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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="تشارلز كيلينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز كيلينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="چارلز دیوید کیلینق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز دیوید کیلینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چارلز دیوید کیلینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز دیوید کیلینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%ED%82%AC%EB%A7%81" title="찰스 데이비드 킬링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 데이비드 킬링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="تشارلز كيلينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز كيلينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="チャールズ・デービッド・キーリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・デービッド・キーリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles David Keeling" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Keeling" title="Charles Keeling – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Keeling" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Килинг, Чарльз Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Килинг, Чарльз Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Keeling" title="Charles Keeling – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Keeling" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">American scientist (1928-2005)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles David Keeling</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_David_Keeling_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Charles_David_Keeling_2001.jpg/220px-Charles_David_Keeling_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Charles_David_Keeling_2001.jpg/330px-Charles_David_Keeling_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Charles_David_Keeling_2001.jpg/440px-Charles_David_Keeling_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Keeling receives the Medal of Science in 2001</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-04-20</span>)</span>April 20, 1928<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 20, 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-06-20)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Montana" title="Hamilton, Montana">Hamilton, Montana</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Second Half Century Award, <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a> (1981)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing_Medal" title="Maurice Ewing Medal">Maurice Ewing Medal</a> (1991)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Planet_Prize" title="Blue Planet Prize">Blue Planet Prize</a> (1993)<br /> <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (2002)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a> (2005)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Atmosphere</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Dole" title="Malcolm Dole">Malcolm Dole</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles David Keeling</b> (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American scientist whose recording of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatory" title="Mauna Loa Observatory">Mauna Loa Observatory</a><sup id="cite_ref-KaheleHanaHou_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaheleHanaHou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmed <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a>'s proposition (1896) of the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, by documenting the steadily rising carbon dioxide levels. The <a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a> measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_early_career">Early life and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keeling was born in <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a>, to Ralph Keeling and Grace L Keeling (née Sherberne). His father, an investment banker, excited interests of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> in a 5-year-old Charles, while his mother instilled a lifelong love of music. He graduated with a degree in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a> in 1948. Charles Keeling earned a PhD in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> from <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> in 1953 under <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Dole" title="Malcolm Dole">Malcolm Dole</a>, a polymer chemist. Most of Dole's graduates were going straight into the oil industry; Keeling "had trouble seeing the future this way" and had become interested in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, for which he had acquired most of the undergraduate coursework during his PhD. Keeling had applied for postdoctoral positions as a chemist almost exclusively to geology departments "west of the continental divide." He received an offer from <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Brown" title="Harrison Brown">Harrison Brown</a> who had recently started a <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a> department at <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>. He was a postdoctoral fellow in <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a> there until he joined the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> in 1956, and was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> there in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a> he developed the first instrument able to measure carbon dioxide in atmospheric samples with consistently reliable accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keeling camped at <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> where he used his new device to measure the level of carbon dioxide and found that it had risen since the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_with_the_Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography,_1958–2005"><span id="Work_with_the_Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography.2C_1958.E2.80.932005"></span>Work with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1958–2005</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1958–2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/280px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/420px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/560px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations measured at <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatory" title="Mauna Loa Observatory">Mauna Loa Observatory</a>: The <i><a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Keeling worked at the Scripps Institution for 43 years during which time he published many influential papers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="La Jolla, California">La Jolla, California</a>, persuaded Keeling to continue his work there. Revelle was also one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (IGY) in 1957–58 and Keeling received IGY funding to establish a base on <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> in Hawaii, two miles (3,000 m) above sea level. </p><p>Keeling started collecting carbon dioxide samples at the base in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-KaheleHanaHou_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaheleHanaHou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1960, he had established that there are strong seasonal variations in carbon dioxide levels with peak levels reached in the late northern hemisphere winter. A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land-rich northern hemisphere. In 1961, Keeling produced data showing that carbon dioxide levels were rising steadily in what later became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a>". </p><p>In the early 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> stopped supporting his research, calling the outcome "routine". Despite this lack of interest, the Foundation used Keeling's research in its warning in 1963 of rapidly increasing amounts of heat-trapping gases. A 1965 report from <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">President Johnson's</a> <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">Science Advisory Committee</a> similarly warned of the dangers of extra heat-trapping gases, which cause the temperature of the Earth to rise. </p><p>The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>. Keeling's research showed that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide grew from 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958 to 380 (ppm) in 2005, with increases correlated to <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> emissions. There has also been an increase in seasonal variation in samples from the late 20th century and early 21st century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keeling was an enthusiastic outdoorsman who made many hiking and camping trips to the Western mountains, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Mountains">Cascade Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington state">Washington state</a>. He was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/The_Wilderness_Society_(United_States)" title="The Wilderness Society (United States)">Wilderness Society</a> for much of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-WS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keeling married Louise Barthold in 1954. They had five children, one of whom (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Keeling" title="Ralph Keeling">Ralph Keeling</a>) followed in his father's footsteps and is a climate scientist at the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a>. Another one of his children, Eric Keeling, currently teaches biology at SUNY New Paltz.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Keeling was also an accomplished classical pianist who almost chose a career in music. Keeling was a founding director of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a> Madrigal Singers. He was also general chairman of the citizens committee which drafted the <a href="/wiki/Del_Mar,_California" title="Del Mar, California">Del Mar</a> General Plan (or "Community Plan") in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keeling died in 2005, aged 77, of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>At a <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> ceremony held in July 1997, Keeling was presented with a "special achievement award" from <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>. Keeling was honored "for 40 years of outstanding scientific research associated with monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide in connection with <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatory" title="Mauna Loa Observatory">Mauna Loa Observatory</a>".</li> <li>The Keeling Curve is "engraved in bronze on a building at Mauna Loa and carved into a wall at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in Washington." It was also a chart on the wall in a classroom at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> where Revelle had moved to teach in the 1960s and where among others, student <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> would see and "marvel" at it. In 2006, Gore featured the graph in the <a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">book</a> and movie <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT01_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/people/awards/keeling/">Charles David Keeling Memorial Lecture Series</a>, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, since 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainability.illinois.edu/outreach/lectures-seminars-symposia-colloquia/">Keeling Lecture</a>, University of Illinois, since 2010.</li> <li>The Charles David Keeling apartments at <a href="/wiki/Revelle_College" title="Revelle College">Revelle College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>, opened in 2011, were designed to emphasize environmental awareness and minimize ecological impact.</li> <li><i>Dr Keeling's Curve</i> (2014), one-man play written by George Shea and performed by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Farrell" title="Mike Farrell">Mike Farrell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcurveprize.org"><i>The Keeling Curve Prize</i></a>. Multiple awards presented annually by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terravivagrants.org/keeling-curve-prize-global-warming-mitigation-project/">Global Warming Mitigation Project</a> since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memberships/fellowships"><span id="Memberships.2Ffellowships"></span>Memberships/fellowships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Memberships/fellowships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keeling was a Guggenheim fellow at the Meteorological Institute, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stockholm" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stockholm">University of Stockholm</a> (1961–62); a guest professor at the Second Physical Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> (1969–70) and the Physical Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a> (1979–80). </p><p>He was a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the American Geophysical Union, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. </p><p>He was a member of the commission on global pollution of the International Association of Meteorology, and scientific director of the Central CO<sub>2</sub> Calibration Laboratory of the World Meteorological Organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeeling1958" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, Charles D. (1958). "The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in Rural Areas". <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i>. <b>13</b>: 322–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2861%2990023-0">10.1016/0016-7037(61)90023-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+Concentration+and+Isotopic+Abundances+of+Carbon+Dioxide+in+Rural+Areas&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=322-334&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2861%2990023-0&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalesKeeling1965" class="citation journal cs1">Pales, Jack C.; Keeling, Charles David (1965). "The Concentration of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Hawaii". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>70</b> (24): 6053–6076. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965JGR....70.6053P">1965JGR....70.6053P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJZ070i024p06053">10.1029/JZ070i024p06053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Concentration+of+Atmospheric+Carbon+Dioxide+in+Hawaii&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=6053-6076&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJZ070i024p06053&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965JGR....70.6053P&rft.aulast=Pales&rft.aufirst=Jack+C.&rft.au=Keeling%2C+Charles+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling1970" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, Charles D. (1970). "Is Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel Changing Man's Environment?". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>114</b> (1): 10–17. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985720">985720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Is+Carbon+Dioxide+from+Fossil+Fuel+Changing+Man%27s+Environment%3F&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%E2%80%99s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_scientists" title="List of climate scientists">List of climate scientists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, DC (2010). "Charles David Keeling and the story of atmospheric CO2 measurements". <i>Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>82</b> (19): 7865–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac1001492">10.1021/ac1001492</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536268">20536268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Charles+David+Keeling+and+the+story+of+atmospheric+CO2+measurements&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7865-70&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac1001492&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20536268&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeimann2005" class="citation journal cs1">Heimann, M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F437331a">"Obituary: Charles David Keeling 1928–2005"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>437</b> (7057): 331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437..331H">2005Natur.437..331H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F437331a">10.1038/437331a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16163339">16163339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Charles+David+Keeling+1928%E2%80%932005&rft.volume=437&rft.issue=7057&rft.pages=331&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16163339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F437331a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.437..331H&rft.aulast=Heimann&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F437331a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaheleHanaHou-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KaheleHanaHou_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KaheleHanaHou_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose_Kahele" class="citation web cs1">Rose Kahele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=616&MagazineID=39">"Behind the Inconvenient Truth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hana_Hou!" title="Hana Hou!">Hana Hou!</a> vol. 10, No. 5, October/November 2007</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hana+Hou%21+vol.+10%2C+No.+5%2C+October%2FNovember+2007&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Inconvenient+Truth&rft.au=Rose+Kahele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanahou.com%2Fpages%2FMagazine.asp%3FAction%3DDrawArticle%26ArticleID%3D616%26MagazineID%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling1998" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, Charles D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.23.1.25">"Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Energy_and_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual Review of Energy and the Environment">Annual Review of Energy and the Environment</a></i>. <b>23</b>: 25–82. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.173.2051">10.1.1.173.2051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.23.1.25">10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.25</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Energy+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Rewards+and+Penalties+of+Monitoring+the+Earth&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=25-82&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.173.2051%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.23.1.25&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.energy.23.1.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT01-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Gillis2010" class="citation news cs1">Justin Gillis (December 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/22/science/earth/22carbon.html">"A Scientist, His Work and a Climate Reckoning"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Scientist%2C+His+Work+and+a+Climate+Reckoning&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft.au=Justin+Gillis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F22%2Fscience%2Fearth%2F22carbon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling1960" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, Charles D. (1960). "The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere". <i>Tellus</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 200–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960Tell...12..200K">1960Tell...12..200K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x">10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-3490">2153-3490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tellus&rft.atitle=The+Concentration+and+Isotopic+Abundances+of+Carbon+Dioxide+in+the+Atmosphere&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-203&rft.date=1960&rft.issn=2153-3490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960Tell...12..200K&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemaniKeelingMyneni2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nemani, RR; Keeling, CD; Myneni (2003). "Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999". <i>Science</i>. <b>300</b> (5625): 1560–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300.1560N">2003Sci...300.1560N</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.630.1407">10.1.1.630.1407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1082750">10.1126/science.1082750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12791990">12791990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9420050">9420050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Climate-driven+increases+in+global+terrestrial+net+primary+production+from+1982+to+1999&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5625&rft.pages=1560-3&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9420050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300.1560N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.630.1407%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12791990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1082750&rft.aulast=Nemani&rft.aufirst=RR&rft.au=Keeling%2C+CD&rft.au=Myneni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkPiperKeelingClark2003" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, DA; Piper, SC; Keeling, CD; Clark, DB (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC156290">"Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984–2000"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>100</b> (10): 5852–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0935903100">10.1073/pnas.0935903100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC156290">156290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12719545">12719545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Tropical+rain+forest+tree+growth+and+atmospheric+carbon+dynamics+linked+to+interannual+temperature+variation+during+1984%E2%80%932000&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5852-7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC156290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12719545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0935903100&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Piper%2C+SC&rft.au=Keeling%2C+CD&rft.au=Clark%2C+DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC156290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruberKeelingBates2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gruber, N; Keeling, CD; Bates, NR (2002). "Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5602): 2374–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298.2374G">2002Sci...298.2374G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1077077">10.1126/science.1077077</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12493911">12493911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6469504">6469504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Interannual+variability+in+the+North+Atlantic+Ocean+carbon+sink&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5602&rft.pages=2374-8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1077077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6469504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12493911&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...298.2374G&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Keeling%2C+CD&rft.au=Bates%2C+NR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeelingWhorf2000" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, CD; Whorf, TP (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18099">"The 1,800-year oceanic tidal cycle: A possible cause of rapid climate change"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>97</b> (8): 3814–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.3814K">2000PNAS...97.3814K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.070047197">10.1073/pnas.070047197</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18099">18099</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725399">10725399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+1%2C800-year+oceanic+tidal+cycle%3A+A+possible+cause+of+rapid+climate+change&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3814-9&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18099%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10725399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.070047197&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...97.3814K&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Whorf%2C+TP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeelingWhorf1997" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, CD; Whorf, TP (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33744">"Possible forcing of global temperature by the oceanic tides"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>94</b> (16): 8321–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.8321K">1997PNAS...94.8321K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.16.8321">10.1073/pnas.94.16.8321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33744">33744</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11607740">11607740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Possible+forcing+of+global+temperature+by+the+oceanic+tides&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=8321-8&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33744%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11607740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.16.8321&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94.8321K&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Whorf%2C+TP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling1997" class="citation journal cs1">Keeling, CD (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33714">"Climate change and carbon dioxide: An introduction"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>94</b> (16): 8273–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.8273K">1997PNAS...94.8273K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.16.8273">10.1073/pnas.94.16.8273</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33714">33714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11607732">11607732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+carbon+dioxide%3A+An+introduction&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=8273-4&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33714%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11607732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.16.8273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94.8273K&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=CD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacastowAdamsKeelingMoss1980" class="citation journal cs1">Bacastow, RB; 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"Atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 19th century". <i>Science</i>. <b>202</b> (4372): 1109. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci...202.1109K">1978Sci...202.1109K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.202.4372.1109">10.1126/science.202.4372.1109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17777967">17777967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+carbon+dioxide+in+the+19th+century&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=4372&rft.pages=1109&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17777967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.202.4372.1109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Sci...202.1109K&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WS_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul M. Keeling, "The Path to Mauna Loa", <i>Wilderness</i> (2008): 12-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.newpaltz.edu/directory/profile/erickeeling?origin=search%3Fentity_id%3D%26first_name%3D%26last_name%3DKeeling%26phone%3D">"SUNY New Paltz | Eric Keeling"</a>. <i>www3.newpaltz.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www3.newpaltz.edu&rft.atitle=SUNY+New+Paltz+%26%23124%3B+Eric+Keeling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.newpaltz.edu%2Fdirectory%2Fprofile%2Ferickeeling%3Forigin%3Dsearch%253Fentity_id%253D%2526first_name%253D%2526last_name%253DKeeling%2526phone%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kaye2007" class="citation news cs1">Peter Kaye (June 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2007/jun/24/plaque-honors-del-mar-planners/">"Plaque honors Del Mar planners"</a>. <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Plaque+honors+Del+Mar+planners&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft.au=Peter+Kaye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjun%2F24%2Fplaque-honors-del-mar-planners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presstelegram.com/2014/11/04/mash-star-takes-on-global-warming-in-one-man-show-in-long-beach/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'M*A*S*H' star takes on global warming in one-man show in Long Beach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Press-Telegram" title="Press-Telegram">Press-Telegram</a></i>. November 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press-Telegram&rft.atitle=%27M%2AA%2AS%2AH%27+star+takes+on+global+warming+in+one-man+show+in+Long+Beach&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presstelegram.com%2F2014%2F11%2F04%2Fmash-star-takes-on-global-warming-in-one-man-show-in-long-beach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcurveprize.org/general-information/">"Keeling Curve Prize"</a>. <i>www.kcurveprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Keeling Curve Prize rewards a diverse selection of projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions or increasing carbon uptake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kcurveprize.org&rft.atitle=Keeling+Curve+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcurveprize.org%2Fgeneral-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Weiner, Jonathan. <i>The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth</i>. New York: Bantam, 1990.</li> <li>Matthews, Samuel W. “Under the Sun: Is Our World Warming?,” <i>National Geographic</i> 178(4) (October 1990), pp. 66–99.</li> <li>Weart, Spencer R. <i>The Discovery of Global Warming</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.</li> <li>Kolbert, Elizabeth. “The Climate of Man,” <i>The New Yorker</i> [three part series], April/May 2005.</li> <li>Bowen, Mark. <i>Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate Change in the World’s Highest Mountains</i>. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.</li> <li>Harris, Daniel C. “Charles David Keeling and the Story of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements?,” <i>Analytical Chemistry </i> 82(19) (2010), pp. 7865–70.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_David_Keeling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_David_Keeling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704134514/http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/home/index.php">Scripps Institution of Oceanography's CO<sub>2</sub> Program: Home of the Keeling Curve</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/5104/">Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Obituary Notice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820125400/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/5104/">Archived</a> August 20, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9885767">NPR Climate Connections: Climate change is clear atop Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927211913/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/new/keel_page.html">Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/climatechange/story/0,12374,1512557,00.html">Guardian obituary</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/climate/Kfunds.htm#L_0257">"History of funding of Keeling's work"</a>. <i>aip.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aip.org&rft.atitle=History+of+funding+of+Keeling%27s+work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fclimate%2FKfunds.htm%23L_0257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+David+Keeling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216212707/http://sio.ucsd.edu/Special/Keeling_50th_Anniversary/">The Keeling Curve Turns 50 – Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7120770.stm">BBC, 50 years on: The Keeling Curve legacy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/co2conference/">50th Anniversary of Global CO<sub>2</sub> Record, Symposium and Celebration, Kona HI</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/initialconditions/episode-2-enter-anthropocene-climate-science-early-20th-century">Enter the Anthropocene: Climate Science in the Early 20th Century</a>," Initial Conditions podcast, episode 2</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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