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class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_graduate_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 2023 graduate protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_graduate_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Campus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Main campus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_Grade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_Grade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Biological Grade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_Grade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pawka_Green_and_Naga_Way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pawka_Green_and_Naga_Way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Pawka Green and Naga Way </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pawka_Green_and_Naga_Way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shellback_Way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shellback_Way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Shellback Way </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shellback_Way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downwind_Way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downwind_Way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Downwind Way </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downwind_Way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus_flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Campus flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5.1 Marine life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nimitz_Marine_Facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nimitz_Marine_Facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Nimitz Marine Facility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nimitz_Marine_Facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Research programs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research programs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Research themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CalCOFI_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CalCOFI_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 CalCOFI program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CalCOFI_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Keeling_Curve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Keeling_Curve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The Keeling Curve </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Keeling_Curve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argo_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argo_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Argo program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argo_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanographic_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanographic_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Oceanographic collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanographic_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Organizational structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizational structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Research sections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research vessels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_vessels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research vessels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybrid_Hydrogen_Research_Vessel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_Hydrogen_Research_Vessel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hybrid Hydrogen Research Vessel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_Hydrogen_Research_Vessel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birch_Aquarium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birch_Aquarium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Birch Aquarium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birch_Aquarium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_faculty_members_(past_and_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_faculty_members_(past_and_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable faculty members (past and present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_faculty_members_(past_and_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable alumni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_by_SIO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_by_SIO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards by SIO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_by_SIO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%E2%80%9C" title="Институт по океанография „Скрипс“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Институт по океанография „Скрипс“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituci%C3%B3_Scripps_d%27Oceanografia" title="Institució Scripps d'Oceanografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institució Scripps d'Oceanografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Scripps_de_Oceanografio" title="Instituto Scripps de Oceanografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Instituto Scripps de Oceanografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27oc%C3%A9anographie_Scripps" title="Institut d'océanographie Scripps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institut d'océanographie Scripps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Oseanografi_Scripps" title="Lembaga Oseanografi Scripps – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lembaga Oseanografi Scripps" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="מכון סקריפס לאוקיינוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכון סקריפס לאוקיינוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="スクリップス海洋研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スクリップス海洋研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instytut_Oceanografii_Scripps%C3%B3w" title="Instytut Oceanografii Scrippsów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Instytut Oceanografii Scrippsów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Oceanografia_Scripps" title="Instituto de Oceanografia Scripps – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Instituto de Oceanografia Scripps" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E8%87%98%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="斯卡臘普斯海洋研究所 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯卡臘普斯海洋研究所" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="斯克里普斯海洋研究所 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯克里普斯海洋研究所" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q604029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&params=32.865437_N_117.253626_W_">32°51′56″N 117°15′13″W / 32.865437°N 117.253626°W / 32.865437; -117.253626</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Center for ocean and Earth science research</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_logo.png/220px-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_logo.png/330px-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="149" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SIOpier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SIOpier.jpg/220px-SIOpier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SIOpier.jpg/330px-SIOpier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SIOpier.jpg/440px-SIOpier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="371" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ellen Browning Scripps Memorial Pier</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Marine Biological Association of San Diego Scripps Institution for Biological Research<a href="#cite_note-history-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1903; 121 years ago (1903)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leinen" title="Margaret Leinen">Margaret Leinen</a><a href="#cite_note-leinen-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">Faculty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">415<a href="#cite_note-scrippsfacts-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">800<a href="#cite_note-scrippsfacts-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">Students</a></th><td class="infobox-data">350 <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a><a href="#cite_note-scrippsfacts-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&params=32.865437_N_117.253626_W_">32°51′56″N 117°15′13″W / 32.865437°N 117.253626°W / 32.865437; -117.253626</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">Affiliations</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu">scripps.ucsd.edu</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Scripps_(disambiguation)#Organizations_and_enterprises" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Scripps (disambiguation)">other organizations named Scripps</a>.</div> Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is the center for <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. Its main campus is located in <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="La Jolla, California">La Jolla</a>, with additional facilities in <a href="/wiki/Point_Loma,_San_Diego" title="Point Loma, San Diego">Point Loma</a>. Founded in 1903 and incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> system in 1912, the institution has since broadened its research focus to encompass the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of the Earth. The institution awards the <a href="/wiki/Nierenberg_Prize" title="Nierenberg Prize">Nierenberg Prize</a> annually to recognize researchers with exceptional contributions to science in public interest.<a href="#cite_note-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripps_marine_biological_laboratory,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Scripps_marine_biological_laboratory%2C_1919.jpg/240px-Scripps_marine_biological_laboratory%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Scripps_marine_biological_laboratory%2C_1919.jpg/360px-Scripps_marine_biological_laboratory%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/Scripps_marine_biological_laboratory%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>The original Scripps marine biological laboratory, 1910</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a>]</div> Scripps Institution of Oceanography can trace its beginnings back to <a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Ritter" title="William Emerson Ritter">William Ritter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> originally from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Wisconsin" title="Columbia County, Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. In 1891, Ritter was offered a job teaching biology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> and married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Bennett_Ritter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Elizabeth Bennett Ritter">Mary Bennett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-5">[5]</a> Their honeymoon and subsequent biological studies took them to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, where Ritter met a local physician and naturalist, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Baker_(physician)" title="Fred Baker (physician)">Fred Baker</a>, who would later encourage him to build a marine biological laboratory in San Diego.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raitt-7">[7]</a> Ritter searched for eleven years for an appropriate place for a permanent marine biological laboratory. He spent summers at various places along the coast with students. His goal was frustrated by lack of money and lack of an appropriate place.<a href="#cite_note-Raitt-7">[7]</a> During this time, research was being conducted at the boathouse of <a href="/wiki/Hotel_del_Coronado" title="Hotel del Coronado">Hotel del Coronado</a> on <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Bay" title="San Diego Bay">San Diego Bay</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_johnson_house_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_johnson_house_2024.jpg/220px-Martin_johnson_house_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_johnson_house_2024.jpg/330px-Martin_johnson_house_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_johnson_house_2024.jpg/440px-Martin_johnson_house_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Martin Johnson house, constructed in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1903, Ritter was introduced to newspaper magnate <a href="/wiki/E._W._Scripps" title="E. W. Scripps">E. W. Scripps</a>. Together with Scripps' half-sister <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Browning_Scripps" title="Ellen Browning Scripps">Ellen Browning Scripps</a> and Baker, they formed the Marine Biological Association of San Diego with Ritter as the Scientific Director.<a href="#cite_note-Shragge2-9">[9]</a> They fully funded the institution for its first decade. E. W. Scripps gave the biological association the use of his yacht, the Loma, in 1904 and served as the first research vessel in the history of the institution. In 1905, they moved to a small laboratory in <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_Cove" title="La Jolla Cove">La Jolla Cove</a> until they arranged for the purchase of a 170-acre (0.69 km2) site in La Jolla, north of San Diego. The land was purchased for $1,000 at a <a href="/wiki/Public_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Public auction">public auction</a> from the city of San Diego (the same site where the SIO main campus is today).<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-5">[5]</a> However, construction cost estimates for a permeant building were around $50,000. Funding was secured through E. W. and E. B. Scripps, and the first permanent building (today known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Scripps_Building" title="Old Scripps Building">Old Scripps Building</a>) was constructed in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-nhlsum2-10">[10]</a> The Marine Biological Association's first seafaring vessel, the Loma, would run aground in <a href="/wiki/Point_Loma,_San_Diego" title="Point Loma, San Diego">Point Loma</a> in 1906 and prompted the search for a new one. With funds secured from Ellen Browning Scripps, the association was able to have a ship built by Lawrence Jensen strictly for oceanographic research - among the first for an American nongovernmental institution.<a href="#cite_note-:03-11">[11]</a> The new vessel was acquired on April 21st, 1907 and was named the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agassiz" title="Alexander Agassiz">Alexander Agassiz</a> after the Harvard biologist who had visited in 1905. The 85-foot Alexander Agassiz, a sailing vessel with twin gasoline engines, served the institution for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1912, the Biological Association became incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> and was renamed the Scripps Institution for Biological Research.<a href="#cite_note-history2-13">[13]</a> The first iteration of Scripps Pier, along with other buildings, was approved for construction in 1913, but was only completed in 1916 due to delays related to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1915, the first building devoted solely to an aquarium was built on the Scripps campus. The small, wooden structure contained 19 tanks ranging in size from 96 to 228 U.S. gallons (360 to 860 L). The oceanographic museum was located in a nearby building. Since the pier was completed in 1916, measurements have been taken daily.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The modern Scripps Pier was built as a replacement for the 1916 structure in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The institution's name changed to Scripps Institution of Oceanography (often shortened to just SIO) in October of 1925 to recognize the growing faculty's widened range of studies.<a href="#cite_note-history2-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Easter_Ellen_Cupp" title="Easter Ellen Cupp">Easter Ellen Cupp</a> would be the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in oceanography from SIO in 1934, studying <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> under <a href="/wiki/Wynfred_E._Allen" title="Wynfred E. Allen">Wynfred Allen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> She would stay with Scripps until 1939. In 1935, SIO director <a href="/wiki/T._Wayland_Vaughan" title="T. Wayland Vaughan">T. Wayland Vaughan</a> was the first Scripps member to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agassiz_Medal" title="Alexander Agassiz Medal">Alexander Agassiz Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)">Harald Sverdrup</a> would be awarded the medal 3 years later, beginning a long history of Scripps oceanographers being awarded the prize (Johnson in 1959, Revelle in 1963, and many more). In November, 1936, the research vessel Scripps was sunk when there was an explosion in the galley, killing the cook and injuring the captain.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The sinking of the Scripps left SIO without a research vessel, so SIO director Sverdrup approached the UC president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_Sproul" title="Robert Gordon Sproul">Robert Gordon Sproul</a> and Bob Scripps (son of E.W and Ellen) to acquire a new one.<a href="#cite_note-Raitt-7">[7]</a> They found Bob's pleasure yacht, Novia Del Mar, ill-fitting for the science roles performed by the Scripps, and purchased a different yacht from actor <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stone" title="Lewis Stone">Lewis Stone</a> in April 1937. The Serena was rechristened E. W. Scripps and was presented to SIO in December 1937. The E. W. Scripps would be quintessential for Sverdrup to build datasets supporting simple theories of ocean circulation, including the <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime">Wartime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wartime">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maudexpeditionen-_Port%C3%A4tt_av_Harald_Sverdrup-_DIG131456.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Harald Sverdrup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Maudexpeditionen-_Port%C3%A4tt_av_Harald_Sverdrup-_DIG131456.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Maudexpeditionen-_Port%C3%A4tt_av_Harald_Sverdrup-_DIG131456.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Maudexpeditionen-_Port%C3%A4tt_av_Harald_Sverdrup-_DIG131456.tif/lossy-page1-225px-Maudexpeditionen-_Port%C3%A4tt_av_Harald_Sverdrup-_DIG131456.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Maudexpeditionen-_Port%C3%A4tt_av_Harald_Sverdrup-_DIG131456.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Maudexpeditionen-_Port%C3%A4tt_av_Harald_Sverdrup-_DIG131456.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="3437" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crafoordprize_2010-11_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Walter Munk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Crafoordprize_2010-11_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Crafoordprize_2010-11_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Crafoordprize_2010-11_%28cropped%29.jpg/201px-Crafoordprize_2010-11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Crafoordprize_2010-11_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Crafoordprize_2010-11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="1726" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)">Harald Sverdrup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a>, oceanographers tasked with predicting surf conditions for allied amphibious landings.</div></div></div></div> When World War II broke out Scripps created the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Division_of_War_Research" title="University of California Division of War Research">University of California Division of War Research</a> (UCDWR) in Point Loma, focusing on acoustics and waves to support the US Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Scripps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Collaborative research between the UCDWR and the Navy led to the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">deep scattering layer</a>, a region from 300 - 500 m deep filled with organisms.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> The UCDWR would continue to research sound beacons and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> until being absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Electronics_Laboratory" title="Navy Electronics Laboratory">Navy Electronics Laboratory</a> and Scripps Marine Physical Laboratory between 1945 and 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Scripps-21">[21]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)">Harald Sverdrup</a> as the SIO director, recent graduate student <a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a> was recalled from the army and together they were tasked with aiding <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Allied amphibious landings off the coast of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scripps_obit-24">[24]</a> The goal was to predict coastal surf and <a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">sea state</a> for Allied landings in Africa, though their model was also applied to the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Allied landings in Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily#Allied_landings" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War#Landings_in_the_Japanese_home_islands_(1945)" title="Pacific War">in the Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> SIO's UCDWR would train over 200 American and British military officers on swell forecasting techniques throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-shor2-26">[26]</a> Though Sverdrup was initially intending on holding the position of SIO director for only 3 years until 1939, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Nazi occupation of Norway</a> prolonged his assumption of the role until 1948.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> Though Sverdrup's family became US citizens during the war, he struggled with Navy clearance which gave him an awkward relationship to the projects he was overseeing.<a href="#cite_note-shor2-26">[26]</a> Wartime changed the funding dynamic for Scripps. Prior to the war, the only federal support for SIO came from the Navy seeking to protect the hulls of their ships.<a href="#cite_note-rainger-28">[28]</a> Threatened by <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">German submarines</a>, concepts within physical oceanography were researched for <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">submarine warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shor2-26">[26]</a> By summer 1942, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a> was appointed as a Navy liaison for oceanography and the sonar head of the Navy Bureau of Ships. UCDWR research led to rapid development of <a href="/wiki/Bathythermograph" title="Bathythermograph">bathythermographs</a>, as well as the understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic sediments</a> in the context of underwater warfare.<a href="#cite_note-rainger-28">[28]</a> Research on <a href="/wiki/Biofouling" title="Biofouling">biofouling</a> organisms were led by Dennis Fox and Claude ZoBell, with the goal to develop biological deterrents for seaplanes and vessels. It was during 1942 that Sverdrup, along with <a href="/wiki/Martin_W._Johnson" title="Martin W. Johnson">Martin Johnson</a> and Richard Fleming, completed the first comprehensive textbook of oceanography, The Oceans.<a href="#cite_note-:4-27">[27]</a> The textbook was considered a first of its kind and of such military importance that it was forbidden from distribution outside of the United States. SIO's first <a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">scientific diver</a> was biologist Cheng Kwai Tseng, who used equipment to collect algae off the coast of San Diego in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a> Tseng took red algae samples of <a href="/wiki/Gelidium" title="Gelidium">Gelidium cartilagineum</a> and cultured them to reduce the US dependence on Japanese <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a>, which was important to hospitals at the time.<a href="#cite_note-shor2-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Golden_Age_of_Oceanography">The Golden Age of Oceanography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Golden Age of Oceanography">edit</a>]</div> Following the war, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a> continued to act as a liaison for oceanographers and was consulted during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-rainger-28">[28]</a> He noted significant difficulties during the project, stemming from the difficulty of civilian research to access naval research vessels and naval bureaucracy. To remedy this, Revelle championed joint research of the newly-established <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Hydrographic_Office" title="United States Hydrographic Office">US Hydrographic Office</a>, and Navy Bureau of Ships and Scripps was receiving around $900,000 annually from federal funding.<a href="#cite_note-rainger-28">[28]</a> The Navy bestowed the operation of a number of vessels to SIO ushering in a "Golden Age" of oceanographic research and discoveries. Between 1947 and 1949 three post-war vessels were acquired and modified for scientific research: The Crest, Paolina-T, and <a href="/wiki/RV_Horizon" title="RV Horizon">Horizon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shor-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> These vessels, combined with the overlap of expertise from the ONR in 1946, provided additional resources for ocean exploration.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The three new vessels were put to work on the new Marine Life Research Program in 1950 (now <a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a>), which sought to investigate the collapse of the California sardine population. In doing so, approximately 670,000 square miles (1,700,000 km2) of ocean would need to be surveyed. When <a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a> was made available in the US in 1948, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> graduates Conrad Limbaugh and Andy Rechnitzer were able to convince Boyd W. Walker, their marine biology advisor at the time, to purchase one. Together, they introduced the Aqua-Lung to SIO in 1950 (with Limbaugh studying under Carl Hubbs) and began the Scripps Diving Program.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Roger Revelle took over the director role at SIO in 1951 from Carl Eckart and, following a diving fatality at La Jolla in 1950, requested that Limbaugh develop a <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba</a> training program for SIO, which debuted in 1951 and was heavily influenced by practices of the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-11">[11]</a> It was also during this time that <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a>, a physicist at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, became an advisor at SIO and developed the <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuit</a> in 1952. Bradner would go on to become a professor at SIO's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a> The SIO Diving Program would continue to innovate and expand up to more than 160 affiliated divers in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Vaughan Aquarium-Museum opened at the University's Charter Day in March 1951 to replace the prior aquarium, which had been in a consistent state of disrepair since at least 1925.<a href="#cite_note-:03-11">[11]</a> Named to honor former institution director T. Wayland Vaughan, museum curator Percy S. Barnhart planned a replacement up until his retirement in 1946, passing the project along to Sam Hinton. Hinton would go on to collect specimens aboard the E. W. Scripps until the building was completed and occupied in 1950. While nearly three times the size of the previous aquarium, the building also housed the director's offices on the second floor and the preserved specimens in the basement. The seawater supply from Scripps Pier was renovated in 1964 to increase capacity and improve <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_filter" title="Aquarium filter">filtration</a>. In 1959, an additional administration building was constructed next to the original 1910 building, named the "New Scripps" building. Campus construction expanded with the completion of the Sumner Auditorium and Sverdrup Hall in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-shor-31">[31]</a> Scripps Institution of Oceanography director Revelle spearheaded the formation of the University of California, San Diego in 1960 on a bluff overlooking the Scripps Institution, with SIO acting as the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Raitt-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> It was during the 1960s that SIO led the development of the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Spiess#Deep_Tow" title="Fred Spiess">Deep-Tow system</a>, with oceanographer Fred Spiess as the lead of the Marine Physical Laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-:03-11">[11]</a> The purpose was to map the oceans, most notably being used in <a href="/wiki/Project_FAMOUS" title="Project FAMOUS">Project FAMOUS</a> between 1971 and 1974. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yvst3_1b_(13251240185).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Yvst3_1b_%2813251240185%29.jpg/220px-Yvst3_1b_%2813251240185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Yvst3_1b_%2813251240185%29.jpg/330px-Yvst3_1b_%2813251240185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Yvst3_1b_%2813251240185%29.jpg/440px-Yvst3_1b_%2813251240185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>The Star III research submersible on display at <a href="/wiki/Birch_Aquarium" title="Birch Aquarium">Birch Aquarium</a></figcaption></figure> In 1965, Scripps began leasing 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land in Point Loma to tie up research vessels, including the <a href="/wiki/RP_FLIP" title="RP FLIP">RP Flip</a> (launched in 1962), from the US Navy.<a href="#cite_note-:03-11">[11]</a> The navy gave this land to Scripps in 1975 and the facility was named the Nimitz Marine Facility (or MarFac) after <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester Nimitz</a>. Also in 1965, Scripps assisted the Navy with the <a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a> project, where divers dwelled in a submersible habitat at 205 ft (62 m) in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Canyon" title="Scripps Canyon">Scripps Canyon</a> for 15 days at a time.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On October 25, 1973, California Sea Grant became a college (<a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program" title="National Sea Grant College Program">National Sea Grant College Program</a>) administered by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> From March to May of 1979, SIO directed the <a href="/wiki/RISE_project" title="RISE project">RISE project</a> and oversaw the 1979 discovery of black smoker <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> at the <a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_projects_and_modern_history">International projects and modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International projects and modern history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography,_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography%2C_2011.JPG/220px-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography%2C_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography%2C_2011.JPG/330px-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography%2C_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography%2C_2011.JPG/440px-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography%2C_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>A view of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2011, taken from Birch Aquarium.</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Scripps_Building" title="Old Scripps Building">Old Scripps Building</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Gill" title="Irving Gill">Irving Gill</a>, was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-nhlsum2-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv22-43">[43]</a> Architect <a href="/wiki/Barton_Myers" title="Barton Myers">Barton Myers</a> designed the current Scripps Building for the Institution of Oceanography in 1998. In 2007, the family and wife of late Roger Revelle donated 2.5 million dollars toward the Roger Revelle Chair <a href="/wiki/Endowed_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Endowed chair">endowed position</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Shang-Ping_Xie" title="Shang-Ping Xie">Shang-Ping Xie</a> now holds. In 2014, SIO received a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to test the use of biofuels on one of its ships, the <a href="/wiki/RV_Robert_Gordon_Sproul" title="RV Robert Gordon Sproul">Robert Gordon Sproul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The vessel operated from September 2014 to December 2015 on 100% biofuels which reduced <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> emissions, but increased particle emissions. However, the fuel source provided a proof of concept that research operations could be completed using biofuels rather than conventional diesel. Also, 2014 was the first year of cruises for the international <a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Ship-based_Hydrographic_Investigations_Program" title="Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program">GO-SHIP program</a>, a repeat hydrography program focusing on straight transects across major ocean basins and a follow-up to the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a>, which ran until 2002.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Scripps, along with NOAA as the sole American members of the science committee, has overseen and advised many expeditions to contribute to the global data set.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 2019, Scripps received $1.2 million of philanthropic funding for a 42-foot (13 m) research vessel, named after <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Beyster" title="John Robert Beyster">John Beyster and his wife Betty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Though the vessel was secured in spring of 2019, plans for the vessel's acquisition began in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> From January to May of 2019, SIO directed a study at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Beach">Imperial Beach</a> to collect samples of sewage pollution from the <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_River" title="Tijuana River">Tijuana River</a> and found elevated levels of harmful bacteria and aerosols.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 2024, Scripps was added to a task force including researchers from <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a> and regional doctors to better understand health impacts from the pollution.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> While collecting samples later in 2024, the task force had to evacuate the area due to elevated levels of toxic gases.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> A campus report was published in 2022 describing campus lab, office, and storage spaces and found that women make up 26% of research scientists at SIO, yet occupy 17% of the space.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The report highlighted that <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> faculty on campus are 86% male and hold nearly 25% of all space at SIO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_graduate_protests">2023 graduate protests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2023 graduate protests">edit</a>]</div> In May 2023, the Scripps campus in La Jolla opened the Ted and Jean Scripps Marine Conservation and Technology Facility.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The building required the razing of three older buildings originally constructed in 1963 and reinforcing of the nearby hillside in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A month later, the building was vandalized in a protest against low graduate student wages. In June 2023, two SIO students and one recent graduate were arrested at their homes by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_police_departments" title="University of California police departments">University of California Police</a> and held in custody overnight.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The University alleged $12,000 in damages related to this incident.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Union leadership in <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">UAW</a> 2865 and 5810, the local union chapters representing the arrested workers, accuse the University of California of retaliation<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and reneging on the contracts signed at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/2022_University_of_California_academic_workers%27_strike" title="2022 University of California academic workers' strike">2022 UC academic workers' strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> On July 10, 2023, hundreds of protesters gathered at San Diego's Central Courthouse to protest the arrests, however in a written statement the San Diego District Attorney's office said the arraignment would not move forward because the case had not been submitted to its office for review.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> However, university officials have up to three years to file charges. On July 18, 2023, UCPD obtained a warrant and searched a fourth student's house for evidence of chalk or union affiliation in relation to the May 30 incident.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_campus">Main campus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Main campus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography_Monument_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography_Monument_Sign.jpg/220px-Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography_Monument_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography_Monument_Sign.jpg/330px-Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography_Monument_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography_Monument_Sign.jpg/440px-Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography_Monument_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The entry to Scripps campus along La Jolla Shores Drive</figcaption></figure>The SIO main campus is located in <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a>, situated between <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_Shores" title="La Jolla Shores">La Jolla Shores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Beach" title="Black's Beach">Black's Beach</a>. La Jolla Shores Drive provides access to greater La Jolla to the south, while continuing north through campus to the main UC San Diego campus. Mass transit service to the main campus is handled by <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_MTS_bus_system" title="San Diego MTS bus system">MTS line 30</a> (coming every 15 minutes) and UC San Diego's SIO bus route (every 10 minutes). Route 30 has stops exclusively on La Jolla Shores Drive, heading north to <a href="/wiki/UTC_Transit_Center" title="UTC Transit Center">UTC Transit Center</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Transit_Center" title="Old Town Transit Center">Old Town Transit Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The SIO route offers more comprehensive coverage of campus grounds, starting in Pawka Green, then La Jolla Shores Drive, Shellback Way, Birch Aquarium, and then north to Gilman Transit Center at UCSD's main campus.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Three sites on campus (the Seaside Forum, the Martin Johnson House, and Birch Aquarium) are available to the general public for rental.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biological_Grade">Biological Grade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biological Grade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripps_reef_garden_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Scripps_reef_garden_2024.jpg/220px-Scripps_reef_garden_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Scripps_reef_garden_2024.jpg/330px-Scripps_reef_garden_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Scripps_reef_garden_2024.jpg/440px-Scripps_reef_garden_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>The Scripps Reef Garden on Biological Grade, finished in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> Biological Grade is the street running North to South parallel to La Jolla Shores drive, connecting a number of laboratories, libraries, and research halls. It was built between 1910 and 1912 with the original Old Scripps Building and was part of the main highway between San Diego and Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> As the campus grew, La Jolla Shores Drive was constructed to reroute through traffic for automobiles. Biological Grade connects to Shellback Way on the other side of La Jolla Shores Drive via the La Jolla Shores Pedestrian Bridge (also known as Scripps Crossing), erected in 1993. The Scripps Coastal Meander trail (part of the <a href="/wiki/California_Coastal_Trail" title="California Coastal Trail">California Coastal Trail</a>) starts at the northern end of Biological Grade and connects to other trails, eventually terminating at Black's Beach.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>In order from South to North<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> </th> <th>Year Completed </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Center for Coastal Studies </td> <td>1962, 1973 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hubbs Hall </td> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Leavitt_Hubbs" title="Carl Leavitt Hubbs">Carl Hubbs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eckart Building and Scripps library </td> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Eckart" title="Carl Eckart">Carl Eckart</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Munk Lab </td> <td>1964 </td> <td>Judith and Walter Munk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revelle Laboratory </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Roger and Ellen Revelle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydraulics Laboratory </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>Contains a <a href="/wiki/Hackerspace" title="Hackerspace">maker space</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Martin Johnson House and Scripps Cottages </td> <td>1916 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isaacs Hall </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dove_Isaacs" title="John Dove Isaacs">John Dove Isaacs III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MESOM<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marine Conservation and Technology Facility </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Ted and Jean Scripps </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pawka_Green_and_Naga_Way">Pawka Green and Naga Way</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pawka Green and Naga Way">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_scripps_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Old_scripps_2024.jpg/220px-Old_scripps_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Old_scripps_2024.jpg/330px-Old_scripps_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Old_scripps_2024.jpg/440px-Old_scripps_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>The Old Scripps building, facing Pawka Green.</figcaption></figure> South of Biological Grade is the Pawka Green, named after Steven Pawka. The bordering Naga Way separates the labs from Biological Grade from the halls around Pawka Green, which are more oriented towards administration and instruction. The Naga Way street is named after the Naga Expedition, which took place in 1959 studying the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>In order from South to North<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> </th> <th>Year Completed </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scripps Seaside Forum<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Robert Paine Scripps </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sverdrup Hall and Sumner Auditorium </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Sverdrup and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bertody_Sumner" title="Francis Bertody Sumner">Francis Bertody Sumner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director's Office </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Old Scripps </td> <td>1910 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Scripps </td> <td>1959 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vaughan Hall </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>T.W. Vaughan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ritter Hall </td> <td>1931, 1956 </td> <td>William Ritter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaplan Lab and Aquarium </td> <td>1568, 1965 </td> <td>Charmaine and Maurice Kaplan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scholander Hall </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>Per F. Scholander </td></tr> <tr> <td>Old Director's House </td> <td>1917 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shellback_Way">Shellback Way</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shellback Way">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripps_crossing_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scripps_crossing_2024.jpg/220px-Scripps_crossing_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scripps_crossing_2024.jpg/330px-Scripps_crossing_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scripps_crossing_2024.jpg/440px-Scripps_crossing_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>The Scripps Crossing bridge.</figcaption></figure> Shellback Way connects a series of halls and labs on the east side of La Jolla Shores Drive, with greater emphasis on atmospheric science and fisheries. It connects to Biological Grade via the La Jolla Shores Pedestrian Bridge. Shellback Way is named after the Shellback Expedition which studied the deep Pacific off the coast of Peru, running from May to August 1952.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>In order from South to North<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> </th> <th>Year Completed </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nierenberg Hall </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>William Nierenberg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spiess Hall </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>Fred Spiess </td></tr> <tr> <td>W.M. Keck Center </td> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Foundation" title="W. M. Keck Foundation">W.M. Keck Foundation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downwind_Way">Downwind Way</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Downwind Way">edit</a>]</div> Downwind Way connects La Jolla Shores Drive to Expedition Way, providing access to the rest of UCSD. This section of campus includes campus storage and facilities, Birch Aquarium, and Deep Sea Drilling Program. It is named after the first of three <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophisical Year</a> cruises, taking place from October 1957 to February 1958.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>In order from South to North<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> </th> <th>Year Completed </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Seaweed Canyon<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> (Nori, Rockweed, Limu, Kelp, Eelgrass, Corallina) </td> <td>1942,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> 2014 </td> <td>Storage </td></tr> <tr> <td>Birch Aquarium and Parking Lot </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Stephen and Mary Birch Foundation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deep Sea Drilling </td> <td>1969, 1972 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campus_flora_and_fauna">Campus flora and fauna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Campus flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> The main campus in La Jolla is situated next to the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego-Scripps_Coastal_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="San Diego-Scripps Coastal Marine Conservation Area">San Diego-Scripps Coastal Marine Conservation Area</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Torrey_Pines_State_Natural_Reserve" title="Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve">Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ca-83">[83]</a> The coastal <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> has many plants also seen in the Torrey Pines reserve, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhus_integrifolia" title="Rhus integrifolia">lemonade berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marah_macrocarpa" title="Marah macrocarpa">wild cucumber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cneoridium" title="Cneoridium">coast spice bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encelia_californica" title="Encelia californica">California sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eriogonum_fasciculatum" title="Eriogonum fasciculatum">California buckwheat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleomella_arborea" title="Cleomella arborea">bladderpod</a>. Seabirds are a common sight near the campus, particularly <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">seagulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Brown_Pelican" class="mw-redirect" title="California Brown Pelican">pelicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plover" title="Plover">plovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">Peregrine falcons</a> are also known to nest in the bluffs at the north end of campus.<a href="#cite_note-ca-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Marine_life">Marine life</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marine life">edit</a>]</div> Marine life from La Jolla Shores to Black's Beach can be seen very shallow, making <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkeling</a> a popular activity. Marine organisms include <a href="/wiki/Leopard_shark" title="Leopard shark">leopard sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_(fish)" title="Garibaldi (fish)">Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shovelnose_guitarfish" title="Shovelnose guitarfish">shovelnose guitarfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round_stingray" title="Round stingray">round stingrays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thornback_ray" title="Thornback ray">thornback rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ca-83">[83]</a> Due to the high concentration of stingrays, locals practice the "stingray shuffle" to help avoid <a href="/wiki/Stingray_injury" title="Stingray injury">being stung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Connecting to La Jolla Canyon, <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Canyon" title="Scripps Canyon">Scripps Canyon</a> is a popular spot for divers and marine research. Common fish within the canyon are species of <a href="/wiki/Agonidae" title="Agonidae">poacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleuronectidae" title="Pleuronectidae">sole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">rockfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California_lizardfish" title="California lizardfish">lizardfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nimitz_Marine_Facility">Nimitz Marine Facility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nimitz Marine Facility">edit</a>]</div> The Nimitz Marine facility is the home port of all SIO research vessels and is accessible by land via Rosecrans Street in Point Loma. The facility is serviced hourly by bus route 84 of the San Diego MTS, running from the Navy Base to <a href="/wiki/Shelter_Island,_San_Diego" title="Shelter Island, San Diego">Shelter Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabrillo_National_Monument" title="Cabrillo National Monument">Cabrillo National Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The facility borders the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Point_Loma" title="Naval Base Point Loma">Point Loma Navy Base</a>, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Information_Warfare_Center_Pacific" title="Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific">NIWC</a>. As of 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Worker_Identification_Credential" title="Transportation Worker Identification Credential">TWIC card</a> is required for access to the waterfront at MarFac as required by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Buildings at the Nimitz Marine Facility are numbered in increasing order from the waterfront approaching Rosecrans Street. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Building Label </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Administration and research technician workshop </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Ship workshop and technician offices </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Shipboard Electronics Group and calibration laboratory </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>SIO Marine Physical Laboratory and workshop<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_programs">Research programs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research programs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIOresearch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/SIOresearch.jpg/220px-SIOresearch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/SIOresearch.jpg/330px-SIOresearch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/SIOresearch.jpg/440px-SIOresearch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at sea</figcaption></figure> The institution's research programs encompass biological, physical, chemical, geological, and geophysical studies of the oceans and land. Scripps also studies the interaction of the oceans with both the atmospheric climate and environmental concerns on terra firma. Related to this research, Scripps offers undergraduate and graduate degrees.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Today, the Scripps staff of 1,300 includes approximately 235 faculty, 180 other scientists and some 350 <a href="/wiki/Graduate_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate students">graduate students</a>, with an annual budget of more than $281 million.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The institution operates a fleet of four <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_themes">Research themes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Research themes">edit</a>]</div> Scripps follows a number of interdisciplinary research themes:<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <ul><li>Climate change impacts and adaption</li> <li>Resilience to hazards</li> <li>Human health and the oceans</li> <li>Innovative technology</li> <li>Polar science</li> <li>Biodiversity and conservation</li> <li>National security</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CalCOFI_program">CalCOFI program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: CalCOFI program">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></div> The California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program, established in 1949, is an ongoing partnership between SIO, <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">NOAA Fisheries</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Fish_and_Wildlife" title="California Department of Fish and Wildlife">California Department of Fish and Wildlife</a> to study sardine population collapse and the marine environment off the coast of Southern California.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Data are collected on routine research cruises and are able to be compared over many decades in a large service area.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Keeling_Curve">The Keeling Curve</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Keeling Curve">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/220px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/330px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/440px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a></div> The Keeling Curve is the longest-running <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">time series</a> of atmospheric CO2, beginning in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a>, SIO established a research center in <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to record atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Since then, SIO researchers have expanded the dataset into numerous other sampling locations and analytical parameters to monitor <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KeelingWhorfContinuous-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argo_program">Argo program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Argo program">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Argo_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Argo program">Argo program</a></div> The Argo program is an international effort to survey ocean temperature, salinity, and currents. The program was developed in the late 1990s and chaired by SIO's <a href="/wiki/Dean_Roemmich" title="Dean Roemmich">Dean Roemmich</a> and SIO researchers helped design the SOLO and SOLO-II float designs.<a href="#cite_note-prospectus-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> SIO is also involved in Argo-related programs, such as GO-BGC (<a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemical</a>) and <a href="/wiki/SOCCOM_project" title="SOCCOM project">SOCCOM</a>, and hosts Argo data on the Argo Global Marine Atlas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanographic_collections">Oceanographic collections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Oceanographic collections">edit</a>]</div> SIO maintains a large collection of <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic</a> organism collections, tracing back to William Ritter's samples from 1902. When <a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">ichthyologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Leavitt_Hubbs" title="Carl Leavitt Hubbs">Carl Hubbs</a> arrived at SIO in 1944, the collections grew rapidly and expanded by around 9,000 samples in 2014 when SIO inherited collections from <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>'s Department of Ecology.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> SIO also has a geological collection of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">ocean cores</a>, sea dredge hauls, <a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">microfossil</a> slides, and rock samples.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Collection samples are commonly used for instruction at SIO and for public outreach at <a href="/wiki/Birch_Aquarium" title="Birch Aquarium">Birch Aquarium</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organizational structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_sections">Research sections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Research sections">edit</a>]</div> Scripps Oceanography is divided into three research sections, each with its own subdivisions:<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <ul><li>Biology <ul><li>Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine (CMBB)</li> <li>Integrative Oceanography Division (IOD)</li> <li>Marine Biology Research Division (MBRD)</li></ul></li> <li>Earth <ul><li>Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP)</li> <li>Geosciences Research Division (GRD)</li></ul></li> <li>Oceans & Atmosphere <ul><li>Climate, Atmospheric Science & Physical Oceanography (CASPO)</li> <li>Marine Physical Laboratory (MPL)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directors">Directors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Directors">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leinen" title="Margaret Leinen">Margaret Leinen</a> took office as the director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Vice Chancellor for Marine Sciences, and Dean of the Graduate School of Marine Sciences on October 1, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-leinen2-106">[106]</a> List of Prior SIO Directors<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Director </th> <th>Years Serving </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_E._Ritter" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Ritter">William E. Ritter</a> </td> <td>1912-1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T._Wayland_Vaughan" title="T. Wayland Vaughan">Thomas W. Vaughan</a> </td> <td>1923-1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)">Harald U. Sverdrup</a> </td> <td>1936-1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Eckart" title="Carl Eckart">Carl Eckart</a> </td> <td>1948-1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a> </td> <td>1951-1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Spiess" title="Fred Spiess">Fred N. Speiss</a> </td> <td>1964-1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Nierenberg" title="William Nierenberg">William A. Nierenberg</a> </td> <td>1965-1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Frieman" title="Edward A. Frieman">Edward A. Frieman</a> </td> <td>1986-1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kennel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles F. Kennel">Charles F. Kennel</a> </td> <td>1998-2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tony Haymet </td> <td>2006-2012 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_vessels">Research vessels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Research vessels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIOrevelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SIOrevelle.jpg/220px-SIOrevelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SIOrevelle.jpg/330px-SIOrevelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SIOrevelle.jpg/440px-SIOrevelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Scripps research vessel Roger Revelle</figcaption></figure> Scripps owns and operates several <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessels</a> and platforms:<a href="#cite_note-shor2-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Roger_Revelle" title="RV Roger Revelle">RV Roger Revelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Sally_Ride_(AGOR-28)" class="mw-redirect" title="RV Sally Ride (AGOR-28)">RV Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Robert_Gordon_Sproul" title="RV Robert Gordon Sproul">RV Robert Gordon Sproul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RV_Bob_and_Betty_Beyster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RV Bob and Betty Beyster (page does not exist)">RV Bob and Betty Beyster</a></li></ul> Current and previous vessels larger than 50 ft (15 m) <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year Acquired by SIO </th> <th>Retired from SIO </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1904 </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>RV Loma </td> <td>Pilot boat, ran aground in <a href="/wiki/Point_Loma,_San_Diego" title="Point Loma, San Diego">Point Loma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>RV Alexander Agassiz </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>RV Ellen Browning </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>RV Scripps </td> <td>Converted from a fishing vessel, exploded in 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>RV E. W. Scripps </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>RV Stranger </td> <td>Operated as USS Jasper from 1941 to 1947 for the UC Division of War Research </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>RV Crest </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>RV Horizon </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>RV Paolina-T </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RV_Horizon" title="RV Horizon">RV Horizon</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>RV Spencer F. Baird </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>T-441 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>RV Orca </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Hugh_M._Smith" title="US FWS Hugh M. Smith">RV Hugh M. Smith</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Snatch" title="USS Snatch">RV Argo</a> </td> <td>Official Navy name was Snatch </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>RV Alexander Agassiz </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RP_FLIP" title="RP FLIP">RP FLIP</a> </td> <td>Designated RP as a Research Platform </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>RV Oconostota </td> <td>The Oconostota was known as "The Rolling O" because of its unpleasant motion </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>RV Alpha Helix </td> <td>Transferred to University of Alaska, Fairbanks in 1980, sold in 2007 to Stabbert Maritime </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>RV Ellen B. Scripps </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USNS_Thomas_Washington" title="USNS Thomas Washington">RV Thomas Washington</a> </td> <td>Transferred to Chile and renamed Vidal Gormaz. Scrapped 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BRP_Gregorio_Velasquez" title="BRP Gregorio Velasquez">RV Melville</a> </td> <td>Transferred to the Philippines in 2016 and renamed Gregorio Velasquez </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td> </td> <td>RV Gianna </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>RV New Horizon </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>Present </td> <td>RV Robert Gordon Sproul </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>Present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RV_Roger_Revelle" title="RV Roger Revelle">RV Roger Revelle</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>Present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RV_Sally_Ride_(AGOR-28)" class="mw-redirect" title="RV Sally Ride (AGOR-28)">RV Sally Ride</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>Present </td> <td>RV Bob and Betty Beyster </td> <td>42-feet long </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_Hydrogen_Research_Vessel">Hybrid Hydrogen Research Vessel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hybrid Hydrogen Research Vessel">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, Scripps was awarded $35 million for the development of a new coastal research vessel as a replacement for the RV Robert Gordon Sproul, in service since 1984.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The proposed vessel would be 125 feet long and take 3 years to build, becoming the first hybrid-hydrogen research vessel in the <a href="/wiki/UNOLS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOLS">UNOLS</a> fleet and aiding in the University of California's Carbon Neutrality Initiative. Scripps chose <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>-based architect Glosten as the ship's designer, having work experience from numerous other SIO vessels.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It is expected that the research vessel will operate on hydrogen power for 75% of its operations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birch_Aquarium">Birch Aquarium</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Birch Aquarium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aq_facility_rental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Aq_facility_rental.jpg/220px-Aq_facility_rental.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Aq_facility_rental.jpg/330px-Aq_facility_rental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Aq_facility_rental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Birch Aquarium, with the Village of La Jolla in the background</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birch_Aquarium" title="Birch Aquarium">Birch Aquarium</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Birch_Aquarium" title="Birch Aquarium">Birch Aquarium</a>, the public exploration center for the institution, features a Hall of Fishes with more than 60 tanks of Pacific fishes and invertebrates from the cold waters of the Pacific Northwest to the tropical waters of Mexico and the IndoPacific, a 13,000-gallon local shark and ray exhibit, interactive tide pools, and interactive science exhibits.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In 2022, the aquarium opened a new exhibit for <a href="/wiki/Little_penguin" title="Little penguin">blue penguins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_faculty_members_(past_and_present)">Notable faculty members (past and present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable faculty members (past and present)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Azam" title="Farooq Azam">Farooq Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Backus" title="George Edward Backus">George Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Baldwin" title="Ernest Baldwin">Ernest Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Benson" title="Andrew Benson">Andrew Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brinton" title="Edward Brinton">Edward Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Holmes_Bullock" title="Theodore Holmes Bullock">Theodore Holmes Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph J. Cicerone">Ralph J. Cicerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Corell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert W. Corell">Robert W. Corell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmon_Craig" title="Harmon Craig">Harmon Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Dayton" title="Paul K. Dayton">Paul K. Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_DeLong" title="Edward DeLong">Edward DeLong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Dietz" title="Robert S. Dietz">Robert S. Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seibert_Q._Duntley" title="Seibert Q. Duntley">Seibert Q. Duntley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Eckart" title="Carl Eckart">Carl Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_T._Enright" title="Jim T. Enright">Jim T. Enright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Epel" title="David Epel">David Epel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Frieman" title="Edward A. Frieman">Edward A. Frieman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garrels" title="Robert Garrels">Robert Garrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Gilbert" title="James Freeman Gilbert">Freeman Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Goldberg" title="Edward D. Goldberg">Edward D. Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a><a href="#cite_note-mpg-116">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hedgpeth" title="Joel Hedgpeth">Joel Hedgpeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heiligenberg" title="Walter Heiligenberg">Walter Heiligenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hinton" title="Sam Hinton">Sam Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hubbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Hubbs">Carl Hubbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Inman" title="Douglas Inman">Douglas Inman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dove_Isaacs" title="John Dove Isaacs">John Dove Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jackson_(scientist)" title="Jeremy Jackson (scientist)">Jeremy Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_W._Johnson" title="Martin W. Johnson">Martin W. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Jordan" title="Thomas H. Jordan">Thomas H. Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Kastner" title="Miriam Kastner">Miriam Kastner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Keeling" title="Ralph Keeling">Ralph Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennel" title="Charles Kennel">Charles Kennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Knowlton" title="Nancy Knowlton">Nancy Knowlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Levin" title="Lisa Levin">Lisa Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Lewin" title="Ralph A. Lewin">Ralph A. Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Longuet-Higgins" title="Michael S. Longuet-Higgins">Michael S. Longuet-Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_P._Martz" title="Edwin P. Martz">Edwin P. Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Menard" title="Henry William Menard">Henry William Menard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Miles" title="John W. Miles">John W. Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Greg_Mitchell" title="B. Greg Mitchell">B. Greg Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Munk" title="Judith Munk">Judith Munk</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Namias" title="Jerome Namias">Jerome Namias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nierenberg" title="William Nierenberg">William Nierenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearn_P._Niiler" title="Pearn P. Niiler">Pearn P. Niiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Nozette" title="Stewart Nozette">Stewart Nozette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerabhadran_Ramanathan" title="Veerabhadran Ramanathan">Veerabhadran Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Ritter" title="William Emerson Ritter">William Emerson Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Roemmich" title="Dean Roemmich">Dean Roemmich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinrich_Rosenblatt" title="Richard Heinrich Rosenblatt">Richard Heinrich Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Sala" title="Enric Sala">Enric Sala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Suess" title="Hans Suess">Hans Suess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Shepard" title="Francis Parker Shepard">Francis Parker Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cole_Smith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Cole Smith, Jr.">Cornelius Cole Smith, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Somerville" title="Richard Somerville">Richard Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Spiess" title="Fred Spiess">Fred Spiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Sprintall" title="Janet Sprintall">Janet Sprintall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sugihara" title="George Sugihara">George Sugihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)">Harald Sverdrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Talley" title="Lynne Talley">Lynne Talley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_White_(oceanographer)" title="Warren White (oceanographer)">Warren White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wyrtki" title="Klaus Wyrtki">Klaus Wyrtki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Vacquier" title="Victor Vacquier">Victor Vacquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Elazari_Volcani" title="Benjamin Elazari Volcani">Benjamin Elazari Volcani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang-Ping_Xie" title="Shang-Ping Xie">Shang-Ping Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Young_(oceanographer)" title="William R. Young (oceanographer)">William R. Young</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable alumni">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Atwater" title="Tanya Atwater">Tanya Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Elliot_Bowman_III" title="Thomas Elliot Bowman III">Thomas E. Bowman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brinton" title="Edward Brinton">Edward Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Calvert" title="Stephen E. Calvert">Stephen E. Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Cobb" title="Kim Cobb">Kim Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Corliss" title="Jack Corliss">Jack Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Edmond" title="John M. Edmond">John M. Edmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Farley" title="Kenneth Farley">Kenneth Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freilich_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Freilich (NASA)">Michael Freilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Gaines" title="Susan M. Gaines">Susan M. Gaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gallaudet" title="Timothy Gallaudet">Timothy Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Giddens" title="Eric Giddens">Eric Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Hough" title="Susan Hough">Susan Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancel_Keys" title="Ancel Keys">Ancel Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_McArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Megan McArthur">Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._McCarthy" class="mw-redirect" title="James J. McCarthy">James J. McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_McNutt" title="Marcia McNutt">Marcia McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_J._North" title="Wheeler J. North">Wheeler J. North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Notarbartolo_di_Sciara" title="Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara">Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm_%C3%93_hEocha" title="Colm Ó hEocha">Colm Ó hEocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richard_Pawlik" title="Joseph Richard Pawlik">Joseph R. Pawlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_(neuroscientist)" title="George Perry (neuroscientist)">George Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Satheesh" title="S. K. Satheesh">S. K. Satheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinke_Stevens" title="Brinke Stevens">Brinke Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Stott" title="Christopher Stott">Christopher Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tucker_(seismologist)" title="Brian Tucker (seismologist)">Brian Tucker</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_by_SIO">Awards by SIO</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Awards by SIO">edit</a>]</div> SIO confers a number of awards for scientific advancement or betterment of society. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Award </th> <th>First Given </th> <th>Latest Recipient </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amici cum Laude (Latin: "friends with praise") </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>2013<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td>An honor for supporters or friends in the greater oceanographic community </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cody Award </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td>Scientific achievement; Named after Robert L. and Bettie P. Cody </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frieman Prize </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>2022<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td>For graduate student research; <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Frieman" title="Edward A. Frieman">Edward Frieman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nierenberg_Prize" title="Nierenberg Prize">Nierenberg Prize</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>2023<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td> <td>For contributions to research and public interest; <a href="/wiki/William_Nierenberg" title="William Nierenberg">William Nierenberg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ritter Memorial Fellowship </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>2020<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td> <td>Encouraging fellowship in the history of marine science; <a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Ritter" title="William Emerson Ritter">William Ritter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle_Prize" title="Roger Revelle Prize">Roger Revelle Prize</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>2009<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td> <td>For leaders in public or private sectors; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rosenblatt Award </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td> <td>For contributions in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinrich_Rosenblatt" title="Richard Heinrich Rosenblatt">Richard H. and Glenda G. Rosenblatt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teaching Awards </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>2023<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td> <td>Two awards for graduate/undergraduate teaching and mentorship </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, the institution and its <a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a> measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were featured as a plot point in an episode of HBO's <a href="/wiki/The_Newsroom_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Newsroom (U.S. TV series)">The Newsroom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In 2008, Scripps Institution of Oceanography was the subject of a category on the TV game show <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Array_Network_Facility" title="Array Network Facility">Array Network Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISE_project" title="RISE project">RISE project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Research" title="Scripps Research">Scripps Research</a>, a neighboring, but completely independent medical research institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_Research_Institute" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute</a>, a private, non-profit oceanographic research center in <a href="/wiki/Moss_Landing,_California" title="Moss Landing, California">Moss Landing, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Landing_Marine_Laboratories" title="Moss Landing Marine Laboratories">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories</a>, a multi-campus marine research consortium of the <a href="/wiki/California_State_University_System" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University System">California State University System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Marine_Station" title="Hopkins Marine Station">Hopkins Marine Station</a>, a similar research facility run by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Marine_Science_Center" title="Hatfield Marine Science Center">Hatfield Marine Science Center</a>, a similar research facility associated with the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a> and located in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Oregon" title="Newport, Oregon">Newport</a>, Oregon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution" title="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a>, a similar research facility located in <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Hole">Woods Hole</a>, Massachusetts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history-1"><a href="#cite_ref-history_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/about/history">Scripps history</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-leinen-2"><a href="#cite_ref-leinen_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/about/leadership/directors-biography">"Director's Biography"</a>. 2022-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Director%27s+Biography&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fabout%2Fleadership%2Fdirectors-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScripps+Institution+of+Oceanography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scrippsfacts-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scrippsfacts_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scrippsfacts_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scrippsfacts_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/about">"About Scripps Oceanography"</a>. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 2 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft.atitle=About+Scripps+Oceanography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScripps+Institution+of+Oceanography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/about/awards/nierenberg">"Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest"</a>. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Nierenberg+Prize+for+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fnierenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScripps+Institution+of+Oceanography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennet_Ritter1939" class="citation book cs1">Bennet Ritter, Mary (1939). 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Retrieved 2024-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scripps.ucsd.edu&rft.atitle=Richard+H.+and+Glenda+G.+Rosenblatt+Lectureship+in+Evolutionary+Biology+%7C+Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Frosenblatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScripps+Institution+of+Oceanography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/about/awards/teaching">"Scripps Institution of Oceanography Teaching Excellence Awards | Scripps Institution of Oceanography"</a>. scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scripps.ucsd.edu&rft.atitle=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography+Teaching+Excellence+Awards+%7C+Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fteaching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScripps+Institution+of+Oceanography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2014/11/climate-desk-fact-checks-aaron-sorkins-climate-science-newsroom">"We Fact Checked Aaron Sorkin's Climate Science on "The Newsroom""</a>. Mother Jones.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=We+Fact+Checked+Aaron+Sorkin%27s+Climate+Science+on+%22The+Newsroom%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fblue-marble%2F2014%2F11%2Fclimate-desk-fact-checks-aaron-sorkins-climate-science-newsroom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScripps+Institution+of+Oceanography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/scripps-oceanography-jeopardy">"What is... A Night in the Spotlight?"</a>. 2013-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is...+A+Night+in+the+Spotlight%3F&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fnews%2Fscripps-oceanography-jeopardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScripps+Institution+of+Oceanography" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/arch/raitt-1967/">Scripps Institution of Oceanography; First Fifty Years</a> Helen Raitt and Beatrice Moulton. Los Angeles : W. Ritchie Press, 1967.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/arch/shor-1978/">Scripps Institution of Oceanography : Probing the Oceans, 1936 to 1976</a> Elizabeth Noble Shor. San Diego, Calif. : Tofua Press, 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeling_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeling curve">The Keeling Curve Turns 50</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scripps.ucsd.edu/">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wertheim_School_of_Public_Health_and_Human_Longevity_Science" title="Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science">Public Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Geisel_library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Geisel_library.jpg/130px-Geisel_library.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Geisel_library.jpg/195px-Geisel_library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Geisel_library.jpg/260px-Geisel_library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="368" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#182B49; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C69214, inset 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title="Price Center">Price Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisel_Library" title="Geisel Library">Geisel Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9_Caf%C3%A9" title="Ché Café">Ché Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preuss_School" title="Preuss School">Preuss School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Geisel_University_House" title="Audrey Geisel University House">University House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Prebys_Music_Center" title="Conrad Prebys Music Center">Conrad Prebys Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Collection" title="Stuart Collection">Stuart Collection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_God_(statue)" title="Sun God (statue)">Sun God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Star" title="Fallen Star">Fallen Star</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Central_Campus_station" title="UC San Diego Central Campus station">UC San Diego Central Campus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Health_La_Jolla_station" title="UC San Diego Health La Jolla station">UC San Diego Health La Jolla station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#182B49; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C69214, inset -2px -2px 0 #C69214;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Tritons" title="UC San Diego Tritons">UC San Diego Tritons</a> (<a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Tritons_baseball" title="UC San Diego Tritons baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Tritons_men%27s_basketball" title="UC San Diego Tritons men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Tritons_women%27s_basketball" title="UC San Diego Tritons women's basketball">Women's basketball</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMAC" title="RIMAC">RIMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyonview_Aquatic_Center" title="Canyonview Aquatic Center">Canyonview Aquatic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_Ballpark" title="Triton Ballpark">Triton Ballpark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#182B49; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C69214, inset -2px -2px 0 #C69214;;width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Aquarium" title="Birch Aquarium">Birch Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_Playhouse" title="La Jolla Playhouse">La Jolla Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSD_Guardian" title="UCSD Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Koala" title="The Koala">The Koala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSDT_Radio" title="KSDT Radio">KSDT Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K35DG-D" title="K35DG-D">UCSD TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_God_Festival" title="Sun God Festival">Sun God Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#182B49; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C69214, inset -2px -2px 0 #C69214;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride_Science" title="Sally Ride Science">Sally Ride Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#182B49; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C69214, inset -2px -2px 0 #C69214;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="Category:University of California, San Diego">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_California,_San_Diego" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of California, San Diego">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation, Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/48px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/64px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Portal:National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604029#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406272787">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125202651">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/37919-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80003906">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121483784">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121483784">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2008425671&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007288506605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523921706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029971039">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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