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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical negationism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_negationism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical negationism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_negationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Zionist_and_Israeli_statehood_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Zionist_and_Israeli_statehood_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In Zionist and Israeli statehood narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Zionist_and_Israeli_statehood_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Israeli_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Israeli_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In Israeli historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Israeli_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_contemporary_public_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_contemporary_public_discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In contemporary public discourse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_contemporary_public_discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Books and journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>News media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical negationism pertaining to the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight and its effects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an analysis of the discourse around the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>. For the historical debate around the causes of the Palestinian displacement as the central component of the Nakba, see <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>.</div> <p class="PIA-flag" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;">This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.</p> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_refugees_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 UN Partition Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">1948 Nakba</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></b></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></b></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Haifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Haifa">Fall of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee camps">Refugee camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of Palestinian place names</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">List of depopulated towns and villages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ongoing Nakba</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Paraguay_plan" title="1969 Paraguay plan">Paraguay plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Discourse</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nakba denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Law" title="Nakba Law">Nakba Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li>Notable historians:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols and memory</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_key" title="Palestinian key">Palestinian key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_March_of_Return" class="mw-redirect" title="Great March of Return">Great March of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Return_(Israel)" title="March of Return (Israel)">March of Return (Israel)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nakba" title="Template:Nakba"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nakba" title="Template talk:Nakba"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nakba" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nakba"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nakba denial</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">historical denialism</a> pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakba#Components" title="Nakba">its accompanying effects</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> refer to collectively as the "<a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">catastrophe</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Salem20211–18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Salem20211–18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underlying assumptions of Nakba denial cited by scholars can include the denial of historically documented violence against Palestinians, the denial of a <a href="/wiki/Palestinians#Emergence_of_a_distinct_identity" title="Palestinians">distinct Palestinian identity</a>, the idea that <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> was <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">barren land</a>, and the notion that Palestinian dispossession were part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">mutual transfers between Arabs and Jews</a> justified by war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischbach2021183–200_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischbach2021183–200-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENassar2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200995–97_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMori200995–97-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians say that the denial of the Nakba has become a core component of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> narratives,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_43_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_43-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yiftachel_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yiftachel_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was largely facilitated by early Israeli historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlyomovics200728_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlyomovics200728-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, working from declassified archives, advanced historical accounts which challenged Nakba denial<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200989_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMori200989-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significant volumes of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Jewish">Israeli Jewish</a> literature have also emerged shedding more light on the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007303_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007303-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Steve Niva, editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a></i>, used the term "Nakba denial" in describing how the rise of the early Internet led to competing online narratives of the events of 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé199814–23_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé199814–23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zochrot" title="Zochrot">Zochrot</a>, an Israeli nonprofit organization, has aimed to commemorate the Nakba through direct action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakba denial has been described as still prevalent in both Israeli and US discourse and linked to various tropes associated with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">anti-Arab racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENassar2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Israel enacted a law colloquially referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Nakba_Law" title="Nakba Law">Nakba Law</a> that authorized the withholding of state funds from organizations that commemorate Israel's Independence Day as a day of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201539_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201539-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2023, following the 75th anniversary of the Nakba, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> made the denial of the Nakba or 1948 expulsion a crime punishable by two years in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>Palestinians accuse Israel of using "Nakba denial" to absolve itself of responsibility while perpetuating conflict, a characterization which Israel forcibly denies. Zionist historians justify the 1948 expulsion and flight by stating that the invading Arab armies threatened the existence of the new Jewish state with annihilation. However, some of Israel's New Historians contend that Israel's founding prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> overstated the Arab threat with the goal of expelling Palestinian civilians and taking hold of as much of former Palestine as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsser2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsser2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Nakba denial" was used in 1998 by Steve Niva, editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a></i>, in describing how the rise of the early Internet led to competing online narratives of the events of 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé199814–23_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé199814–23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palestinian writer and historian <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a> states that Israeli teachers and educators hide the Nakba's horrors from schoolchildren, constructing and upholding a national narrative that excludes Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a>. Masalha states that Israel's "schoolteachers, academics, educators, historians and novelists" advance "Zionist knowledge" and Zionist collective memory by using "a campaign of Nakba denial and concealment." And this exclusion, according to <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, "is the main constitutive element in the construction of collective Jewish identity in the state of Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_negationism">Historical negationism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Zionist_and_Israeli_statehood_narratives">In Zionist and Israeli statehood narratives</h3></div> <p>According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> there is a politics of denial around the Nakba, embodied by statements by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, such as the famous line "<a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_78_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_78-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masalha states that "denial is central to the Zionist narrative about what happened in 1948",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_43_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_43-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further stating that the politics of denial around the Nakba is itself one of the manifestations of "<a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">ongoing Nakba</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200978_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200978-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar Mariko Mori's analysis of mainstream Israeli historiography of the establishment of nationhood found inadequate mentions of "the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugee</a> problem and the destruction of over 400 Palestinian villages in 1948, thus deliberately denying Palestinian memories of the Nakba."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200989_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMori200989-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She finds that narratives justifying the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> rest on a number of assumptions, including that Palestine was an "uncultivated", "barren, uninhabited land"; that Palestinian Arabs were part of a "greater Arab nation" and were not a nation, disputing Palestinian Arab nationalism; that <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Palestinian Arabs were "rioters</a> and <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">pogromists</a>"; that Jews were returning home (the <a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">negation of the Diaspora</a>); and that population transfers were a "justifiable, universal solution to minority questions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200995–97_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMori200995–97-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In historian Maha Nassar's analysis of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Uris" title="Leon Uris">Leon Uris</a>' 1958 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(Uris_novel)" title="Exodus (Uris novel)">Exodus</a></i>, Nassar identified the denial of Zionists' responsibility for the 1948 expulsion and flight of Palestinians and the claim that Arabs themselves were to blame (utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arab racist">anti-Arab racist</a> tropes present in the novel) as constituting a form of <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">historical negationism</a>, that she names "Nakba denialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENassar2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-Arab racist tropes include the notion that Palestinians lack religious attachment to Palestine, that they lack "modern feelings of national identity", and are easily induced to violence by their leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENassar2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the paradigm of <a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a>, she states that such narratives blame the victims of settler colonial violence for their expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENassar2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Michael R. Fischbach defines Nakba denial as a "Nakba counternarrative" with particular roles in Israeli public life and state policy—especially as an instrument of resisting calls for <a href="/wiki/Reparations_(transitional_justice)" title="Reparations (transitional justice)">reparations</a>—consisting of the following themes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischbach2021183–200_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischbach2021183–200-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the "war is war" theme in which the expulsion and flight was an unfortunate but inevitable side effect of Israel defending itself from the invading Arab forces, and that the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government_of_Israel" title="Provisional government of Israel">Provisional government of Israel</a> was not culpable insofar as it did not have a "<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight#"Master_Plan"_explanation" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">master plan</a>" of expulsion, while not incorporating subsequent decisions and policies which have ever since prevented refugees' return in weighing the responsibility of the state.</li> <li>the "population exchange" theme in which Jews and Arabs, seen as the wider Arab world, made an irrevocable mutual <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population and property transfer</a> (e.g. Jews leaving Iraq also left their property behind), and that resettling of Jews in Israel also came at a great cost.</li> <li>the claim that Israel has generally been willing to provide compensation, but that this awaits an international mechanism of some sort, which will apportion the funds, while not incorporating the possibility of individual redress, such as through restitution, in light of Israel passing <a href="/wiki/Israeli_land_and_property_laws" title="Israeli land and property laws">Absentees' Property Laws</a> and Palestinian negotiators not opposing the <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit#Refugees_and_the_right_of_return" title="2000 Camp David Summit">international fund idea during the 2000 Camp David Summit</a> (which ended without an agreement); in the case of such "en masse settlement" being implemented, Israel would pay out a sum, and be absolved from any further obligations constituting an "end of claims" clause, closing all legal avenues to individual Palestinians with remaining claims or who do not wish to be a part of the scheme.</li> <li>the belief that the only thing that Israel owes the refugees is property compensation, and not any kind of moral reparations beyond a statement of regret.</li></ul> <p>Ilan Gur-Ze'ev and Ilan Pappé in 2003 wrote that both Israelis and Palestinians view themselves "<a href="/wiki/Victim_mentality#Competitive_victimhood" title="Victim mentality">as a sole victim while totally negating the victimization</a>" of the other group. On the Palestinians' end, the trend was moving away from "total denial" towards downplaying the "moral significance" of the Holocaust, while on the Israelis' end, "Zionism insists on denying the Nakbah and refuses to admit Israel's role in the Palestinian suffering as victimizer", and that "nothing justifies ... the Israeli denial of major responsibility".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGur-Ze'evPappé2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGur-Ze'evPappé2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nadim_N._Rouhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadim N. Rouhana">Nadim N. Rouhana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areej_Sabbagh-Khoury" title="Areej Sabbagh-Khoury">Areej Sabbagh-Khoury</a> in 2017 wrote that the Nakba "was, until the mid-1990s, silenced in the 'official political sphere' of the Palestinians in Israel ... by the Israeli state and its institutional agents". They opined that it is "hard to overestimate the centrality of Nakba denial in Israel", of which "Israel's concern about its own legitimacy was a major factor" in the emphasis of Nakba denial, leading to "the official Israeli state memory [where] Palestine was eliminated from the geography and history of the land" in favour of Jewish/Zionist terms and narratives. They cited the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Nakba_Law" title="Nakba Law">Nakba Law</a> as "the most illuminating example" of the Israeli state interpreting the growing "consciousness" of Palestinians of the Nakba as a "threat" and thus taking steps to combat it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bashir Bashir and Amos Goldberg agree that the 2011 Nakba Law is a form of Nakba denial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marouf Hasian, Jr. in 2020 stated that one form of Nakba denial originating from the <a href="/wiki/Global_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Global North">Global North</a> was that it was "ridiculous" to consider "the birth of Israel" as a catastrophe (Nakba). Hasian highlights one incident in 2009, reported on by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)" title="Ian Black (journalist)">Ian Black</a>, where Israeli minister of education <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Sa%27ar" title="Gideon Sa'ar">Gideon Sa'ar</a> defended the removal of the word "Nakba" from school textbooks. Sa'ar had said: "In no country in the world does an educational curriculum refer to the creation of the country as a 'catastrophe'", and that the "objective of the education system is not to deny the legitimacy of our state, nor promote extremism among Arab-Israelis." Hasian describes that some "Israelis worry that al-Nakba consciousness-raising threatens state legitimacy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasian2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasian2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Israeli_historiography">In Israeli historiography</h3></div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Abd_al-Jawad" title="Saleh Abd al-Jawad">Saleh Abd al-Jawad</a>, Nakba denial has been facilitated by Israeli historiography, as it has "adopted a denial of the Nakba, a negation of the breadth of the ethnic cleansing perpetrated in Palestine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlyomovics200728_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlyomovics200728-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980s saw a renewed interest among Israeli academics of Nakba historiography, partially resulting from the declassification of Israeli archives on the 1948 war.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1980s, Nakba denial began to be criticized and Israel's history was rewritten by the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, who changed established beliefs regarding the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and Palestinian exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200989_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMori200989-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, a considerable body of literature aimed at "demystifying the past" has emerged from within <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Jewish">Israeli Jewish</a> society, alongside works, such as historian <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>'s that have been "unsettling the picture the founding fathers worked so energetically to paint and to institutionalize the hegemonic account of 1948".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007303_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007303-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the 20th century, the topic of Nakba denial almost went to trial in the context of the discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Tantura_massacre" title="Tantura massacre">Tantura massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tantura_massacre#Katz_controversy" title="Tantura massacre">1998 thesis by Theodore Katz</a> on it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuxbaum2023_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuxbaum2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katz, a postgraduate researcher, was sued by the <a href="/wiki/Alexandroni_Brigade" title="Alexandroni Brigade">Alexandroni Brigade</a>, and, in the ensuing legal tussle, half of his legal defense urged him to defend his work and bring forward Palestinian witnesses to speak about the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This defense would have turned the trial "into a case about the denial of the Nakba" according to researcher Samera Esmeir,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the case was instead closed out-of-court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsmeir2007231–232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_H._Sa%27di" title="Ahmad H. Sa'di">Ahmad H. Sa'di</a>, social scientist, has described "three modes of denial of moral responsibility for the Nakba"; his work has been cited by sociologist <a href="/wiki/Ronit_Lentin" title="Ronit Lentin">Ronit Lentin</a> regarding three strategies of Nakba denial by Israelis and Zionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These modes, per Sa'di, are: "denying or hiding the historically documented violence", trying to "remove the Palestinians from the history" of Israel before/during 1948, and perpetuating the "myth of 'a land without people for a people without land'"; Sa'di highlights <i><a href="/wiki/From_Time_Immemorial" title="From Time Immemorial">From Time Immemorial</a></i>, the 1984 work of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Peters" title="Joan Peters">Joan Peters</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Israel" title="The Case for Israel">The Case for Israel</a></i>, the 2003 work of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> for the latter, when Peters claimed that the refugees were immigrant Arab workers, and Dershowitz advancing similar arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second mode of Nakba denial, with Lentin summarizing Sa'di's views, is acknowledging the Nakba but "denying it carries any moral or practical implications", along with an "exaggerated connection between Palestinians and Nazis"; Sa'di cites the 2003 work of Ilan Gur-Ze'ev where Gur-Ze'ev writes of the "Arab involvement in the Nazi army"; Sa'di interprets this as removing the "victim-perpetrator" dynamic between Palestinians and Israelis by placing them on the same "moral ground".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third mode of Nakba denial, with Lentin summarizing Sa'di's views, is "addressing the moral weight of the Palestinian Nakba unapologetically"; Lentin writes that this is best exemplified by historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>' 2004 wish that the 1948 Nakba should have been more complete, with Morris stating: "ethnic cleansing can be justified ... when the alternative is between [committing] ethnic cleansing and [suffering] genocide, the genocide of your own nation, I prefer ethnic cleansing". Sa'di provides another 2004 quote from Morris on this strategy: "final good justifies harsh and cruel acts that are committed in the course of history."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_contemporary_public_discourse">In contemporary public discourse</h3></div> <p>Maha Nassar cites Nakba denial as a feature of American discourse on Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENassar2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad H. Sa'di advances the viewpoint that it is the discourse of Jewish supporters of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007387_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007387-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With time, the narratives surrounding 1948 have become harder to sustain, and "the first strategy for Zionists", according to Sa'di, was to return to the "old myth" of "<a href="/wiki/A_land_without_a_people_for_a_people_without_a_land" title="A land without a people for a people without a land">a land without a people for a people without a land</a>". Lawyer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a>'s 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Israel" title="The Case for Israel">The Case for Israel</a></i> exemplifies this,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawing on the 1984 book <i><a href="/wiki/From_Time_Immemorial" title="From Time Immemorial">From Time Immemorial</a></i>, a pseudo-historical work by journalist <a href="/wiki/Joan_Peters" title="Joan Peters">Joan Peters</a> that suggested the majority of Palestinian refugees were not native to Palestine, and that with the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> they returned to their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this straightforward "denial of the other's existence, this formulation did away with the colonization-uprooting dialectic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Israeli civic society, there are grassroots movements against Nakba denial. The NGO <a href="/wiki/Zochrot" title="Zochrot">Zochrot</a> aims to raise awareness of the Nakba by directly challenging its denial through direct memorial action,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as by providing tours to depopulated Palestinian villages, sign-posting sites destroyed in the Nakba, and hosting an annual Nakba film festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, when Israel marked its independence day, Zochrot organized a parade in Tel Aviv "to mark the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">right of return</a>", stopping off along the way at neighborhoods built on the sites of former Palestinian villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motti Golani and Adel Manna in 2011 discussed the <a href="/wiki/Nakba#Israeli_national_narrative" title="Nakba">Jewish-Israeli narrative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nakba#Palestinian_national_narrative" title="Nakba">Palestinian-Arab narrative</a> of the 1948 war; each narrative "completely ignores" the other narrative; the Palestinians viewed the Nakba "as a formative trauma" when they "to a large degree lost their country", while "the narrative espoused by most Jewish Israelis" was that the "birth of Israel ... must be pure and untainted, because if a person, a state is born in sin, its entire essence is tainted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolaniManna2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolaniManna2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ronit_Lentin" title="Ronit Lentin">Ronit Lentin</a> wrote that the "memory of the Nakba" faced "years of denial and silencing by Israel", but after archives were made available and the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a> continued their work, by 2010 "many, though definitely not all, Israeli Jews" accept that the Nakba occurred, though "the majority" of Israeli Jews view it as a "<a href="/wiki/Necessary_evil" title="Necessary evil">necessary evil</a>", which Lentin had in the same writing described as another form of Nakba denial, "addressing the moral weight of the Palestinian Nakba unapologetically".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yehouda_Shenhav" title="Yehouda Shenhav">Yehouda Shenhav</a> wrote in 2019 that despite the "partial democratization of Israeli historiography in recent decades, the majority of Israelis still deny the Nakba".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenhav201948_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenhav201948-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yifat Gutman and Noam Tirosh, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Social_Inquiry" title="Law and Social Inquiry">Law and Social Inquiry</a></i>, conclude that during the 2010s, supporters of Israel and right-wing journalists have popularized the term "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Nakba" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Nakba">Jewish Nakba</a>"—which Gutman and Tirosh say presents a <a href="/wiki/False_equivalence" title="False equivalence">false equivalence</a> between the Nakba and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutmanTirosh2021_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutmanTirosh2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics Yasmeen Abu-Laban and Abigail B. Bakan, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Quarterly" title="The Political Quarterly">The Political Quarterly</a></i>, say that equivalizing the Nakba with the migration of Mizrahi Jews to Israel constitutes a form of Nakba denial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-LabanBakan2022511–512_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-LabanBakan2022511–512-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bashir Bashir and Amos Goldberg in 2018 stated that both "Zionist and Palestinian mainstream national narratives" have been "denying or downplaying the suffering of the other side in order to validate its own claim", resulting in the "simultaneous and forceful negation" of the Nakba and the Holocaust respectively. Bashir and Goldberg assert: "Many, perhaps most Jews in Israel, claim that the Nakba is not an event at all", and follow this with the example of the 2011 publication <i>Nakba-Nonsense</i> by organisation <a href="/wiki/Im_Tirtzu" title="Im Tirtzu">Im Tirtzu</a>, that Bashir and Goldberg describe as claiming that Palestinians do not exist as a people and that only Palestinians and Arab countries are responsible for the consequences borne by Palestinians before, during and after 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg20181–42_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg20181–42-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Israel">In Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Censorship in Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of speech in Israel">Freedom of speech in Israel</a></div> <p>In 2009 the Israeli government banned uses of the term "Nakba" in school textbooks and required the removal of existing textbooks that mentioned it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodorova2013260_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodorova2013260-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Israel passed a law known colloquially as the "<a href="/wiki/Nakba_Law" title="Nakba Law">Nakba Law</a>" that authorized the withholding of state funds to entities that commemorated "Israel's Independence Day or the day on which the state was established as a day of mourning", or that denied the existence of Israel as a "Jewish and democratic state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodorova2013260_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodorova2013260-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the original bill proposed to make this a crime for individuals, the proposed legislation was amended to financially penalize organizations instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201540_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201540-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to transitional justice researcher Yoav Kapshuk and Political scientist Lisa Strömbom, this law was an attempt to "hamper freedom of expression" surrounding the Nakba, but in doing so it inadvertently "increased public knowledge about the meaning of Nakba".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its wake, columnist Odeh Bisharat wrote that some good came out of the legislation, in that "at least, there's no denial of the Nakba. Nobody claims the whole thing is fairy-tale. The Palestinian narrative has won. The narrative that in '48 a people was exiled, by force, from its land, has seared into Israeli and global consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yehouda_Shenhav" title="Yehouda Shenhav">Yehouda Shenhav</a> wrote in 2019 that the Nakba Law had the opposite of its intended effect, because since the law was adopted, "almost every household in Israel has become acquainted with the Arabic word: al-Nakba."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenhav201949_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenhav201949-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Palestine">In Palestine</h3></div> <p>In May 2023, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas issued a decree defining the Nakba as a "crime against humanity",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and making its denial a criminal offense punishable by up to two years in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation echoed developments in Israel, where lawmakers in the hardline 37th government had proposed outlawing the waving of Palestinian flags.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Germany">In Germany</h3></div> <p>In March 2024, amid the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Gaza war">Israel–Gaza war</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union Party</a> issued a directive for the distribution of leaflets in high schools in <a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln</a> that dismissed the historical realities of the Nakba as "myth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErtel2024_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtel2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The 1960 American film <a href="/wiki/Exodus_(1960_film)" title="Exodus (1960 film)"><i>Exodus</i></a> was based on <a href="/wiki/Exodus_(Uris_novel)" title="Exodus (Uris novel)">Leon Uris' 1958 novel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yiftachel_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yiftachel_2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYiftachel2009">Yiftachel 2009</a>, p. 11: "Denial of the <i>nakba</i>, as the Palestinians term their defeat in the 1948 war, the loss of their would-be state and the flight of refugees, has become a core Zionist value."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Hardan2016">Al-Hardan 2016</a>, pp. 44–46: "Concurrent with these developments, the renewed intellectual interest in the Nakba in the 1980s also resulted from the Israeli government's partial declassification of archives that pertain to the war on the Palestinians. This spurred an ideologically and methodologically varied group of so-called Israeli 'new historians' and 'sociologists' to reconsider the received Zionist narratives about what happened in Palestine during the Nakba."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Salem20211–18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Salem20211–18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen_Salem2021">Ben Salem 2021</a>, pp. 1–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_of_Israel''2023_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Times_of_Israel2023"><i>The Times of Israel</i> 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischbach2021183–200-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischbach2021183–200_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischbach2021183–200_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischbach2021">Fischbach 2021</a>, pp. 183–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENassar2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENassar2023_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNassar2023">Nassar 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMori200995–97-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200995–97_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200995–97_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMori2009">Mori 2009</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_43-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_43_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_43_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2009">Masalha 2009</a>, pp. 39, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlyomovics200728-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlyomovics200728_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlyomovics200728_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlyomovics2007">Slyomovics 2007</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMori200989-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200989_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200989_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMori200989_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMori2009">Mori 2009</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007303-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007303_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007303_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSa'di2007">Sa'di 2007</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé199814–23-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé199814–23_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé199814–23_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé1998">Pappé 1998</a>, pp. 14–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapshukStrömbom2021_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapshukStrömbom2021">Kapshuk & Strömbom 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201539-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201539_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShalhoub-Kevorkian2015">Shalhoub-Kevorkian 2015</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsser2010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsser2010_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsser2010">Asser 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_78-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200939,_78_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2009">Masalha 2009</a>, pp. 39, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200978-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200978_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2009">Masalha 2009</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGur-Ze'evPappé2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGur-Ze'evPappé2003_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGur-Ze'evPappé2003">Gur-Ze'ev & Pappé 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017">Rouhana & Sabbagh-Khoury 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg2018_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018">Bashir & Goldberg 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasian2020-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasian2020_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasian2020">Hasian 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2009">Black 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007287,_304–309_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSa'di2007">Sa'di 2007</a>, pp. 287, 304–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELentin20101–2,_10–11,_90_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLentin2010">Lentin 2010</a>, pp. 1–2, 10–11, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007387-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007387_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSa'di2007">Sa'di 2007</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESa'di2007304–305_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSa'di2007">Sa'di 2007</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolaniManna2011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolaniManna2011_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolaniManna2011">Golani & Manna 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenhav201948-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenhav201948_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShenhav2019">Shenhav 2019</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutmanTirosh2021-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutmanTirosh2021_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutmanTirosh2021">Gutman & Tirosh 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-LabanBakan2022511–512-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-LabanBakan2022511–512_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022">Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022</a>, pp. 511–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg20181–42-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg20181–42_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018">Bashir & Goldberg 2018</a>, pp. 1–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodorova2013260-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodorova2013260_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodorova2013260_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodorova2013">Todorova 2013</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201540-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalhoub-Kevorkian201540_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShalhoub-Kevorkian2015">Shalhoub-Kevorkian 2015</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenhav201949-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenhav201949_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShenhav2019">Shenhav 2019</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtel2024-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErtel2024_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErtel2024">Ertel 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nassar, M. (2023). Exodus, Nakba Denialism, and the Mobilization of Anti-Arab Racism. Critical Sociology, 49(6), 1037-1051. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205221132878">https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205221132878</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_journals">Books and journals</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Bakan" title="Abigail Bakan">Bakan, Abigail B.</a> (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.13166">"Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Quarterly" title="The Political Quarterly">The Political Quarterly</a></i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">329–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.13166">10.1111/1467-923X.13166</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Anti-Palestinian+Racism+and+Racial+Gaslighting&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923X.13166&rft.aulast=Abu-Laban&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen&rft.au=Bakan%2C+Abigail+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1467-923X.13166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hardan2016" class="citation book cs1">Al-Hardan, Anaheed (2016). "The Nakba in Arab Thought". <i>Palestinians in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fal-h17636">10.7312/al-h17636</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54122-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54122-0"><bdi>978-0-231-54122-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/al-h17636.6">10.7312/al-h17636.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nakba+in+Arab+Thought&rft.btitle=Palestinians+in+Syria%3A+Nakba+Memories+of+Shattered+Communities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fal-h17636.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fal-h17636&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54122-0&rft.aulast=Al-Hardan&rft.aufirst=Anaheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018" class="citation book cs1">Bashir, Bashir; <a href="/wiki/Amos_Goldberg" title="Amos Goldberg">Goldberg, Amos</a> (2018). "Introduction: The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Syntax of History, Memory, and Political Thought". <i>The Holocaust and the Nakba - A New Grammar of Trauma and History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-18297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-18297-3"><bdi>978-0-231-18297-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Holocaust+and+the+Nakba%3A+A+New+Syntax+of+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Political+Thought&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+the+Nakba+-+A+New+Grammar+of+Trauma+and+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-231-18297-3&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Bashir&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Salem2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Salem, Lobna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docslib.org/doc/2129167/humanizing-the-enemy-transcending-victimhood-narratives-in-mahmoud-darwish-s-and-yehuda-amichai-s-poetry">"Humanizing the Enemy: Transcending Victimhood Narratives in Mahmoud Darwish'S and Yehuda Amichai'S Poetry"</a>. <i>Postcolonial Text</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span> – via Docslib.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postcolonial+Text&rft.atitle=Humanizing+the+Enemy%3A+Transcending+Victimhood+Narratives+in+Mahmoud+Darwish%27S+and+Yehuda+Amichai%27S+Poetry&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ben+Salem&rft.aufirst=Lobna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocslib.org%2Fdoc%2F2129167%2Fhumanizing-the-enemy-transcending-victimhood-narratives-in-mahmoud-darwish-s-and-yehuda-amichai-s-poetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsmeir2007" class="citation book cs1">Esmeir, S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5oHFei_GuMC">"Memories of Conquest: Witnessing Death in Tantura"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_H._Sa%27di" title="Ahmad H. Sa'di">Sa'di, Ahmad H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lila_Abu-Lughod" title="Lila Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, Lila</a> (eds.). <i>Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">229–</span>252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50970-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50970-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50970-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/sadi13578.16">10.7312/sadi13578.16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memories+of+Conquest%3A+Witnessing+Death+in+Tantura&rft.btitle=Nakba%3A+Palestine%2C+1948%2C+and+the+claims+of+memory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fsadi13578.16%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50970-1&rft.aulast=Esmeir&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5oHFei_GuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischbach2021" class="citation book cs1">Fischbach, Michael R. 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Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">183–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9780812299915-014">10.9783/9780812299915-014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9991-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9991-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-9991-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Nakba+Denial%3A+Israeli+Resistance+to+Palestinian+Refugee+Reparations&rft.btitle=Time+for+Reparations%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.series=Pennsylvania+Studies+in+Human+Rights&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9780812299915-014&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9991-5&rft.aulast=Fischbach&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolaniManna2011" class="citation book cs1">Golani, Motti; Manna, Adel (2011). <i>Two Sides of the Coin: Independence and Nakba 1948</i>. Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8979-080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8979-080-4"><bdi>978-90-8979-080-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Sides+of+the+Coin%3A+Independence+and+Nakba+1948&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Institute+for+Historical+Justice+and+Reconciliation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-8979-080-4&rft.aulast=Golani&rft.aufirst=Motti&rft.au=Manna%2C+Adel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGur-Ze'evPappé2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gur-Ze'ev, Ilan; <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2003). 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Sa'di">Sa'di, Ahmad H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lila_Abu-Lughod" title="Lila Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, Lila</a> (eds.). <i>Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50970-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50970-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50970-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/sadi13578.8">10.7312/sadi13578.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rape+of+Qula%2C+a+Destroyed+Palestinian+Village&rft.btitle=Nakba%3A+Palestine%2C+1948%2C+and+the+claims+of+memory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fsadi13578.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50970-1&rft.aulast=Slyomovics&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5oHFei_GuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorova2013" class="citation book cs1">Todorova, Teodora (2013). "Bearing Witness to al Nakba in a Time of Denial". In Matar, Dina; Harb, Zahera (eds.). <i>Narrating Conflict in the Middle East: Discourse, Image and Communications Practices in Lebanon and Palestine</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">248–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9780755607709.ch-012">10.5040/9780755607709.ch-012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-102-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-102-2"><bdi>978-1-78076-102-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bearing+Witness+to+al+Nakba+in+a+Time+of+Denial&rft.btitle=Narrating+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Discourse%2C+Image+and+Communications+Practices+in+Lebanon+and+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9780755607709.ch-012&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-102-2&rft.aulast=Todorova&rft.aufirst=Teodora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiftachel2009" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oren_Yiftachel" title="Oren Yiftachel">Yiftachel, Oren</a> (Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/2009/12/creeping-apartheid-in-israel-palestine/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Creeping Apartheid" in Israel-Palestine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a></i>. No. 253. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Research_and_Information_Project" title="Middle East Research and Information Project">Middle East Research and Information Project</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>15, 37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27735323">27735323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=%22Creeping+Apartheid%22+in+Israel-Palestine&rft.ssn=winter&rft.issue=253&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E15%2C+37&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27735323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yiftachel&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F2009%2F12%2Fcreeping-apartheid-in-israel-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_media">News media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times_of_Israel2023" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-signs-decree-criminalizing-nakba-denial/">"Abbas signs decree criminalizing 'Nakba' denial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Abbas+signs+decree+criminalizing+%27Nakba%27+denial&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fabbas-signs-decree-criminalizing-nakba-denial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsser2010" class="citation news cs1">Asser, Martin (2 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11104284">"Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obstacles+to+Arab-Israeli+peace%3A+Palestinian+refugees&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft.aulast=Asser&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11104284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)" title="Ian Black (journalist)">Black, Ian</a> (22 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/22/israel-remove-nakba-from-textbooks">"1948 no catastrophe says Israel, as term nakba banned from Arab children's textbooks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=1948+no+catastrophe+says+Israel%2C+as+term+nakba+banned+from+Arab+children%27s+textbooks&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fjul%2F22%2Fisrael-remove-nakba-from-textbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxbaum2023" class="citation news cs1">Buxbaum, Jessica (5 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/analysis/tantura-massacre-challenging-israels-denial-nakba">"Tantura massacre: Challenging Israel's denial of the Nakba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Arab" title="The New Arab">The New Arab</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Tantura+massacre%3A+Challenging+Israel%27s+denial+of+the+Nakba&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.aulast=Buxbaum&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fanalysis%2Ftantura-massacre-challenging-israels-denial-nakba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMEMO2023" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230531-palestine-president-issues-decree-criminalising-denial-of-nakba/">"Palestine president issues decree criminalising denial of Nakba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a>. 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Palestine+president+issues+decree+criminalising+denial+of+Nakba&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20230531-palestine-president-issues-decree-criminalising-denial-of-nakba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtel2024" class="citation news cs1">Ertel, Pauline (23 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/berlin-schools-handout-leaflet-myth-israel-1948">"Berlin schools asked to distribute leaflet describing the 1948 Nakba as a 'myth'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Berlin+schools+asked+to+distribute+leaflet+describing+the+1948+Nakba+as+a+%27myth%27&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.aulast=Ertel&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fberlin-schools-handout-leaflet-myth-israel-1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Albadawi, Sobhi (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354939400">"Exploring the Issues of Denial and Blame in Relation to the Expulsion of Palestinians from Palestine in 1948"</a>. <i>International Humanities Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (4). Abu Deis: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2311-7796">2311-7796</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Humanities+Studies&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Issues+of+Denial+and+Blame+in+Relation+to+the+Expulsion+of+Palestinians+from+Palestine+in+1948&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2017-12&rft.issn=2311-7796&rft.aulast=Albadawi&rft.aufirst=Sobhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F354939400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Diboyan, Larra M.; Goliath, Jesse R. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9461/3/2/9">"Publicly Underrepresented Genocides of the 20th and 21st Century: A Review"</a>. <i>Humans</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fhumans3020009">10.3390/humans3020009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2673-9461">2673-9461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humans&rft.atitle=Publicly+Underrepresented+Genocides+of+the+20th+and+21st+Century%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fhumans3020009&rft.issn=2673-9461&rft.aulast=Diboyan&rft.aufirst=Larra+M.&rft.au=Goliath%2C+Jesse+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2673-9461%2F3%2F2%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Khoury, Laura (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.35.1.0073">"The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory (Book review)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_Studies_Quarterly" title="Arab Studies Quarterly">Arab Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.35.1.0073">10.13169/arabstudquar.35.1.0073</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Palestine+Nakba%3A+Decolonising+History%2C+Narrating+the+Subaltern%2C+Reclaiming+Memory+%28Book+review%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.35.1.0073&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Farabstudquar.35.1.0073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lustick, Ian S. (Fall 2006). "Negotiating Truth: The Holocaust, "Lehadvil", and "Al-Nakba"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Affairs" title="Journal of International Affairs">Journal of International Affairs</a></i>. <b>60</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24358013">24358013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Negotiating+Truth%3A+The+Holocaust%2C+%22Lehadvil%22%2C+and+%22Al-Nakba%22&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24358013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18dztmq"><i>The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt18dztmq">10.2307/j.ctt18dztmq</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2120-2"><bdi>978-0-7453-2120-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18dztmq">j.ctt18dztmq</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Denial%3A+Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt18dztmq%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt18dztmq&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2120-2&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt18dztmq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/id/eprint/27/1/Masalha-N-2008-Remembering-the-Palestinian-Nakba.pdf">"Remembering the Palestinian Nakba: Commemoration, Oral History and Narratives of Memory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Holy Land Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2FE147494750800019X">10.3366/E147494750800019X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159471053">159471053</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/255205">255205</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603115238/https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/id/eprint/27/1/Masalha-N-2008-Remembering-the-Palestinian-Nakba.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holy+Land+Studies&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Palestinian+Nakba%3A+Commemoration%2C+Oral+History+and+Narratives+of+Memory&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2FE147494750800019X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159471053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.stmarys.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F27%2F1%2FMasalha-N-2008-Remembering-the-Palestinian-Nakba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Rashed, Haifa; Short, Damien; Docker, John (2014). "Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Holy_Land_and_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies">Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fhls.2014.0076">10.3366/hls.2014.0076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-1996">2054-1996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Holy+Land+and+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Nakba+Memoricide%3A+Genocide+Studies+and+the+Zionist%2FIsraeli+Genocide+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fhls.2014.0076&rft.issn=2054-1996&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Haifa&rft.au=Short%2C+Damien&rft.au=Docker%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sayigh, Rosemary (2022). "On the Burial of the Palestinian Nakba". <i>Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-10060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-10060-7"><bdi>978-1-003-10060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Burial+of+the+Palestinian+Nakba&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Handbook+of+Ignorance+Studies&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-003-10060-7&rft.aulast=Sayigh&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Stav, Shira (2012). "Nakba and Holocaust: Mechanisms of Comparison and Denial in the Israeli Literary Imagination". <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Studies" title="Jewish Social Studies">Jewish Social Studies</a></i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.18.3.85">10.2979/jewisocistud.18.3.85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2028">1527-2028</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.18.3.85">10.2979/jewisocistud.18.3.85</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144892781">144892781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Nakba+and+Holocaust%3A+Mechanisms+of+Comparison+and+Denial+in+the+Israeli+Literary+Imagination&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1527-2028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144892781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.18.3.85%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.18.3.85&rft.aulast=Stav&rft.aufirst=Shira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANakba+denial" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dawnmena.org/denying-the-nakba-75-years-later-a-democracy-in-exile-roundtable/">Denying the Nakba, 75 Years Later: A Democracy in Exile Roundtable. DAWN.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaiusa.org/library/nakba-denial">Nakba Denial. Arab-American Institute.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/5/13/israel-denies-the-nakba-while-perpetuating-it">Israel denies the Nakba while perpetuating it. Al Jazeera.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/five-things-united-states-knew-about-nakba-it-unfolded">Five things the United States knew about the Nakba as it unfolded. Middle East Institute.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1653004">Erasing the Nakba, Upholding Apartheid: Atrocity Denial in the U.S. Media. Institute of Palestine Studies.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nakba132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nakbaend" title="Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nakbaend" title="Template talk:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nakba132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 partition plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Palestine refugee camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">Resolution 194</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_battle_of_Hatikvah_Neighborhood" title="The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood">The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_and_Evolution_of_the_Palestine_Problem" title="The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem">The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories/lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus">Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinians" title="Template:Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template:Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">The Holocaust and the Nakba</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_negationism608" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Falsification_of_history" title="Template talk:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_negationism608" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_falsification" title="Knowledge falsification">Knowledge falsification</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textbook_controversies" title="Category:Textbook controversies">school textbook controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <br />denial of <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a><br />and atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Atrocities against Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs during WWII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Wikipedia controversy">Croatian Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#Media_coverage_in_Myanmar" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holocaust30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_victim_theory" title="Austria victim theory">Austria victim theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Clean <i>Wehrmacht</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rommel_myth" title="Rommel myth">Rommel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Speer_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Speer myth">Speer myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italians, the good people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005"><i>Sonderaktion</i> 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other whitewashing<br />of governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba_de_ayer" title="Cuba de ayer">Cuba de ayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth" title="Czechoslovak myth">Czechoslovak myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">Denial of state terrorism in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood_theory" title="Driftwood theory">Driftwood theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos apologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil (page does not exist)">Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_da_ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Negacionismo da ditadura militar brasileira">pt</a>]</span> / <a href="/wiki/Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burnings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe#Political_implications" title="Great Zimbabwe">Censorship of Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li>Destruction of cultural heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Izbrisani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">Like sheep to the slaughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_success_story" title="Cuban success story">Myth of the golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time hypothesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pseudohistory_Theory" title="Western Pseudohistory Theory">Western Pseudohistory Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">Territorial losses of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azerbaijan103" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Destruction of Armenian heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Cemetery in Julfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Разрушение армянского наследия в Нахиджеване">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Nizami Ganjavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_Langemarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of Langemarck (page does not exist)">Myth of Langemarck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_von_Langemarck" class="extiw" title="de:Mythos von Langemarck">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel / Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Denial of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union">Denial of Crimean Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">ASİMKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Causes_of_the_War" title="Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War">Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODOH" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOH">CODOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Voice" title="Dalit Voice">Dalit Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt" title="Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt">Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed" title="A Town Betrayed">A Town Betrayed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada" title="A Verdade Sufocada">A Verdade Sufocada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun" title="Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun">Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by <i>The Sun</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatline_(B.o.B_song)" title="Flatline (B.o.B song)">Flatline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folk_og_Land" title="Folk og Land">Folk og Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People" title="A History of the Palestinian People">A History of the Palestinian People (2017)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hoax_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Hoax of the Twentieth Century">The Hoax of the Twentieth Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_More_Than_a_Wolf_Whistle" title="I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle">I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" title="The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant" title="The Ottoman Lieutenant">The Ottoman Lieutenant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt_Verlag" title="Arndt Verlag">Arndt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa Verlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Statute law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Zundel" title="R v Zundel">R v Zundel</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France" title="Lehideux and Isorni v France">Lehideux and Isorni v France</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">Irving v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical misconception">Historical misconceptions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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