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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nabavi_(1994–95)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Nabavi (1994–95)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nabavi_(1994–95)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baktiari_(1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baktiari_(1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Baktiari (1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baktiari_(1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post-2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warnaar_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warnaar_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Warnaar (2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warnaar_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohseni_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohseni_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Mohseni (2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohseni_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Alternative classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Politics in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> are dictated by <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factionalism</a>. All political parties were banned in the Islamic Republic in 1987. Today, several political factions encapsulate the political landscape in the Persian country,<sup id="cite_ref-sherill-orbis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherill-orbis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Maziar Behrooz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behzad_Nabavi" title="Behzad Nabavi">Behzad Nabavi</a>, Bahman Baktiari, Maaike Warnaar, Payam Mohseni, have given different formulations of them, varying in number (usually between three and five) and orientation (ideological purity vs. pragmatism, support for political and religious freedom vs. authoritarianism, support for regulation and intervention in the marketplace vs. laissez faire policies). </p><p>According to at least one source, (Alireza Nader, David E. Thaler and S. R. Bohandy), political factions hold more sway than Iran's "relatively weak elected institutions" in decision making and policy making,<sup id="cite_ref-NSPAN2011:11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPAN2011:11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially under Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> (i.e. after 1990).<sup id="cite_ref-NSPAN2011:18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPAN2011:18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-1979">Post-1979</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Post-1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/203px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/270px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of Islamic Republic of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Assembly_of_Experts" title="List of chairmen of the Assembly of Experts">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Movahedi_Kermani" title="Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani">Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iran" title="List of presidents of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#First_Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">First Vice President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#List" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Supervisor of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran" title="Presidential Administration of Iran">Presidential Administration</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Esmaeili" title="Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili">Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iran" title="Cabinet of Iran">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ebrahim_Raisi_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Ebrahim Raisi (2021–present)">Government of Raisi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Iran" title="Legislature of Iran">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Iran">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chairmen_of_the_Guardian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chairmen of the Guardian Council">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Ahmad Jannati</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Iran">Judicial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Ezhe%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Iran" title="Prosecutor-General of Iran">Attorney General</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Movahedi-Azad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Movahedi-Azad (page does not exist)">Mohammad Movahedi-Azad</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Clerical_Court" title="Special Clerical Court">Special Clerical Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Inspection_Office_(Iran)" title="General Inspection Office (Iran)">General Inspection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_Human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Council for Human rights">High Council for Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Justice (Iran)">Ministry of Justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme Councils</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></span> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Ahmadian" title="Ali Akbar Ahmadian">Ali Akbar Ahmadian</a></dd></dl></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> <dl><dd>Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Local governments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City_and_Village_Councils_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="City and Village Councils of Iran">City Council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Office_(Iran)" title="Election Office (Iran)">Election Office</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <ul><li>Recent and future elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian presidential elections">Presidential</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2021 Iranian presidential election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2024 Iranian presidential election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_legislative_elections" title="List of Iranian legislative elections">Legislative</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2020 Iranian legislative election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2024 Iranian legislative election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experts:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2016 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2024 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local:</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2021</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2025</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Iran">Political parties</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">factions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Inside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Principlists">Principlists</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Outside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Liberalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Nationalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Socialism</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Iranian Revolution">Intellectual backdrop</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Borujerdi">Hossein Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bagheri" title="Ali Bagheri">Ali Bagheri</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_passport" title="Iranian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Iranian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Iranian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Iran" title="Visa policy of Iran">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of iran">Armed forces of Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Importance">Importance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to at least one source, (Alireza Nader, David E. Thaler and S. R. Bohandy), political factions rather than the constitutional process and Iran's "relatively weak elected institutions", are more influential in the Iranian political system in decision making and policy making,<sup id="cite_ref-NSPAN2011:11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPAN2011:11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially so under the reign of Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSPAN2011:18_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPAN2011:18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the formulation of factions proposed by Nader, Thaler and Bohandy -- the "Traditional Conservatives", the "Pragmatic Conservatives", the "Principlists", and the lone Islamic leftist faction, the "Reformists"<sup id="cite_ref-NSPAN2011:12-15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPAN2011:12-15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -- power has shifted from the pragmatic Islamist Right to the Principlists, as Supreme Leader Khamenei has become more powerful and favored those more firm in their support of his seat of power as wilayat al-faqih.<sup id="cite_ref-NSPAN2011:18_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPAN2011:18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of the dominance of factionalism in Iran are in the relative power of different presidents. While the constitution gives each president the same powers, the reformist president Khatami was "often powerless to shape domestic and foreign policies" in the face of the opposition from the more powerful principlists and other right factions. On paper, (i.e. in the constitution), the job of the "Assembly of Experts" is to "select and supervise" the Supreme Leader. In fact it serves as a “rubber stamp”. It has never performed supervision of either Supreme Leader, as it is dominated by a faction (traditional conservatives) who have tended to support the idea that the <i>wilayat al-faqih</i> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>) should be deferred to..<sup id="cite_ref-NSPAN2011:16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPAN2011:16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Behrouz_(1991)"><span id="Behrouz_.281991.29"></span>Behrouz (1991)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behrouz (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Maziar Behrooz</a> wrote in 1991 that by 1989, there are three identical factions in Iran, namely the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Conservatives">Conservatives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a> (radical-reformists) and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pragmatists" title="Iranian pragmatists">Pragmatists</a> (pragmatic-reformists). </p><p>Behrooz states that the reformists were <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a>, while the conservatives were pro-<a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991588–589_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991588–589-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behrooz states that the two reformist factions (radicals and pragmatists) were united in opposition to the conservatives and over domestic issues. In this classification, the pragmatists were headed by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, and differed with the radicals (represented by <a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a> among others) mainly over foreign relations. While the pragmatists believed in establishing friendly relations with both the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">East</a>, as well as post-<a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war</a> reconstruction under state control and foreign investment, the radical reformists tended towards an isolationist strategy in foreign policy and rejected the foreign investment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991607–608_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991607–608-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reformists who won the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_legislative_election,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian legislative election, 1988">parliamentary elections</a> in 1988 were represented by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Combatant_Clerics" title="Association of Combatant Clerics">Association of Combatant Clerics</a> which split off from the conservative <a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">Combatant Clergy Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991606_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991606-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He cited two additional developed and "semi-legal" factions outside power, the first of which is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement of Iran</a> and some of <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a>'s allies from the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>. The second faction is "the movement shaped around some top Grand Ayatollahs" who opposed the theory of <i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Velayat Faqih</a></i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Azari_Qomi" title="Ahmad Azari Qomi">Ahmad Azari Qomi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991599_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991599-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nabavi_(1994–95)"><span id="Nabavi_.281994.E2.80.9395.29"></span>Nabavi (1994–95)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nabavi (1994–95)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With an article entitled "The political tendencies within Iran today", <a href="/wiki/Behzad_Nabavi" title="Behzad Nabavi">Behzad Nabavi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization">Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization</a> (MIRIO) started a series of pieces, published between November 1994 and May 1995 in the bi-weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Asr-e_Maa" title="Asr-e Maa">Asr-e Maa</a></i>, to distinguish four political factions in Iran which he characterizes as "Traditional Right", "Modern Right", "New Left" and "Left".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011102_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoySfeir2007146_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoySfeir2007146-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factions are characterised as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoySfeir2007146_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoySfeir2007146-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Faction </th> <th width="120px">Left </th> <th width="120px">New Left </th> <th width="120px">Modern Right </th> <th width="120px">Traditional Right </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Main groups </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Combatant_Clerics" title="Association of Combatant Clerics">ACC</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization">MIRIO</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_Revolution_Values" title="Association for Defence of Revolution Values">ADRV</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ansar-e_Hezbollah" title="Ansar-e Hezbollah">AH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Executives_of_Construction_Party" title="Executives of Construction Party">ECP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">CCA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Coalition_Party" title="Islamic Coalition Party">ICP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Policy </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Export_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Export of revolution">Revolution</a> </td> <td>More </td> <td>More </td> <td>Less </td> <td>Less </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">State</a> </td> <td>More </td> <td>Less </td> <td>Less </td> <td>More </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social intervention</a> </td> <td>More </td> <td>Less </td> <td>Less </td> <td>Moderating </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Economic intervention</a> </td> <td>More </td> <td>Less </td> <td>Less </td> <td>Moderating </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first conceptualization of its kind after the Iranian revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoslem200292_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoslem200292-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it turned out accepted by many in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mehdi Moslem, the classifaction was considered "the most accurate and comprehensive picture of the ideological differences within the Iranian polity"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoslem200292_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoslem200292-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but several others dispute accuracy of this analysis. </p><p>Critics point out that the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> has undermined the usefulness of it, as Nabavi himself was involved in the political grouping that he presented as stable, united and towards voctory ("Left"). <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghouchani" title="Mohammad Ghouchani">Mohammad Ghouchani</a>, for example, except for the latter criticism, comments that the classification fails to acknowledge the groups that lay beyond its boundaries, not recognizing the exceptions and thus not fully reflecting the variety and fluidity of the political players and their economic outlooks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011103-104_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011103-104-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alireza_Alavitabar" title="Alireza Alavitabar">Alireza Alavitabar</a> is against accuracy of the categorisation, due to the labels chosen and neglecting the faction he refers to as "Modern Left", (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">IIPF</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of what he deems "their [MIRIO's] own strategic interests".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirsepassi2011139_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirsepassi2011139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on this classification, Wilfried Buchta writes in 2000 that the 'New Left' "has played a very minor role" and whether it is "an independent ideological faction... cannot be determined".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200019–20_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200019–20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compares the other three factions as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Faction </th> <th width="150px">Islamic Left </th> <th width="150px">Modern Right </th> <th width="150px">Traditionalist Right </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Main groups </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Combatant_Clerics" title="Association of Combatant Clerics">ACC</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization">MIRIO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">IIPF</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Executives_of_Construction_Party" title="Executives of Construction Party">ECP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">CCA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Coalition_Party" title="Islamic Coalition Party">ICP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Domestic policy </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Party pluralism</a>? </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a>? </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Closed_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed Society">Closed Society</a>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Economic policy </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">State control</a>? </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Subsidies</a>? </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Western investment</a>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Foreign policy </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Relations with the U.S.</a>? </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Export_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Export of revolution">Export of revolution</a>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baktiari_(1996)"><span id="Baktiari_.281996.29"></span>Baktiari (1996)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baktiari (1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahman Baktiari, Director of the School of Policy and International Affairs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a>, states that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Parliament</a> (<i>Majles</i>) continued to play a significant role in the post-revolutionary Iran from May 1980 and has also been the center of elite factionalism and power rivalry. Following the defeat of the Radicals in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1992 Iranian legislative election">1992 elections</a>, President Rafsanjani and his supporters move to consolidate their influence in other institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Iran">Judiciary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Office of the Supreme Leader of Iran">Office of the Supreme Leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996235_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996235-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baktiari claimed that <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>'s leadership style did not allow one faction to gain the upper hand in its effort to eliminate the rival faction, therefore and as the balancer, Khomeini perceived the Parliament as a useful arena for factions to debate their conflicting viewpoints. He provides that the term of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/correntocrazia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:correntocrazia">correntocrazia</a></i> (translated "factionocracy") can be aptly applied to the political system of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996xii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996xii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-2000s">Post-2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warnaar_(2013)"><span id="Warnaar_.282013.29"></span>Warnaar (2013)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Warnaar (2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maaike Warnaar, Assistant Professor of the International Relations and Politics of Iran and the Middle East in the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, states that the Iran's power structure is characterized by loose coalitions consist of people loyal to the idea of an Islamic state, but views on what this Islamic state should entail diverge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201348_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201348-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She provides a table based on the Iran's factions under <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Presidency of Ahmadinejad</a> (2005–13) as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201349_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201349-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Faction </th> <th width="200px">Reformists </th> <th width="200px">Traditional conservatives </th> <th width="200px">Neoconservatives </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Main groups </th> <td>Origin: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Combatant_Clerics" title="Association of Combatant Clerics">ACC</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Trust_Party_(Iran)" title="National Trust Party (Iran)">NTP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">IIPF</a> </td> <td>Origin: <a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">CCA</a><br />— </td> <td>Origin: —<br /><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Builders_of_Islamic_Iran" title="Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran">ABII</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Parliamentary<br />coalitions </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reformists_Coalition_(2008)" title="Reformists Coalition (2008)">Reformists Coalition</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_Front_of_Principlists" title="United Front of Principlists">United Front of Principlists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Principlists_Pervasive_Coalition" title="Principlists Pervasive Coalition">Principlists Pervasive Coalition</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Important figures </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mousavi</a> (independent)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Karroubi" title="Mehdi Karroubi">Karroubi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Khatami</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Larijani" title="Ali Larijani">Larijani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rezaee" title="Mohsen Rezaee">Rezaee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Rafsanjani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Ghalibaf</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Ali_Haddad-Adel" title="Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel">Haddad</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Political <p>views </p> </th> <th>Domestic </th> <td>Political Reform </td> <td>Economic Reform </td> <td>Ideals of the revolution </td></tr> <tr> <th>Foreign </th> <td>Reapprochement with the West </td> <td>Pragmatic approach </td> <td>Firm opposition to the West </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Warnaar noted that these categories by definition overlap because Iranian politics is centered on individuals rather than political factions and allegiances may shift depending on the topic, issue, or other circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201349_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201349-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mohseni_(2016)"><span id="Mohseni_.282016.29"></span>Mohseni (2016)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mohseni (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Payam Mohseni, fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>, provides an analysis based on the theocratic–republican divide (unique to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>) and the typical economic <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">left–right dualism</a>, classifying four political positions: the theocratic right, the republican right, the theocratic left, and the republican left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642–43_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642–43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He names the main groups and figures of each faction as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–45,_64_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–45,_64-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Faction </th> <th colspan="2" width="200px">Left </th> <th colspan="2" width="200px">Right </th></tr> <tr> <th>Theocratic </th> <th colspan="2">Republican </th> <th>Theocratic </th></tr> <tr> <th>Main groups </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Devotees_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution">SDIR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ansar-e_Hezbollah" title="Ansar-e Hezbollah">AH</a> • <a href="/wiki/Front_of_Islamic_Revolution_Stability" title="Front of Islamic Revolution Stability">FIRS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Combatant_Clerics" title="Association of Combatant Clerics">ACC</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization">MIRIO</a> • <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_Party_(Iran)" title="National Trust Party (Iran)">NTP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Islamic_Iran_People_Party" title="Union of Islamic Iran People Party">UIIPP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Executives_of_Construction_Party" title="Executives of Construction Party">ECP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moderation_and_Development_Party" title="Moderation and Development Party">MDP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Labour_Party" title="Islamic Labour Party">ILP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Front_of_Islamic_Iran" title="Resistance Front of Islamic Iran">RFII</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">CCA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Coalition_Party" title="Islamic Coalition Party">ICP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Seminary_Teachers_of_Qom" title="Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom">SSTQ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Important figures </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Ali_Haddad-Adel" title="Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel">Haddad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Mesbah-Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi">Mesbah</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Khatami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mousavi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Karroubi" title="Mehdi Karroubi">Karroubi</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Rafsanjani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Rouhani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rezaee" title="Mohsen Rezaee">Rezaee</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Nategh-Nouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri">Nategh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Larijani" title="Ali Larijani">Larijani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Mahdavi-Kani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Mahdavi-Kani">Mahdavi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Hashemi_Shahroudi" title="Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi">Shahroudi</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Mohseni, theocrats believe the primary source of legitimacy for the Iranian government is <i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Velayat Faqih</a></i>, which they deem "divinely ordained", while the republicans think "the ultimate authority rests squarely with the people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the rights are <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> and favor <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>, maintaining ties to the <i><a href="/wiki/Bazaari" title="Bazaari">Bazaari</a></i> class and prioritizing economic growth over social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642–43_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642–43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The left theocrats are anti-capitalist, advocate state intervention in the economy and promote social justice and equal welfare. However, the republican lefts who once were revolutionary anti-capitalist, had an "ideological change" and largely shifted right to become more aligned with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal economics">liberal economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–44_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–44-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He additionally cites a recent defection within the theocratic right toward the republican right (demonstrated by individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Ali_Motahari" title="Ali Motahari">Ali Motahari</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201663_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201663-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the split of theocratic left into two different yet overlapping groups of pro-<a href="/wiki/Ahmadinejad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Mesbah-Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi">Mesbah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201664_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201664-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main alliances shaped between the factions is mentioned as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201644–47_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201644–47-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years</th> <th colspan="2">Allied factions </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980–1988</td> <td>Republican Left</td> <td rowspan="2">Theocratic Right </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989–1996</td> <td rowspan="2">Republican Right </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997–2004</td> <td>Republican Left </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–</td> <td>Theocratic Left</td> <td>Theocratic Right </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mohseni states that those commonly refer to themselves as the '<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Principlists">Principlists</a>', are members the alliance of theocrats (left and right)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201647_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201647-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the '<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a>' are the republicans (left and right).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201645_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201645-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_classifications">Alternative classifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marc Champion, wrote an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i> in 2016, suggesting that instead of two "neat camps" there are four "messy camps" in Iran: 'principlists', 'pragmatic principlists', 'radical republicans' and 'pragmatic reformers'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampion2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampion2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sherill-orbis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sherill-orbis_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSherrill2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sherrill, Clifton (2011). "After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader?". <i>Orbis</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 631–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orbis.2011.07.002">10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbis&rft.atitle=After+Khamenei%3A+Who+Will+Succeed+Iran%27s+Supreme+Leader%3F&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=631-47&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.orbis.2011.07.002&rft.aulast=Sherrill&rft.aufirst=Clifton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaler2010" class="citation book cs1">Thaler; et al. (2010). <i>Mullahs, Guards, and Bonyads: An Exploration of Iranian Leadership Dynamics</i>. Sacramento, CA: <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4773-1"><bdi>978-0-8330-4773-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mullahs%2C+Guards%2C+and+Bonyads%3A+An+Exploration+of+Iranian+Leadership+Dynamics&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+CA&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4773-1&rft.au=Thaler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSPAN2011:11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSPAN2011:11_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSPAN2011:11_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NSPAN2011">Nader, <i>Next Supreme Leader</i>, 2011</a>: p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSPAN2011:18-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSPAN2011:18_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSPAN2011:18_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSPAN2011:18_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NSPAN2011">Nader, <i>Next Supreme Leader</i>, 2011</a>: p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSPAN2011:12-15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSPAN2011:12-15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NSPAN2011">Nader, <i>Next Supreme Leader</i>, 2011</a>: p.12-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSPAN2011:16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSPAN2011:16_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NSPAN2011">Nader, <i>Next Supreme Leader</i>, 2011</a>: p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991588–589-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991588–589_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1991">Behrooz 1991</a>, p. 588–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991607–608-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991607–608_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1991">Behrooz 1991</a>, p. 607–608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991606-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991606_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1991">Behrooz 1991</a>, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991599-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz1991599_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1991">Behrooz 1991</a>, p. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011102-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011102_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPesaran2011">Pesaran 2011</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoySfeir2007146-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoySfeir2007146_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoySfeir2007146_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoySfeir2007">Roy & Sfeir 2007</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoslem200292-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoslem200292_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoslem200292_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoslem2002">Moslem 2002</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200011_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchta2000">Buchta 2000</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011103-104-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesaran2011103-104_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPesaran2011">Pesaran 2011</a>, p. 103-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200013_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchta2000">Buchta 2000</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirsepassi2011139-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirsepassi2011139_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirsepassi2011">Mirsepassi 2011</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200019–20-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200019–20_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchta2000">Buchta 2000</a>, p. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchta200014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchta200014_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchta2000">Buchta 2000</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996235-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996235_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaktiari1996">Baktiari 1996</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996xii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaktiari1996xii_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaktiari1996">Baktiari 1996</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201348-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201348_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarnaar2013">Warnaar 2013</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201349-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201349_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnaar201349_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarnaar2013">Warnaar 2013</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642–43-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642–43_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642–43_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–45,_64-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–45,_64_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 43–45, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201642_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–44-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201643–44_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201663-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201663_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201664-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201664_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201644–47-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201644–47_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 44–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201647-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201647_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohseni201645-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohseni201645_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohseni2016">Mohseni 2016</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampion2016-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampion2016_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampion2016">Champion 2016</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaktiari1996" class="citation book cs1">Baktiari, Bahman (1996). <i>Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics</i>. Gainesville: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1461-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1461-1"><bdi>0-8130-1461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Politics+in+Revolutionary+Iran%3A+The+Institutionalization+of+Factional+Politics&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8130-1461-1&rft.aulast=Baktiari&rft.aufirst=Bahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Behrooz, Maziar (October 1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263209108700879">"Factionalism in Iran under Khomeini"</a></span>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (4). Taylor & Francis: 597–614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209108700879">10.1080/00263209108700879</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283464">4283464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Factionalism+in+Iran+under+Khomeini&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-614&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209108700879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283464%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Behrooz&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00263209108700879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchta2000" class="citation book cs1">Buchta, Wilfried (2000). <i>Who Rules Iran?: The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic</i>. Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944029-39-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-944029-39-6"><bdi>0-944029-39-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Rules+Iran%3F%3A+The+Structure+of+Power+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy%2C+The+Konrad+Adenauer+Stiftung&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-944029-39-6&rft.aulast=Buchta&rft.aufirst=Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2016" class="citation cs2">Champion, Marc (8 March 2016), Tracy Walsh (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-03-08/stop-thinking-reformers-versus-conservatives-in-iran"><i>Stop Thinking 'Reformers Versus Conservatives' in Iran</i></a> (Op-ed), Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stop+Thinking+%27Reformers+Versus+Conservatives%27+in+Iran&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fview%2Farticles%2F2016-03-08%2Fstop-thinking-reformers-versus-conservatives-in-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohseni2016" class="citation book cs1">Mohseni, Payam (2016). "Factionalism, Privatization, and the Political economy of regime transformation". In Brumberg, Daniel; Farhi, Farideh (eds.). <i>Power and Change in Iran: Politics of Contention and Conciliation</i>. Indiana Series in Middle East Studies. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253020680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253020680"><bdi>978-0253020680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Factionalism%2C+Privatization%2C+and+the+Political+economy+of+regime+transformation&rft.btitle=Power+and+Change+in+Iran%3A+Politics+of+Contention+and+Conciliation&rft.series=Indiana+Series+in+Middle+East+Studies&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0253020680&rft.aulast=Mohseni&rft.aufirst=Payam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsepassi2011" class="citation book cs1">Mirsepassi, Ali (2011). "Alireza AlaviTabar and Political Change". <i>Democracy in Modern Iran: Islam, Culture, and Political Change</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814763445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814763445"><bdi>978-0814763445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alireza+AlaviTabar+and+Political+Change&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Modern+Iran%3A+Islam%2C+Culture%2C+and+Political+Change&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0814763445&rft.aulast=Mirsepassi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NSPAN2011" class="citation book cs1">Nader, Alireza; Thaler, David E.; Bohandy, S. R. (2011). "2. Factor 1: The Factional Balance of Power". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.com/stable/10.7249/mg1052osd.9"><i>The Next Supreme Leader : Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran</i></a>. RAND Corporation. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7249%2FMG1052">10.7249/MG1052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780833051332" title="Special:BookSources/9780833051332"><bdi>9780833051332</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg1052osd.9">10.7249/mg1052osd.9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Factor+1%3A+The+Factional+Balance+of+Power&rft.btitle=The+Next+Supreme+Leader+%3A+Succession+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg1052osd.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7249%2FMG1052&rft.isbn=9780833051332&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=Alireza&rft.au=Thaler%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Bohandy%2C+S.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.com%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg1052osd.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoslem2002" class="citation book cs1">Moslem, Mehdi (2002). <i>Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815629788" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815629788"><bdi>978-0815629788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Factional+Politics+in+Post-Khomeini+Iran&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0815629788&rft.aulast=Moslem&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesaran2011" class="citation book cs1">Pesaran, Evaleila (2011). <i>Iran's Struggle for Economic Independence: Reform and Counter-Reform in the Post-Revolutionary Era</i>. Routledge Political Economy of the Middle East and North Africa. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136735578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136735578"><bdi>978-1136735578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Struggle+for+Economic+Independence%3A+Reform+and+Counter-Reform+in+the+Post-Revolutionary+Era&rft.series=Routledge+Political+Economy+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1136735578&rft.aulast=Pesaran&rft.aufirst=Evaleila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoySfeir2007" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier; Sfeir, Antoine (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiaworlddic0000unse"><i>The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231146401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231146401"><bdi>978-0231146401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+World+Dictionary+of+Islamism&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0231146401&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Sfeir%2C+Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiaworlddic0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnaar2013" class="citation book cs1">Warnaar, Maaike (2013). <i>Iranian Foreign Policy during Ahmadinejad: Ideology and Actions</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33791-7"><bdi>978-1-137-33791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Foreign+Policy+during+Ahmadinejad%3A+Ideology+and+Actions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-33791-7&rft.aulast=Warnaar&rft.aufirst=Maaike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+factions+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&oldid=1225796361">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_factions_in_Iran&oldid=1225796361</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_factions_in_Iran" title="Category:Political factions in Iran">Political factions in Iran</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 May 2024, at 19:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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