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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iranian Socialist organizations during 1900–1979 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Socialist_organizations_during_1900–1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_Democratic_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Democratic_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Social Democratic Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Democratic_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_Socialist_Party_and_Social_Reformers_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Socialist_Party_and_Social_Reformers_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Unified Socialist Party and Social Reformers Party</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span>Socialist Revolutionary Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Revolutionary_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Communist Party of Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Socialist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Communist_League_of_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Communist_League_of_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Young Communist League of Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Communist_League_of_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_Republican_Party_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_Republican_Party_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_Republican_Party_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jungle_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jungle_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Jungle Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jungle_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Iran Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comrades_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comrades_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Comrades Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comrades_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_of_God-Worshipping_Socialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_God-Worshipping_Socialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_God-Worshipping_Socialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijani_Democratic_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijani_Democratic_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Azerbaijani Democratic Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijani_Democratic_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>United Front of Progressive Parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_Unity_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_Unity_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Iran Unity Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_Unity_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-League_of_Iranian_Socialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Iranian_Socialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.18</span> <span>League of Iranian Socialists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Iranian_Socialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.19</span> <span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_(Marxist–Leninist)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_(Marxist–Leninist)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.20</span> <span>Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_(Marxist–Leninist)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21</span> <span>Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peykar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peykar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.22</span> <span>Peykar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peykar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_of_Militant_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_Militant_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.23</span> <span>Movement of Militant Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_Militant_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_Communist_Militants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_Communist_Militants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.24</span> <span>Union of Communist Militants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_Communist_Militants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_Socialist_organizations_after_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Socialist_organizations_after_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iranian Socialist organizations after 1979</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iranian_Socialist_organizations_after_1979-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iranian Socialist organizations after 1979 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Socialist_organizations_after_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedaian_(Majority)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedaian_(Majority)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedaian_(Majority)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fedaian Organisation (Minority)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_–_Followers_of_the_Identity_Platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_–_Followers_of_the_Identity_Platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas – Followers of the Identity Platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_–_Followers_of_the_Identity_Platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Communist Party of Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_(1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_(1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_(1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/203px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/270px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of Islamic Republic of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Assembly_of_Experts" title="List of chairmen of the Assembly of Experts">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Movahedi_Kermani" title="Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani">Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iran" title="List of presidents of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#First_Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">First Vice President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#List" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Supervisor of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran" title="Presidential Administration of Iran">Presidential Administration</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Esmaeili" title="Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili">Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iran" title="Cabinet of Iran">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ebrahim_Raisi_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Ebrahim Raisi (2021–present)">Government of Raisi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Iran" title="Legislature of Iran">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Iran">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chairmen_of_the_Guardian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chairmen of the Guardian Council">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Ahmad Jannati</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Iran">Judicial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Ezhe%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Iran" title="Prosecutor-General of Iran">Attorney General</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Movahedi-Azad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Movahedi-Azad (page does not exist)">Mohammad Movahedi-Azad</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Clerical_Court" title="Special Clerical Court">Special Clerical Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Inspection_Office_(Iran)" title="General Inspection Office (Iran)">General Inspection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_Human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Council for Human rights">High Council for Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Justice (Iran)">Ministry of Justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme Councils</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></span> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Ahmadian" title="Ali Akbar Ahmadian">Ali Akbar Ahmadian</a></dd></dl></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> <dl><dd>Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Local governments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City_and_Village_Councils_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="City and Village Councils of Iran">City Council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Office_(Iran)" title="Election Office (Iran)">Election Office</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <ul><li>Recent and future elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian presidential elections">Presidential</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2021 Iranian presidential election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2024 Iranian presidential election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_legislative_elections" title="List of Iranian legislative elections">Legislative</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2020 Iranian legislative election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2024 Iranian legislative election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experts:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2016 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2024 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local:</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2021</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2025</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Iran">Political parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_factions_in_Iran" title="Political factions in Iran">factions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Inside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Principlists">Principlists</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Outside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Liberalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Nationalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialism</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Iranian Revolution">Intellectual backdrop</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Borujerdi">Hossein Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bagheri" title="Ali Bagheri">Ali Bagheri</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_passport" title="Iranian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Iranian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Iranian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Iran" title="Visa policy of Iran">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of iran">Armed forces of Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_economists" title="List of socialist economists">List of socialist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism-related_lists" title="Category:Socialism-related lists">Related lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_by_country" title="Category:Socialism by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_songs" title="List of socialist songs">Songs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Socialism in Iran</b> or <b>Iranian socialism</b> is a political ideology that traces its beginnings to the 20th century and encompasses various political parties in the country. Iran experienced a short <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World Socialism">Third World Socialism</a> period at the zenith of the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a> after the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> and his replacement by his son, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> (though the party never rose to power). After failing to reach power, this form of third world socialism was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mosaddegh</a>'s populist, non-aligned <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> party as the main anti-<a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> force in Iran, reaching power (1949–1953), and it remained with that strength even in opposition (after the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">overthrowing of Mossadegh</a>) until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dabashi2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dabashi2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tudehs have moved towards basic socialist <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> since then.<sup id="cite_ref-Omidvar2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omidvar2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iranian_Socialist_organizations_during_1900–1979"><span id="Iranian_Socialist_organizations_during_1900.E2.80.931979"></span>Iranian Socialist organizations during 1900–1979</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Iranian Socialist organizations during 1900–1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Democratic_Party">Social Democratic Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social Democratic Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Persia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Persia)">Social Democratic Party (Persia)</a></div> <p>In 1904 or 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Persia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Persia)">Social Democratic Party</a> was formed by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> emigrants in <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> with the help of local revolutionaries, maintaining close ties to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Muslim Social Democratic Party">Hemmat Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PUP1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUP1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first Iranian socialist organization.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party created its own mélange of European socialism and indigenous ideas while upholding liberalism and nationalism. It maintained some religious beliefs<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while being critical of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and embracing <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Haydar_Khan_Amo-oghli" title="Haydar Khan Amo-oghli">Haydar Khan Amo-oghli</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Narimanov" title="Nariman Narimanov">Nariman Narimanov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PUP1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUP1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Socialist_Party_and_Social_Reformers_Party">Unified Socialist Party and Social Reformers Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unified Socialist Party and Social Reformers Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Persia)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Persia)">Unified Socialist Party (Persia)</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">constitutional period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Persia)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Persia)">Unified Socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Reformers_Party" title="Social Reformers Party">Social Reformers Party</a> were both socialist <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RMM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Social Reformers Party was considered to follow a moderate line in comparison to the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Persia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Persia)">Social Democratic Party's</a> economic platform, but opposed the landlords likewise.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_and_Progress_Party">Union and Progress Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union and Progress Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_and_Progress_Party_(Persia)" title="Union and Progress Party (Persia)">Union and Progress Party (Persia)</a></div> <p>The Union and Progress Party was a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">constitutional period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar Persia">Qajar Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1909_Persian_legislative_election" title="1909 Persian legislative election">1909 Persian legislative election</a>, they won 4 seats and allied with the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Socialists_Party" title="Moderate Socialists Party">Moderate Socialists Party</a> against <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democrat_Party">Democrat Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democrat Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party (Persia)</a></div> <p>Founded in 1909 in <a href="/wiki/Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar">Qajari</a> <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">constitutional period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a> was one of two major parliamentary parties at the time alongside its rival, the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Socialists_Party" title="Moderate Socialists Party">Moderate Socialists Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party had a <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a> ideology, initially was an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Persia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Persia)">Social Democratic Party</a>. It severed direct ties with <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and dropped "Socialist" from the name in deference to the conservative public. Its ideology, however, remained heavily borrowed from the old party.<sup id="cite_ref-PUPAbrahamian_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUPAbrahamian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was largely composed of <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> intellectuals and stood for the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PUPAbrahamian_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUPAbrahamian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, the had split into the Pro-Reorganization Democrats led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Bahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Taqi Bahar">Bahar</a>, and the Anti-Reorganization Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable members were <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Taqizadeh" title="Hassan Taqizadeh">Hassan Taqizadeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haydar_Khan_Amo-oghli" title="Haydar Khan Amo-oghli">Haydar Khan Amo-oghli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PUPAbrahamian_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUPAbrahamian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaCONSTITUTIONAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_Revolutionary_Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Socialist Revolutionary Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party_(Persia)" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party (Persia)">Socialist Revolutionary Party (Persia)</a></div> <p>Founded in the 1900s, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party_(Persia)" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party (Persia)">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>, also known as Social-Revolutionaries, was a <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary socialist">revolutionary socialist</a> party based in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)">Caucasus Viceroyalty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IBT_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the most important parties established by the Persian emigrants in Transcaucasia during <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party published an <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a> newspaper twice a week, named <i>Ekinçi ve Fe'le</i> and edited by Hosayn Israfilbekov.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Persia">Communist Party of Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally established in 1917 as the "Justice Party", the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Persia" title="Communist Party of Persia">Communist Party of Iran</a> was an Iranian communist party founded by former <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Persia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Persia)">Social Democratic Party</a>'s members who supported <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>. The party participated in <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a> in 1919 and was renamed to the <i>Communist Party of Iran</i> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_Party">Socialist Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socialist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Iran)" title="Socialist Party (Iran)">Socialist Party (Iran)</a></div> <p>During the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Iran)" title="Socialist Party (Iran)">Socialist Party</a> was a leading <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> political party. It was close to the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a> and it joined the Tudeh-led <a href="/wiki/United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties" title="United Front of Progressive Parties">United Front of Progressive Parties</a> in 1946, effectively absorbed by the larger group.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of the Socialist Party lay in the Democrat Party, a reformist group active in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Following the disintegration of this movement those members who retained faith in the masses and hoped to mobilise the lower and middle classes grouped together under the Socialist Party banner in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was led by Sulayman Eskandari, Muhammad Musavat and Qasim Khan Sur as well as Muhammad Sadiq Tabatabai, a member of a leading clerical family recruited largely to hold off the inevitable attacks from conservative clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran127_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their main newspaper, <i>Toufan</i> (Storm), was edited by the outspoken and controversial poet <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Farrokhi_Yazdi" title="Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi">Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran127_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Branches were set up in <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Anzali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar Anzali">Bandar Anzali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> although <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> was the main base of operations and it was in the capital that the party founded four newspapers and established affiliated groups such as the Union of Employees in the Ministry of Post and Telegraph, a Tenants Association and Patriotic Women's Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran127_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter group campaigned for a wider role for women in Iranian society, promoting initiatives such as education for girls, and wider provisions for women's health. It had been established in 1922 by Mohtaram Eskandari and quickly affiliated to her husband's party.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party's programme called for the establishment of equality in society, <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of the means of production, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> schemes, a new level of regional government, a free and equal judiciary, rights to free speech, free assembly and trade union rights, free elections, wider access to education, improved working conditions including an end to <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> and government intervention against <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran128_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran128-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party gained some support, attracting 2500 members in Tehran alone soon after its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran128_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran128-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/Reformers%27_Party" title="Reformers' Party">Reformist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revival_Party" title="Revival Party">Revival Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Iran (1920)">Communist Party</a> the Socialist Party was one of the four groups courted by <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Rezā Shāh</a> as he made his play for the throne of Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the Revival Party it formed a working majority in the Iranian parliament that allowed Reza Khan, as he was still known, he form his own reformist government.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan soon broke from the Socialists and threw in his lot with more conservative elements when he decided to abandon plans for a republic and instead establish himself as king. The part was one of the few in parliament not to actively support Reza's rise to the throne, arguing that despite their support for many of his reforms their republican principles prevented them from endorsing him as a monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Rezā Shāh's ascension to the throne the Socialist Party disappeared as part of a wider crackdown on anti-monarchist dissent. Iskandari was forced to retire from public life and mobs were organised to harass the party and attack their properties. A Socialist Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Enzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzeli">Enzeli</a> was razed to the ground by a police-led mob on the pretext that during a performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe</a></i> a female actor had been on stage whilst in Tehran the Patriotic Women's Society was stoned and their library burnt down.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor group of the same name emerged in 1944 when radical members of the <a href="/wiki/Comrades_Party" title="Comrades Party">Comrades Party</a> broke from that group over its failure to support striking workers in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Communist_League_of_Persia">Young Communist League of Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Young Communist League of Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Persia" title="Young Communist League of Persia">Young Communist League of Persia</a></div> <p>Founded in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Persia" title="Young Communist League of Persia">Young Communist League of Persia</a> was a communist youth organization in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> set up following the July 31, 1920 split between the communist and non-communist <i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Movement_of_Gilan" title="Jungle Movement of Gilan">Jangali</a></i> elements. The YCL of Persia conducted agitation and propaganda activities and organized armed actions against the followers of <a href="/wiki/Kuchik_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchik Khan">Kuchik Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zabih_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zabih-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghods1989_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghods1989-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization was crushed after the defeat of the Gilan soviet.<sup id="cite_ref-a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927 different communist youth groups merged, recreating the YCL of Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-a_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a section of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_International" title="Young Communist International">Young Communist International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall of 1928, the organization was suppressed along with other left groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_Republican_Party_of_Iran">Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Republican_Party_of_Iran" title="Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran">Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran</a></div> <p>Founded in late 1924 by Iranian diaspora in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Republican_Party_of_Iran" title="Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran">Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran</a> was a moderate leftwing <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> with socialist reformist tendencies that published its platform in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jungle_Party">Jungle Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jungle Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Party" title="Jungle Party">Jungle Party</a></div> <p>Active in northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> during the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Party" title="Jungle Party">Jungle Party</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a>, nationalist and socialist party founded by armed rebels who tried to revive the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Persian Socialist Soviet Republic</a> created in 1921 and used its red flag as a symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-gpq_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpq-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FT_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Kuchik_Khan" title="Mirza Kuchik Khan">Mirza Kuchik Khan</a>'s old associates<sup id="cite_ref-Ifakrai_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ifakrai-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It allied with the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Party" title="Iran Party">Iran Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Democratic_Party" title="Azerbaijani Democratic Party">Azerbaijani Democratic Party</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_Party">Iran Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iran Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_Party" title="Iran Party">Iran Party</a></div> <p>Established in 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Party" title="Iran Party">Iran Party</a> is described as the "backbone of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>", the leading umbrella organization of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA188_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA188-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded by mostly of European-educated technocrats, it advocated "a diluted form of <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French socialism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-EA190_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA190-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (i.e. it "modeled itself on" the moderate <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">Socialist Party</a> of France)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promoted <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">liberal nationalism</a> and secularism.<sup id="cite_ref-EA188_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA188-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The socialist tent of the party was more akin to that of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> than to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its focus on <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> principles, made it quite different from pure left-wing parties and it did not show much involvement in <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">labour rights</a> discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iran Party's basic nucleus were members of the Iranian Engineers' Association.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_legislative_election,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian legislative election, 1944">Iranian legislative election of 1944</a>, five of the party's leaders including Rezazadeh Shafaq, Ghulam'Ali Farivar, AhdulHamid Zanganeh, Hussein Mu'aven, and <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Mu%27azemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah Mu'azemi">Abdallah Mu'azemi</a> won seats, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mohammad Mossadegh</a> who was not a member but the party effectively supported.<sup id="cite_ref-EA190_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA190-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party helped Mossadegh establish the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_nationalization_of_the_Iran_oil_industry_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement">nationalize the oil industry</a> and rise to power. Some members held office during <a href="/wiki/Governments_of_Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mosaddegh government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, the party was led by Karim Sanjabi and Allah-Yar Saleh.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suppressed following the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">British–American backed coup d'état</a> in 1953<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was outlawed in 1957, on the grounds that it had an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a> ten years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was revived in 1960 and actively contributed to the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front (II)</a>, which was disintegrated in 1963 and forced to survive secretly. Iran Party held a congress in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much is known about the activities of the party between 1964 and the mid-1970s except of some irregular meetings and exchanging views.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, alongside <a href="/wiki/League_of_Iranian_Socialists" title="League of Iranian Socialists">League of Socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party</a> it revived the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front (IV)</a> and demanded <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1979, then secretary-general of the party, <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a> was appointed as the last Prime Minister by the Shah and included two Iran Party members in his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party however denounced his acceptance of the post, expelled him and called him a "traitor".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party did not play an important role in Iranian political arena after 1979 and was soon declared banned.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comrades_Party">Comrades Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comrades Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comrades_Party" title="Comrades Party">Comrades Party</a></div> <p>During the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Comrades_Party" title="Comrades Party">Comrades Party</a> was part of a wave of political groupings established in the early 1940s following the removal of <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Rezā Shāh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was formed in November 1942 by Mustafa Fateh, a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>-educated economist who was close to the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a> but who disliked the close relationship which that party had with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ervand188_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ervand188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fateh, who had been an important figure in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> edited the Tudeh paper <i>Mardom</i> for a time before establishing his own journal, <i>Emruz va Farda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ervand188_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ervand188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Narraqi, another founding member had been one of 53 men imprisoned in 1937 on charges of conspiring to lead a communist revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Ervand188_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ervand188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Comrades Party called for two main aims i.e. political equality to all Iranians and <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of the means of production.<sup id="cite_ref-Ervand188_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ervand188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It put forward ten candidates in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_legislative_election,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian legislative election, 1944">1944 election</a>, all of whom came from professional backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Ervand188_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ervand188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two members of the Comrades Party were elected to the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majlis of Iran</a> where they sat with the Individuals' Caucus, a group they made up along with the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Party" title="Iran Party">Iran Party</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">independents</a>, all of whom largely followed the lead of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party split in 1944, following a dispute in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> where clashes between striking workers and local tribes loyal to the Shah had broken out amid accusations that the workers were attempting to lead a communist revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Majlis-based wing of the Comrades Party condemned the workers and affirmed their loyalty to the Shah but another external group joined Tudeh in supporting the strikers and this group, which maintained control of <i>Emruz va Farda</i>, broke away to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Iran)" title="Socialist Party (Iran)">Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_God-Worshipping_Socialists">Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_God-Worshipping_Socialists" title="Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists">Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists</a></div> <p>Founded in 1943, <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_God-Worshipping_Socialists" title="Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists">Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists</a> was one of six original member organizations of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammed_Nakhshab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammed Nakhshab (page does not exist)">Muhammed Nakhshab</a>. The organization was founded through the merger of two groupings, Nakhshab's circle of high school students at Dar al-Fanoun and Jalaleddin Ashtiyani's circle of about 25 students at the Faculty of Engineering at <a href="/wiki/Tehran_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran University">Tehran University</a>. The organization was initially known as League of Patriotic Muslims. It combined religious sentiments, nationalism and socialist thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-shar_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shar-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakhshab is credited with the first synthesis between <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a> and European <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abhr_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abhr-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakhshab's movement was based on the tenet that Islam and socialism were not incompatible, since both sought to accomplish social equality and justice. His theories had been expressed in his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> thesis on the laws of ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-shar2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shar2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijani_Democratic_Party">Azerbaijani Democratic Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Azerbaijani Democratic Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Democratic_Party" title="Azerbaijani Democratic Party">Azerbaijani Democratic Party</a></div> <p>The Azerbaijan Democratic Party was a pro-Soviet, separatist, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkist</a> party founded by <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Pishevari" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar Pishevari">Jafar Pishevari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, Iran, in September 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties">United Front of Progressive Parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Front of Progressive Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties" title="United Front of Progressive Parties">United Front of Progressive Parties</a></div> <p>From 1946 to 1948, the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties" title="United Front of Progressive Parties">United Front of Progressive Parties</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a> of left-wing parties in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> originally founded by the communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a> and the socialist <a href="/wiki/Iran_Party" title="Iran Party">Iran Party</a>, they invited other parties to join them in their alleged struggle for "<a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a> and national <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-EA300_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA300-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAAtabaki_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAAtabaki-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main planks of the united front was to recognize <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_United_Trade_Unions" title="Central Council of United Trade Unions">Central Council of United Trade Unions</a> as the sole legitimate organization of the working-class in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-EA409_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA409-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_Unity_Party">Iran Unity Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iran Unity Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_Unity_Party" title="Iran Unity Party">Iran Unity Party</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iran_Unity_Party" title="Iran Unity Party">Iran Unity Party</a> was a socialist political party that split the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Party" title="Iran Party">Iran Party</a> following its alliance with the communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Binder" title="Leonard Binder">Leonard Binder</a>, the party was in a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(Iran)" title="National Union Party (Iran)">National Union Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Iran)" title="Socialist Party (Iran)">Socialist Party</a> in the 14th parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation">Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation" title="Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation">Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation</a></div> <p>Founded on 16 May 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Mozzafar_Baghai" title="Mozzafar Baghai">Mozzafar Baghai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CUP_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation" title="Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation">Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation</a> was a social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>, that pledged support for the <a href="/wiki/The_nationalization_of_the_Iran_oil_industry_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement">nationalization of the Iran oil industry</a> and opposed <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWI_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They successfully attracted a considerable amount of educated youth (especially in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>), <a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Iran)" title="Third Force (Iran)">Third Force</a> activists and shopkeepers from <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Tehran" title="Grand Bazaar, Tehran">bazzar</a></i>. Yet the party also included a nucleus of <i>čāqukeš</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Assault_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault troops">čumāqdār</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PUP10134_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUP10134-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_legislative_election,_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian legislative election, 1952">1952 legislative election</a>, the party won two seats by <a href="/wiki/Mozzafar_Baghai" title="Mozzafar Baghai">Baghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Zohari" title="Ali Zohari">Zohari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWI_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party split in 1952 over its relationship with <a href="/wiki/Governments_of_Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh">Government of Mosaddegh</a>. Under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mozzafar_Baghai" title="Mozzafar Baghai">Mozzafar Baghai</a>, Toilers left <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> and openly opposed the government while <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Maleki" title="Khalil Maleki">Khalil Maleki</a> reestablished <a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Iran)" title="Third Force (Iran)">Third Force</a> under the name of <i>Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation — Third Force</i> and continued to support the government.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toilers formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mujahed_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Mujahed Muslims">Society of Mujahed Muslims</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Kashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Kashani">Ayatollah Kashani</a>, pooling their resources and coordinating their activities against government.<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They actively participated in the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a> and called it a "national uprising", however opposed <a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a>'s post-coup military government.<sup id="cite_ref-EWI_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their opposition, their newspapers was banned and their party office was confiscated by the government and the party went on a hiatus until <a href="/wiki/Iranian_legislative_election,_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian legislative election, 1960">Iranian legislative election, 1960</a>. They resumed activity in 1961 and expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> in <a href="/wiki/June_5,_1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="June 5, 1963 demonstrations in Iran">5 June 1963 demonstrations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWI_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, the party was reorganized with the permission of the government, but was forced to cease its activities in 1975 after announcement of the one-party state under <a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Resurgence Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWI_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Baghai made an attempt to revive the party after declaring loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, albeit at restricted level.<sup id="cite_ref-EWI_68-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was soon after dissolved after the revolution of 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-EWI_68-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Iranian_Socialists">League of Iranian Socialists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: League of Iranian Socialists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Iranian_Socialists" title="League of Iranian Socialists">League of Iranian Socialists</a></div> <p>In 1960, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Iranian_Socialists" title="League of Iranian Socialists">League of Socialists of the National Movement of Iran</a> or Society of Iranian Socialists was founded by <a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Iran)" title="Third Force (Iran)">Third Force</a> activists led by <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Maleki" title="Khalil Maleki">Khalil Maleki</a> and a number of radical nationalists, most of whom had <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> leanings and some members with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialist</a> tendencies. Hossein Malek, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sayyed_Javadi" title="Ahmad Sayyed Javadi">Ahmad Sayyed Javadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a> were among people associated with the group.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party of <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">nationalist</a> ideology, formally joined the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> upon establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-IA_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front (II)</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was considered the "extreme left-wing" within the front.<sup id="cite_ref-IA_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It broke with the front and joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="National Democratic Front (Iran)">National Democratic Front</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian presidential election, 1980">Iranian presidential election, 1980</a>, the group supported <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Rajavi" title="Massoud Rajavi">Massoud Rajavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas"><span id="Organization_of_Iranian_People.27s_Fedai_Guerrillas"></span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a></div> <p>Founded in 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> (OIPFG) was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> underground <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> organization that pursued ideologically an <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">Anti-imperialist</a> agenda and embraced <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_by_the_deed" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda by the deed">armed propaganda</a></i> to justify its revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed struggle">armed struggle</a> against <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran's monarchy system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DH_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranicafadaian-e-khalq_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranicafadaian-e-khalq-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also believed in <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MTD_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTD-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rejected <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a>, and were inspired by thoughts of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Debray" title="Régis Debray">Régis Debray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2Persi1953_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2Persi1953-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jazani" title="Bijan Jazani">Bijan Jazani</a>, known as the "intellectual father" of the organization, contributed to its ideology by writing a series of <a href="/wiki/Pamphlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphlets">pamphlets</a> such as <i>Struggle against the Shah's Dictatorship</i>, <i>What a Revolutionary Must Know</i> and <i>How the Armed Struggle Will Be Transformed into a Mass Struggle?</i>. The pamphlets were followed by <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Ahmadzadeh" title="Masoud Ahmadzadeh">Masoud Ahmadzadeh's</a> treatise <i>Armed Struggle: Both a Strategy and a Tactic</i> and <i>The Necessity of Armed Struggle and the Rejection of the Theory of Survival</i> by <a href="/wiki/Amir_Parviz_Pooyan" title="Amir Parviz Pooyan">Amir Parviz Pouyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EAPrinceton_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAPrinceton-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They criticized the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Liberation Movement</a> as "<i><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite bourgeoisie</a></i> paper organizations still preaching the false hope of peaceful change".<sup id="cite_ref-EAPrinceton_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAPrinceton-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fedai Guerrillas initially criticized the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> as well, however they later abandoned the stance as a result of cooperation with the socialist camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2Persi1953_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2Persi1953-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1973 the organization merged with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="People's Democratic Front (Iran)">People's Democratic Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pd_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideological differences had existed between the People's Democratic Front and OIPFG. Front's members opposed <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, which they saw as a deviation from <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pd_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_(Marxist–Leninist)"><span id="Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_.28Marxist.E2.80.93Leninist.29"></span>Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)">Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)</a></div> <p>Founded in 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)">Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)</a> was formed in opposition to the Shah regime in Iran and was active in the Iranian student movement in exile. It was a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> ideology and it merged with <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)" title="Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)">Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2Persica_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2Persica-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)"><span id="Union_of_Iranian_Communists_.28Sarbedaran.29"></span>Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)" title="Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)">Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)</a></div> <p>The Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran); also non-officially translated by others as the <b>League of Iranian Communists</b>; was a <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> organization in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The UIC(S) was formed in 1976 after the alliance of a number of Maoist groups carrying out military actions within Iran. The group prepared an insurrection starting in 1981, but it was dismantled by 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peykar">Peykar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Peykar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a></div> <p>Founded in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a>, or Peykar, also called the Marxist Mojahedin, was a Marxist splinter group from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a> (PMoI). Its members broke away from the PMoI to support of secular <a href="/wiki/Marxism_Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism Leninism">Marxism Leninism</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Leftist Islamist</a> modernism of the People's Mujahedin. Its leader were Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hossein Rouhani<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1980s Peykar was no longer considered active.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was subsequently suppressed through imprisonment and executions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_Militant_Muslims">Movement of Militant Muslims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Movement of Militant Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Militant_Muslims" title="Movement of Militant Muslims">Movement of Militant Muslims</a></div> <p>Founded in 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Militant_Muslims" title="Movement of Militant Muslims">Movement of Militant Muslims</a> is an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Political group">political group</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Habibollah_Payman" class="mw-redirect" title="Habibollah Payman">Habibollah Payman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tehran_Bureau_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tehran_Bureau-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group had been <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">revolutionary</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tehran_Bureau_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tehran_Bureau-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is close to <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Nationalist-Religious_Activists_of_Iran" title="Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran">Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's ideology is <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tehran_Bureau_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tehran_Bureau-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tehran_Bureau_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tehran_Bureau-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tehran_Bureau_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tehran_Bureau-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_Communist_Militants">Union of Communist Militants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Union of Communist Militants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Militants" title="Union of Communist Militants">Union of Communist Militants</a></div> <p>Founded in December 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Militants" title="Union of Communist Militants">Union of Communist Militants</a> (EMK) was an Iranian maoist group founded by <a href="/wiki/Mansoor_Hekmat" title="Mansoor Hekmat">Mansoor Hekmat</a>. It took part in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979 — marked by the creation of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> (<i>shoras</i>). Because of mounting repression in Iran, the organisation sought refuge in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> in 1981. In Kurdistan, the organization merged with a <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> roots, <a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komalah</a>. Together, they formed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran" title="Communist Party of Iran">Communist Party of Iran</a> (CPI) in September 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iranian_Socialist_organizations_after_1979">Iranian Socialist organizations after 1979</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Iranian Socialist organizations after 1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedaian_(Majority)"><span id="Organization_of_Iranian_People.27s_Fedaian_.28Majority.29"></span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)</a></div> <p>The Organization of Iranian People's Fadaian (Majority) is an Iranian left-wing opposition political party in exile. The OIPFM advocates for an Iranian secular republic and the overthrow the current Islamic Republic of Iran government. An offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a>, it was considered the largest <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> organization of Iran from 1980 to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas"><span id="Iranian_People.27s_Fedai_Guerrillas"></span>Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a></div> <p>Founded in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> April 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> (IFPG), also known as Dehghani faction, after its leader <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Dehghani" title="Ashraf Dehghani">Ashraf Dehghani</a>, is an Iranian communist organization that split from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> (OIFPG) in 1979, dropping the word 'organization' from its name.<sup id="cite_ref-T&F_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&F-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dehghani broke away from the OIFPG when these accused it of deviating from the strategy of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. From the early days of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, the group claimed to be the "sole genuine communist organization" and opposed <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">the Islamic Republic</a>. Reportedly, as much as 30% of OIFPG members joined the group and fought in the <a href="/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">1979 Kurdish rebellion</a> against government forces, backing the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T&F_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&F-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving members of the group and its factions moved to Europe in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaPersica_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaPersica-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters">Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters" title="Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters">Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters</a></div> <p>Founded in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters" title="Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters">Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters</a> or simply Razmandegan was a communist party in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> that opposed both the Soviet line and the guerrilla doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2Persica_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2Persica-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)"><span id="Fedaian_Organisation_.28Minority.29"></span>Fedaian Organisation (Minority)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fedaian Organisation (Minority)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)" title="Fedaian Organisation (Minority)">Fedaian Organisation (Minority)</a></div> <p>Founded in 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)" title="Fedaian Organisation (Minority)">Fedaian Organisation (Minority)</a> was an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> organisation and an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaPersica_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaPersica-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it split over the dispute with <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">the majority faction</a>, adhering to the original militant policy of the group, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> and insisted on challenging the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2Persica_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2Persica-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1982, it was joined by "Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority Left Wing" led by Moṣṭafā Madani, an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)</a> that broke away from the latter in October 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaPersica_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaPersica-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_–_Followers_of_the_Identity_Platform"><span id="Organization_of_Iranian_People.27s_Fedai_Guerrillas_.E2.80.93_Followers_of_the_Identity_Platform"></span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas – Followers of the Identity Platform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas – Followers of the Identity Platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas_(In_Search_of_Identity_Program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (In Search of Identity Program)">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (In Search of Identity Program)</a></div> <p>Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas – Followers of the Identity Platform is an Iranian communist<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> group, based in exile. It was formed in 1983, as a split from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas_(Minority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (Minority)">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (Minority)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PV_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PV-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Iran">Communist Party of Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran" title="Communist Party of Iran">Communist Party of Iran</a></div> <p>The Communist Party of Iran is an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> founded on 2 September 1983. It has an armed wing and its membership is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPI is active throughout the industrialized areas of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Iranian_People's_Fedai_Guerrillas_(1985)"><span id="Organization_of_Iranian_People.27s_Fedai_Guerrillas_.281985.29"></span>Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas_(1985)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)</a></div> <p>Organization of Iranian People's Fedaii Guerrillas is an Iranian communist group. It was formed in 1985, as a split from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas_(Minority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (Minority)">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (Minority)</a>. The organization is currently banned in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Iran&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dabashi2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dabashi2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDabashi,_Hamid2000" class="citation news cs1">Dabashi, Hamid (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_2_67/ai_63787340/pg_20">"The End of Islamic Ideology - Iran"</a>. <i>Social Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Islamic+Ideology+-+Iran&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Dabashi%2C+Hamid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2267%2Fis_2_67%2Fai_63787340%2Fpg_20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omidvar2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Omidvar2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmidvar,_M." class="citation web cs1">Omidvar, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828044952/http://www.tudehpartyiran.org/history.htm">"Brief History of the Tudeh Party of Iran"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tudehpartyiran.org/history.htm">the original</a> on 2008-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communistmovemen0000zabi/page/29">29</a>. GGKEY:KEUPHZBUB6W.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Movement+in+Iran&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Zabih&rft.aufirst=Sepehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunistmovemen0000zabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghods1989-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghods1989_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Reza_Ghods1989" class="citation book cs1">M. 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Lulu.com. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-50929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-50929-4"><bdi>978-0-557-50929-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+Sinister+Things%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012-04&rft.isbn=978-0-557-50929-4&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdSBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2013" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Stephanie (2013). <i>Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left</i>. 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"Iran Party". <i>Political Parties: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam</i>. EWI Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908433-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908433-02-2"><bdi>978-1-908433-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+Party&rft.btitle=Political+Parties%3A+Selected+Entries+from+Encyclopaedia+of+the+World+of+Islam&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=EWI+Press&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-908433-02-2&rft.aulast=Haddad+Adel&rft.aufirst=Gholamali&rft.au=Elmi%2C+Mohammad+Jafar&rft.au=Taromi-Rad%2C+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA188-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EA188_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA188_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/188"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/188">188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/277"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/chronology-3">"Chronology of Iranian History Part 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Bibliotheca Persica Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Iranian+History+Part+3&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Persica+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Fpages%2Fchronology-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA190-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EA190_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA190_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/190"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/190">190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian2013" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (2013). <i>The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.-Iranian relations</i>. New York: New Press, The. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-826-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-826-5"><bdi>978-1-59558-826-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coup%3A+1953%2C+the+CIA%2C+and+the+roots+of+modern+U.S.-Iranian+relations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=New+Press%2C+The&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-826-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzimi2008" class="citation book cs1">Azimi, Fakhreddin (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questfordemocrac00azim"><i>Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questfordemocrac00azim/page/n145">127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02778-7"><bdi>978-0-674-02778-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Democracy+in+Iran%3A+A+Century+of+Struggle+Against+Authoritarian+Rule&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02778-7&rft.aulast=Azimi&rft.aufirst=Fakhreddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestfordemocrac00azim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGheissariNasr2006" class="citation cs2">Gheissari, Ali; Nasr, Vali (2006), <i>Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 48</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Iran%3A+History+and+the+Quest+for+Liberty&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gheissari&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Vali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiavoshi1990" class="citation book cs1">Siavoshi, Sussan (1990). <i>Liberal nationalism in Iran: the failure of a movement</i>. Westview Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7413-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-7413-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+nationalism+in+Iran%3A+the+failure+of+a+movement&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-7413-0&rft.aulast=Siavoshi&rft.aufirst=Sussan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWIIranUnityParty-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWIIranUnityParty_46-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad_AdelElmiTaromi-Rad2012" class="citation book cs1">Haddad Adel, Gholamali; Elmi, Mohammad Jafar; Taromi-Rad, Hassan (31 August 2012). "Iran Party". <i>Political Parties: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam</i>. EWI Press. pp. 141–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908433-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908433-02-2"><bdi>978-1-908433-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+Party&rft.btitle=Political+Parties%3A+Selected+Entries+from+Encyclopaedia+of+the+World+of+Islam&rft.pages=141-151&rft.pub=EWI+Press&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-908433-02-2&rft.aulast=Haddad+Adel&rft.aufirst=Gholamali&rft.au=Elmi%2C+Mohammad+Jafar&rft.au=Taromi-Rad%2C+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasiorowski1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gasiorowski, Mark J. (August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529181652/http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/political_science/shared/political_science/3213/Material/Hwa%20Lee/1953%20Coup.pdf">"The 1953 Coup D'etat in Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 261–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800056737">10.1017/s0020743800056737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154201459">154201459</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/political_science/shared/political_science/3213/Material/Hwa%20Lee/1953%20Coup.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1953+Coup+D%27etat+in+Iran&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-286&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800056737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154201459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gasiorowski&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraduateinstitute.ch%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fiheid%2Ffiles%2Fsites%2Fpolitical_science%2Fshared%2Fpolitical_science%2F3213%2FMaterial%2FHwa%2520Lee%2F1953%2520Coup.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/419"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/419">419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeliktar2000" class="citation book cs1">Seliktar, Ofira (2000). <i>Failing the Crystal Ball Test: The Carter Administration and the Fundamentalist Revolution in Iran</i>. Praeger. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96872-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96872-4"><bdi>978-0-275-96872-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failing+the+Crystal+Ball+Test%3A+The+Carter+Administration+and+the+Fundamentalist+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96872-4&rft.aulast=Seliktar&rft.aufirst=Ofira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Burke Inlow, <i>Shahansha</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1979, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ervand188-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ervand188_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ervand188_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ervand188_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ervand188_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ervand188_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ervand Abrahamian, <i><a href="/wiki/Iran_Between_Two_Revolutions" title="Iran Between Two Revolutions">Iran: Between Two Revolutions</a></i>, Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, pp. 207-208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719193331/http://etd.fiu.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-0201108-171037/unrestricted/DISSERTATION_FINAL.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.fiu.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-0201108-171037/unrestricted/DISSERTATION_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.fiu.edu%2FETD-db%2Favailable%2Fetd-0201108-171037%2Funrestricted%2FDISSERTATION_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shar-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shar_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rāhnamā, ʻAlī. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoQQ2YzmMyMC">An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati</a></i>. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998. p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abhr-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abhr_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qh_QotrY7RkC">Iran between Two Revolutions</a></i>. Princeton studies on the Near East. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982. p. 463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shar2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shar2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rāhnamā, ʻAlī. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoQQ2YzmMyMC">An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati</a></i>. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998. p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamrava-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). <i>The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 109, 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869663"><bdi>978-0190869663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Nationalisms%3A+Iranian+response+to+Baku%27s+irredentism&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+in+West+Asia%3A+Iran%2C+Turkey+and+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=109%2C+121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190869663&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonakdarian2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bonakdarian, Mansour (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/kiabani-shaikh-mohammad-COM_365329">"ḴIĀBĀNI, SHAIKH MOḤAMMAD"</a>. 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Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B4I%C4%80B%C4%80NI%2C+SHAIKH+MO%E1%B8%A4AMMAD&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Bonakdarian&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-iranica-online%2Fkiabani-shaikh-mohammad-COM_365329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA300-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EA300_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/300"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/300">300–301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=300-301&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAAtabaki-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAAtabaki_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2000" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2000). <i>Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran</i>. 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Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/256">256–257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=256-257&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChehabi1990" class="citation book cs1">Chehabi, Houchang E. (1990). <i>Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-198-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-198-1"><bdi>1-85043-198-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Politics+and+Religious+Modernism%3A+The+Liberation+Movement+of+Iran+Under+the+Shah+and+Khomeini&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85043-198-1&rft.aulast=Chehabi&rft.aufirst=Houchang+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamih_K._FarsounMehrdad_Mashayekhi2005" class="citation book cs1">Samih K. Farsoun; Mehrdad Mashayekhi (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsculturei00faze"><i>Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsculturei00faze/page/n68">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96947-0"><bdi>978-1-134-96947-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Political+Culture+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-96947-0&rft.au=Samih+K.+Farsoun&rft.au=Mehrdad+Mashayekhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsculturei00faze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IA-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IA_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IA_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Socialist League", <i>Iran Almanac and Book of Facts</i> (5th ed.), Echo of Iran, 1966, p. 240</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialist+League&rft.btitle=Iran+Almanac+and+Book+of+Facts&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Echo+of+Iran&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/257"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/257">257–261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=257-261&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiavoshi1990" class="citation cs2">Siavoshi, Sussan (1990), <i>Liberal nationalism in Iran: the failure of a movement</i>, Westview Press, p. 157, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7413-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-7413-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+nationalism+in+Iran%3A+the+failure+of+a+movement&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-7413-0&rft.aulast=Siavoshi&rft.aufirst=Sussan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1989" class="citation cs2">Abrahamian, Ervand (1989), <i>Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin</i>, Society and culture in the modern Middle East, vol. 3, I.B.Tauris, p. 198, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-077-3"><bdi>978-1-85043-077-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam%3A+the+Iranian+Mojahedin&rft.series=Society+and+culture+in+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-077-3&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DH-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DH_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2013" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2013). "Fedai Khalq". <i>A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East</i>. Interlink Publishing. pp. 483–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62371-033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62371-033-0"><bdi>978-1-62371-033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fedai+Khalq&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=483-9&rft.pub=Interlink+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62371-033-0&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranicafadaian-e-khalq-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranicafadaian-e-khalq_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahabzadeh2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vahabzadeh, Peyman (28 March 2016) [7 December 2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fadaian-e-khalq">"FADĀʾIĀN-E ḴALQ"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Bibliotheca Persica Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FAD%C4%80%CA%BEI%C4%80N-E+%E1%B8%B4ALQ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Persica+Press&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Vahabzadeh&rft.aufirst=Peyman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffadaian-e-khalq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahabzadeh2010" class="citation book cs1">Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). <i>Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979</i>. Syracuse University Press. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Odyssey%3A+Modernization%2C+Secularism%2C+Democracy%2C+and+the+Fadai+Period+of+National+Liberation+In+Iran%2C+1971%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Vahabzadeh&rft.aufirst=Peyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTD-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MTD_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavari2004" class="citation book cs1">Davari, Mahmood T. (2004). <i>The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State</i>. Routledge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6"><bdi>978-1-134-29488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Ayatollah+Murtaza+Mutahhari%3A+An+Iranian+Theoretician+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-29488-6&rft.aulast=Davari&rft.aufirst=Mahmood+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica2Persi1953-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2Persi1953_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2Persi1953_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤaqšenās2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ḥaqšenās, Torāb (27 October 2011) [15 December 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/communism-iii">"COMMUNISM iii. In Persia after 1953"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Fasc. 1. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 105–112<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=COMMUNISM+iii.+In+Persia+after+1953&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.series=Fasc.+1&rft.pages=105-112&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Persica+Press&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%A4aq%C5%A1en%C4%81s&rft.aufirst=Tor%C4%81b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcommunism-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAPrinceton-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EAPrinceton_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAPrinceton_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/483"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranbetweentwore00abra_0/page/483">483–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-10134-5"><bdi>0-691-10134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pages=483-9&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-10134-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanbetweentwore00abra_0%2Fpage%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pd-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pd_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pd_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Behrooz, Maziar. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ouuRaF5Ug1IC">Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran</a></i>. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. pp. 63-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica2Persica-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2Persica_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2Persica_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2Persica_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤaqšenās2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ḥaqšenās, Torāb (October 27, 2011) [December 15, 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/communism-iii">"COMMUNISM iii. In Persia after 1953"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Fasc. 1. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 105–112<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=COMMUNISM+iii.+In+Persia+after+1953&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.series=Fasc.+1&rft.pages=105-112&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Persica+Press&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%A4aq%C5%A1en%C4%81s&rft.aufirst=Tor%C4%81b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcommunism-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavo_Gorriti1999" class="citation book cs1">Gustavo Gorriti (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiningpath00gust"><i>The Shining Path: A History of the Millenarian War in Peru</i></a></span>. The University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiningpath00gust/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807846766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807846766"><bdi>978-0807846766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shining+Path%3A+A+History+of+the+Millenarian+War+in+Peru&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0807846766&rft.au=Gustavo+Gorriti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiningpath00gust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaziar2000" class="citation book cs1">Maziar, Behrooz (2000). <i>Rebels With A Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-630-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-630-1"><bdi>1-86064-630-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+With+A+Cause%3A+The+Failure+of+the+Left+in+Iran&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86064-630-1&rft.aulast=Maziar&rft.aufirst=Behrooz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1999" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). <i>Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran</i>. 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Syracuse University Press. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Odyssey%3A+Modernization%2C+Secularism%2C+Democracy%2C+and+the+Fadai+Period+of+National+Liberation+In+Iran%2C+1971%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Vahabzadeh&rft.aufirst=Peyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Libya" title="Socialism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Socialism in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" 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