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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1733&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">IEEE 1733</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Specifications for synchronized, low-latency streaming through IEEE 802 networks</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue;">AVB</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AVnu_certification_mark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/AVnu_certification_mark.jpg/200px-AVnu_certification_mark.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/AVnu_certification_mark.jpg/300px-AVnu_certification_mark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/AVnu_certification_mark.jpg/400px-AVnu_certification_mark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">AVnu certification mark</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightgrey;">Manufacturer Info</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>, AVnu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Development date</th><td class="infobox-data">September 2011<span class="noprint">; 13 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">September 2011</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightgrey;">Network Compatibility</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;"><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Switchable</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;"><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Routable</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">data rates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Agnostic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightgrey;">Audio Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Minimum <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">latency</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> (maximum)<sup id="cite_ref-Presonus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presonus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Maximum channels per link</th><td class="infobox-data">256</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">192 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a><sup id="cite_ref-IEC_61883-6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC_61883-6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; background-color: #DDDDEE;">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">bit depth</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32-bit floating point<sup id="cite_ref-IEC_61883-6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC_61883-6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: clause 8.3">: clause 8.3 </span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Audio Video Bridging (AVB)</b> is a common name for a set of <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a> that provide improved synchronization, low latency, and reliability for <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switched</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AVB embodies the following technologies and standards: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">IEEE 802.1AS</a>-2011: Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications (gPTP);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">IEEE 802.1Qav</a>-2009: Forwarding and Queuing for Time-Sensitive Streams (FQTSS);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qat" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qat">IEEE 802.1Qat</a>-2010: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP);</li> <li><b>IEEE 802.1BA-2011</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems;</li> <li>IEEE 1722-2011 Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications (AV Transport Protocol, AVTP); and</li> <li>IEEE 1722.1-2013 Device Discovery, Enumeration, Connection Management and Control Protocol (AVDECC).</li></ul> <p>IEEE 802.1Qat and 802.1Qav amendments have been incorporated to the base <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">IEEE 802.1Q</a>-2011 document, which specifies the operation of <a href="/wiki/MAC_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="MAC bridge">Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual LAN">Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks</a>. </p><p>AVB was initially developed by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) Audio Video Bridging task group of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">IEEE 802.1</a> standards committee. In November 2012, Audio Video Bridging task group was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Time-Sensitive_Networking" title="Time-Sensitive Networking">Time-Sensitive Networking</a> task group to reflect the expanded scope of its work, which is to "provide the specifications that will allow time-synchronized low latency streaming services through <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> networks".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further standardization efforts are ongoing in IEEE 802.1 TSN task group. </p><p>To help ensure interoperability between devices that implement the AVB and TSN standards, the <a href="/wiki/AVnu_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="AVnu Alliance">AVnu Alliance</a> develops device certification for the automotive, consumer, and professional audio and video markets.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analog audio video (AV) equipment historically used one-way, single-purpose, point-to-point connections. Even digital AV standards, such as <a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a> for audio and the <a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">serial digital interface</a> (SDI) for video, retain these properties. This connection model results in large masses of cables, especially in professional applications and high-end audio.<sup id="cite_ref-teener_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teener-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StudioWiring.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/StudioWiring.png/220px-StudioWiring.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/StudioWiring.png/330px-StudioWiring.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/StudioWiring.png/440px-StudioWiring.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Wiring of a patch bay of an outside broadcasting van</figcaption></figure> <p>Attempts to solve these problems were based on multi-point network topologies, such as <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a> (FireWire), and included adaptation of standard switched <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">Audio over Ethernet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_over_IP" title="Audio over IP">Audio over IP</a>. Professional, home, and automotive AV solutions came to use specialized protocols that do not interoperate between each other or standard IT protocols, while standard computer networks did not provide tight <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> with strict timing and predictable or bounded latency.<sup id="cite_ref-teener_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teener-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To overcome these limitations, Audio Video Bridging networks transmit multiple audiovisual streams through standard <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet switch">Ethernet switches</a> (i.e. <i>MAC bridges</i>) connected in a <a href="/wiki/Tree_network" title="Tree network">hierarchical tree topology</a>. AVB includes <a href="/wiki/Layer_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 2">layer 2</a> protocols to reserve connection bandwidth and prioritise network traffic, which guarantee precise sync clock and low transmission latency for each stream.<sup id="cite_ref-teener_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teener-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tight sync between multiple AV streams is needed for <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a> between video and related audio streams, to keep multiple digitally connected speakers in phase in a professional environment (which requires 1 μs precision), and to prevent audio or video packets from arriving late to the endpoint, resulting in a dropped frame of video and unwanted audio glitches such as a pop or silence. Worst-case delay, including source and destination buffering, is required to be low and deterministic: the user-interface delay shall be around 50 ms, so that the pressing of a button and the resulting action are perceived as happening instantly, and 2 ms for live performance or studio work.<sup id="cite_ref-teener_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teener-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVB-Ethernet-connections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AVB-Ethernet-connections.svg/400px-AVB-Ethernet-connections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AVB-Ethernet-connections.svg/600px-AVB-Ethernet-connections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AVB-Ethernet-connections.svg/800px-AVB-Ethernet-connections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Figure 2 - AVB Connections</figcaption></figure> <p>Audio Video Bridging is implemented as a switched Ethernet network that works by reserving a fraction of the available Ethernet for AV traffic. The AVB architecture introduces three primary differences: </p> <ul><li>Precise synchronization using Generalized <a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">Precision Time Protocol</a> (gPTP) profile (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">IEEE 802.1AS</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_shaping" title="Traffic shaping">Traffic shaping</a> for AV streams using frame priorities (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">IEEE 802.1Qav</a>) and <a href="/wiki/VLAN" title="VLAN">VLAN</a> tags (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">IEEE 802.1Q</a>), and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admission_control" title="Admission control">Admission controls</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Stream Reservation Protocol</a> (IEEE 802.1Qat).</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="IEEE_802.1BA"></span> The IEEE 802.1BA is an umbrella standard for these three principal technologies, which defines application-specific configurations and operation procedures for devices in switched audio video networks. </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Layer-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer-2">layer-2</a> configuration protocols work with backward-compatible extensions to the Ethernet 802.1 frame format; such minimal changes allow AVB devices to coexist and communicate in standard IT networks, however, only AVB-capable switches and endpoint can reserve network resources with admission control and synchronize local time to a master clock, which is required for low latency time-sensitive traffic. </p><p>AVB traffic is replicated in a multicast manner, with one talker (stream initiator) and multiple listeners. AVB packets are sent at regular intervals in the allocated time slots, preventing collisions for AV traffic. AVB guarantees a latency of 2 ms for Class A traffic and 50 ms for Class B traffic over a maximum of 7 hops, with a transmission period of 125 μs for Class A and 250 μs for Class B traffic. </p><p>An IEEE 802.1AS network timing domain includes all devices that communicate using the gPTP protocol. The grandmaster is a device chosen as the reference clock; the 802.1BA specification requires every talker and network bridge to be grandmaster capable. </p><p>802.3 link management and 802.1AS link delay measurement protocols calculate the round-trip delay to the AVB endpoint; this needs to be better than worst-case wire delay from the 802.1AS peer delay algorithm. </p><p>Higher-level protocols may use 802.1AS clock information to set the exact presentation time for each AV stream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AV_transport_and_configuration">AV transport and configuration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: AV transport and configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="IEEE_1722"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_1722_AVTP">IEEE 1722 AVTP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: IEEE 1722 AVTP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">Audio over Ethernet</a></div> <p>IEEE Std 1722-2011<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_1722_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_1722-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a <a href="/wiki/Layer_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 2">Layer 2</a> Audio Video Transport Protocol (AVTP) defines details for transmitting <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a>/<a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">IEC 61883</a> streams and other AV formats, setting the presentation time for each AV stream, and manage latencies from worst case delay calculated by the gPTP protocol. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="IEEE_1722.1"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_1722.1_AVDECC">IEEE 1722.1 AVDECC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IEEE 1722.1 AVDECC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEEE Std 1722.1-2013<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_1722.1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_1722.1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a standard that provides AVB discovery, enumeration, connection management, and control (AVDECC) of devices using IEEE Std 1722-2011. AVDECC defines operations to discover device addition and removal, retrieve device entity model, connect and disconnect streams, manage device and connection status, and remote control devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability">Interoperability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interoperability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Higher layer services can improve synchronisation and latency of media transmission by mapping the AVB Stream ID to internal stream identifiers to and basing internal timestamps on gPTP master clock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_1733">IEEE 1733</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: IEEE 1733"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEEE Std 1733-2011<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines a <a href="/wiki/Layer_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 3">Layer 3</a> protocol profile for <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) applications with a <a href="/wiki/RTCP" class="mw-redirect" title="RTCP">RTCP</a> payload format, which assigns the Stream ID from SRP to the RTP's Synchronization source identifier (SSRC), and correlates RTP timestamps for presentation time with 802.1AS gPTP master clock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AES67">AES67</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: AES67"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AES67" title="AES67">AES67</a> is based on standard RTP over <a href="/wiki/UDP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDP/IP">UDP/IP</a> and IEEE 1588 <a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">Precision Time Protocol</a> (PTPv2) for timing; interoperability with AVB/TSN can be achieved by linking IEEE 802.1AS timing information to AES67 PTPv2 payload data.<sup id="cite_ref-annexd_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annexd-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-annexc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annexc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-garner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AES67 implementation with AVB interoperability has been demoed at InfoComm 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-infocomm2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infocomm2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milan">Milan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Milan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Avnu_Alliance" title="Avnu Alliance">Avnu Alliance</a> announced the Milan initiative to promote interoperability of AVB devices and provide product certification and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Milan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specification requires media clocking based on the AVTP CRF (Clock Reference Format) and sample rate of 48 kHz (optionally 96 and 192 kHz); audio stream format is based on AVTP <a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">IEC 61883</a>-6 32-bit Standard AAF Audio Format with 1 to 8 audio channels per stream (optionally, 24- and 32-bit High Capacity Format with 56 and 64 channels). Redundancy is provided with two independent logical networks for every endpoint and a seamless switchover mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Milan_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DetNet">DetNet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: DetNet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The IETF <a href="/wiki/Deterministic_Networking" title="Deterministic Networking">Deterministic Networking</a> (DetNet) Working Group is working to define deterministic data paths with bounds on latency, loss, and packet delay variation (jitter), and high reliability. DetNet shall operate over both Layer 2 bridged segments and Layer 3 routed segments, relying on interoperability with AVB/TSN switches when possible.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the possible application of DetNet is professional audio/video, such as music and film production, broadcast, cinema, live sound, and large venue (stadiums, halls, conference centers, theme parks, airports, train terminals, etc.) systems for public addressing, media streaming and emergency announcement. The stated goal is to enable geographically distributed, campus- or enterprise-wide <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">Intranet</a> for content delivery with bounded low latency (10-15 ms). A single network shall handle both A/V and IT traffic, with Layer 3 routing on top of AVB QoS networks to enable sharing content between Layer 2 AVB segments, and provide <a href="/wiki/IntServ" class="mw-redirect" title="IntServ">IntServ</a> and <a href="/wiki/DiffServ" class="mw-redirect" title="DiffServ">DiffServ</a> integration with AVB where possible. Unused reserved bandwidth shall be released for best-effort traffic. The protocol stack shall have Plug-and-play capabilities from top to bottom to reduce manual setup and administration, allow quick changes of network devices and network topology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale AVB networks, like those used by the <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> <a href="/wiki/SportsCenter" title="SportsCenter">SportsCenter</a> "Digital Center 2" broadcast facility, which hosts multiple individual studios, are laid with many miles of fiber and have ten Tbit/s of bandwidth for a hundred thousand signals transmitted simultaneously; in the absence of standards-based solution to interconnect individual AVB segments, a custom <a href="/wiki/Software-defined_networking" title="Software-defined networking">software-defined networking</a> router is required.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work on A/V streaming started at the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3re</a> 'Residential <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>' study group in July 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2005, it was moved to the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">IEEE 802.1</a> committee responsible for <a href="/wiki/Bridging_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridging (networking)">cross-network bridging</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Audio Video Bridging standards suite </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Status</th> <th>Publication Date </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:white">Audio Video Bridging (AVB) specifications </th></tr> <tr> <td>IEEE 802.1BA-2011</td> <td>Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems</td> <td>Superseded by IEEE 802.1BA-2021</td> <td>30 September 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IEEE 802.1Qav-2009</td> <td>Forwarding and Queuing Enhancements for Time-Sensitive Streams (FQTSS)</td> <td>Incorporated into IEEE 802.1Q-2011 Clause 34</td> <td>5 January 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IEEE 802.1Qat-2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Stream Reservation Protocol</a> (SRP)</td> <td>Incorporated into IEEE 802.1Q-2011 Clause 35</td> <td>30 September 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">IEEE 802.1Q</a>-2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MAC_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="MAC bridge">Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/VLAN" title="VLAN">Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks</a> <i>(incorporates IEEE 802.1Qav and 802.1Qat amendmends)</i></td> <td>Superseded by IEEE 802.1Q-2014/2018/2022</td> <td>31 August 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IEEE 802.1AS-2011</td> <td>Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks (<a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">gPTP</a>)</td> <td>Superseded by IEEE 802.1AS-2020</td> <td>30 March 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:white">Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) specifications </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f5fffa"> <td>IEEE 802.1AS-2020</td> <td>Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications (<a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">gPTP</a>)</td> <td>Current,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amended by 802.1AS-2020/Cor1-2021<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>30 January 2020 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5fffa"> <td>IEEE 802.1BA-2021</td> <td>TSN profile for Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems</td> <td>Current<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12 December 2021 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5fffa"> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">IEEE 802.1Q</a>-2022</td> <td>Bridges and Bridged Networks</td> <td>Current<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>22 December 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:white">Audio Video Transport Protocol (AVTP) and AVDECC specifications </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f5fffa"> <td>IEEE 1733-2011</td> <td>Layer 3 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in Local Area Networks (RTP)</td> <td>Current</td> <td>25 April 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IEEE 1722-2011</td> <td>Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in a Bridged Local Area Network (AVTP)</td> <td>Superseded by IEEE 1722-2016</td> <td>6 May 2011 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5fffa"> <td>IEEE 1722-2016</td> <td>Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in a Bridged Local Area Network (AVTP)</td> <td>Current</td> <td>16 December 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IEEE P1722b</td> <td>AVTP - Amendment: New and Extended Streaming Formats</td> <td>preparation</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5fffa"> <td>IEEE 1722.1-2013</td> <td>Device Discovery, Enumeration, Connection Management and Control Protocol (AVDECC)</td> <td>Current</td> <td>23 August 2013 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Presonus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Presonus_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Video_Bridging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1.ieee802.org/tsn/IEEE">Time-Sensitive Networking task group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieee802.org/1/pages/avbridges.html">802.1 Audio/Video Bridging task group</a> (Archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1722/">IEEE 1722 Layer 2 transport protocol working group for time-sensitive streams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610164343/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1722/1/AVB-DECC/">IEEE 1722.1 working group for Device Discovery, Enumeration, Connection Management and Control Protocol for P1722 based devices</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610232256/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1733/">IEEE 1733 AVB layer 3 transport working group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909015107/http://www.tmworld.com/electronics-blogs/testing-the-limits/4395241/Networking-and-interoperability-in-AVB-capable-devices">Networking and interoperability in AVB-capable devices, by William Gravelle, UNH-IOL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2007/as-mjt-AVB-Combo-For-ITU-0307.pdf">AV Bridging and Ethernet AV – AVB overview presentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://embdev.net/forum/avb">Forum for discussion about AVB</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><i>See also</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category:IEEE standards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Template:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Template talk:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital audio and video protocols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_audio_and_video_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Digital audio and video protocols</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protocols for remotely configuring and controlling AV equipment">Control</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A point-to-point connection between only two devices, e.g. a USB cable between a computer and an audio amplifier.">Direct</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Control" title="Consumer Electronics Control">CEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><i>Obsolete:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLAN" title="MLAN">mLAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIPI" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIPI">ZIPI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protocols capable of being routed across standard TCP/IP networks.">IP</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONVIF" title="ONVIF">ONVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_Control" title="Open Sound Control">Open Sound Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES70" class="mw-redirect" title="AES70">AES70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTP-MIDI" title="RTP-MIDI">RTP-MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_Networking" title="Deterministic Networking">DetNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A point-to-point connection between only two devices, e.g. a USB cable between a computer and an audio amplifier.">Direct</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Net" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Net">A-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES50" title="AES50">AES50</a> (SuperMAC)</li> <li>AudioRail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaGIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MaGIC">MaGIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">Ethernet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES51" title="AES51">AES51</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avnu#Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avnu">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CobraNet" title="CobraNet">CobraNet</a></li> <li>dSNAKE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EtherSound" title="EtherSound">EtherSound</a></li> <li>REAC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundGrid" title="SoundGrid">SoundGrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_over_IP" title="Audio over IP"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protocols capable of being routed across standard TCP/IP networks.">IP</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES67" title="AES67">AES67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_(networking)" title="Dante (networking)">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit" title="JACK Audio Connection Kit">NetJack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livewire_(networking)" title="Livewire (networking)">Livewire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-LAN" title="Q-LAN">Q-LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_(networking)" title="Ravenna (networking)">Ravenna</a></li> <li>WheatNet-IP</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A point-to-point connection between only two devices, e.g. a USB cable between a computer and an audio amplifier.">Direct</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">SDI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A single communication channel attached to multiple devices (via multidrop or daisy chain), but not generally extended beyond small group of devices.">Bus</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Ethernet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-Sensitive_Networking" title="Time-Sensitive Networking">TSN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_video_over_IP" title="Professional video over IP">IP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Device_Interface" title="Network Device Interface">NDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_bit_rate_media_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="High bit rate media transport">HBRMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2022" title="SMPTE 2022">SMPTE 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2110" title="SMPTE 2110">SMPTE 2110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Reliable_Transport" title="Secure Reliable Transport">SRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Messaging_Protocol" title="Real-Time Messaging Protocol">RTMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Device_Interface" title="Network Device Interface">NDI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Visual charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_network_protocols" title="Comparison of audio network protocols">Comparison of audio network protocols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">AES47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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