professional historians recognize the revisionist practice of historical negationism as the work of "truth-seekers" finding different truths in the historical record to fit their political, social, and ideological contexts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_influence">Political influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>History provides insight into past political policies and consequences, and thus assists people in extrapolating political implications for contemporary society. Historical negationism is applied to cultivate a specific <a href="/wiki/Political_myth" title="Political myth">political myth</a>, sometimes with official consent from the government, whereby self-taught, amateur, and dissident academic <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> either manipulate or misrepresent historical accounts to achieve political ends. For example, after the late 1930s in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">historiography in the Soviet Union</a> treated <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">party line</a> as the same intellectual entity, especially in regards to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and peasant rebellions;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet historical negationism advanced a specific, political, and ideological agenda about Russia and its place in world history.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></div> <p>Historical negationism applies the techniques of research, quotation, and presentation for <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a> of the reader and <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a> of the historical record. In support of the "revised history" perspective, the negationist historian uses <a href="/wiki/False_documents" class="mw-redirect" title="False documents">false documents</a> as genuine sources, presents specious reasons to distrust genuine documents, exploits published opinions by quoting out of historical context, manipulates <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, and mistranslates texts in other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revision techniques of historical negationism operate in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic research">intellectual space</a> of public debate for the advancement of a given interpretation of history and the cultural perspective of the "revised history".<sup id="cite_ref-Dionne1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionne1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a document, the revised history is used to negate the validity of the factual, documentary record, and so reframe explanations and perceptions of the discussed historical event, to deceive the reader, the listener, and the viewer; therefore, historical negationism functions as a technique of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nargor1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nargor1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than submit their works for <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>, negationist historians rewrite history and use <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">logical fallacies</a> to construct arguments that will obtain the desired results, a "revised history" that supports an agenda – political, ideological, religious, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-145_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-145-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the practice of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, the British historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> describes the technical differences, between <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">professional historians</a> and negationist historians, commenting: "Reputable and professional historians do not suppress parts of quotations from documents that go against their own case, but take them into account, and, if necessary, amend their own case, accordingly. They do not present, as genuine, documents which they know to be forged, just because these forgeries happen to back up what they are saying. They do not invent ingenious, but implausible, and utterly unsupported reasons for distrusting genuine documents, because these documents run counter to their arguments; again, they amend their arguments, if this is the case, or, indeed, abandon them altogether. They do not consciously attribute their own conclusions to books and other sources, which, in fact, on closer inspection, actually say the opposite. They do not eagerly seek out the highest possible figures in a series of statistics, independently of their reliability, or otherwise, simply because they want, for whatever reason, to maximize the figure in question, but rather, they assess all the available figures, as impartially as possible, to arrive at a number that will withstand the critical scrutiny of others. They do not knowingly mistranslate sources in foreign languages to make them more serviceable to themselves. They do not willfully invent words, phrases, quotations, incidents and events, for which there is no historical evidence, to make their arguments more plausible."<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-Pgrph-6-20_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-Pgrph-6-20-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deception">Deception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></div> <p>Deception includes falsifying information, <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscuring the truth</a>, and lying to manipulate public opinion about the historical event discussed in the revised history. The negationist historian applies the techniques of deception to achieve either a political or an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> goal, or both. The field of history distinguishes among history books based upon credible, verifiable sources, which were <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> before publication; and deceptive history books, based upon unreliable sources, which were not submitted for peer review.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction among types of history books rests upon the research techniques used in writing a history. Verifiability, accuracy, and openness to criticism are central tenets of historical <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholarship</a>. When these techniques are sidestepped, the presented historical information might be deliberately deceptive, a "revised history". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial">Denial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Denial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></div> <p>Denial is defensively protecting information from being shared with other historians, and claiming that facts are untrue, especially denial of the <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> perpetrated in the course of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945) and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> (1933–1945). The negationist historian protects the historical-revisionism project by <a href="/wiki/Blame_shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blame shifting">blame shifting</a>, censorship, distraction, and <a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">media manipulation</a>; occasionally, denial by protection includes <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a> for the physical security of revisionist sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relativization_and_trivialization">Relativization and trivialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relativization and trivialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Holocaust trivialization</a></div> <p>Comparing certain historical atrocities to other crimes is the practice of relativization, interpretation by moral judgements, to alter public perception of the first historical atrocity. Although such comparisons often occur in negationist history, their pronouncement is not usually part of revisionist intentions upon the historical facts, but an opinion of <a href="/wiki/Moral_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral judgement">moral judgement</a>. </p> <ul><li>The Holocaust and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>: The historian <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a> says that the concept of "comparable Allied wrongs", such as the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expulsion of Germans after World War II</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Nazi-colonized lands</a> and the formal <a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a>, is at the centre of, and is a continually repeated theme of, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>, and that such relativization presents "immoral equivalencies".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> use certain historical examples of non-<a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> in discussions on the role of the slave system of the South, however insofar as it is to further this ideological point it obscures and downplays the specificities of the American slave system- both its place in history, and comparison to other such systems overall. For example, court decisions and statutes mandated multi-generational slavery unlike many other slave systems, and further beyond that stated that a freedman could never become a citizen of the United States. These measures, related to perpetuation and racist characterization besides further restrictions on life even outside slavery in support of it distinguished the system compared to all, or an overwhelming amount of historical systems</li> <li>Connected to the Lost Cause of the Confederacy is the <a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a>, a pseudo-historical narrative which conflates the experiences of <a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Irish indentured servants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. This distortion, which was historically promoted by <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a>, has in the modern-day been promoted by <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacists</a> in the United States to negate the mistreatment experienced by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>), also opposing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">reparations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Denial of mass killings<br /></span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Instances of denial</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples">Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre#Historical_revisionism_and_denialism" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide#Recognition_and_remembrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war#Leopold's_counter_campaign" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366#Legacy" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Denial" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989#Censorship_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#National_and_international_media_coverage" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Scholarly controversy over mass killings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonization of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong#Legacy" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)#Legacy_of_the_expulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">1944–1950 expulsion of Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_burning">Book burning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Book burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></div> <p>Repositories of literature have been targeted throughout history (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom#Destruction_by_the_Mongols" title="House of Wisdom">Grand Library of Baghdad</a>, the burning of liturgical and historical books of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">St. Thomas Christians</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the East Indies">archbishop of Goa</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Aleixo de Menezes</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) including recently, such as the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">Burning of Jaffna library</a> and the destruction of Iraqi libraries by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">fall of Mosul</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, British officials destroyed documents in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy</a> to avoid records on colonial rule falling into the hands of countries declaring independence from Britain and any scrutiny of the British state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_book_burning">Chinese book burning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chinese book burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">焚書坑儒</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">焚书坑儒</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fénshū kēngrú</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'burning of books and burying (alive) of (Confucian) scholars'), or "Fires of Qin", refers to the burning of writings and slaughter of scholars during the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, between the period of 213 and 210 BC. "Books" at this point refers to writings on <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">bamboo strips</a>, which were then bound together. The exact extent of the damage is hard to assess; technological books were to be spared<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even the "objectionable" books, poetry and philosophy in particular, were preserved in imperial archives and allowed to be kept by the official scholar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_history">United States history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confederate_revisionism">Confederate revisionism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Confederate revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederate">Neo-Confederate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy_in_U.S._school_curriculum" title="White supremacy in U.S. school curriculum">White supremacy in U.S. school curriculum</a></div> <p>The historical negationism of <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> revisionists and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederate">Neo-Confederates</a> claims that the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865) were the defenders rather than the instigators of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and that the Confederacy's motivation for secession from the United States was the maintenance of the Southern <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and limited government, rather than the preservation and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding Neo-Confederate revisionism of the U.S. Civil War, the historian <a href="/wiki/Brooks_D._Simpson" title="Brooks D. Simpson">Brooks D. Simpson</a> says: "This is an active attempt to reshape historical memory, an effort by white Southerners to find historical justifications for present-day actions. The neo–Confederate movement's ideologues have grasped that if they control how people remember the past, they'll control how people approach the present and the future. Ultimately, this is a very conscious war for memory and heritage. It's a quest for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legitimacy" class="extiw" title="wikt:legitimacy">legitimacy</a>, the eternal quest for justification."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Mildred Rutherford">Mildred Rutherford</a>, the historian general of the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> (UDC), led the attack against <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a> textbooks that did not present the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a>" version of the history of the U.S. Civil War. To that pedagogical end, Rutherford assembled a "massive collection" of documents that included "essay contests on the glory of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and personal tributes to faithful slaves".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the historical negationism of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the historian <a href="/wiki/David_Blight" class="mw-redirect" title="David Blight">David Blight</a> says: "All UDC members and leaders were not as virulently <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> as Rutherford, but all, in the name of a reconciled nation, participated in an enterprise that deeply influenced the <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> vision of Civil War memory."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California_genocide">California genocide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: California genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1846 and 1873, following the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">conquest of California</a> by the United States, the region's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous Californian</a> population plummeted from around 150,000 to around 30,000 due to disease, famine, <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">forced removals</a>, slavery, and massacres. Many historians refer to the massacres as the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a>. Between 9,500 and 16,000 California Natives were killed by both government forces and white settlers in massacres during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the well documented evidence of the widespread massacres and atrocities, the public school curriculum and history textbooks approved by the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Education" title="California Department of Education">California Department of Education</a> ignore the history of this genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to author Clifford Trafzer, although many historians have pushed for recognition of the genocide in public school curricula, government-approved textbooks omit mention of the genocide because of the dominance of conservative publishing companies with an ideological impetus to deny the genocide, the fear of publishing companies being branded as un-American for discussing it, and the unwillingness of state and federal government officials to acknowledge the genocide due to the possibility of having to pay reparations to indigenous communities affected by it.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_war_crimes">Japanese war crimes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japanese war crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese imperialism">Japanese imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_09_(The_%22Shame%22_Album).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Photo_09_%28The_%22Shame%22_Album%29.jpg/170px-Photo_09_%28The_%22Shame%22_Album%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Photo_09_%28The_%22Shame%22_Album%29.jpg/255px-Photo_09_%28The_%22Shame%22_Album%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Photo_09_%28The_%22Shame%22_Album%29.jpg/340px-Photo_09_%28The_%22Shame%22_Album%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a <a href="/wiki/Shin_gunto" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin gunto">shin gunto</a> during the Nanking Massacre</figcaption></figure> <p>The post-war minimization of the war crimes of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese imperialism">Japanese imperialism</a> is an example of "illegitimate" historical revisionism;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some contemporary Japanese revisionists, such as Yūko Iwanami (granddaughter of General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>), propose that Japan's invasion of China, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, itself, were justified reactions to the Western imperialism of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 March 2007, Japanese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> denied that the military had forced women into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> during the war, saying, "The fact is, there is no evidence to prove there was coercion". Before he spoke, some <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> legislators also sought to revise <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dhei_K%C5%8Dno" title="Yōhei Kōno">Yōhei Kōno</a>'s apology to former <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a> in 1993;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> likewise, there was the controversial negation of the six-week <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> in 1937–1938.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shinzō Abe was general secretary of a group of parliament members concerned with history education (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">日本の前途と歴史教育を考える若手議員の会</span>) that is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform" title="Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform">Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform</a>, and was a special advisor to <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a>, which are two openly revisionist groups denying, downplaying, or justifying various <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>. Editor-in-chief of the conservative <i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tsuneo_Watanabe" title="Tsuneo Watanabe">Tsuneo Watanabe</a> criticized the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> as a bastion of revisionism: "The Yasukuni Shrine runs a museum where they show items in order to encourage and worship militarism. It's wrong for the prime minister to visit such a place".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> note that men, who would contemporarily be perceived as "Korean" and "Chinese", are enshrined for the military actions they effected as Japanese Imperial subjects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_bombings">Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">Hibakusha</a></i> ("explosion-affected people") of Hiroshima and Nagasaki seek compensation from their government and criticize it for failing to "accept responsibility for having instigated and then prolonged an aggressive war long after Japan's defeat was apparent, resulting in a heavy toll in Japanese, Asian and American lives".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EB_Sledge" class="mw-redirect" title="EB Sledge">EB Sledge</a> expressed concern that such revisionism, in his words "mellowing", would allow the harsh facts of the history that led to the bombings to be forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-Sledge1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sledge1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians Hill and Koshiro have stated that attempts to minimize the importance of the bombings as "righteous revenge and salvation" would be revisionism, and that while the Japanese should recognize <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">their atrocities</a> led the bombing, Americans also have to accept the fact that their own actions "caused <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">massive destruction</a> and suffering that has lasted for fifty years".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II">Croatian war crimes in World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Croatian war crimes in World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right in Croatia">Far-right in Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></div> <p>Some Croats, including some high-ranked officials and political leaders during the 1990s and far-right organization members, have attempted to minimize the magnitude of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">genocide perpetrated against Serbs</a> and other ethnic minorities in the World War II <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1989, the future President of Croatia <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> (who had been a <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisan</a> during World War II), had embraced <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published <i><a href="/wiki/Horrors_of_War:_Historical_Reality_and_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horrors of War: Historical Reality and Philosophy">Horrors of War: Historical Reality and Philosophy</a></i>, in which he questioned the official number of victims killed by the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sindbaek_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindbaek-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslav and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbian historiography</a> had long exaggerated the number of victims at the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuđman criticized the long-standing figures, but also described the camp as a "work camp", giving an estimate of between 30,000 and 40,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Sindbaek_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindbaek-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuđman's government's toleration of <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaša">Ustaša</a> symbols and their crimes often dismissed in public, frequently strained relations with Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croatia's far-right often advocates the false theory that Jasenovac was a "labour camp" where mass murder did not take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Milekic_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milekic-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, two videos of former Croatian president <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a> from 1992 were made public in which he stated that Jasenovac was not a death camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Milekic_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milekic-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The far-right NGO "The Society for Research of the Threefold Jasenovac Camp" also advocates this disproven theory, in addition to claiming that the camp was used by the Yugoslav authorities following the war to imprison Ustasha members and regular <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)" title="Croatian Home Guard (World War II)">Home Guard</a> army troops until 1948, then alleged <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinists</a> until 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-Milekic_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milekic-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members include journalist <a href="/wiki/Igor_Vuki%C4%87" title="Igor Vukić">Igor Vukić</a>, who wrote his own book advocating the theory, Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Razum" title="Stjepan Razum">Stjepan Razum</a> and academic <a href="/wiki/Josip_Pe%C4%8Dari%C4%87" title="Josip Pečarić">Josip Pečarić</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vladisavljevic_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vladisavljevic-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideas promoted by its members have been amplified by mainstream media interviews and book tours.<sup id="cite_ref-Vladisavljevic_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vladisavljevic-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last book, "The Jasenovac Lie Revealed" written by Vukić, prompted the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a> to urge Croatian authorities to ban such works, noting that they "would immediately be banned in Germany and Austria and rightfully so".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Croatian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Sedlar" title="Jakov Sedlar">Jakov Sedlar</a> released a documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – The Truth</a></i> which advocated the same theories, labelling the camp as a "collection and labour camp".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film contained alleged falsifications and forgeries, in addition to denial of crimes and hate speech towards politicians and journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian_war_crimes_in_World_War_II">Serbian war crimes in World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Serbian war crimes in World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among far-right and nationalist groups, denial and revisionism of Serbian war crimes are carried out through the downplaying of <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Dimitrije Ljotić</a>'s roles in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia#Racial_persecution" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">extermination of Serbia's Jews</a> in concentration camps, in the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a> by a number of Serbian historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002151_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerica2002151-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbian collaborationist armed forces were involved, either directly or indirectly, in the mass killings of Jews as well as Roma and those Serbs who sided with any anti-German resistance and the killing of many Croats and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199676–81_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199676–81-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the end of the war, Serbian collaboration in the Holocaust has been the subject of historical revisionism by Serbian leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996113_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996113-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> listed Nedić among <i><a href="/wiki/The_100_most_prominent_Serbs" title="The 100 most prominent Serbs">The 100 most prominent Serbs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the denial of <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetnik</a> collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">crimes</a> committed during World War II. Serbian historian Jelena Djureinovic states in her book <i>The Politics of Memory of the Second World War in Contemporary Serbia: Collaboration, Resistance and Retribution</i> that "during those years, the WWII nationalist Chetniks have been recast as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> movement equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a>, and as victims of communism". The glorification of the Chetnik movement has now become the central theme of Serbia's WWII memory politics. Chetnik leaders convicted under <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">communist rule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaboration with the Nazis</a> have been rehabilitated by <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Serbia" title="Judiciary of Serbia">Serbian courts</a>, and television programmes have contributed to spreading a positive image of the movement, "distorting the real picture of what happened during WWII".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_wars">Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide denial</a></div> <p>There have been a number of far-right and nationalist authors and political activists who have publicly disagreed with mainstream views of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars#War_crimes" title="Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars">Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav wars</a> of 1991–1999. Some high-ranked Serbian officials and political leaders who categorically claimed that no <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">genocide against Bosnian Muslims</a> took place at all, include former president of Serbia <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Tomislav Nikolić">Tomislav Nikolić</a>, Bosnian Serb leader <a href="/wiki/Milorad_Dodik" title="Milorad Dodik">Milorad Dodik</a>, Serbian Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vulin" title="Aleksandar Vulin">Aleksandar Vulin</a> and Serbian far-right leader <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a>. Among the points of contention are whether the victims of massacres such as the <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> were unarmed civilians or armed resistance fighters, whether death and rape tolls were inflated, and whether prison camps such as <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sremska Mitrovica camp">Sremska Mitrovica camp</a> were sites of mass war crimes. These authors are called "revisionists" by scholars and organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/ICTY" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTY">ICTY</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Darko_Trifunovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Darko Trifunovic">Darko Trifunovic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commissioned by the government of the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Katana_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katana-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was described by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> as "one of the worst examples of revisionism in relation to the mass executions of Bosnian Muslims committed in Srebrenica in July 1995".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outrage and condemnation by a wide variety of Balkan and international figures eventually forced the Republika Srpska to disown the report.<sup id="cite_ref-Katana_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katana-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newsline030905_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsline030905-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 legislation that banned the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Srebrenica genocide">Srebrenica genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo siege">Sarajevo siege</a> in schools was introduced in Republika Srpska, initiated by President <a href="/wiki/Milorad_Dodik" title="Milorad Dodik">Milorad Dodik</a> and his SNSD party, who stated that it was "impossible to use here the textbooks ... which say the Serbs have committed genocide and kept Sarajevo under siege. This is not correct and this will not be taught here".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 Republika Srpska authorities appointed Israeli historian Gideon Greif – who has worked at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> for more than three decades – to head its own revisionist commission to "determine the truth" about Srebrenica.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Volyn_tragedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Volyn tragedy">Historiography of the Volyn tragedy</a></div> <p>The issue of the Volyn massacres was largely non-existent in Ukrainian scholarly literature for many years, and until very recently, Ukrainian historiography did not undertake any objective research of the events in Volyn.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilyushin15_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyushin15-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1991 any independent Ukrainian historic research was only possible abroad, mainly in the US and the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>. Despite publishing a number of works devoted to the history of UPA, the Ukrainian emigration researchers (with only few exceptions) remained completely mute about the Volyn events for many years. Until very recently much of the remaining documentation was closed in Ukrainian state archives, unavailable to researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilyushin15_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyushin15-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Ukrainian historiography lacks broader reliable research of the events and the presence of the issue in Ukrainian publications is still very limited. The young generation of Ukrainian historians is often infected with Ukrainocentrism, and often borrows the stereotypes and myths about Poland and Poles from the biased publications of the Ukrainian diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilyushin16_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyushin16-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, after <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> had passed a resolution declaring 11 July a <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Remembrance_of_the_victims_of_the_Genocide_of_the_Citizens_of_the_Polish_Republic_committed_by_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day of Remembrance of the victims of the Genocide of the Citizens of the Polish Republic committed by Ukrainian Nationalists">National Day of Remembrance of the victims of the Genocide of the Citizens of the Polish Republic committed by Ukrainian Nationalists</a> and formally called the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a> a genocide, the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> passed a resolution condemning "the one-sided political assessment of the historical events in Poland",<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rejecting the term "genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965–66"><span id="Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965.E2.80.9366"></span>Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discussion of the killings was taboo in Indonesia and, if mentioned at all, usually called <i><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">peristiwa enam lima</a></i>, the incident of '65.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurbuchen2002_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurbuchen2002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside and outside Indonesia, public discussion of the killings increased during the 1990s and especially after 1998 when the New Order government collapsed. Jailed and exiled members of the Sukarno regime, as well as ordinary people, told their stories in increasing numbers. Foreign researchers began to publish increasingly more on the topic, with the end of the military regime and its doctrine of coercing such research attempts into futility.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurbuchen2002_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurbuchen2002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shadowplay_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadowplay-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The killings are skipped over in most Indonesian histories and have been scarcely examined by Indonesians, and has received comparatively little international attention.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesian textbooks typically depict the killings as a "patriotic campaign" that resulted in less than 80,000 deaths. In 2004, the textbooks were briefly changed to include the events, but this new curriculum discontinued in 2006 following protests from the military and Islamic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The textbooks which mentioned the mass killings were subsequently <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">burnt</a><sup id="cite_ref-SMH_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by order of Indonesia's Attorney General.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Roosa's <i>Pretext for Mass Murder</i> (2006) was initially banned by the Attorney General's Office.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indonesian parliament set up a truth and reconciliation commission to analyse the killings, but it was suspended by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Indonesian High Court</a>. An academic conference regarding the killings was held in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hesitant search for mass graves by survivors and family members began after 1998, although little has been found. Over three decades later, great enmity remains in Indonesian society over the events.<sup id="cite_ref-Shadowplay_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadowplay-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey_and_the_Armenian_genocide">Turkey and the Armenian genocide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Turkey and the Armenian genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg/240px-IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg/360px-IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg/480px-IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a>'s promotion of the view that <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a> committed genocide against <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, rather than vice versa, has received international condemnation for falsifying the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">history surrounding those Armenians killed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></div> <p>Turkish laws such as <a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a>, that state "a person who publicly insults <a href="/wiki/Turkishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkishness">Turkishness</a>, or the Republic or [the] Turkish <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a>, shall be punishable by imprisonment", were used to criminally charge the writer <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> with disrespecting Turkey, for saying that "Thirty thousand Kurds, and a million <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, were killed in these lands, and nobody, but me, dares to talk about it".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy occurred as Turkey was first vying for membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) where the suppression of dissenters is looked down upon.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 301 originally was part of penal-law reforms meant to modernize Turkey to <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> standards, as part of negotiating <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey's accession to the EU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the charges were dropped due to pressure from the European Union and United States on the Turkish government.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 February 2006, five journalists were tried for insulting the judicial institutions of the State, and for aiming to prejudice a court case (per Article 288 of the Turkish penal code).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reporters were on trial for criticizing the court-ordered closing of a conference in Istanbul regarding the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The conference continued elsewhere, transferring locations from a state to a private university. The trial continued until 11 April 2006, when four of the reporters were acquitted. The case against the fifth journalist, <a href="/wiki/Murat_Belge" title="Murat Belge">Murat Belge</a>, proceeded until 8 June 2006, when he was also acquitted. The purpose of the conference was to critically analyse the official Turkish view of the Armenian genocide in 1915; a <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> subject in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial proved to be a test case between Turkey and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; the EU insisted that Turkey should allow increased freedom of expression rights, as a condition to membership.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korean_war_crimes_in_Vietnam">South Korean war crimes in Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Korean war crimes in Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War#War_crimes_and_atrocities" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">South Korea in the Vietnam War § War crimes and atrocities</a></div> <p>At the request of the United States, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> under <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> sent approximately 320,000 South Korean troops to fight alongside the United States and South Vietnam during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Various civilian groups have accused the South Korean military of many "<a href="/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="My Lai Massacre">My Lai</a>-style massacres",<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Korean Ministry of Defense has denied all such accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean forces are alleged to have perpetrated the <a href="/wiki/Binh_Tai_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Binh Tai massacre">Binh Tai</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_An/T%C3%A2y_Vinh_massacre" title="Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre">Bình An/Tây Vinh</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_H%C3%B2a_massacre" title="Bình Hòa massacre">Bình Hòa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_My_massacre" title="Hà My massacre">Hà My</a> massacres and several other massacres across Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing as many as 9000 Vietnamese civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, a South Korean court ruled in favour of a Vietnamese victim of South Korean atrocities during the war and ordered that the South Korean government compensate the surviving victim. In response, the South Korean government repeated its earlier denials of the atrocities, and later announced its appeal of the decision. This strained relations with Vietnam, as a spokesperson for Vietnam's fording ministry called the decision "extremely regrettable".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> uses historical negationism against <a href="/wiki/Religious_Minorities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Minorities in Iran">religious minorities</a> in order to maintain legitimacy and relevancy of the regime. One example is the regime's approach to the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí community</a>. In 2008, an erroneous and misleading biography of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a> was presented to all primary school children.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his official 2013 <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> address, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> questioned the veracity of the Holocaust, remarking that "The Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it's uncertain how it has happened."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was consistent with Khamenei's previous comments regarding the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_and_Russian_history">Soviet and Russian history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Soviet and Russian history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Historiography in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor denial</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <p>In his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a></i>, Leon Trotsky cited a range of historical documents such as private letters, telegrams, party speeches, meeting minutes, and suppressed texts such as <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to argue that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted political events, forged a theoretical basis for irreconcilable concepts such as the notion of "Socialism in One Country" and misrepresented the views of opponents. He also argued that the Stalinist regime employed an array of professional historians as well as economists to justify policy manoeuvering and safeguarding its own set of material interests.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (1917–1991) and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1922–1991), the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU) attempted to ideologically and politically control the writing of both academic and popular history. These attempts were most successful in the 1934–1952 period. According to <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mehnert" title="Klaus Mehnert">Klaus Mehnert</a>, writing in 1952, the Soviet government attempted to control academic <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> (the writing of history by academic historians) to promote ideological and ethno-racial <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> by Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehnert1952Marx_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehnert1952Marx-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the 1928–1956 period, modern and contemporary history was generally composed according to the wishes of the CPSU, not the requirements of accepted historiographic method.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehnert1952Marx_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehnert1952Marx-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and after the rule of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1956–1964), Soviet historiographic practice was more complicated. In this period, Soviet historiography was characterized by complex competition between <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a> Marxist historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Markwick_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markwick-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid the professional hazard of politicized history, some historians chose pre-modern, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval History">medieval history</a> or <a href="/wiki/Classical_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical History">classical history</a>, where ideological demands were relatively relaxed and conversation with other historians in the field could be fostered.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescribed ideology could still introduce biases in historians' work, but not all of Soviet historiography was affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Markwick_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markwick-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control over party history and the legal status of individual ex-party members played a large role in dictating the ideological diversity and thus the faction in power within the CPSU. The official <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></i> was revised to delete references to leaders purged from the party, especially during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1922–1953).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">historiography of the Cold War</a>, a controversy over negationist historical revisionism exists, where numerous revisionist scholars in the West have been accused of <a href="/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewash (censorship)">whitewashing</a> the crimes of Stalinism, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> in Poland, disregarding the validity of the <a href="/wiki/Venona_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona Project">Venona Project</a> messages with regards to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_Holodomor" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the Holodomor">denial</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> of 1932–1933. </p><p>In 2009, Russia established the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_Counter_Attempts_to_Falsify_History_to_the_Detriment_of_Russia%27s_Interests" title="Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests">Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests</a> to "defend Russia against falsifiers of history". Some critics, like Heorhiy Kasyanov from the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a>, said the Kremlin was trying to whitewash Soviet history in order to justify its denial of human rights: "It's part of the Russian Federation's policy to create an ideological foundation for what is happening in Russia right now."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian and author <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, who views the new commission is part of a clampdown on historical scholarship, stated: "They're idiots if they think they can change the discussion of Soviet history internationally, but they can make it hard for Russian historians to teach and publish. It's like we're back to the old days."<sup id="cite_ref-wsj1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission was disestablished in 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Falsification of history in Azerbaijan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_relation_to_Armenia">In relation to Armenia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In relation to Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Armenian cemetery in Julfa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences#Statements_on_Armenia_and_Armenians" title="Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences">Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences § Statements on Armenia and Armenians</a></div> <p>Many scholars, among them <a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Victor Schnirelmann</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ShnirelmanTheValue_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShnirelmanTheValue-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShnirelmanREGNUM_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShnirelmanREGNUM-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Floor" title="Willem Floor">Willem Floor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FloorJavadi_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloorJavadi-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hewsen" title="Robert H. Hewsen">Robert Hewsen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_A._Bournoutian" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Bournoutian">George Bournoutian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aghuank_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aghuank-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrimarySources_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrimarySources-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others state that in Soviet and post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> since the 1960s there is a practice of revising primary sources on the South Caucasus in which any mention about <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> is removed. In the revised texts, <i>Armenian</i> is either simply removed or is replaced by <i>Albanian</i>; there are many other examples of such falsifications, all of which have the purpose of creating an impression that historically Armenians were not present in this territory. Willem M. Floor and Hasan Javadi in the English edition of "The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan" by <a href="/wiki/Abbasgulu_Bakikhanov" title="Abbasgulu Bakikhanov">Abbasgulu Bakikhanov</a> specifically point out to the instances of distortions and falsifications made by <a href="/wiki/Ziya_Bunyadov" title="Ziya Bunyadov">Ziya Bunyadov</a> in his Russian translation of this book.<sup id="cite_ref-FloorJavadi_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloorJavadi-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bournoutian and Hewsen these distortions are widespread in these works; they thus advise the readers in general to avoid the books produced in Azerbaijan in Soviet and post-Soviet times if these books do not contain the facsimile copy of original sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrimarySources_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrimarySources-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shnirelman thinks that this practice is being realized in Azerbaijan according to state order.<sup id="cite_ref-ShnirelmanTheValue_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShnirelmanTheValue-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_L._Kohl" title="Philip L. Kohl">Philip L. Kohl</a> brings an example of a theory advanced by Azerbaijani archaeologist Akhundov about Albanian origin of Khachkars as an example of patently false cultural origin myths.<sup id="cite_ref-Kohl_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohl-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian cemetery in Julfa, a cemetery near the town of <a href="/wiki/Julfa,_Azerbaijan_(city)" title="Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)">Julfa</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> exclave of Azerbaijan originally housed around 10,000 funerary monuments. The tombstones consisted mainly of thousands of <i><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">khachkars</a></i>, uniquely decorated cross-stones characteristic of medieval Christian <a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenian art</a>. The cemetery was still standing in the late 1990s, when the government of Azerbaijan began a systematic campaign to destroy the monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickman_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickman-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After studying and comparing satellite photos of Julfa taken in 2003 and 2009, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> came to the conclusion in December 2010 that the cemetery was demolished and levelled.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the director of the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Piotrovsky" title="Mikhail Piotrovsky">Mikhail Piotrovsky</a> expressed his protest about the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Armenian khachkars in Julfa</a>, he was accused by Azerbaijanis of supporting the "total falsification of the history and culture of Azerbaijan".<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrovsky_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrovsky-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several appeals were filed by both Armenian and international organizations, condemning the Azerbaijani government and calling on it to desist from such activity. In 2006, Azerbaijan barred <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> members from investigating the claims, charging them with a "biased and hysterical approach" to the issue and stating that it would only accept a delegation if it visited <a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">Armenian-occupied territory</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-TheIndependent_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheIndependent-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 2006, a journalist from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">Institute for War and Peace Reporting</a> who visited the area reported that no visible traces of the cemetery remained.<sup id="cite_ref-IWPR_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWPR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, photographs taken from Iran showed that the cemetery site had been turned into a military <a href="/wiki/Shooting_range" title="Shooting range">shooting range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HT_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of the cemetery has been widely described by Armenian sources, and some non-Armenian sources, as an act of "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Azerbaijan, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> is officially denied and is considered a hoax. According to the state ideology of Azerbaijan, a genocide of Azerbaijanis, carried out by Armenians and Russians, took place starting from 1813. Mahmudov has claimed that Armenians first appeared in Karabakh in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahmudov_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahmudov-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijani academics and politicians have claimed that foreign historians falsify the history of Azerbaijan and criticism was directed towards a Russian documentary about the regions of <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> and the historical Armenian presence in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_Az_02052007_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_Az_02052007-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-echo-03-05-2007_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-03-05-2007-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the institute director of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences">Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences</a> Yagub Mahmudov, prior to 1918 "there was never an Armenian state in the South Caucasus".<sup id="cite_ref-ANAS_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANAS-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mahmudov, <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>'s statement in which he said that "Irevan is our [Azerbaijan's] historic land, and we, Azerbaijanis must return to these historic lands", was based "historical facts" and "historical reality".<sup id="cite_ref-ANAS_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANAS-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmudov also stated that the claim that Armenian's are the most ancient people in the region is based on propaganda, and said that Armenians are non-natives of the region, having only arrived in the area after Russian victories over Iran and the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ANAS_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANAS-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute director also said: "The Azerbaijani soldier should know that the land under the feet of provocative Armenians is Azerbaijani land. The enemy can never defeat Azerbaijanis on Azerbaijani soil. Those who rule the Armenian state today must fundamentally change their political course. The Armenians cannot defeat us by sitting in our historic city of Irevan."<sup id="cite_ref-ANAS_132-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANAS-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_relation_to_Iran">In relation to Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In relation to Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Anti-Iranian sentiment in Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(toponym)#Southern_Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan (toponym)">Azerbaijan (toponym) § Southern Azerbaijan</a></div> <p>Historic falsifications in Azerbaijan, in relation to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">its history</a>, are "backed by state and state backed non-governmental organizational bodies", ranging "from elementary school all the way to the highest level of universities".<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the two <a href="/wiki/Russo-Iranian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Iranian Wars">Russo-Iranian Wars</a> of the 19th century, the border between what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the Republic of Azerbaijan was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Croissant_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there had not been a historical <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijani</a> state to speak of in history, the demarcation, set at the <a href="/wiki/Aras_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras river">Aras river</a>, left significant numbers of what were later coined "Azerbaijanis" to the north of the Aras river.<sup id="cite_ref-Croissant_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a>, as a result of Soviet-era historical revionism and myth-building, the notion of a "northern" and "<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(toponym)#Southern_Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan (toponym)">southern</a>" Azerbaijan was formulated and spread throughout the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Croissant_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Soviet nation building campaign, any event, both past and present, that had ever occurred in what is the present-day Azerbaijan Republic and Iranian Azerbaijan were rebranded as phenomenons of "Azerbaijani culture".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any Iranian ruler or poet that had lived in the area was assigned to the newly rebranded identity of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkophones</a>, in other words "Azerbaijanis".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Michael P. Croissant: "It was charged that the "two Azerbaijans", once united, were separated artificially by a conspiracy between imperial Russia and Iran".<sup id="cite_ref-Croissant_134-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This notion based on illegitimate historic revisionism suited Soviet political purposes well (based on "anti-imperialism"), and became the basis for irredentism among <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani nationalists</a> in the last years of the Soviet Union, shortly prior to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Republic in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Croissant_134-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Azerbaijan, periods and aspects of Iranian history are usually claimed as being an "Azerbaijani" product in a distortion of history, and historic Iranian figures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> are called "Azerbaijanis", contrary to universally acknowledged fact.<sup id="cite_ref-Arakelova_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arakelova-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talattof_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talattof-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Azerbaijan SSR, forgeries such as an alleged "Turkish <i><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a></i>" and falsified verses were published in order to "Turkify" Nizami Ganjavi.<sup id="cite_ref-Talattof_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talattof-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this type of irredentism was initially the result of the nation building policy of the Soviets, it became an instrument for "biased, pseudo-academic approaches and political speculations" in the nationalistic aspirations of the young Azerbaijan Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Arakelova_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arakelova-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern Azerbaijan Republic, historiography is written with the aim of retroactively Turkifying many of the peoples and kingdoms that existed prior to the arrival of Turks in the region, including the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to professor of history <a href="/wiki/George_Bournoutian" title="George Bournoutian">George Bournoutian</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As noted, in order to construct an Azerbaijani national history and identity based on the territorial definition of a nation, as well as to reduce the influence of Islam and Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azeri nationalists</a>, prompted by Moscow devised an <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet#History" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">"Azeri" alphabet</a>, which replaced the Arabo-Persian script. In the 1930s a number of Soviet historians, including the prominent Russian Orientalist, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Pavlovich_Petrushevsky" title="Ilya Pavlovich Petrushevsky">Ilya Petrushevskii</a>, were instructed by the Kremlin to accept the totally unsubstantiated notion that the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">former Iranian khanates</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Yerevan</a>, which had become <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenia">Soviet Armenia</a>) was part of an Azerbaijani nation. Petrushevskii's two important studies dealing with the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, therefore, use the term Azerbaijan and Azerbaijani in his works on the history of the region from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Other Russian academics went even further and claimed that an Azeri nation had existed from ancient times and had continued to the present. Since all the Russian surveys and almost all nineteenth-century Russian primary sources referred to the Muslims who resided in the South Caucasus as "Tatars" and not "<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>", Soviet historians simply substituted Azerbaijani for Tatars. Azeri historians and writers, starting in 1937, followed suit and began to view the three-thousand-year history of the region as that of Azerbaijan. The pre-Iranian, Iranian, and Arab eras were expunged. Anyone who lived in the territory of Soviet Azerbaijan was classified as Azeri; hence the great Iranian poet <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nezami</a>, who had written only in Persian, became the national poet of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>Bournoutian adds:<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although after <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s death arguments rose between Azerbaijani historians and Soviet Iranologists dealing with the history of the region in ancient times (specifically the era of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>), no Soviet historian dared to question the use of the term Azerbaijan or Azerbaijani in modern times. As late as 1991, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, published a book by an Azeri historian, in which it not only equated the "Tatars" with the present-day Azeris, but the author, discussing the population numbers in 1842, also included <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhichevan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordubad" title="Ordubad">Ordubad</a> in "Azerbaijan". The author, just like Petrushevskii, totally ignored the fact that between 1828 and 1921, Nakhichivan and Ordubad were first part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Oblast" title="Armenian Oblast">Armenian Province</a> and then part of the <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Governorate" title="Erivan Governorate">Yerevan guberniia</a> and had only become part of Soviet Azerbaijan, some eight decades later ... Although the overwhelming number of nineteenth-century Russian and Iranian, as well as present-day European historians view the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azarbayjan</a> and the present-day <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> as two separate <i>geographical</i> and <i>political</i> entities, modern Azeri historians and geographers view it as a single state that has been separated into "northern" and "southern" sectors and which will be united in the future. ... Since the collapse of the Soviet Union the current Azeri historians have not only continued to use the terms "northern" and "southern" Azerbaijan, but also assert that the present-day <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Republic">Armenian Republic</a> was a part of northern Azerbaijan. In their fury over what they view as the "Armenian occupation" of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> [which incidentally was <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">an autonomous Armenian region within Soviet Azerbaijan</a>], Azeri politicians and historians deny any historic Armenian presence in the South Caucasus and add that all Armenian architectural monuments located in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan are not Armenian but <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">[Caucasian] Albanian</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea_and_the_Korean_War">North Korea and the Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: North Korea and the Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953), the government of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> has consistently denied that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) launched the attack with which it began the war for the Communist unification of Korea. The historiography of the DPRK maintains that the war was provoked by <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, at the instigation of the United States: "On June 17, Juche 39 [1950] the then U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">[Harry S.] Truman</a> sent <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">[John Foster] Dulles</a> as his special envoy to South Korea to examine the anti-North war scenario and give an order to start the attack. On June 18, Dulles inspected the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> and the war preparations of the '<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">ROK Army</a>' units. That day he told <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> to start the attack on North Korea with the <a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">counter-propaganda</a> that North Korea first 'invaded' the south."<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further North Korean pronouncements included the claim that the U.S. needed the peninsula of Korea as "a bridgehead, for invading the Asian continent, and as a strategic base, from which to fight against <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">national-liberation movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, and, ultimately, to attain world supremacy."<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the DPRK denied the <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">war crimes</a> committed by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> in the course of the war; nonetheless, in the 1951–1952 period, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (WPK) privately admitted to the "excesses" of their earlier campaign against North Korean citizens who had collaborated with the enemy – either actually or allegedly – during the US–South Korean occupation of North Korea. Later, the WPK blamed every wartime atrocity upon the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Armed Forces</a>, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sinchon_Massacre" title="Sinchon Massacre">Sinchon Massacre</a> (17 October – 7 December 1950) occurred during the retreat of the DPRK government from <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae Province</a>, in the south-west of North Korea. </p><p>The campaign against "<a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborators</a>" was attributed to political and ideological manipulations by the U.S.; the high-ranking leader <a href="/wiki/Pak_Chang-ok" title="Pak Chang-ok">Pak Chang-ok</a> said that the American enemy had "started to use a new method, namely, it donned a <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> garb, which considerably influenced the inexperienced cadres of the Party and government organs."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathryn Weathersby's <i>Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945–1950: New Evidence from Russian Archives</i> (1993) confirmed that the Korean War was launched by order of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1912–1994); and also refuted the DPRK's <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War" title="Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War">allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a> dismissed the historical record of Soviet documents as "sheer forgery".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocaust_denial">Holocaust denial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Holocaust denial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Holocaust_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Holocaust denial">Criticism of Holocaust denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></div> <p>Holocaust deniers usually reject the term <i>Holocaust denier</i> as an inaccurate description of their historical point of view, instead preferring the term <i>Holocaust revisionist</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholars</a> prefer "Holocaust denier" to differentiate deniers from legitimate <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionists</a>, whose goal is to accurately analyse historical evidence with established methods.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Alan Berger reports that Holocaust deniers argue in support of a preconceived theory – that the Holocaust either did not occur or was mostly a hoax – by ignoring extensive historical evidence to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the author <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lost his <a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">English libel case</a> against Deborah Lipstadt, and her publisher, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, and thus was publicly discredited and identified as a Holocaust denier,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the trial judge, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gray_(judge)" title="Charles Gray (judge)">Justice Charles Gray</a>, concluded that "Irving has, for his own ideological reasons, persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence; that, for the same reasons, he has portrayed Hitler in an unwarrantedly favorable light, principally in relation to his attitude towards, and responsibility for, the treatment of the Jews; that he is an active Holocaust denier; that he is anti-semitic and racist, and that he associates with right-wing extremists who promote neo-Nazism."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 February 2006, Irving was found guilty, and sentenced to three years imprisonment for Holocaust denial, under Austria's 1947 law banning Nazi revivalism and criminalizing the "public denial, belittling or justification of National Socialist crimes".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Austria, eleven other countries<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – including Belgium, France, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Switzerland – have criminalized Holocaust denial as punishable with imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: North Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">Historiography in North Macedonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Borza" title="Eugene N. Borza">Eugene N. Borza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> are in search of their past to legitimize their unsure present, in the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">disorder</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#20th_century" title="History of the Balkans">Balkan politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_Dichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivaylo Dichev">Ivaylo Dichev</a> claims that the Macedonian historiography has the impossible task of filling the huge gaps between the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Macedon">kingdom of Macedon</a>, that collapsed in 2nd century BC, the 10th–11th century state of the <a href="/wiki/Cometopuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cometopuls">Cometopuls</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Macedonia">Yugoslav Macedonia</a> established in the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulf_Brunnbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulf Brunnbauer (page does not exist)">Ulf Brunnbauer</a>, modern Macedonian historiography is highly politicized, because the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a> process is still in development.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recent nation-building project imposes the idea of a "Macedonian nation" with unbroken continuity from the antiquity (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a>) to the modern times,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been criticized by some domestic and foreign scholars<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahistorical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahistorical (page does not exist)">ahistorically</a> projecting modern ethnic distinctions into the past.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way generations of students were educated in <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_in_Africa">Historiography in Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Historiography in Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ntrama_Church_Altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ntrama_Church_Altar.jpg/250px-Ntrama_Church_Altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ntrama_Church_Altar.jpg/375px-Ntrama_Church_Altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ntrama_Church_Altar.jpg/500px-Ntrama_Church_Altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, over five-thousand people seeking refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Ntarama_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Ntarama Genocide Memorial Centre">then Ntarama church</a> were killed by grenade, machete, rifle, or burnt alive.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide denial</a> has proliferated in multiple contexts despite the fact that the mass killings took place amidst widespread news coverage and additionally later received detailed study during the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (ICTR). Perpetrators of violent attacks against civilians in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, known as the "génocidaires", have been an element of this controversy. Concentrated details involving the planning, financing, and progress of war crimes have gotten unearthed, yet campaigns of denial endure given the influences of extremist ideologies surrounding ethnicity and race.<sup id="cite_ref-Brad_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brad-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2020, the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a></i> interviewed legal advocate and writer <a href="/wiki/Linda_Melvern" title="Linda Melvern">Linda Melvern</a> on the topic, with her having assisted with ICTR related prosecutions. She concluded that the "pernicious influence" of the <a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a> faction that enacted <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">the widespread murders</a> "lives on in rumor, stereotype, lies, and propaganda." She also remarked that said "movement's campaign of genocide denial has confused many, recruited some, and shielded others" such that with "the use of seemingly sound research methods, the génocidaires pose a threat, especially to those who might not be aware of the historical facts."<sup id="cite_ref-Brad_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brad-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the 21st Century, increased international debate and discussion have partially failed to prevent efforts obfuscating the facts surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Sudanese genocide</a>. In March 2010, <a href="/wiki/Omer_Ismail" title="Omer Ismail">Omer Ismail</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Prendergast_(activist)" title="John Prendergast (activist)">John Prendergast</a> wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a> warning of multiple distortions of reality with lasting implications given the actions of the then Khartoum-based government. Specifically, they alleged that the state had "systematically denied access to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> observer mission [personnel] to investigate attacks on civilians, so many of these attacks go unreported and the culpability remains mysterious."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical negationism within the territories of multiple African nations constitutes a crime from a <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> legal perspective. For example, denying the Rwandan genocide has led to prosecutions in that country. However, the negative social affects from disinformation and misinformation have expanded in some cases using modern media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_textbooks">In textbooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In textbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="in_textbooks"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revisionists_Yasukuni_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Revisionists_Yasukuni_1.jpg/300px-Revisionists_Yasukuni_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Revisionists_Yasukuni_1.jpg/450px-Revisionists_Yasukuni_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Revisionists_Yasukuni_1.jpg/600px-Revisionists_Yasukuni_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A member of the revisionist group “<a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform" title="Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform">Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform</a>” erects a banner reading "[Give] the Children Correct History Textbooks".</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">history textbook controversy</a> centres upon the secondary school history textbook <i>Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho</i> ("New History Textbook") said to <a href="/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewash (censorship)">minimize</a> the nature of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japanese militarism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895), in annexing Korea in 1910, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945), and in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1941–1945). The conservative <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform" title="Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform">Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform</a> commissioned the <i>Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho</i> textbook with the purpose of traditional national and international view of that Japanese historical period. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education</a> vets all history textbooks, especially those containing references to imperialist atrocities due to a special provision in the textbook examination rules to avoid inflaming controversy with neighbouring countries; however, the <i>Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho</i> de-emphasizes aggressive Japanese Imperial wartime behaviour and the matter of Chinese and Korean <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>. When it comes to the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking massacre</a>, the textbook only refers to it as the Nanking Incident, mentioning there were civilian casualties without delving into specifics, and mentioning it again in relation to the Tokyo tribunal, stating that there are multiple opinions about the topic with controversies continuing to this day (see <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre denial">Nanking massacre denial</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education">Ministry of Education</a> attempted to revise textbooks regarding the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>, lessening the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> in Okinawan civilian mass suicides.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></div> <p>Allegations of historical revisionism have been made regarding Pakistani textbooks in that they are laced with <a href="/wiki/Indophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indophobic">Indophobic</a>, Hindu-hating and <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> bias. Pakistan's use of officially published textbooks has been criticized for using schools to more subtly foster religious extremism, whitewashing <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent</a> and promoting "expansive pan-Islamic imaginings" that "detect the beginnings of Pakistan in the birth of Islam on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2001, the Pakistani government has stated that curriculum reforms have been underway by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Pakistan)">Ministry of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jamil_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamil-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jalal_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>12 October 2015, South Korea's government has announced controversial plans to control the history textbooks used in secondary schools despite oppositional concerns of people and academics that the decision is made to glorify the history of those who served the Imperial Japanese government (<a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Chinilpa</a>). Section and the authoritarian dictatorships in South Korea during 1960s–1980s.The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(South_Korea)" title="Ministry of Education (South Korea)">Ministry of Education</a> announced that it would put the secondary-school history textbook under state control; "This was an inevitable choice in order to straighten out historical errors and end the social dispute caused by ideological bias in the textbooks," <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Woo-yea" title="Hwang Woo-yea">Hwang Woo-yea</a>, education minister said on 12 October 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the government's plan, the current history textbooks of South Korea will be replaced by a single textbook written by a panel of government-appointed historians and the new series of publications would be issued under the title <i>The Correct Textbook of History</i> and are to be issued to the public and private primary and secondary schools in 2017 onwards. </p><p>The move has sparked fierce criticism from academics who argue that the system can be used to distort the history and glorify the history of those who served the Imperial Japanese government (<a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Chinilpa</a>) and of the authoritarian dictatorships. Moreover, 466 organizations including <a href="/wiki/Korean_Teachers_and_Education_Workers_Union" title="Korean Teachers and Education Workers Union">Korean Teachers and Education Workers Union</a> formed History Act Network in solidarity and have staged protests: "The government's decision allows the state too much control and power and, therefore, it is against political neutrality that is certainly the fundamental principle of education." Many South Korean historians condemned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyohaksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyohaksa (page does not exist)">Kyohaksa</a> for their text glorifying those who served the Imperial Japanese government (Chinilpa) and the authoritarian dictatorship with a far-right political perspective. On the other hand, New Right supporters welcomed the textbook, saying that "the new textbook finally describes historical truths contrary to the history textbooks published by left-wing publishers", and the textbook issue became intensified as a case of ideological conflict. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Korean history</a>, the history textbook was once put under state control during the authoritarian regime under <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> (1963–1979), who is a father of <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a>, and was used as a means to keep the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Yushin Regime</a>, also known as the Yushin Dictatorship; however, there had been continuous criticisms about the system especially from the 1980s when Korea experienced a <a href="/wiki/June_Democratic_Struggle" title="June Democratic Struggle">dramatic democratic development</a>. In 2003, reformation of textbook began when the textbooks on Korean modern and contemporary history were published though the Textbook Screening System, which allows textbooks to be published not by a single government body but by many different companies, for the first time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_textbook_controversies" title="Turkish textbook controversies">Turkish textbook controversies</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education in Turkey</a> is centralized, and its policy, administration, and content are each determined by the Turkish government. Textbooks taught in schools are either prepared directly by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Ministry of National Education (MEB)</a> or must be approved by its Instruction and Education Board. In practice, this means that the Turkish government is directly responsible for what textbooks are taught in schools across Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-armenianweekly_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armenianweekly-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner Akçam</a>, writing for the <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Weekly">Armenian Weekly</a></i>, discussed 2014–2015 Turkish elementary and middle school textbooks that the MEB had made available on the internet. He found that Turkish history textbooks describe Armenians as people "who are incited by foreigners, who aim to break apart the state and the country, and who murdered Turks and Muslims." The Armenian genocide is referred to as the "Armenian matter", and is described as a lie perpetrated to further the perceived hidden agenda of Armenians. Recognition of the Armenian genocide is defined as the "biggest threat to Turkish national security".<sup id="cite_ref-armenianweekly_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armenianweekly-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akçam summarized one textbook that claims the Armenians had sided with the Russians during the war. The 1909 <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a>, in which as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians were massacred, is identified as "The Rebellion of Armenians of Adana". According to the book, the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Hnchak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnak</a> organizations instituted rebellions in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and "didn't hesitate to kill Armenians who would not join them," issuing instructions that "if you want to survive you have to kill your neighbor first." Claims highlighted by Akçam: "[The Armenians murdered] many people living in villages, even children, by attacking Turkish villages, which had become defenseless because all the Turkish men were fighting on the war fronts. ... They stabbed the Ottoman forces in the back. They created obstacles for the operations of the Ottoman units by cutting off their supply routes and destroying bridges and roads. ... They spied for Russia and by rebelling in the cities where they were located, they eased the way for the Russian invasion. ... Since the Armenians who engaged in massacres in collaboration with the Russians created a dangerous situation, this law required the migration of [Armenian people] from the towns they were living in to Syria, a safe Ottoman territory. ... Despite being in the midst of war, the Ottoman state took precautions and measures when it came to the Armenians who were migrating. Their tax payments were postponed, they were permitted to take any personal property they wished, government officials were assigned to ensure that they were protected from attacks during the journey and that their needs were met, police stations were established to ensure that their lives and properties were secure."<sup id="cite_ref-armenianweekly_174-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armenianweekly-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar revisionist claims found in other textbooks by Akçam included that Armenian "back-stabbing" was the reason the Ottomans lost the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</a> (similar to the post-War German <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back myth</a>), that the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> never happened, that the Armenians were armed by the Russians during late <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to fight the Ottomans (in reality they had already been nearly annihilated from the area by this point), that Armenians killed 600,000 Turks during said war, that the deportation were to save Armenians from other violent Armenian gangs, and that deported Armenians were later allowed to retrieve their possessions and return to Turkey unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-armenianweekly_174-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armenianweekly-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, Turkish textbooks continue to refer to Armenians as "traitors," deny the genocide, and assert that the Ottoman Turks "took necessary measures to counter Armenian separatism".<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students are taught that Armenians were forcibly relocated to defend Turkish nationals from attacks, and Armenians are described as "dishonorable and treacherous".<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the post war era, though Tito denounced nationalist sentiments in historiography, those trends continued with Croat and Serbian academics at times accusing each other of misrepresenting each other's histories, especially in relation to the Croat-Nazi alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolander267_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolander267-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communist historiography was challenged in the 1980s and a rehabilitation of Serbian nationalism by Serbian historians began.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunnbauer364_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunnbauer364-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002147_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerica2002147-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians and other members of the intelligentsia belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> (SANU) and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Writers_of_Serbia" title="Association of Writers of Serbia">Writers Association</a> played a significant role in the explanation of the new historical narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-BieberGalijas2016_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BieberGalijas2016-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet19_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet19-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet322_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet322-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of writing a "new Serbian history" paralleled alongside the emerging ethno-nationalist mobilization of Serbs with the objective of reorganizing the Yugoslav federation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002147_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerica2002147-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using ideas and concepts from Holocaust historiography, Serbian historians alongside church leaders applied it to World War Two Yugoslavia and equated the Serbs with Jews and Croats with Nazi Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002150_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerica2002150-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chetniks along with the Ustashe were vilified by Tito era historiography within Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet129_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet129-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, Serbian historians initiated the process of re-examining the narrative of how World War Two was told in Yugoslavia which was accompanied by the rehabilitation of Četnik leader <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EmmertIngrao42_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmmertIngrao42-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drapac282_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drapac282-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monographs relating to Mihailović and the Četnik movement were produced by some younger historians who were ideologically close to it towards the end of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Stojanovic249_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stojanovic249-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being preoccupied with the era, Serbian historians have looked to vindicate the history of the Chetniks by portraying them as righteous freedom fighters battling the Nazis while removing from history books the ambiguous alliances with the Italians and Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald138_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald138-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet129_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet129-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Subotic201_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subotic201-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finney353_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finney353-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the crimes committed by Chetniks against Croats and Muslims in Serbian historiography are overall "cloaked in silence".<sup id="cite_ref-Becirevic46_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becirevic46-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Milošević era, Serbian history was falsified to obscure the role Serbian collaborators <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Dimitrije Ljotić</a> played in cleansing <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia's Jewish community</a>, killing them in the country or deporting them to Eastern European concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002151_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerica2002151-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s following a massive Western media coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, there was a rise of the publications considering the matter on historical revisionism of <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a>. One of the most prominent authors on the field of historical revisionism in the 1990s considering the newly emerged republics is <a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a> and his works <i>Bosnia: A Short History (1994)</i> and <i>Kosovo: A Short History (1998)</i>, that have seen a robust debate among historians following their release; following the release of the latter, the merits of the book were the subject of an extended debate in <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. Critics said that the book was "marred by his sympathies for its ethnic Albanian separatists, anti-Serbian bias, and illusions about the Balkans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjilas1998_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjilas1998-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1999, Thomas Emmert of the history faculty of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> reviewed the book in <i>Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online</i> and while praising aspects of the book also asserted that it was "shaped by the author's overriding determination to challenge Serbian myths", that Malcolm was "partisan", and also complained that the book made a "transparent attempt to prove that the main Serbian myths are false".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert1999_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert1999-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, a study by Frederick Anscombe looked at issues surrounding scholarship on Kosovo such as Noel Malcolm's work <i>Kosovo: A Short History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe770_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe770-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anscombe noted that Malcolm offered a "detailed critique of the competing versions of Kosovo's history" and that his work marked a "remarkable reversal" of previous acceptance by Western historians of the "Serbian account" regarding the migration of the Serbs (1690) from Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe770_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe770-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malcolm has been criticized for being "anti-Serbian" and selective like the Serbs with the sources, while other more restrained critics note that "his arguments are unconvincing".<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe770771_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe770771-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anscombe noted that Malcolm, like Serbian and Yugoslav historians who have ignored his conclusions, sidelines and is unwilling to consider indigenous evidence such as that from the Ottoman archive when composing national history.<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe770771_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe770771-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_law_recognizing_colonialism's_positive_value"><span id="French_law_recognizing_colonialism.27s_positive_value"></span>French law recognizing colonialism's positive value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: French law recognizing colonialism's positive value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_law_on_colonialism" title="French law on colonialism">French law on colonialism</a></div> <p>On 23 February 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> conservative majority at the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a> voted a law compelling history textbooks and teachers to "acknowledge and recognize in particular the positive role of the French presence abroad, especially in <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was criticized by historians and teachers, among them <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Pierre Vidal-Naquet</a>, who refused to recognize the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a>'s right to influence the way history is written (despite the French Holocaust denial laws, see <i><a href="/wiki/Loi_Gayssot" class="mw-redirect" title="Loi Gayssot">Loi Gayssot</a></i>). That law was also challenged by left-wing parties and the former <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">French colonies</a>; critics argued that the law was tantamount to refusing to acknowledge the racism inherent to French <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, and that the law proper is a form of historical revisionism.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L'Obs_2006_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L'Obs_2006-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcos_martial_law_negationism_in_the_Philippines">Marcos martial law negationism in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Marcos martial law negationism in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality</a></div> <p>In the Philippines, the biggest examples of historical negationism are linked to the Marcos family dynasty, usually <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imee_Marcos" title="Imee Marcos">Imee Marcos</a> specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been accused of denying or trivializing the human rights violations during <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and the plunder of the Philippines' coffers while <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> was president.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rapplerNoApologies_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapplerNoApologies-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial_of_the_Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_peninsula">Denial of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Denial of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></div> <p>A spin-off of the vision of history espoused by the "inclusive <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a>" built in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National-Catholic</a> brand of Spanish nationalism, it was first coined by <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Olag%C3%BCe" title="Ignacio Olagüe">Ignacio Olagüe</a> (a dilettante historian connected to the early <a href="/wiki/Spanish_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish fascism">Spanish fascism</a>) particularly in the former's 1974 work <i>La revolución islámica en Occidente</i> ("The Islamic revolution in the West").<sup id="cite_ref-garciasanjuan_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garciasanjuan-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olagüe argued that it was impossible for <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> to have invaded Hispania in 711 since they had not yet established their dominance over the neighbouring part of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. Instead, Olagüe held that the events of 711 could be explained as skirmishes involving allied North African troops within the context of a civil war pitting Catholic Goths led by <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a> against Goths adhering to some form of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and a largely-<a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> Spanish population, including <a href="/wiki/Nestorians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorians">Nestorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaeans">Manichaeans</a>. The negationist postulates of Olagüe were later adopted by certain sectors within <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-garciasanjuan_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garciasanjuan-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas were resurrected in the early 21st century by the Arabist Emilio González Ferrín.<sup id="cite_ref-garciasanjuan_207-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garciasanjuan-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Australian history wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian</a> population plummeted in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a>. The aboriginal people were regarded as lacking any concept of property or land rights: consequently, Australia was considered <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Massacres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_poisonings_of_Aboriginal_Australians" title="Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians">mass poisonings</a> were carried out against indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-Mapping_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mapping-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous children were removed from their families in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nakba">Nakba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Nakba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></div> <p>Nakba denial is a form of historical denialism<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakba#Components" title="Nakba">its accompanying effects</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> refer to collectively as the "<a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">catastrophe</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underlying assumptions of Nakba denial cited by scholars can include the denial of historically documented violence against Palestinians, the denial of a <a href="/wiki/Palestinians#Emergence_of_a_distinct_identity" title="Palestinians">distinct Palestinian identity</a>, the idea that <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> was <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">barren land</a>, and the notion that Palestinian dispossession were part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">mutual transfers between Arabs and Jews</a> justified by war.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramifications_and_judicature">Ramifications and judicature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Ramifications and judicature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16 European countries as well as Canada and Israel have <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">criminalized historical negationism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> defines it as the "denial, gross minimisation, approval or <a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">justification of genocide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>" (article 6, <i>Additional Protocol to the Convention on cybercrime</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></div> <p>Some council-member states proposed an additional protocol to the Council of Europe <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybercrime Convention">Cybercrime Convention</a>, addressing materials and "acts of racist or xenophobic nature committed through computer networks"; it was negotiated from late 2001 to early 2002, and, on 7 November 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Committee_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Committee of Ministers">Council of Europe Committee of Ministers</a> adopted the protocol's final text<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> titled <i>Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cyber-crime, Concerning the Criminalization of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature Committed through Computer Systems</i>, ("Protocol").<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opened on 28 January 2003, and became current on 1 March 2006; as of 30 November 2011, 20 States have signed and ratified the Protocol, and 15 others have signed, but not yet ratified it (including Canada and South Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Protocol requires participant States to criminalize the dissemination of racist and xenophobic material, and of racist and xenophobic threats and insults through computer networks, such as the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-www.usdoj.gov_COEFAQs_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.usdoj.gov_COEFAQs-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 6, Section 1 of the Protocol specifically covers <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Denial">Holocaust Denial</a>, and other genocides recognized as such by international courts, established since 1945, by relevant international legal instruments. Section 2 of Article 6 allows a Party to the Protocol, at their discretion, only to prosecute the violator if the crime is committed with the intent to incite hatred or discrimination or violence; or to use a reservation, by allowing a Party not to apply Article 6 – either partly or entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-conventions.coe.int_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conventions.coe.int-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Europe's <i>Explanatory Report</i> of the Protocol says that the "<a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has made it clear that the denial or revision of 'clearly established historical facts – such as the Holocaust  –  ... would be removed from the protection of Article 10 by Article 17' of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>" (see the <i><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v._France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehideux and Isorni v. France">Lehideux and Isorni</a></i> judgement of 23 September 1998);<sup id="cite_ref-conventions.coe.int_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conventions.coe.int-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the English-speaking states in Europe, Ireland and the United Kingdom, have not signed the additional protocol, (the third, Malta, signed on 28 January 2003, but has not yet ratified it).<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 July 2005 Canada became the only non-European state to sign the convention. They were joined by South Africa in April 2008. The United States government does not believe that the final version of the Protocol is consistent with the United States' First Amendment Constitutional rights and has informed the Council of Europe that the United States will not become a Party to the protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-www.usdoj.gov_COEFAQs_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.usdoj.gov_COEFAQs-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-signatures_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signatures-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_law">Domestic law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Domestic law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are domestic laws against negationism and <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> (which may encompass negationism) in several countries, including: </p> <ul><li>Austria (Article I §3 <a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Verbotsgesetz 1947</a> with its 1992 updates and added paragraph §3h).<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgian Holocaust denial law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>France (<a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">Gayssot Act</a>).</li> <li>Germany (§130(3) of the penal code).<sup id="cite_ref-§130(3)_of_the_German_penal_code_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-§130(3)_of_the_German_penal_code-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poland (Article 55 of the law establishing the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> 1998).<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Switzerland (Article 261bis of the Penal Code).<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, the Netherlands considers denying the Holocaust as a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a> – which is a punishable offence.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Laws_Banning_Holocaust_Denial_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Laws_Banning_Holocaust_Denial-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wider use of domestic laws include the 1990 French <i><a href="/wiki/Loi_Gayssot" class="mw-redirect" title="Loi Gayssot">Gayssot Act</a></i> that prohibits any "racist, anti-Semitic or <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a>" speech,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Laws_Banning_Holocaust_Denial_238-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Laws_Banning_Holocaust_Denial-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Czech Republic<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have criminalized the denial and the minimization of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Communist-era crimes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></div> <p>In the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949) by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, the government of <a href="/wiki/Oceania_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceania (fiction)">Oceania</a> continually revises historical records to concord with the contemporary political explanations of The Party. When Oceania is at war with <a href="/wiki/Nations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four">Eurasia</a>, the public records (newspapers, cinema, television) indicate that Oceania has been always at war with Eurasia; yet, when Eurasia and Oceania are no longer fighting each other, the historical records are subjected to negationism; thus, the populace are <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashed</a> to believe that Oceania and Eurasia always have been allies against Eastasia. The protagonist of the story, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Winston Smith</a>, is an editor in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Truth">Ministry of Truth</a>, responsible for effecting the continual historical revisionism that will negate the contradictions of the past upon the contemporary world of Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To cope with the psychological stresses of life during wartime, Smith begins a diary, in which he observes that "He who controls the present, controls the past. He who controls the past, controls the future", and so illustrates the principal, ideological purpose of historical negationism.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kurowski" title="Franz Kurowski">Franz Kurowski</a> was an extremely prolific right-wing German writer who dedicated his entire career to the production of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi military propaganda</a>, followed by post-war military pulp fiction and revisionist histories of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clean_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Wehrmacht">claiming the humane behaviour and innocence of war crimes</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i>, glorifying war as a desirable state, while fabricating eyewitness reports of atrocities allegedly committed by the Allies, especially Bomber Command and the air raids on Cologne and Dresden as a planned genocide of the civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_integrity" title="Academic integrity">Academic integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars"> History wars (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_wars_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="History wars (Canada)">History wars (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_memory" title="National memory">National memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_omission" title="Selective omission">Selective omission</a> – biases to taboo some elements of a <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases_of_denialism">Cases of denialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Cases of denialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Anti-Katyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against indigenous peoples">Denial of atrocities against indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_Holodomor" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the Holodomor">Denial of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> – lists a number of particular cases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_in_popular_culture" title="Waffen-SS in popular culture">Waffen-SS in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="White Legend">White Legend</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of changing visual history is the party's motivated practice of <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">altering photographs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To clarify the terminology of <i>denial</i> vs. <i>revisionism</i>, see: <ul><li>"This is the phenomenon of what has come to be known as 'revisionism', 'negationism', or 'Holocaust denial,' whose main characteristic is either an outright rejection of the very veracity of the Nazi genocide of the Jews, or at least a concerted attempt to minimize both its scale and importance ... It is just as crucial, however, to distinguish between the wholly objectionable politics of denial and the fully legitimate scholarly revision of previously accepted conventional interpretations of any historical event, including the Holocaust." Bartov, Omer. <i>The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation and Aftermath,</i> Routledge, pp. 11–12. Bartov is John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History at the Watson Institute, and is regarded as one of the world's leading authorities on <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=97">"Omer Bartov"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115629/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=97">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Watson Institute for International Studies).</li> <li>"The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about a historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a "certain body of irrefutable evidence" or a "convergence of evidence" that suggest that an event – like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust – did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence ..." Ronald J. Berger. <i>Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach</i>, Aldine Transaction, 2002, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-202-30670-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-202-30670-4">0-202-30670-4</a>, p. 154.</li> <li>"At this time, in the mid-1970s, the specter of Holocaust Denial (masked as "revisionism") had begun to raise its head in Australia ..." <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul R.</a> "A Little More Understanding: The Experience of a Holocaust Educator in Australia" in Samuel Totten, Steven Leonard Jacobs, Paul R Bartrop. <i>Teaching about the Holocaust</i>, Praeger/Greenwood, 2004, p. xix. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98232-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98232-7">0-275-98232-7</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Pierre Vidal-Naquet</a> urges that denial of the Holocaust should not be called 'revisionism' because 'to deny history is not to revise it'. <i>Les Assassins de la Memoire. Un Eichmann de papier et autres essays sur le revisionisme</i> (The Assassins of Memory – A Paper-Eichmann and Other Essays on Revisionism) 15 (1987)." Cited in Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the <i>Israel Yearbook on Human Rights</i>, Vol. 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-2581-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-2581-8">0-7923-2581-8</a>, p. 215.</li> <li>"This essay describes, from a methodological perspective, some of the inherent flaws in the "revisionist" approach to the history of the Holocaust. It is not intended as a polemic, nor does it attempt to ascribe motives. Rather, it seeks to explain the fundamental error in the "revisionist" approach, as well as why that approach of necessity leaves no other choice. It concludes that "revisionism" is a misnomer because the facts do not accord with the position it puts forward and, more importantly, its methodology reverses the appropriate approach to historical investigation ..."Revisionism" is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, "revisionism" denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/">"Why 'Revisionism' Isn't"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_History_Project" title="The Holocaust History Project">The Holocaust History Project</a>, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</li> <li>"Crucial to understanding and combating Holocaust denial is a clear distinction between denial and revisionism. One of the more insidious and dangerous aspects of contemporary Holocaust denial, a la Arthur Butz, Bradley Smith and Greg Raven, is the fact that they attempt to present their work as reputable scholarship under the guise of 'historical revisionism.' The term 'revisionist' permeates their publications as descriptive of their motives, orientation and methodology. In fact, Holocaust denial is in no sense 'revisionism,' it is denial ... Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are <i>Deniers</i>. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/revision.htm">"Deniers in Revisionists Clothing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121021941/http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/revision.htm">Archived</a> 21 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Holocaust\Shoah Page, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University" title="Middle Tennessee State University">Middle Tennessee State University</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</li> <li>"Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review). Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm">The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050016/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm">Archived</a> 12 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Further information of how Irving was discredited as a historian: <ul><li>"In 1969, after David Irving's support for Rolf Hochhuth, the German playwright who accused Winston Churchill of murdering the Polish wartime leader General Sikorski, The Daily Telegraph issued a memo to all its correspondents. 'It is incorrect,' it said, 'to describe David Irving as a historian. In future we should describe him as an author.'" Ingram, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060323205737/http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article347567.ece">Irving was the author of his own downfall</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 25 February 2006.</li> <li>"It may seem an absurd semantic dispute to deny the appellation of 'historian' to someone who has written two dozen books or more about historical subjects. But if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past, and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible, then Irving is not a historian. Those in the know, indeed, are accustomed to avoid the term altogether when referring to him and use some circumlocution such as 'historical writer' instead. Irving is essentially an ideologue who uses history for his own political purposes; he is not primarily concerned with discovering and interpreting what happened in the past, he is concerned merely to give a selective and tendentious account of it in order to further his own ideological ends in the present. The true historian's primary concern, however, is with the past. That is why, in the end, Irving is not a historian." Irving vs. (1) Lipstadt and (2) Penguin Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdot.org/en/trial/defense/evans/6.html">Expert Witness Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206151336/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/evans/6.html">Archived</a> 6 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Richard J. Evans FBA, Professor of Modern History, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, 2000, Chapter 6.</li> <li>"State prosecutor Michael Klackl said: 'He's not a historian, he's a falsifier of history.'" Traynor, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/farright/story/0,,1714403,00.html">Irving jailed for denying Holocaust</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 21 February 2006.</li> <li>"One of Britain's most prominent speakers on Muslim issues is today exposed as a supporter of David Irving. ... Bukhari contacted the discredited historian, sentenced this year to three years in an Austrian prison for Holocaust denial, after reading his website." Doward, Jamie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1951773,00.html">"Muslim leader sent funds to Irving"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 19 November 2006.</li> <li>"David Irving, the discredited historian and Nazi apologist, was last night starting a three-year prison sentence in Vienna for denying the Holocaust and the gas chambers of Auschwitz." Traynor, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/farright/story/0,,1714403,00.html">"Irving jailed for denying Holocaust"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 21 February 2006.</li> <li>"Conclusion on meaning 2.15 (vi): that Irving is discredited as a historian." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/David_Irving_v._Penguin_Books_and_Deborah_Lipstadt/II" class="extiw" title="s:David Irving v. Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt/II">David Irving v. Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt/II</a>.</li> <li>"DAVID Irving, the discredited revisionist historian and most outspoken British Holocaust denier, has added further fuel to the controversy over his early release from an Austrian jail by recanting his court statement of regret over his views." Crichton, Torcuil. "Holocaust denier reneges on regret", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Herald">The Sunday Herald</a></i>, 24 December 2006.</li> <li>"Discredited British author David Irving spoke in front of some 250 people at a small theatre on Szabadság tér last Monday." Hodgson, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.budapesttimes.hu/?do=article&id=2273">"Holocaust denier David Irving draws a friendly crowd in Budapest"</a>, <i>The Budapest Times</i>, 19 March 2007.</li> <li>"An account of the 2000–2001 libel trial in the high court of the now discredited historian David Irving, which formed the backdrop for his recent conviction in Vienna for denying the Holocaust." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbc.ask-adders.com/program-details/David+Irving%3A+The+London+Trial/20060226170000/">Program Details – David Irving: The London Trial 2006-02-26 17:00:00</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>.</i></li> <li>"Yet Irving, a discredited right-wing historian, was described by a High Court judge after a long libel trial as a racist anti-semite who denied the Holocaust." Edwards, Rob. "Anti-green activist in links with Nazi writer; Revealed: campaigner", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Herald">The Sunday Herald</a></i>, 5 May 2002.</li> <li>"'The sentence against Irving confirms that he and his views are discredited, but as a general rule I don't think that this is the way this should be dealt with,' said <a href="/wiki/Antony_Lerman" title="Antony Lerman">Antony Lerman</a>, director of the London-based Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 'It is better to combat denial by education and using good speech to drive out bad speech.'" Gruber, Ruth Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/28480/edition_id/541/format/html/displaystory.html">"Jail sentence for Holocaust denier spurs debate on free speech"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/J._The_Jewish_News_of_Northern_California" title="J. The Jewish News of Northern California">J. The Jewish News of Northern California</a></i>, 24 February 2006.</li> <li>"Deborah Lipstadt is Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies and director of The Rabbi Donald A. Tam Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory University. She is the author of two books about the Holocaust. Her book <i>Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory</i> led to the 2000 court case in which she defeated and discredited Holocaust denier David Irving." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/understanding/justice.html">Understanding Auschwitz Today</a>, Task of Justice & Danger of Holocaust Deniers, <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a></i>.</li> <li>"After the discredited British historian David Irving was sentenced to a three-year jail term in Austria as a penalty for denying the Holocaust, the liberal conscience of western Europe has squirmed and agonised." Glover, Gillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1087&id=277732006">"Irving gets just what he wanted – his name in the headlines"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>, 23 February 2006.</li> <li>"... is a disciple of discredited historian and Holocaust denier David Irving." <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz, David</a>. <i>The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America</i>, Regnery Publishing, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-003-4">0-89526-003-4</a>, p. 175.</li> <li>"If the case for competence applies to those who lack specialist knowledge, it applies even further to those who have been discredited as incompetent. For example, why ought we include David Irving in a debate aiming to establish the truth about the Holocaust, after a court has found that he manipulates and misinterprets history?" Long, Graham. <i>Relativism and the Foundations of Liberalism</i>, Imprint Academic, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84540-004-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84540-004-6">1-84540-004-6</a>, p. 80.</li> <li>"Ironically, Julius is also a celebrated solicitor famous for his defence of Schuchard's colleague, Deborah Lipstadt, against the suit for of libel brought by the discredited historian David Irving brought when Lipstadt accused him of denying the Holocaust." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/tseliot.htm">"T S Eliot's anti-Semitism hotly debated as scholars argue over new evidence"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024024743/http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/tseliot.htm">Archived</a> 24 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>, Communications Office, 5 February 2003.</li> <li>"Irving, a discredited historian, has insisted that Jews at Auschwitz were not gassed." "Irving vows to continue denial", Breaking News, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>, 7 February 2007.</li> <li>"David Irving, the discredited historian and Nazi apologist, was on Monday night starting a three-year prison sentence in Vienna for denying the Holocaust and the gas chambers of Auschwitz." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264817&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news/">"Historian jailed for denying Holocaust"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001011110/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264817&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__international_news%2F">Archived</a> 1 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a></i>, 21 February 2006.</li> <li>"Irving, a discredited historian, has insisted that Jews at Auschwitz were not gassed." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=13464">"Irving Vows To Continue Denial"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102022947/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=13464">Archived</a> 2 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Week">The Jewish Week</a></i>, 29 December 2006.</li> <li>"The two best-known present-day Holocaust deniers are the discredited historian David Irving, jailed last year in Austria for the offence, and the Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who wants Israel wiped off the map." Wills, Clair. " Ben Kiely and the 'Holocaust denial'", <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>, 10 March 2007.</li> <li>"[Irving] claimed that Lipstadt's book accuses him of falsifying historical facts to support his theory that the Holocaust never happened. This of course discredited his reputation as a historian. ... On 11 April, High Court judge Charles Gray ruled against Irving, concluding that he qualified as a Holocaust denier and anti-Semite, and that as such he distorted history to defend his hero, Adolf Hitler." Wyden, Peter. <i>The Hitler Virus: the Insidious Legacy of Adolf Hitler</i>, Arcade Publishing, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-532-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-532-9">1-55970-532-9</a>, p. 164.</li> <li>"Now that holocaust denier David Irving has been discredited, what is the future of history?" Kustow, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redpepper.org.uk/cularch/xirving.html">"History after Irving"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416193052/http://www.redpepper.org.uk/cularch/xirving.html">Archived</a> 16 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pepper_(magazine)" title="Red Pepper (magazine)">Red Pepper</a></i>, June 2000.</li> <li>"In Britain, which does not have a Holocaust denial law, Irving had already been thoroughly discredited when he unsuccessfully sued historian Deborah Lipstadt in 1998 for describing him as a Holocaust denier." <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Callamard" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Callamard">Callamard, Agnès</a>. "Debate: can we say what we want?", <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a></i>, April 2007.</li> <li>"Holocaust denier and discredited British historian David Irving, for example, asserts. ... that Auschwitz gas chambers were constructed after World War II." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatricnews.org/pnews/01-02-02/hate.html">"Hate-Group Web Sites Target Children, Teens"</a>, <i>Psychiatric News</i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>, 2 February 2001.</li> <li>"Holocaust denier: An Austrian court hears discredited British historian David Irving's appeal against his jail sentence for denying the Nazi genocide of the Jews.", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6183173.stm">"The world this week"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 20 December 2006.</li> <li>"Discredited British historian David Irving began serving three years in an Austrian prison yesterday for denying the Holocaust, a crime in the country where Hitler was born." Schofield, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/02/21/1140284069021.html?from=rss">"Controversial Nazi apologist backs down, but still jailed for three years"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>, 22 February 2006.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laws against denying the Holocaust: <ul><li>Philip Johnston "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051220094335/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/02/18/nxeno18.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/02/18/ixnewstop.html">Britons face extradition (to Germany) for 'thought crime' on net</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, 18 February 2003</li> <li>Brendan O'Neill <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4578534.stm">"Irving? Let the guy go home"</a> [from Austria] <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> 4 January 2006</li> <li>Malte Herwig <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/spiegel/0,1518,395810,00.html">The Swastika Wielding Provocateur</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> 16 January 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222032427/http://www.ejpress.org/article/5768">"German neo-Nazi revisionist Zuendel goes on trial"</a>. European Jewish Press. 12 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejpress.org/article/5768">the original</a> on 22 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=German+neo-Nazi+revisionist+Zuendel+goes+on+trial&rft.date=2006-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejpress.org%2Farticle%2F5768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=JUSX9010223L">14 July 1990 Act prohibiting racist, antisemitic and xenophobic acts – <i>loi Gayssot</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060302094146/http://ejpress.org/article/5044">"Row over anti-revisionist laws"</a>. 4 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejpress.org/article/5044">the original</a> on 2 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Row+over+anti-revisionist+laws&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejpress.org%2Farticle%2F5044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516043308/http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=48&story_id=22551&name=Belgian+Holocaust+negationist+held+at+Schiphol">"Belgian Holocaust denier held at Schiphol"</a>. Expatica News. 5 August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=48&story_id=22551&name=Belgian+Holocaust+negationist+held+at+Schiphol">the original</a> on 16 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Belgian+Holocaust+denier+held+at+Schiphol&rft.date=2005-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fsource%2Fsite_article.asp%3Fsubchannel_id%3D48%26story_id%3D22551%26name%3DBelgian%2BHolocaust%2Bnegationist%2Bheld%2Bat%2BSchiphol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw99-2000/switzerland.htm">About Switzerland laws</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025055218/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw99-2000/switzerland.htm">Archived</a> 25 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a> for the Study of Antisemitism and Racism</li> <li>Philip Johnston, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030520020125/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/2000/01/21/nazi21.html">Blair's pledge on Holocaust denial law abandoned</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, 21 January 2000 and Lithuania.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In retaliation against the law, Algerian president <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> refused to sign a prepared "friendly treaty" with France. On 26 June 2005, Bouteflika declared that the law "approached mental blindness, negationism and revisionism". In <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>, author of the <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></i> literary movement, refused to receive UMP leader <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, the incumbent president of France.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>negationism</i> derives from the French <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <i>négationnisme</i>, denoting Holocaust denial.(Kornberg, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-494822161/the-future-of-a-negation-reflections-on-the-question">The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide.(Review) (book review)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051629/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-494822161/the-future-of-a-negation-reflections-on-the-question">Archived</a> 22 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a>, January 2001). It is now also sometimes used for more general political historical revisionism as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001238/123862e.pdf">(PDF) UNESCO against racism world conference</a> 31 August – 7 September 2001. "Given the ignorance with which it is treated, the slave trade comprises one of the most radical forms of historical negationism." Pascale Bloch has written in <i>International law: Response to Professor Fronza's The punishment of Negationism</i> (Accessed ProQuest Database, 12 October 2011) that revisionists are understood as negationists in order to differentiate them from historical revisionists, since their goal is either to prove that the Holocaust did not exist or to introduce confusion regarding the victims and German executioners regardless of historical and scientific methodology and evidence. For those reasons, the term <i>revisionism</i> is often considered confusing, since it conceals misleading ideologies that purport to avoid disapproval by presenting revisions of the past based on pseudo-scientific methods, while they are in fact a part of negationism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kriss Ravetto (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pOyPsK8yClsC&pg=PA33">The Unmaking of Fascist Aesthetics</a>, University of Minnesota Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3743-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3743-1">0-8166-3743-1</a>. p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2009" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Philip (2009). "Rewriting history: Céline and Kurt Vonnegut". <i>Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-five</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2874-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2874-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-2874-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rewriting+history%3A+C%C3%A9line+and+Kurt+Vonnegut&rft.btitle=Kurt+Vonnegut%27s+Slaughterhouse-five&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2874-0&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Pohl" title="Dieter Pohl">Pohl, Dieter</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=858280">"Holocaust Studies in Our Societies"</a>. <i>S:I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 133–141. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2408-9192">2408-9192</a>. <q>In addition, Holocaust research can support the fight against the falsification of history, not only Nazi negationism, but also lighter forms of historical propaganda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%3AI.M.O.N.+Shoah%3A+Intervention.+Methods.+Documentation.&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Studies+in+Our+Societies&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-141&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2408-9192&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D858280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger-154-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berger-154_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a> (1993) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about an historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a re-examination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a 'certain body of irrefutable evidence' or a 'convergence of evidence' that suggest that an event – like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust – did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence. ... " Ronald J. Berger. <i>Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach</i>, Aldine Transaction, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-202-30670-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-202-30670-4">0-202-30670-4</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-145-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-145_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans-145_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a>, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02153-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02153-0">0-465-02153-0</a>. p. 145. The author is a professor of Modern History, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, and was a major expert-witness in the <i>Irving v. Lipstadt</i> trial; the book presents his perspective of the trial, and the expert-witness report, including his research about the Dresden death count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrafzerLorimer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Trafzer, Clifford E.; Lorimer, Michelle (5 August 2013). "Silencing California Indian Genocide in Social Studies Texts". <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 64–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764213495032">10.1177/0002764213495032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144356070">144356070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=Silencing+California+Indian+Genocide+in+Social+Studies+Texts&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-82&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764213495032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144356070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trafzer&rft.aufirst=Clifford+E.&rft.au=Lorimer%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenelonTrafzer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fenelon, James V.; Trafzer, Clifford E. (4 December 2013). "From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Misrepresentations: Special Issue on Indigenous Struggles in the Americas". <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764213495045">10.1177/0002764213495045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145377834">145377834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=From+Colonialism+to+Denial+of+California+Genocide+to+Misrepresentations%3A+Special+Issue+on+Indigenous+Struggles+in+the+Americas&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-29&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764213495045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145377834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fenelon&rft.aufirst=James+V.&rft.au=Trafzer%2C+Clifford+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehnert1952Marx-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehnert1952Marx_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehnert1952Marx_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehnert1952Marx_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Mehnert, <i>Stalin Versus Marx: the Stalinist historical doctrine</i> (Translation of <i>Weltrevolution durch Weltgeschichte</i>) Port Washington NY: Kennikat Press 1972 (1952), on the illegitimate use of history in the 1934–1952 period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markwick-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markwick_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markwick_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markwick_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger D. Markwick, <i>Rewriting history in Soviet Russia : the politics of revisionist historiography, 1956–1974</i> New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, on legitimate Soviet historiography particularly in the post 1956 period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2024/gapal1467.doc.htm">"Nakba of 1948 and Today Are Not Separate Events, but Ongoing Process of Palestinian Displacement, Replacement, Speakers Tell Panel, Urging Immediate Ceasefire in Gaza | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. <i>press.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.un.org&rft.atitle=Nakba+of+1948+and+Today+Are+Not+Separate+Events%2C+but+Ongoing+Process+of+Palestinian+Displacement%2C+Replacement%2C+Speakers+Tell+Panel%2C+Urging+Immediate+Ceasefire+in+Gaza+%7C+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2024%2Fgapal1467.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNations" class="citation web cs1">Nations, United. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/outreach-programme-holocaust/social-media-feeds-holocaust-denial-and-distortion-finds-un-report">"Social media feeds Holocaust denial and distortion, finds UN report"</a>. <i>United Nations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Social+media+feeds+Holocaust+denial+and+distortion%2C+finds+UN+report&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Foutreach-programme-holocaust%2Fsocial-media-feeds-holocaust-denial-and-distortion-finds-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkielkraut1998" class="citation book cs1">Finkielkraut, Alain (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofnegation0000fink/page/125"><i>The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofnegation0000fink/page/125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2000-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-2000-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+a+Negation%3A+Reflections+on+the+Question+of+Genocide&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2000-3&rft.aulast=Finkielkraut&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofnegation0000fink%2Fpage%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taisia Osipova, "Peasant rebellions: Origin, Scope, Design and Consequences", in Vladimir N. Brovkin (ed.), <i>The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars</i>, Yale University Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06706-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06706-2">0-300-06706-2</a>. pp. 154–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger D. Markwick, Donald J. 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Bagley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spywarsmolesmyst00bagl">Spy Wars</a>¸ Yale University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12198-8">978-0-300-12198-8</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dionne1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dionne1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionne, E.J. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=3SJF-B8B0-002S-T1J1&csi=8075&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true">Cold War Scholars Fault Stalin: Soviet Historians Lean to U.S. View</a>. The Washington Post. 26 July 1990. LexisNexis Database (Retrieved 12 October 2011). First Section, p. A3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nargor1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nargor1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagorski, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=4S1C-XM90-TX2J-20J2&csi=5774&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true">Russia's New Normal: The Cold War may be over, but that doesn't mean the threat from the Kremlin has entirely disappeared.</a> Newsweek; World Affairs. 17 March 2008. LexisNexis Database(. Retrieved 12 October 2011)Vol. 151 No 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0163-7053">0163-7053</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-Pgrph-6-20-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans-Pgrph-6-20_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a>. David Irving, Hitler and Holocaust Denial: Electronic Edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/evans/6.html">6. General Conclusion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025406/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/evans/6.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Paragraphs 6.20,6.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Silverman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4449212.stm">How 'Holocaust denier' fought and lost</a> on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> web-site 18 November 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Malte_Herwig" title="Malte Herwig">Malte Herwig</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/spiegel/0,1518,395810,00.html">The Swastika Wielding Provocateur</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> 16 January 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Loberfeld, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcdunlimited.com/ideas/denying.html">"Denying the Other Holocausts"</a>: Professor Lipstadt's Own Assault on Truth and Memory, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1987)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1987)">Liberty</a>, May 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinehan" class="citation news cs1">Linehan, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/sinn-f%C3%A9in-not-allowing-facts-derail-good-irish-slaves-yarn-1.2644397">"Sinn Féin not allowing facts derail good 'Irish slaves' yarn"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785370472" title="Special:BookSources/9781785370472"><bdi>9781785370472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unhappy+the+Land%3A+The+Most+Oppressed+People+Ever%2C+the+Irish%3F&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781785370472&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Liam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Gouvea, Jornada (Coimbra, 1606);Geddes,"History of the Malabar Church", London, 1694</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadhil2015" class="citation news cs1">Fadhil, Muna (26 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/26/isis-destroys-thousands-books-libraries">"Isis destroys thousands of books and manuscripts in Mosul libraries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+destroys+thousands+of+books+and+manuscripts+in+Mosul+libraries&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.aulast=Fadhil&rft.aufirst=Muna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F26%2Fisis-destroys-thousands-books-libraries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiji Chapter 6. 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(2001) p. 289 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blight, David W. <i>Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory</i>. (2001) p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Madley, Benjamin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwhq%2Fwhw176">"Understanding Genocide in California under United States Rule, 1846–1873"</a>. <i>The Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 449–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwhq%2Fwhw176">10.1093/whq/whw176</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Understanding+Genocide+in+California+under+United+States+Rule%2C+1846%E2%80%931873&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=449-461&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwhq%2Fwhw176&rft.aulast=Madley&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fwhq%252Fwhw176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Madley, Benjamin (1 August 2008). 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"History, Memory, and the '1965 Incident' in Indonesia". <i>Asian Survey</i> Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 564–581.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadowplay-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shadowplay_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shadowplay_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friend (2003), p. 115; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Chris Hilton (writer and director) (2001). <i>Shadowplay</i>. <i>Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions</i> (Television documentary).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shadowplay&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span>; Vickers (1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz (1994), p. 21; Cribb (1990), pp. 2–3; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/indonesian-academics-fight-burning-of-books-on-1965-coup/2007/08/08/1186530448353.html">Indonesian academics fight burning of books on 1965 coup</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026103536/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/indonesian-academics-fight-burning-of-books-on-1965-coup/2007/08/08/1186530448353.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>, 9 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllard2009" class="citation web cs1">Allard, Tom (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/indonesia-unwilling-to-tackle-legacy-of-massacres-20090612-c63h.html">"Indonesia unwilling to tackle legacy of massacres"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Indonesia+unwilling+to+tackle+legacy+of+massacres&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft.aulast=Allard&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Findonesia-unwilling-to-tackle-legacy-of-massacres-20090612-c63h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uncw.edu/tanp/InsideIndonesiaTextbooks.html">Teaching and Remembering Inside Indonesia History Textbooks Suharto Era Transitional Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727112102/http://people.uncw.edu/tanp/InsideIndonesiaTextbooks.html">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. People.uncw.edu. Retrieved 25 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2013" class="citation web cs1">Jacobson, Philip (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2013/10/22/114523601/Book-Review-Indonesia-and-the-World-Circa-1965">"Book Review: Indonesia and the World Circa 1965"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tempo_(Indonesia_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempo (Indonesia magazine)">tempo.co</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+Indonesia+and+the+World+Circa+1965&rft.pub=tempo.co&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2013%2F10%2F22%2F114523601%2FBook-Review-Indonesia-and-the-World-Circa-1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchandPerrier2015" class="citation book cs1">Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). <i>Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's Press">McGill-Queen's Press</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773597204" title="Special:BookSources/9780773597204"><bdi>9780773597204</bdi></a>. <q>The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+the+Armenian+Ghost%3A+On+the+Trail+of+the+Genocide&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780773597204&rft.aulast=Marchand&rft.aufirst=Laure&rft.au=Perrier%2C+Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Rainsford <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4527318.stm">Author's trial set to test Turkey</a></i> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> 14 December 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr.org-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madeleine Brand speaks with Hugh Pope <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5171842">Charges Against Turkish Writer Pamuk Dropped</a></i> <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a> 25 January 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-140266-16&type=News">"Turkey's new penal code touches raw nerves"</a> EurActiv 2 June 2005, updated 14 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803195426/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/72146">Writer Hrant Dink acquitted; trials against other journalists continue</a></i> <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">IFEX</a> 9 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Rainsford <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4273602.stm">Turkey bans 'genocide' conference</a></i> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> News 22 September 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Harvey <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article343939.ece">Fight halts Turkish journalists' trial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184818/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article343939.ece">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> 8 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-5748033,00.html">Case Against 4 Turkish Journalists Dropped</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> 11 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/23/asia/south-korea-vietnam-massacre-intl/index.html">"The 'forgotten' My Lai: South Korea's Vietnam War massacres"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+%27forgotten%27+My+Lai%3A+South+Korea%27s+Vietnam+War+massacres&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F02%2F23%2Fasia%2Fsouth-korea-vietnam-massacre-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/the-forgotten-history-of-south-korean-massacres-in-vietnam/">"The Forgotten History of South Korean Massacres in Vietnam"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911202121/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/the-forgotten-history-of-south-korean-massacres-in-vietnam/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+History+of+South+Korean+Massacres+in+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fthe-forgotten-history-of-south-korean-massacres-in-vietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/politics-south-korea-government-vietnam-d59a6464135c216e64fe2e0c3ff36547">"South Korean defense minister denies Vietnam War massacres"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=South+Korean+defense+minister+denies+Vietnam+War+massacres&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics-south-korea-government-vietnam-d59a6464135c216e64fe2e0c3ff36547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/apocalypse-then-157805">"Apocalypse Then"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. 9 April 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141013/http://www.newsweek.com/apocalypse-then-157805">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Apocalypse+Then&rft.date=2000-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fapocalypse-then-157805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/30/vietnam-war-south-korea-massacres-history-diplomacy/">"It's Time for South Korea to Acknowledge Its Atrocities in Vietnam"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=It%27s+Time+for+South+Korea+to+Acknowledge+Its+Atrocities+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2022%2F12%2F30%2Fvietnam-war-south-korea-massacres-history-diplomacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-appeals-court-ruling-compensate-vietnam-war-victim-2023-03-09/">"South Korea appeals court ruling to compensate Vietnam war victim"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2014/03/8006/in-iran-new-years-address-khamenei-questions-holocaust/">the original</a> on 24 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-monitor.com&rft.atitle=In+Iran+new+year%27s+address%2C+Khamenei+questions+Holocaust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbackchannel.al-monitor.com%2Findex.php%2F2014%2F03%2F8006%2Fin-iran-new-years-address-khamenei-questions-holocaust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100418/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/100239211/what-does-irans-supreme-leader-really-think-about-the-holocaust/">"What does Iran's Supreme Leader really think about the Holocaust?"</a>. <i>News – Telegraph Blogs</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/100239211/what-does-irans-supreme-leader-really-think-about-the-holocaust/">the original</a> on 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%E2%80%93+Telegraph+Blogs&rft.atitle=What+does+Iran%27s+Supreme+Leader+really+think+about+the+Holocaust%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fdavidblair%2F100239211%2Fwhat-does-irans-supreme-leader-really-think-about-the-holocaust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611034558/http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm">"Newseum: The Commissar Vanishes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm">the original</a> on 11 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newseum%3A+The+Commissar+Vanishes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newseum.org%2Fberlinwall%2Fcommissar_vanishes%2Fvanishes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PF2LDwAAQBAJ&q=stalin+school"><i>The Stalin School of Falsification</i></a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7"><bdi>978-1-78912-348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=vii-89&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78912-348-7&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPF2LDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstalin%2Bschool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PF2LDwAAQBAJ&q=stalin+school"><i>The Stalin School of Falsification</i></a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7"><bdi>978-1-78912-348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=vii-89&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78912-348-7&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPF2LDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstalin%2Bschool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Historian_(journal)" title="The Historian (journal)">The Historian (journal)</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1957.tb01984.x/full">Encounters with Soviet Historians</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/The_Historian_(journal)" title="The Historian (journal)">The Historian (journal)</a> November 1957. Vol 20. No 1. pp. 80–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a>. <i>In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage.</i> <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893554-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-893554-72-4">1-893554-72-4</a> pp. 15–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Keep. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.revues.org/index1014.html">Recent Writing on Stalin's Gulag: An Overview</a>. 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosefielde2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Rosefielde, Steven</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Red_Holocaust_(2009_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Holocaust (2009 book)"><i>Red Holocaust</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 173–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77757-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77757-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Holocaust&rft.pages=173-213&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77757-5&rft.aulast=Rosefielde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8058087.stm">"Russia panel to 'protect history'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 19 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+panel+to+%27protect+history%27&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8058087.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj1-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj1_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn2009" class="citation news cs1">Osborn, Andrew (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124277297306236553">"Medvedev Creates History Commission"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Medvedev+Creates+History+Commission&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB124277297306236553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShnirelmanTheValue-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShnirelmanTheValue_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShnirelmanTheValue_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Victor Schnirelmann</a>: The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. Senri Ethnological Studies. pp. 160, 196–97: "The republication of classical and medieval sources with omissions, with the replacement of the term "Armenian state" by "Albanian state" and with other distortions of the original manuscripts was another way to play down the Armenian role in early and medieval Transcaucasia. ... The Azeri scholars did all of this by order of the Soviet and Party authorities of Azerbaijan, rather than through free will."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShnirelmanREGNUM-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShnirelmanREGNUM_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Victor Schnirelmann</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/1624198.html">Why to attribute the dominant views in Azerbaijan to the "world science"?</a> // REGNUM, 12 February 2013 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2013/03/06/shnirelman/">Translation</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloorJavadi-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloorJavadi_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloorJavadi_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willem M. Floor, Hasan Javadi. "Abbas-Kuli-aga Bakikhanov. The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan". Mage Publishers, 2008. p. xvi: "This is in particular disturbing because he suppresses, for example, the mention of territory inhabited by Armenians, thus not only falsifying history, but also not respecting Bakikhanov's dictum that a historian should write without prejudice, whether religious, ethnic, political or otherwise"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewsen-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hewsen. <i>Armenia: A Historical Atlas.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 2001. p. 291: "Scholars should be on guard when using Soviet and post-Soviet Azeri editions of Azeri, Persian, and even Russian and Western European sources printed in Baku. These have been edited to remove references to Armenians and have been distributed in large numbers in recent years. When utilizing such sources, the researchers should seek out pre-Soviet editions wherever possible."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aghuank-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aghuank_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Bournoutian" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Bournoutian">George Bournoutian</a>. A brief history of the Aghuankʻ region. Mazda Publishers, 2009. pp. 8–14: "Therefore, in order to substantiate their political claims, Bunyatov and his fellow academics chose to set aside all scholarly integrity and print large numbers of re-edited versions of these not easily accessible primary sources on Karabagh, while deleting or altering references to the Armenians"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrimarySources-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrimarySources_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrimarySources_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Bournoutian" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Bournoutian">George Bournoutian</a>. Rewriting History: Recent Azeri Alterations of Primary Sources Dealing with Karabakh // Research note from Volume 6 of the "Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies" (1992, 1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohl-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kohl_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip L. Kohl, Clare P. Fawcett. Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 154: "Thus, minimally, two points must be made. Patently false cultural origin myths are not always harmless. The political context within which such myths are articulated is critical, and this context continually changes: given the events of the last nine years, assertion that today's Azerbaijan was the original homeland of Turkic-speaking peoples is charged with political significance"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pickman-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pickman_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pickman, Sarah (30 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html">"Tragedy on the Araxes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Tragedy+on+the+Araxes&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft.aulast=Pickman&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2Fonline%2Ffeatures%2Fdjulfa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaas.org/page/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-destruction-cultural-artifacts-nakhchivan-azerbaijan">"High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-Resolution+Satellite+Imagery+and+the+Destruction+of+Cultural+Artifacts+in+Nakhchivan%2C+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fpage%2Fhigh-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-destruction-cultural-artifacts-nakhchivan-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrovsky-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrovsky_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Алиев В. "Кампанией вокруг хачкаров армяне хотят отвлечь внимание мира от агрессии Армении против Азербайджана"/В. Алиев // Наш век, 2006.-5-11 мая, N N18.-С.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheIndependent-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheIndependent_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle2011" class="citation news cs1">Castle, Stephen (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/azerbaijan-flattened-sacred-armenian-site-480272.html">"Azerbaijan 'flattened' sacred Armenian site"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+%27flattened%27+sacred+Armenian+site&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fazerbaijan-flattened-sacred-armenian-site-480272.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWPR-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IWPR_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasovRzayevMamedovMuradian2006" class="citation news cs1">Abbasov, Idrak; Rzayev, Shahin; Mamedov, Jasur; Muradian, Seda; Avetian, Narine; Ter-Sahakian, Karine (27 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/azerbaijan-famous-medieval-cemetery-vanishes">"Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">Institute for War and Peace Reporting</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Famous+Medieval+Cemetery+Vanishes&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft.aulast=Abbasov&rft.aufirst=Idrak&rft.au=Rzayev%2C+Shahin&rft.au=Mamedov%2C+Jasur&rft.au=Muradian%2C+Seda&rft.au=Avetian%2C+Narine&rft.au=Ter-Sahakian%2C+Karine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Fglobal-voices%2Fazerbaijan-famous-medieval-cemetery-vanishes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HT-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HT_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaghakyan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Maghakyan, Simon (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/simon-maghakyan/sacred-stones-silenced-azerbaijan">"Sacred Stones Silenced in Azerbaijan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>57</b> (11): 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Sacred+Stones+Silenced+in+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Maghakyan&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fsimon-maghakyan%2Fsacred-stones-silenced-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonyanSiekierski2014" class="citation book cs1">Antonyan, Yulia; Siekierski, Konrad (2014). "A neopagan movement in Armenia: the children of Ara". In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.). <i>Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2L3oBAAAQBAJ&dq=cultural+genocide=+julfa+cemetery&pg=PA280">280</a>. <q>By analogy, other tragic events or threatening processes are designated today by Armenians as "cultural genocide" (for example, the destruction by Azerbaijanis of the Armenian cemetery in Julfa)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+neopagan+movement+in+Armenia%3A+the+children+of+Ara&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Antonyan&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rft.au=Siekierski%2C+Konrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazinyan2006" class="citation news cs1">Ghazinyan, Aris (13 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125053050/http://armenianow.com/news/6092/cultural_war_systematic_destructio">"Cultural War: Systematic destruction of Old Julfa khachkars raises international attention"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ArmeniaNow" title="ArmeniaNow">ArmeniaNow</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianow.com/news/6092/cultural_war_systematic_destructio">the original</a> on 25 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>...another "cultural genocide being perpetrated by Azerbaijan."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ArmeniaNow&rft.atitle=Cultural+War%3A+Systematic+destruction+of+Old+Julfa+khachkars+raises+international+attention&rft.date=2006-01-13&rft.aulast=Ghazinyan&rft.aufirst=Aris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianow.com%2Fnews%2F6092%2Fcultural_war_systematic_destructio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUğur_Ümit_Üngör2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Uğur Ümit Üngör</a> (2015). "Cultural genocide: Destruction of material and non-material human culture". In Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (eds.). <i>The Routledge History of Genocide</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6rvlCAAAQBAJ&dq=cultural+genocide+julfa+cemetery&pg=PA250">250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317514848" title="Special:BookSources/9781317514848"><bdi>9781317514848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+genocide%3A+Destruction+of+material+and+non-material+human+culture&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Genocide&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317514848&rft.au=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit+%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahmudov-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahmudov_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Махмудов Я.М. Самый опасный вымысел в истории: (Ложь о "Великой Армении" – "идеология" террора, геноцида и захвата чужих земель) // Бакинский рабочий. – 2009:27 января. – N 16. – С. 2–3. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131042/http://br.az/index.php?newsid=766">copy</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_Az_02052007-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Day_Az_02052007_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day.Az. 02 Мая 2007 [18:13]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.day.az/politics/78533.html">Как реагировать на затягивание Россией ответов на ноты протеста?</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110163149/http://news.day.az/politics/78533.html">copy</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-echo-03-05-2007-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-echo-03-05-2007_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Керимов Р. Молчание Кремля: РФ рассматривает ноту протеста Азербайджана, в МИД АР ждут извинений и исправлений ошибок, а НАНА готова помочь соседу документами/Р. Керимов // Эхо, 2007.-3 мая, N N 77.-С.1.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.day.az/politics/77555.html">"Посол России был вызван в МИД Азербайджана"</a>. 24 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%94+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2007-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.day.az%2Fpolitics%2F77555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANAS-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANAS_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANAS_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANAS_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANAS_132-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azernews.az/nation/127091.html">"Studies prove that before 1918, there was no Armenian state in S.Caucasus"</a>. Azernews. 13 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+prove+that+before+1918%2C+there+was+no+Armenian+state+in+S.Caucasus&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azernews.az%2Fnation%2F127091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLornejadDoostzadeh2012" class="citation book cs1">Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914063448/https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf"><i>On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. p. 85 (note 277). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+modern+politicization+of+the+Persian+poet+Nezami+Ganjavi&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Caucasian+Centre+for+Iranian+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lornejad&rft.aufirst=Siavash&rft.au=Doostzadeh%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpersianpoetry.arizona.edu%2Fsites%2Fpersianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu%2Ffiles%2FPOLITICIZATION%2520OF%2520NEZAMI_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arakelova-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arakelova_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arakelova_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLornejadDoostzadeh2012" class="citation book cs1">Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). 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"Captives of the Past: The Questions of Responsibility and Reconciliation in North Korea's Narratives of the Korean War", <i>Inherited Responsibility and Historical Reconciliation in East Asian Context</i>, Jun-Hyeok Kwak and Melissa Nobles, eds., London: Routledge, 2013, pp. 165–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korean Central News Agency, 19 January 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm">The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312050016/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm">Archived</a> 12 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", <i>In Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas</i>, Eds. Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz: Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory" by <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah E. Lipstadt</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-27274-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-27274-2">0-452-27274-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Pallister <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,510058,00.html">Author fights Holocaust denier judgment</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> 21 June 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Duff <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article346741.ece">David Irving: An anti-Semitic racist who has suffered financial ruin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070422204331/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article346741.ece">Archived</a> 22 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> 21 February 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4734648.stm">Holocaust denier Irving to appeal</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> 21 February 2006. "Austria is one of 11 countries with laws against denying the Holocaust."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene N. Borza, Macedonia Redux in The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity with Frances B. Titchener, and Richard F. Moorton as ed. University of California Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520210298" title="Special:BookSources/0520210298">0520210298</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dichev, Ivaylo, Eros Identiteta, In: Dušan Bjelić, Obrad Savić (eds.), Balkan kao metafora: između globalizacije i fragmentacije. Beograd: Beogradski krug, 2003, pp. 269–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulf Brunnbauer, "Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) after Socialism", Historien, Vol. 4 (2003–04), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-of-macedonia.com/2009/11/28/historiography-in-fyrom-nationalism-myth-creations-and-nation-building/">pp. 174-175.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Roth, Asker Kartarı as authors and ed., Cultures of Crisis in Southeast Europe, Volume 2, LIT Verlag Münster, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3643907915" title="Special:BookSources/3643907915">3643907915</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinisa Jakov Marusic, New Statue Awakens Past Quarrels in Macedonia. BalkanInsight, 13 July 2012, cited in War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I by James Pettifer, I.B. Tauris, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0857739689" title="Special:BookSources/0857739689">0857739689</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyril Drezov, Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims in The New Macedonian Question with J. Pettifer as ed., Springer, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230535798" title="Special:BookSources/0230535798">0230535798</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The past was systematically falsified to conceal the fact that many prominent 'Macedonians' had supposed themselves to be Bulgarian, and generations of students were taught the "pseudo-history" of the 'Macedonian nation."</i> For more see: Michael L. Benson, <i>Yugoslavia: A Concise History</i>, 2nd ed., Springer, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403997209" title="Special:BookSources/1403997209">1403997209</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brad-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brad_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brad_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Brad (4 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/histories-of-violence-the-violence-of-denial-rwanda-and-the-lived-memory-of-genocide/">"Histories of Violence: The Violence of Denial — Rwanda and the Lived Memory of Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Histories+of+Violence%3A+The+Violence+of+Denial+%E2%80%94+Rwanda+and+the+Lived+Memory+of+Genocide&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Farticle%2Fhistories-of-violence-the-violence-of-denial-rwanda-and-the-lived-memory-of-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail,_OmerPrendergast,_John2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Ismail" title="Omer Ismail">Ismail, Omer</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Prendergast_(activist)" title="John Prendergast (activist)">Prendergast, John</a> (1 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/0301/Genocide-in-Darfur-How-Sudan-covers-it-up">"Genocide in Darfur: How Sudan covers it up"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Genocide+in+Darfur%3A+How+Sudan+covers+it+up&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Omer&rft.au=Prendergast%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FCommentary%2FOpinion%2F2010%2F0301%2FGenocide-in-Darfur-How-Sudan-covers-it-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinta2001" class="citation web cs1">Shinta, Ichiro (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zenchokyo.web.fc2.com/kyoukasyo.htm">"「つくる会」の歴史教科書を読む (Reading Thukuru-kai's History Textbook)"</a>. <i>Zenchokyo Osaka (National Association for Education and Research of Korean Residents in Japan, Osaka)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zenchokyo+Osaka+%28National+Association+for+Education+and+Research+of+Korean+Residents+in+Japan%2C+Osaka%29&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8B%E4%BC%9A%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E3%82%92%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%80+%28Reading+Thukuru-kai%27s+History+Textbook%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shinta&rft.aufirst=Ichiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzenchokyo.web.fc2.com%2Fkyoukasyo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070623a1.html">Okinawa slams history text rewrite</a>, <i>The Japan Times</i>, 23 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGheddo" class="citation web cs1">Gheddo, Piero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Okinawa-against-Tokyo%E2%80%99s-attempts-to-rewrite-history-9666.html">"Okinawa against Tokyo's attempts to rewrite history"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Okinawa+against+Tokyo%27s+attempts+to+rewrite+history&rft.pub=Asianews.it&rft.aulast=Gheddo&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FOkinawa-against-Tokyo%25E2%2580%2599s-attempts-to-rewrite-history-9666.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/archives/30854">Curriculum of hatred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>, 20 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamil-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jamil_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamil" class="citation web cs1">Jamil, Baela Raza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itacec.org/document/nep09/NCERT%20Pakistan%20paper%20BRJ.pdf">"Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan – A Glass Half Full or Half Empty?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curriculum+Reforms+in+Pakistan+%E2%80%93+A+Glass+Half+Full+or+Half+Empty%3F&rft.pub=Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi&rft.aulast=Jamil&rft.aufirst=Baela+Raza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itacec.org%2Fdocument%2Fnep09%2FNCERT%2520Pakistan%2520paper%2520BRJ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalal-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jalal_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal" class="citation web cs1">Jalal, Ayesha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tufts.edu/~ajalal01/Articles/conjuring.pdf">"Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27, (1995), 73–89</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies%2C+27%2C+%281995%29%2C+73%E2%80%9389&rft.atitle=Conjuring+Pakistan%3A+History+as+Official+Imagining&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tufts.edu%2F~ajalal01%2FArticles%2Fconjuring.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/may/18/pakistan-textbooks-religious-extremism">The threat of Pakistan's revisionist texts</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 18 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerald2015" class="citation web cs1">Herald, The Korea (12 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151012000678">"Ministry unveils plan for history textbook publication system"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+Armenians+battle+over+genocide+100+years+later&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft.aulast=Kafanov&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fturkey-armenia-genocide-massacre-anniversary%2F26261059%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolander267-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolander267_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolander1999" class="citation book cs1">Kolander, Patricia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXKk-gs-VNEC&q=Serbian+historiography+tito&pg=PA267">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Malevolent Partnership of Blatant Opportunism?" Croat-German Relations, 1919–1941"</a>. In Bullivant, Keith; Giles, Geoffrey J.; Pape, Walter (eds.). <i>Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural identities and cultural differences</i>. Rodopi. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042006782" title="Special:BookSources/9789042006782"><bdi>9789042006782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Malevolent+Partnership+of+Blatant+Opportunism%3F%22+Croat-German+Relations%2C+1919%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=Germany+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Cultural+identities+and+cultural+differences&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789042006782&rft.aulast=Kolander&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXKk-gs-VNEC%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistoriography%2Btito%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunnbauer364-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brunnbauer364_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunnbauer2011" class="citation book cs1">Brunnbauer, Ulf (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ4SDAAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+historians+debates&pg=PA364">"Historical Writing in the Balkans"</a>. In Woolf, Daniel; Schneider, Axel (eds.). <i>The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 5: Historical Writing Since 1945</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199225996" title="Special:BookSources/9780199225996"><bdi>9780199225996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Writing+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Historical+Writing%3A+Volume+5%3A+Historical+Writing+Since+1945&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199225996&rft.aulast=Brunnbauer&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJ4SDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bdebates%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerica2002147-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002147_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002147_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerica2002">Perica 2002</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BieberGalijas2016-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BieberGalijas2016_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieberGalijaš2016" class="citation book cs1">Bieber, Florian; Galijaš, Armina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PwspDAAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+historians+debates&pg=PA120"><i>Debating the End of Yugoslavia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317154242" title="Special:BookSources/9781317154242"><bdi>9781317154242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+End+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317154242&rft.aulast=Bieber&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Galija%C5%A1%2C+Armina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPwspDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bdebates%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet19-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet19_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2002" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina Petra (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanbabeldisin04edrame"><i>Balkan Babel: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia From The Death of Tito to the Fall of Milošević</i></a></span>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanbabeldisin04edrame/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813339054" title="Special:BookSources/9780813339054"><bdi>9780813339054</bdi></a>. <q>Serbian historians debates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Babel%3A+The+Disintegration+of+Yugoslavia+From+The+Death+of+Tito+to+the+Fall+of+Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780813339054&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanbabeldisin04edrame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet322-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet322_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&q=Serbian+historiography+tito&pg=PA322"><i>The three Yugoslavias: State-building and legitimation, 1918–2005</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253346568" title="Special:BookSources/9780253346568"><bdi>9780253346568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-building+and+legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780253346568&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistoriography%2Btito%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerica2002150-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerica2002150_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerica2002">Perica 2002</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet129-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet129_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet129_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2005" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhITCgAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+historiography+tito&pg=PA129"><i>Serbia since 1989: Politics and Society under Milopevic and After</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295802077" title="Special:BookSources/9780295802077"><bdi>9780295802077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia+since+1989%3A+Politics+and+Society+under+Milopevic+and+After&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780295802077&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdhITCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistoriography%2Btito%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EmmertIngrao42-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EmmertIngrao42_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmertIngrao2013" class="citation book cs1">Emmert, Thomas; Ingrao, Charles (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUqOAQAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+historians+controversy&pg=PA42"><i>Conflict in Southeastern Europe at the End of the Twentieth Century: A" Scholars' Initiative" Assesses Some of the Controversies</i></a>. Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317970163" title="Special:BookSources/9781317970163"><bdi>9781317970163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Southeastern+Europe+at+the+End+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A%22+Scholars%27+Initiative%22+Assesses+Some+of+the+Controversies&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317970163&rft.aulast=Emmert&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Ingrao%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUqOAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bcontroversy%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drapac282-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drapac282_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrapac2014" class="citation book cs1">Drapac, Vesna (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lISdAgAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+historians+debates&pg=PA282">"Catholic resistance and collaboration in the Second World War: From Master Narrative to Practical Application"</a>. In Rutar, Sabine (ed.). <i>Beyond the Balkans: Towards an Inclusive History of Southeastern Europe</i>. LIT Verlag. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643106582" title="Special:BookSources/9783643106582"><bdi>9783643106582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholic+resistance+and+collaboration+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+From+Master+Narrative+to+Practical+Application&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Balkans%3A+Towards+an+Inclusive+History+of+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783643106582&rft.aulast=Drapac&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlISdAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bdebates%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stojanovic249-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stojanovic249_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojanović2011" class="citation book cs1">Stojanović, Dubravka (2011). Ramet, Sabrina; Listhaug, Ole (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkiEDAAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+historians+debates&pg=PA111"><i>Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two</i></a>. Springer. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230347816" title="Special:BookSources/9780230347816"><bdi>9780230347816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia+and+the+Serbs+in+World+War+Two&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230347816&rft.aulast=Stojanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dubravka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkiEDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bdebates%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald138-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald138_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2003" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, David Bruce (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBjrJyen4FEC&q=Serbian+historians+controversy&pg=PA138"><i>Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719064678" title="Special:BookSources/9780719064678"><bdi>9780719064678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Holocausts%3F%3A+Serbian+and+Croatian+victim+centred+propaganda+and+the+war+in+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780719064678&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBjrJyen4FEC%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bcontroversy%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subotic201-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Subotic201_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubotic2015" class="citation book cs1">Subotic, Jelena (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twFEBgAAQBAJ&q=serbian+historiography+partisans&pg=PA201">"The Mythologizing of Communist Violence"</a>. In Stan, Lavinia; Nedelsky, Nadya (eds.). <i>Post-communist Transitional Justice: Lessons from Twenty-five Years of Experience</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107065567" title="Special:BookSources/9781107065567"><bdi>9781107065567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mythologizing+of+Communist+Violence&rft.btitle=Post-communist+Transitional+Justice%3A+Lessons+from+Twenty-five+Years+of+Experience&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107065567&rft.aulast=Subotic&rft.aufirst=Jelena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwFEBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dserbian%2Bhistoriography%2Bpartisans%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finney353-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finney353_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinney2010" class="citation book cs1">Finney, Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUjCI13U5VUC&q=Serbian+historians+debates&pg=PA353">"Land of Ghosts: Memories of War in the Balkans"</a>. In Buckley, John; Kassimeris, George (eds.). <i>The Ashgate research companion to modern warfare</i>. Routledge. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409499534" title="Special:BookSources/9781409499534"><bdi>9781409499534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Land+of+Ghosts%3A+Memories+of+War+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+research+companion+to+modern+warfare&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781409499534&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUjCI13U5VUC%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bdebates%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becirevic46-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Becirevic46_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBećirević2014">Bećirević 2014</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjilas1998-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjilas1998_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDjilas1998">Djilas 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert1999-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert1999_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmert1999">Emmert 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe770-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe770_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe770_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnscombe2006">Anscombe 2006</a>, p. 770. "Noel Malcolm, who offers a detailed critique of the competing versions of Kosovo's history... Here is a remarkable reversal, as Malcolm, like other Western historians, had previously accepted the Serbian account."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe770771-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe770771_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe770771_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnscombe2006">Anscombe 2006</a>, pp. 770–71. "Malcolm is criticized for being anti-Serbian, and for using his sources as selectively as the Serbs, though the more restrained of his critics only suggest that his arguments are unconvincing. Most of the documents he relies on were written by enemies of the Ottoman Empire, or by officials with limited experience of the Ottoman Balkans... Malcolm, like the historians of Serbia and Yugoslavia who ignore his findings, overlooks the most valuable indigenous evidence. Unwillingness to consider Ottoman evidence when constructing national history is exemplified by the Serbian historians..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000444898">"Loi n° 2005-158 du 23 février 2005 portant reconnaissance de la Nation et contribution nationale en faveur des Français rapatriés (1). - Légifrance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+n%C2%B0+2005-158+du+23+f%C3%A9vrier+2005+portant+reconnaissance+de+la+Nation+et+contribution+nationale+en+faveur+des+Fran%C3%A7ais+rapatri%C3%A9s+%281%29.+-+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Floda%2Fid%2FJORFTEXT000000444898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Obs_2006-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L'Obs_2006_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20060126.OBS3854/les-principales-prises-de-position.html">"Les principales prises de position"</a>. <i>L'Obs</i> (in French). 26 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span> – via Docslib.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postcolonial+Text&rft.atitle=Humanizing+the+Enemy%3A+Transcending+Victimhood+Narratives+in+Mahmoud+Darwish%27S+and+Yehuda+Amichai%27S+Poetry&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ben+Salem&rft.aufirst=Lobna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocslib.org%2Fdoc%2F2129167%2Fhumanizing-the-enemy-transcending-victimhood-narratives-in-mahmoud-darwish-s-and-yehuda-amichai-s-poetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-signs-decree-criminalizing-nakba-denial/">"Abbas signs decree criminalizing 'Nakba' denial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Abbas+signs+decree+criminalizing+%27Nakba%27+denial&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fabbas-signs-decree-criminalizing-nakba-denial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischbach2021" class="citation book cs1">Fischbach, Michael R. (2021). "Nakba Denial: Israeli Resistance to Palestinian Refugee Reparations". In <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Bhabha" title="Jacqueline Bhabha">Bhabha, Jacqueline</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Matache, Margareta</a>; Elkins, Caroline (eds.). <i>Time for Reparations: A Global Perspective</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Sociology&rft.atitle=Exodus%2C+Nakba+Denialism%2C+and+the+Mobilization+of+Anti-Arab+Racism&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1037-1051&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F08969205221132878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253134415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nassar&rft.aufirst=Maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMori2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mori, Mariko (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kias.asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/1st_period/contents/pdf/kb3_1/07mori.pdf">"Zionism and the Nakba: The Mainstream Narrative, 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class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/COEFAQs.htm#topicE">Frequently asked questions and answers Council of Europe Convention on cyber-crime</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209153034/http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/COEFAQs.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the United States Department of Justice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conventions.coe.int-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conventions.coe.int_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conventions.coe.int_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Reports/Html/189.htm">"Liste complète"</a><span 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Bundesverfassungsgesetz: Verbotsgesetz-Novelle 1992</i></a>, Austrian federal law gazette, 19 March 1992, <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/belgium/">"2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Belgium"</a>. <i>U. S. Department of State</i>. 20 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.+S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2017+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Luxembourg&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2017-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Fluxembourg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830073457/http://ipn.gov.pl/en/about-the-ipn/documents/327,The-Act-on-the-Institute-of-National-Remembrance.html#page">"The Act on the Institute of National Remembrance"</a>. <i>Institute of National Remembrance</i>. 16 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/en/about-the-ipn/documents/327,The-Act-on-the-Institute-of-National-Remembrance.html#page">the original</a> on 30 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.atitle=The+Act+on+the+Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fabout-the-ipn%2Fdocuments%2F327%2CThe-Act-on-the-Institute-of-National-Remembrance.html%23page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discursfaradiscriminare.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Comparative-Study.pdf">"Comparative study on legislation sanctioning hate speech and discrimination in the member states of the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Study on Legislation Sanctioning Hate Speech and Discrimination in the Member States of the European Union</i>: 46, 47, 48. October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Study+on+Legislation+Sanctioning+Hate+Speech+and+Discrimination+in+the+Member+States+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Comparative+study+on+legislation+sanctioning+hate+speech+and+discrimination+in+the+member+states+of+the+European+Union&rft.pages=46%2C+47%2C+48&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscursfaradiscriminare.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2FComparative-Study.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discursfaradiscriminare.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Comparative-Study.pdf">"Comparative study on legislation sanctioning hate speech and discrimination in the member states of the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Study on Legislation Sanctioning Hate Speech and Discrimination in the Member States of the European Union</i>: 57, 58, 59, 60. October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Study+on+Legislation+Sanctioning+Hate+Speech+and+Discrimination+in+the+Member+States+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Comparative+study+on+legislation+sanctioning+hate+speech+and+discrimination+in+the+member+states+of+the+European+Union&rft.pages=57%2C+58%2C+59%2C+60&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscursfaradiscriminare.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2FComparative-Study.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discursfaradiscriminare.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Comparative-Study.pdf">"Comparative study on legislation sanctioning hate speech and discrimination in the member states of the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Study on Legislation Sanctioning Hate Speech and Discrimination in the Member States of the European Union</i>: 48, 49, 50, 51. October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Study+on+Legislation+Sanctioning+Hate+Speech+and+Discrimination+in+the+Member+States+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Comparative+study+on+legislation+sanctioning+hate+speech+and+discrimination+in+the+member+states+of+the+European+Union&rft.pages=48%2C+49%2C+50%2C+51&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscursfaradiscriminare.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2FComparative-Study.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gorton, Sean (2015). "THE UNCERTAIN FUTURE OF GENOCIDE DENIAL LAWS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION". <i>George Washington International Law Review</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 421–445 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=George+Washington+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=THE+UNCERTAIN+FUTURE+OF+GENOCIDE+DENIAL+LAWS+IN+THE+EUROPEAN+UNION&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=421-445&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gorton&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Laws_Banning_Holocaust_Denial-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Laws_Banning_Holocaust_Denial_238-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Laws_Banning_Holocaust_Denial_238-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.genocidepreventionnow.org/Portals/0/docs/Laws_Banning_Holocaust%20Denial_blog.pdf">The Laws Banning Holocaust Denial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027125404/http://beta.genocidepreventionnow.org/Portals/0/docs/Laws_Banning_Holocaust%20Denial_blog.pdf">Archived</a> 27 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Genocide Prevention Now. Retrieved 28 November 2011. pp. 1–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100555.htm">"2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Czech Republic"</a>. 11 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Czech+Republic&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2007%2F100555.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.day.kiev.ua/179841/">Holodomor and Holocaust denial to be a criminal offense</a>, The Day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/1984/themes.html">"SparkNotes: 1984: Themes, Motifs & Symbols"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SparkNotes%3A+1984%3A+Themes%2C+Motifs+%26+Symbols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Flit%2F1984%2Fthemes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orwell, George <i>Nineteen Eighty-four</i> New American Library 1961 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52493-5">978-0-451-52493-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orwell, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxv1LK5gyV4C"><i>1984</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>, 1961 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52493-5">978-0-451-52493-5</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D106231650">Literature by and about Franz Kurowski</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnscombe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Anscombe, Frederick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924173521/https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/576/1/Binder1.pdf">"The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics – II: The Case of Kosovo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 758–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2006.9641103">10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40109813">40109813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154724667">154724667</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/576/1/Binder1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+in+Recent+International+Politics+%E2%80%93+II%3A+The+Case+of+Kosovo&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=758-793&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154724667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40109813%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2006.9641103&rft.aulast=Anscombe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2F576%2F1%2FBinder1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBećirević2014" class="citation book cs1">Bećirević, Edina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0X4AwAAQBAJ"><i>Genocide on the Drina River</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300192582" title="Special:BookSources/9780300192582"><bdi>9780300192582</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+on+the+Drina+River&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780300192582&rft.aulast=Be%C4%87irevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Edina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0X4AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Philip J. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serbiassecretwar0000cohe"><i>Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-760-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-760-1"><bdi>0-89096-760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%27s+Secret+War%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Deceit+of+History&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-89096-760-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fserbiassecretwar0000cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjilas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Djilas, Aleksa (September–October 1998). "Imagining Kosovo: A Biased New Account Fans Western Confusion". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>77</b> (5): 124–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20049055">10.2307/20049055</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20049055">20049055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Imagining+Kosovo%3A+A+Biased+New+Account+Fans+Western+Confusion&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=124-131&rft.date=1998-09%2F1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20049055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20049055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Djilas&rft.aufirst=Aleksa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmert1999" class="citation journal cs1">Emmert, Thomas (1999). "Challenging myth in a short history of Kosovo". <i>Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 217–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14613199908414002">10.1080/14613199908414002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+Europe+and+the+Balkans+Online&rft.atitle=Challenging+myth+in+a+short+history+of+Kosovo&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-221&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14613199908414002&rft.aulast=Emmert&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2003" class="citation book cs1">Howe, K (6 October 2003). <i>The Quest for Origins - Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands?</i>. Penguin Books Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143008453" title="Special:BookSources/9780143008453"><bdi>9780143008453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Origins+-+Who+First+Discovered+and+Settled+New+Zealand+and+the+Pacific+Islands%3F&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Press&rft.date=2003-10-06&rft.isbn=9780143008453&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerica2002" class="citation book cs1">Perica, Vjekoslav (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIoKMGRHxn4C&q=Serbian+historians+historiography&pg=PA147"><i>Balkan idols: Religion and nationalism in Yugoslav states</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195174298" title="Special:BookSources/9780195174298"><bdi>9780195174298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+idols%3A+Religion+and+nationalism+in+Yugoslav+states&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195174298&rft.aulast=Perica&rft.aufirst=Vjekoslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIoKMGRHxn4C%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistorians%2Bhistoriography%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElst1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negationism-in-india-concealing-the-record-of-islam/"><i>Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam</i></a>. Voice of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negationism+in+India%3A+Concealing+the+Record+of+Islam&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegationism-in-india-concealing-the-record-of-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+negationism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Shourie, Arun</a>. 2014. Eminent historians: their technology, their line, their fraud. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351365921" title="Special:BookSources/9789351365921">9789351365921</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a>, Sita Ram Goel, Harsh Narain, J. Dubashi & Ram Swarup. Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I, (A Preliminary Survey) (1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85990-49-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-85990-49-2">81-85990-49-2</a>.</li> <li>Sisson, Jonathan (2010) “A Conceptual Framework for Dealing with the Past.” Politorbis Nr. 50 - 3 / 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_negationism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Historical_negationism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.cuny.edu/~drobnick/oah.html">Untruth in the Classroom, 1994</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428044832/http://www.holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/">Why "revisionism" isn't</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisionism.nl/">Mad Revisionist: A parody site on historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdot.org/en/trial/defense/evans.html">Expert Witness Report by Richard J. Evans FBA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320022855/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/evans.html">Archived</a> 20 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> presented at the trial "Irving vs. (1) Lipstadt and (2) Penguin Books"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226194457/http://www.dribbleglass.com/Jokes/history.htm">Revisionist History</a> – a satirical look at historical revisionism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arizonajournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Westonnote.pdf">43-page long academic paper about revisionism concerning the Amerindians</a> by <i>The Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law</i> Vol. 18, No. 3</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/">Nizkor Project</a> Web site answering Holocaust deniers</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_negationism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Falsification_of_history" title="Template talk:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_negationism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical negationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_falsification" title="Knowledge falsification">Knowledge falsification</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textbook_controversies" title="Category:Textbook controversies">school textbook controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <br />denial of <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a><br />and atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Atrocities against Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs during WWII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Wikipedia controversy">Croatian Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#Media_coverage_in_Myanmar" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holocaust" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_victim_theory" title="Austria victim theory">Austria victim theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Clean <i>Wehrmacht</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rommel_myth" title="Rommel myth">Rommel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Speer_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Speer myth">Speer myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005"><i>Sonderaktion</i> 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other whitewashing<br />of governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba_de_ayer" title="Cuba de ayer">Cuba de ayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth" title="Czechoslovak myth">Czechoslovak myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">Denial of state terrorism in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood_theory" title="Driftwood theory">Driftwood theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos apologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil (page does not exist)">Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_da_ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Negacionismo da ditadura militar brasileira">pt</a>]</span> / <a href="/wiki/Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burnings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe#Political_implications" title="Great Zimbabwe">Censorship of Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li>Destruction of cultural heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Izbrisani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">Like sheep to the slaughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_success_story" title="Cuban success story">Myth of the golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time hypothesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pseudohistory_Theory" title="Western Pseudohistory Theory">Western Pseudohistory Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">Territorial losses of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azerbaijan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Destruction of Armenian heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Cemetery in Julfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Разрушение армянского наследия в Нахиджеване">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Nizami Ganjavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_Langemarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of Langemarck (page does not exist)">Myth of Langemarck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_von_Langemarck" class="extiw" title="de:Mythos von Langemarck">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel / Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Denial of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union">Denial of Crimean Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">ASİMKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Causes_of_the_War" title="Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War">Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODOH" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOH">CODOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Voice" title="Dalit Voice">Dalit Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt" title="Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt">Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed" title="A Town Betrayed">A Town Betrayed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada" title="A Verdade Sufocada">A Verdade Sufocada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun" title="Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun">Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by <i>The Sun</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatline_(B.o.B_song)" title="Flatline (B.o.B song)">Flatline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folk_og_Land" title="Folk og Land">Folk og Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People" title="A History of the Palestinian People">A History of the Palestinian People (2017)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hoax_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Hoax of the Twentieth Century">The Hoax of the Twentieth Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_More_Than_a_Wolf_Whistle" title="I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle">I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" title="The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant" title="The Ottoman Lieutenant">The Ottoman Lieutenant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt_Verlag" title="Arndt Verlag">Arndt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa Verlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Statute law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Zundel" title="R v Zundel">R v Zundel</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France" title="Lehideux and Isorni v France">Lehideux and Isorni v France</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">Irving v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical misconception">Historical misconceptions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antisemitism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template talk:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antisemitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Canards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies<br />and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working<br />against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Censorship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship" title="Template:Censorship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship" title="Template talk:Censorship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historiography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historiography" title="Template:Historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historiography" title="Template talk:Historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historians" title="List of historians">list</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study" title="List of historians by area of study">by area of study</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians" title="Category:Historians">historians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">historicity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">Secondary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches,<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical<br />rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> /<br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical realism">Historical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system" title="Historical geographic information system">Historical geographic information system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Historiography">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism" title="Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism" title="Template talk:Nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_nationalism_(21st_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="New nationalism (21st century)">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">List of fascist movements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question" title="National question">National question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">National revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">Natural border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">State-building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Propaganda_techniques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Propaganda" title="Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Propaganda" title="Template talk:Propaganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Propaganda_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Propaganda techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_propaganda" title="Atrocity propaganda">Atrocity propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Beautiful people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">Buzzword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">Cartographic propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonizing_the_enemy" title="Demonizing the enemy">Demonizing the enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag-waving" title="Flag-waving">Flag-waving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_gallop" title="Gish gallop">Gish gallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glittering_generality" title="Glittering generality">Glittering generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideograph_(rhetoric)" title="Ideograph (rhetoric)">Ideograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_propaganda" title="Monumental propaganda">Monumental propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">Obscurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_paralysis" title="Analysis paralysis">Overcomplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversimplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversimplification">Oversimplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_folks" title="Plain folks">Plain folks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_and_crying" title="Shooting and crying">Shooting and crying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_propaganda" title="White propaganda">White propaganda</a></li></ul> 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