CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Maglev - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c8ad5ec1-28f2-4201-9591-27410010c2dd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Maglev","wgTitle":"Maglev","wgCurRevisionId":1256768370,"wgRevisionId":1256768370,"wgArticleId":822307,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 maint: unfit URL","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2014","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from May 2023", "All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011","All articles with minor POV problems", "Articles with minor POV problems from October 2012","Articles needing additional references from January 2018","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Maglev","Electrodynamics","Experimental and prototype high-speed trains","Magnetic propulsion devices"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Maglev","wgRelevantArticleId":822307,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q160047","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Transrapid_09.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transrapid_09.jpg/800px-Transrapid_09.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transrapid_09.jpg/640px-Transrapid_09.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Maglev - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Maglev rootpage-Maglev skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Maglev" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Maglev" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Maglev" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Maglev" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_maglev_patent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_maglev_patent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 First maglev patent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_maglev_patent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York,_United_States,_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York,_United_States,_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 New York, United States, 1912 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York,_United_States,_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York,_United_States,_1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York,_United_States,_1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 New York, United States, 1968 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York,_United_States,_1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan,_1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan,_1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Japan, 1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan,_1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamburg,_Germany,_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamburg,_Germany,_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Hamburg, Germany, 1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamburg,_Germany,_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramenskoye,_Moscow,_USSR,_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramenskoye,_Moscow,_USSR,_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Ramenskoye, Moscow, USSR, 1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramenskoye,_Moscow,_USSR,_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birmingham,_United_Kingdom,_1984–1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birmingham,_United_Kingdom,_1984–1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Birmingham, United Kingdom, 1984–1995 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birmingham,_United_Kingdom,_1984–1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emsland,_Germany,_1984–2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emsland,_Germany,_1984–2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Emsland, Germany, 1984–2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emsland,_Germany,_1984–2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vancouver,_Canada,_and_Hamburg,_Germany,_1986–1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vancouver,_Canada,_and_Hamburg,_Germany,_1986–1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Vancouver, Canada, and Hamburg, Germany, 1986–1988 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vancouver,_Canada,_and_Hamburg,_Germany,_1986–1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea,_1993–2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea,_1993–2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 South Korea, 1993–2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea,_1993–2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany/China,_2010–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany/China,_2010–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Germany/China, 2010–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany/China,_2010–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China,_since_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China,_since_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 China, since 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China,_since_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low-to-medium_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-to-medium_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13.1 Low-to-medium speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-to-medium_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13.2 High speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Technology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_suspension_(EMS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_suspension_(EMS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_suspension_(EMS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrodynamic_suspension_(EDS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrodynamic_suspension_(EDS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrodynamic_suspension_(EDS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Tracks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Evaluation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Propulsion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Stability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidance_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidance_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Guidance system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidance_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_technology_enhancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_technology_enhancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Proposed technology enhancements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_technology_enhancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evacuated_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuated_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Evacuated tubes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuated_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail-maglev_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail-maglev_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Rail-maglev hybrid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-maglev_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Energy use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_conventional_high-speed_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_conventional_high-speed_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 High-speed maglev comparison with conventional high-speed trains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_conventional_high-speed_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 High-speed maglev comparison with aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Economics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-speed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 High-speed systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-speed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-speed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Low-speed systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-speed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Records </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Records subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_maglev_speed_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_maglev_speed_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 History of maglev speed records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_maglev_speed_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operational_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Operational systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_speed_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_speed_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 High speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_speed_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shanghai_Maglev_(2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai_Maglev_(2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.1 Shanghai Maglev (2003) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai_Maglev_(2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Low speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linimo_(Tobu_Kyuryo_Line,_Japan)_(2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linimo_(Tobu_Kyuryo_Line,_Japan)_(2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.1 Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan) (2005) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linimo_(Tobu_Kyuryo_Line,_Japan)_(2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daejeon_Expo_Maglev_(2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daejeon_Expo_Maglev_(2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.2 Daejeon Expo Maglev (2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daejeon_Expo_Maglev_(2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changsha_Maglev_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changsha_Maglev_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.3 Changsha Maglev (2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changsha_Maglev_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beijing_Line_S1_(2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beijing_Line_S1_(2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.4 Beijing Line S1 (2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beijing_Line_S1_(2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenghuang_Maglev_(2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenghuang_Maglev_(2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Fenghuang Maglev (2022) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenghuang_Maglev_(2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maglevs_under_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maglevs_under_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Maglevs under construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maglevs_under_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chūō_Shinkansen_(Japan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chūō_Shinkansen_(Japan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Chūō Shinkansen (Japan) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chūō_Shinkansen_(Japan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qingyuan_Maglev_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qingyuan_Maglev_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Qingyuan Maglev (China) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qingyuan_Maglev_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test_tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Test tracks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AMT_test_track_–_Powder_Springs,_Georgia,_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AMT_test_track_–_Powder_Springs,_Georgia,_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 AMT test track – Powder Springs, Georgia, USA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AMT_test_track_–_Powder_Springs,_Georgia,_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FTA's_UMTD_program,_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FTA's_UMTD_program,_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 FTA's UMTD program, USA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FTA's_UMTD_program,_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Diego,_California_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Diego,_California_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 San Diego, California USA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Diego,_California_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SCMaglev,_Yamanashi_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SCMaglev,_Yamanashi_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 SCMaglev, Yamanashi Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SCMaglev,_Yamanashi_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sengenthal,_Germany_and_Chengdu,_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sengenthal,_Germany_and_Chengdu,_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Sengenthal, Germany and Chengdu, China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sengenthal,_Germany_and_Chengdu,_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwest_Jiaotong_University,_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwest_Jiaotong_University,_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Southwest Jiaotong University, China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwest_Jiaotong_University,_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiading_Campus_of_Tongji_University,_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiading_Campus_of_Tongji_University,_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 Jiading Campus of Tongji University, China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiading_Campus_of_Tongji_University,_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MagRail_test_track,_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MagRail_test_track,_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.8 MagRail test track, Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MagRail_test_track,_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_maglev_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_maglev_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Proposed maglev systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_maglev_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposed maglev systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_maglev_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beijing_–_Guangzhou_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beijing_–_Guangzhou_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Beijing – Guangzhou line </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beijing_–_Guangzhou_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_proposed_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_proposed_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Other proposed lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_proposed_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia/Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia/Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Malaysia/Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia/Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 The Moon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.14 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Maglev</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" > 67 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneetsweeftrein" title="Magneetsweeftrein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magneetsweeftrein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6%C8%9Dupp%C4%81" title="Mæȝuppā – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mæȝuppā" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82" title="قطار مغناطيسي معلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطار مغناطيسي معلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_levitaci%C3%B3n_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Tren de levitación magnética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tren de levitación magnética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="চুম্বক-উত্তোলিত রেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চুম্বক-উত্তোলিত রেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Маглеў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маглеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Маглеў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маглеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Маглев – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маглев" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenio%C3%B9_a_levitadur_magnetek" title="Trenioù a levitadur magnetek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenioù a levitadur magnetek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_Maglev" title="Tren Maglev – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tren Maglev" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetsv%C3%A6vebane" title="Magnetsvævebane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magnetsvævebane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetschwebebahn" title="Magnetschwebebahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnetschwebebahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneth%C3%B5ljukrong" title="Magnethõljukrong – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnethõljukrong" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μαγνητικό τρένο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνητικό τρένο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_levitaci%C3%B3n_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Tren de levitación magnética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tren de levitación magnética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cvebotrajno" title="Ŝvebotrajno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝvebotrajno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قطار مغناطیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطار مغناطیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_%C3%A0_sustentation_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Train à sustentation magnétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Train à sustentation magnétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traein_ardaithe_go_maighn%C3%A9adach" title="Traein ardaithe go maighnéadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Traein ardaithe go maighnéadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_levitaci%C3%B3n_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Tren de levitación magnética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tren de levitación magnética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%B6%80%EC%83%81%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" title="자기부상열차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자기부상열차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मैग्लेव ट्रेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैग्लेव ट्रेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetno_levitacijski_vlak" title="Magnetno levitacijski vlak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnetno levitacijski vlak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_maglev" title="Kereta maglev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kereta maglev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treno_a_levitazione_magnetica" title="Treno a levitazione magnetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Treno a levitazione magnetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="רכבת ריחוף מגנטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכבת ריחוף מגנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿದ್ಯುದಾಯಸ್ಕಾಂತ ರೈಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುದಾಯಸ್ಕಾಂತ ರೈಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მაგლევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგლევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Маглев – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маглев" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C4%93tisk%C4%81s_levit%C4%81cijas_vilciens" title="Magnētiskās levitācijas vilciens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Magnētiskās levitācijas vilciens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treno_a_levitazion_magnetica" title="Treno a levitazion magnetica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Treno a levitazion magnetica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebeg%C5%91_m%C3%A1gnesvas%C3%BAt" title="Lebegő mágnesvasút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lebegő mágnesvasút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="മാഗ് ലെവ് ട്രെയിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാഗ് ലെവ് ട്രെയിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api_Maglev" title="Kereta api Maglev – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kereta api Maglev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သံလိုက်ရထား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံလိုက်ရထား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneetzweeftrein" title="Magneetzweeftrein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magneetzweeftrein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%B0%97%E6%B5%AE%E4%B8%8A%E5%BC%8F%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="磁気浮上式鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="磁気浮上式鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5" title="ਮੈਗਲੇਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਗਲੇਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مقناطیسی ریل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مقناطیسی ریل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolej_magnetyczna" title="Kolej magnetyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolej magnetyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Маглев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маглев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Маглев – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Маглев" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenat_maglev" title="Trenat maglev – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trenat maglev" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_train" title="Maglev train – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maglev train" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%92_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="МАГЛЕВ воз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="МАГЛЕВ воз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetno_levitacijski_voz" title="Magnetno levitacijski voz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnetno levitacijski voz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maglev" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglevt%C3%A5g" title="Maglevtåg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maglevtåg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="காந்தமிதவுந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காந்தமிதவுந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F" title="แม็กเลฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม็กเลฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyetik_rayl%C4%B1_tren" title="Manyetik raylı tren – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manyetik raylı tren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Маглев – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маглев" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="معلق مقناطیسی ریل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معلق مقناطیسی ریل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_%C4%91%E1%BB%87m_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Tàu đệm từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu đệm từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%82%AC%E6%B5%AE%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6" title="磁悬浮列车 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="磁悬浮列车" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מאגלעוו באן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאגלעוו באן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="磁浮列車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磁浮列車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="磁懸浮列車 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磁懸浮列車" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160047#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Maglev" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maglev">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maglev">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Maglev" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Maglev" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&oldid=1256768370" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Maglev&id=1256768370&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaglev">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaglev">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Maglev&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maglev" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160047" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Train system using magnetic levitation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about transportation. For the phenomenon, see <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">Magnetic levitation</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maglev_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maglev (disambiguation)">Maglev (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Maglev#POV" title="Talk:Maglev">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transrapid_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transrapid_09.jpg/220px-Transrapid_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transrapid_09.jpg/330px-Transrapid_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Transrapid_09.jpg/440px-Transrapid_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> 09 at the <a href="/wiki/Emsland_test_facility" title="Emsland test facility">Emsland test facility</a> in Lower Saxony, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm/220px-seek%3D22-Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="983" data-mwtitle="Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm/Transrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATransrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATransrapid_Shanghai_maglev_train_ride.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A full trip on the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Transrapid" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Transrapid">Shanghai Transrapid</a> maglev train</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linimo-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Linimo-2.jpg/220px-Linimo-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Linimo-2.jpg/330px-Linimo-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Linimo-2.jpg/440px-Linimo-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Example of low-speed urban maglev system, <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a></figcaption></figure> Maglev (derived from <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">magnetic levitation</a>) is a system of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> is levitated by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a> rather than rolled on wheels, eliminating <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Compared to conventional railways, maglev trains can have higher top speeds, superior acceleration and deceleration, lower maintenance costs, improved <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">gradient</a> handling, and lower noise. However, they are more expensive to build, cannot use existing infrastructure, and use more energy at high speeds.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Maglev trains have set <a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">several speed records</a>. The train speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph) was set by the experimental Japanese <a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">L0 Series</a> maglev in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-guardian201504212-5">[5]</a> From 2002 until 2021, the record for the highest operational speed of a passenger train of 431 kilometres per hour (268 mph) was held by the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai maglev train</a>, which uses German <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> The service connects <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a> and the outskirts of central <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. At its historical top speed, it covered the distance of 30.5 kilometres (19 mi) in just over 8 minutes. Different maglev systems achieve levitation in different ways, which broadly fall into two categories: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">electromagnetic suspension (EMS)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">electrodynamic suspension (EDS)</a>. Propulsion is typically provided by a <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of the overall energy consumption of a high-speed maglev system.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Instead, overcoming <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> takes the most energy. <a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a> technology has been proposed as a means to overcome this limitation. Despite over a century of research and development, there are only six operational maglev trains today — three in China, two in South Korea, and one in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1940s, the British electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Eric_Laithwaite" title="Eric Laithwaite">Eric Laithwaite</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, developed the first full-size working model of the <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear induction motor</a>. He became professor of heavy electrical engineering at Imperial College in 1964, where he continued his successful development of the linear motor.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Since linear motors do not require physical contact between the vehicle and guideway, they became a common fixture on advanced transportation systems in the 1960s and 1970s. Laithwaite joined one such project, the <a href="/wiki/Tracked_Hovercraft" title="Tracked Hovercraft">Tracked Hovercraft</a> RTV-31, based near Cambridge, UK, although the project was cancelled in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The linear motor was naturally suited to use with maglev systems as well. In the early 1970s, Laithwaite discovered a new arrangement of magnets, the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_river" title="Magnetic river">magnetic river</a>, that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift and forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets. Working at the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Research_Division" title="British Rail Research Division">British Rail Research Division</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, along with teams at several civil engineering firms, the "transverse-flux" system was developed into a working system. The first commercial maglev <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">people mover</a> was simply called "<a href="/wiki/Air-Rail_Link#Maglev" title="Air-Rail Link">MAGLEV</a>" and officially opened in 1984 near <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England. It operated on an elevated 600 metres (2,000 ft) section of monorail track between <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport,_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Airport, West Midlands">Birmingham Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_railway_station" title="Birmingham International railway station">Birmingham International railway station</a>, running at speeds up to 42 kilometres per hour (26 mph). The system was closed in 1995 due to reliability problems.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_maglev_patent">First maglev patent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First maglev patent">edit</a>]</div> High-speed transportation patents were granted to various inventors throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[14]</a> The first relevant patent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US714851">U.S. patent 714,851</a> (2 December 1902), issued to Albert C. Albertson, used magnetic levitation to take part of the weight off of the wheels while using conventional propulsion. Early United States patents for a <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motor</a> propelled train were awarded to German inventor <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Zehden" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Zehden">Alfred Zehden</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Zehden" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Zehden">de</a>]. The inventor was awarded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US782312">U.S. patent 782,312</a> (14 February 1905) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USRE12700">U.S. patent RE12700</a> (21 August 1907).<a href="#cite_note-15">[note 1]</a> In 1907, another early electromagnetic transportation system was developed by F. S. Smith.<a href="#cite_note-US_patent|859018-16">[15]</a> In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson" title="Tom L. Johnson">Tom L. Johnson</a> filed a patent for a wheel-less "high-speed railway" levitated by an induced magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-US_patent|1090213-17">[16]</a> Jokingly known as "Greased Lightning," the suspended car operated on a 90-foot test track in Johnson's basement "absolutely noiseless[ly] and without the least vibration."<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kemper" title="Hermann Kemper">Hermann Kemper</a> between 1937 and 1941.<a href="#cite_note-19">[note 2]</a> An early maglev train was described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3158765">U.S. patent 3,158,765</a>, "Magnetic system of transportation", by G. R. Polgreen on 25 August 1959. The first use of "maglev" in a United States patent was in "Magnetic levitation guidance system"<a href="#cite_note-US_patent|3858521-20">[18]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Patents_and_Development_Limited" title="Canadian Patents and Development Limited">Canadian Patents and Development Limited</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York,_United_States,_1912">New York, United States, 1912</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New York, United States, 1912">edit</a>]</div> In 1912 French-American inventor <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bachelet" title="Émile Bachelet">Émile Bachelet</a> demonstrated a model train with electromagnetic levitation and propulsion in Mount Vernon, New York.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Bachelet's first related patent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1020942">U.S. patent 1,020,942</a> was granted in 1912. The electromagnetic propulsion was by attraction of iron in the train by direct current solenoids spaced along the track. The electromagnetic levitation was due to repulsion of the aluminum base plate of the train by the pulsating current electromagnets under the track. The pulses were generated by Bachelet's own Synchronizing-interrupter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US986039">U.S. patent 986,039</a> supplied with 220 VAC. As the train moved it switched power to the section of track that it was on. Bachelet went on to demonstrate his model in London, England in 1914, which resulted in the registration of Bachelet Levitated Railway Syndicate Limited July 9 in London, just weeks before the start of WWI.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Bachelet's second related patent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1020943">U.S. patent 1,020,943</a> granted the same day as the first, had the levitation electromagnets in the train and the track was aluminum plate. In the patent he stated that this was a much cheaper construction, but he did not demonstrate it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York,_United_States,_1968">New York, United States, 1968</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New York, United States, 1968">edit</a>]</div> In 1959, while delayed in traffic on the <a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck_Bridge" title="Throgs Neck Bridge">Throgs Neck Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Powell_(physicist)" title="James R. Powell (physicist)">James Powell</a>, a researcher at <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> (BNL), thought of using magnetically levitated transportation.<a href="#cite_note-maglevhissummary-23">[21]</a> Powell and BNL colleague <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Danby" title="Gordon Danby">Gordon Danby</a> worked out a maglev concept using static magnets mounted on a moving vehicle to induce electrodynamic lifting and stabilizing forces in specially shaped loops, such as <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">figure-of-8 coils</a> on a guideway.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> These were patented in 1968–1969.<a href="#cite_note-Powell_&_Danby_US_patent_3470828-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan,_1969">Japan, 1969</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japan, 1969">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a></div>Japan operates two independently developed maglev trains. One is <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">HSST</a> (and its descendant, the <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a> line) by <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a> and the other, which is more well known, is <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">Central Japan Railway Company</a>. The development of the latter started in 1969. The first successful SCMaglev run was made on a short track at the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japanese National Railways</a>' (JNR's) Railway Technical Research Institute in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-usjmaglev-26">[24]</a> Maglev trains on the <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev#Miyazaki_test_track" title="SCMaglev">Miyazaki test track</a> (a later, 7 km long test track) regularly hit 517 kilometres per hour (321 mph) by 1979. After an accident destroyed the train, a new design was selected. In <a href="/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi" title="Okazaki, Aichi">Okazaki</a>, Japan (1987), the SCMaglev was used for test rides at the Okazaki exhibition. Tests in Miyazaki continued throughout the 1980s, before transferring to a far longer test track, 20 kilometres (12 mi) long, in Yamanashi in 1997. The track has since been extended to almost 43 kilometres (27 mi). The 603 kilometres per hour (375 mph) world speed record for crewed trains was set there in 2015. Development of <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">HSST</a> started in 1974. In <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba">Tsukuba</a>, Japan (1985), the HSST-03 (<a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a>) became popular at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2785" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo '85">Tsukuba World Exposition</a>, in spite of its low 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) top speed. In <a href="/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama" class="mw-redirect" title="Saitama, Saitama">Saitama</a>, Japan (1988), the HSST-04-1 was revealed at the Saitama exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Kumagaya" title="Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a>. Its fastest recorded speed was 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph).<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Construction of a new high-speed maglev line, the <a href="/wiki/Chuo_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuo Shinkansen">Chuo Shinkansen</a>, started in 2014. It is being built by extending the SCMaglev test track in Yamanashi in both directions. The completion date is unknown, with the estimate of 2027 no longer possible following a local governmental rejection of a construction permit.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamburg,_Germany,_1979">Hamburg, Germany, 1979</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hamburg, Germany, 1979">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> 05 was the first maglev train with longstator propulsion licensed for passenger transportation. In 1979, a 908 metres (2,979 ft) track was opened in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> for the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Transportation_Exhibition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Transportation Exhibition (page does not exist)">International Transportation Exhibition</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Verkehrsausstellung" class="extiw" title="de:Internationale Verkehrsausstellung">de</a>] (IVA 79). Interest was sufficient that operations were extended three months after the exhibition finished, having carried more than 50,000 passengers. It was reassembled in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> in 1980. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramenskoye,_Moscow,_USSR,_1979">Ramenskoye, Moscow, USSR, 1979</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ramenskoye, Moscow, USSR, 1979">edit</a>]</div> In 1979 the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Ramenskoye,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast">Ramenskoye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow oblast">Moscow oblast</a>) built an experimental test site for running experiments with cars on magnetic suspension. The test site consisted of a 60-metre ramp which was later extended to 980 metres.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> From the late 1970s to the 1980s five prototypes of cars were built that received designations from TP-01 (ТП-01) to TP-05 (ТП-05).<a href="#cite_note-Skorenko2015-30">[28]</a> The early cars were supposed to reach the speed up to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The construction of a maglev track using the technology from Ramenskoye started in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">Armenian SSR</a> in 1987<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> and was planned to be completed in 1991. The track was supposed to connect the cities of <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevan,_Armenia" title="Sevan, Armenia">Sevan</a> via the city of <a href="/wiki/Abovyan" title="Abovyan">Abovyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The original design speed was 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph) which was later lowered to 180 kilometres per hour (110 mph).<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Spitak_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitak earthquake">Spitak earthquake</a> in 1988 and the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> caused the project to freeze. In the end the overpass was only partially constructed.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In the early 1990s, the maglev theme was continued by the Engineering Research Center "TEMP" (ИНЦ "ТЭМП")<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> this time by the order from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moscow" title="Government of Moscow">Moscow government</a>. The project was named V250 (В250). The idea was to build a high-speed maglev train to connect <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheremetyevo airport">Sheremetyevo airport</a>. The train would consist of 64-seater cars and run at speeds up to 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph).<a href="#cite_note-Skorenko2015-30">[28]</a> In 1993, due to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation#1993" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">financial crisis</a>, the project was abandoned. However, from 1999 the "TEMP" research center had been participating as a co-developer in the creation of the linear motors for the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Monorail" title="Moscow Monorail">Moscow Monorail</a> system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birmingham,_United_Kingdom,_1984–1995">Birmingham, United Kingdom, 1984–1995</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birmingham, United Kingdom, 1984–1995">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_International_Maglev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Birmingham_International_Maglev.jpg/220px-Birmingham_International_Maglev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Birmingham_International_Maglev.jpg/330px-Birmingham_International_Maglev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Birmingham_International_Maglev.jpg/440px-Birmingham_International_Maglev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>The Birmingham International Maglev shuttle</figcaption></figure> The world's first commercial maglev system was a <a href="/wiki/AirRail_Link#Maglev" class="mw-redirect" title="AirRail Link">low-speed maglev shuttle</a> that ran between the airport terminal of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham International Airport</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_railway_station" title="Birmingham International railway station">Birmingham International railway station</a> between 1984 and 1995.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Its track length was 600 metres (2,000 ft), and trains levitated at an altitude of 15 millimetres [0.59 in], levitated by electromagnets, and propelled with linear induction motors.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> It operated for 11 years and was initially very popular with passengers,<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> but obsolescence problems with the electronic systems made it progressively unreliable<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> as years passed, leading to its closure in 1995. One of the original cars is now on display at <a href="/wiki/Railworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Railworld">Railworld</a> in Peterborough, together with the <a href="/wiki/Research_Test_Vehicle_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Test Vehicle 31">RTV31</a> hover train vehicle. Another is on display at the National Railway Museum in York. Several favourable conditions existed when the link was built:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>The British Rail Research vehicle was 3 tonnes and extension to the 8-tonne vehicle was easy.</li> <li>Electrical power was available.</li> <li>The airport and rail buildings were suitable for terminal platforms.</li> <li>Only one crossing over a public road was required and no steep gradients were involved.</li> <li>Land was owned by the railway or airport.</li> <li>Local industries and councils were supportive.</li> <li>Some government finance was provided and because of sharing work, the cost per organization was low.</li></ul> After the system closed in 1995, the original guideway lay dormant<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> until 2003, when a replacement <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">cable-hauled</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/AirRail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="AirRail Link">AirRail Link</a> Cable Liner people mover, was opened.<a href="#cite_note-dcc-bhx-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emsland,_Germany,_1984–2011">Emsland, Germany, 1984–2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Emsland, Germany, 1984–2011">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transrapid_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transrapid_08.jpg/220px-Transrapid_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transrapid_08.jpg/330px-Transrapid_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Transrapid_08.jpg/440px-Transrapid_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Emsland_test_facility" title="Emsland test facility">Emsland test facility</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emsland_test_facility" title="Emsland test facility">Emsland test facility</a></div> Transrapid, a German maglev company, had a test track in <a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a> with a total length of 31.5 kilometres (19.6 mi). The single-track line ran between <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rpen" title="Dörpen">Dörpen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lathen" title="Lathen">Lathen</a> with turning loops at each end. The trains regularly ran at up to 420 kilometres per hour (260 mph). Paying passengers were carried as part of the testing process. The construction of the test facility began in 1980 and finished in 1984. In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/Lathen_train_collision" title="Lathen train collision">maglev train accident</a> occurred in Lathen, killing 23 people. It was found to have been caused by human error in implementing safety checks. From 2006 no passengers were carried. At the end of 2011 the operation licence expired and was not renewed, and in early 2012 demolition permission was given for its facilities, including the track and factory.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> In March 2021 it was reported the <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a> was investigating reviving the Emsland test track.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> In May 2019 CRRC had unveiled its "CRRC 600" prototype which is designed to reach 600 kilometres per hour (370 mph). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vancouver,_Canada,_and_Hamburg,_Germany,_1986–1988">Vancouver, Canada, and Hamburg, Germany, 1986–1988</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vancouver, Canada, and Hamburg, Germany, 1986–1988">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HSST-03_in_okazaki_minami_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HSST-03_in_okazaki_minami_park.jpg/220px-HSST-03_in_okazaki_minami_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HSST-03_in_okazaki_minami_park.jpg/330px-HSST-03_in_okazaki_minami_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HSST-03_in_okazaki_minami_park.jpg/440px-HSST-03_in_okazaki_minami_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>HSST-03 at Okazaki Minami Park</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">High Speed Surface Transport</a></div> In Vancouver, Canada, the HSST-03 by HSST Development Corporation (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a>) was exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Expo 86</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> and ran on a 400-metre (0.25 mi) test track that provided guests with a ride in a single car along a short section of track at the fairgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> It was removed after the fair. It was shown at the Aoi Expo in 1987 and is now on static display at Okazaki Minami Park. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea,_1993–2023">South Korea, 1993–2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South Korea, 1993–2023">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ECOBEE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ECOBEE.jpg/220px-ECOBEE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ECOBEE.jpg/330px-ECOBEE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ECOBEE.jpg/440px-ECOBEE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>South Korea's <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a>, the world's fourth commercially operating maglev<a href="#cite_note-The_Korea_Times-47">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1993, South Korea completed the development of its own maglev train, shown off at the <a href="/wiki/Taej%C5%8Fn_Expo_%2793" class="mw-redirect" title="Taejŏn Expo '93">Taejŏn Expo '93</a>, which was developed further into a full-fledged maglev capable of travelling up to 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) in 2006. This final model was incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a> which opened on 3 February 2016, making South Korea the world's fourth country to operate its own self-developed maglev after the United Kingdom's Birmingham International Airport,<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Germany's Berlin <a href="/wiki/M-Bahn" title="M-Bahn">M-Bahn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> It links <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a> to the Yongyu Station and Leisure Complex on <a href="/wiki/Yeongjongdo" title="Yeongjongdo">Yeongjong island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> It offers a transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway" title="Seoul Metropolitan Subway">Seoul Metropolitan Subway</a> at <a href="/wiki/AREX" title="AREX">AREX</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Incheon International Airport Station">Incheon International Airport Station</a> and is offered free of charge to anyone to ride, operating between 9 am and 6 pm with 15-minute intervals.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> The maglev system was co-developed by the South Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) and <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Hyundai Rotem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> It is 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) long, with six stations and a 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) operating speed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Two more stages are planned of 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) and 37.4 kilometres (23.2 mi). Once completed it will become a circular line. It was shut down in September 2023. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany/China,_2010–present">Germany/China, 2010–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany/China, 2010–present">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Transport_System_B%C3%B6gl" title="Transport System Bögl">Transport System Bögl</a> (TSB) is a driverless maglev system developed by the German construction company <a href="/wiki/Max_B%C3%B6gl" title="Max Bögl">Max Bögl</a> since 2010. Its primary intended use is for short to medium distances (up to 30 km) and speeds up to 150 km/h for uses such as <a href="/wiki/Airport_shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Airport shuttle">airport shuttles</a>. The company has been doing test runs on an 820-meter-long test track at their headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Sengenthal" title="Sengenthal">Sengenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, since 2012 clocking over 100,000 tests covering a distance of over 65,000 km as of 2018. In 2018 Max Bögl signed a joint venture with the Chinese company Chengdu Xinzhu Road & Bridge Machinery Co. with the Chinese partner given exclusive rights of production and marketing for the system in China. The joint venture constructed a 3.5 km (2.2 mi) demonstration line near <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China, and two vehicles were airlifted there in June, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-EVEN_TRAINS_CAN_FLY-57">[55]</a> In February 2021 a vehicle on the Chinese test track hit a top speed of 169 km/h (105 mph).<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China,_since_2000">China, since 2000</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China, since 2000">edit</a>]</div> According to the International Maglev Board there are at least four maglev research programmes underway in China at: <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University" title="Southwest Jiaotong University">Southwest Jiaotong University</a> (Chengdu), <a href="/wiki/Tongji_University" title="Tongji University">Tongji University</a> (Shanghai), <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Tangshan" title="CRRC Tangshan">CRRC Tangshan-Changchun Railway Vehicle Co.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Aircraft_Industry_Group" title="Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group">Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The latest <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Maglev" title="CRRC Maglev">high-speed prototype</a>, unveiled in July 2021, was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Qingdao_Sifang" title="CRRC Qingdao Sifang">CRRC Qingdao Sifang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low-to-medium_speed">Low-to-medium speed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Low-to-medium speed">edit</a>]</div> Development of the low-to-medium speed systems, that is, 100–200 km/h (62–124 mph),<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a> has led to opening lines such as the <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev_Express" title="Changsha Maglev Express">Changsha Maglev Express</a> in 2016 and the <a href="/wiki/Line_S1_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line S1 (Beijing Subway)">Line S1</a> in Beijing in 2017. In April 2020 a new model capable of 160 km/h (99 mph) and compatible with the Changsha line completed testing. The vehicle, under development since 2018, has a 30 percent increase in traction efficiency and a 60 percent increase in speed over the stock in use on the line since.<a href="#cite_note-160TestPassed-62">[60]</a> The vehicles entered service in July 2021 with a top speed of 140 km/h (87 mph).<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive said in April 2020 it is developing a model capable of 200 km/h (120 mph).<a href="#cite_note-160TestPassed-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_speed">High speed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: High speed">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maglev_on_Tongji_Apr._2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maglev_on_Tongji_Apr._2014.jpg/220px-Maglev_on_Tongji_Apr._2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maglev_on_Tongji_Apr._2014.jpg/330px-Maglev_on_Tongji_Apr._2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Maglev_on_Tongji_Apr._2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Maglev on the Tongji University test track</figcaption></figure> There are two competing efforts for high-speed maglev systems, i.e., 300–620 km/h (190–390 mph). <ul><li>The first is based on the <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> technology used in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai maglev train</a> and is developed by the <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a> under license from Thyssen-Krupp.<a href="#cite_note-ReOpenEmsland-64">[62]</a> <ul><li>In 2006 the 500 km/h (310 mph) CM1 Dolphin prototype was unveiled<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> and began testing on a new 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) test track at <a href="/wiki/Tongji_University" title="Tongji University">Tongji University</a>, northwest of Shanghai.</li> <li>A prototype vehicle of the 600 km/h (370 mph) CRRC 600 was developed in 2019 and tested from June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></li> <li>In March 2021 a 300 km/h (190 mph) model began trials.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></li> <li>In July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Maglev" title="CRRC Maglev">CRRC 600 maglev</a>, planned to travel at up to 600 km/h (370 mph), was unveiled in Qingdao.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> It was reported to be the world's fastest ground vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></li> <li>A high-speed test track is under development in China and also, in April 2021, there was consideration given to re-opening the Emsland test facility in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-ReOpenEmsland-64">[62]</a></li></ul></li> <li>A second, incompatible high-speed prototype was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Max_B%C3%B6gl" title="Max Bögl">Max Bögl</a> and Chengdu Xinzhu Road & Bridge Machinery Co. Ltd. and unveiled in January 2021. Developed at <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University" title="Southwest Jiaotong University">Southwest Jiaotong University</a> in Chengdu, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bullet_Maglev" title="Super Bullet Maglev">Super Bullet Maglev</a> design uses high-temperature superconducting magnets, is designed for 620 km/h (390 mph) and was demonstrated on a 165-metre (180 yd) test track.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev#Technology" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev § Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transrapid#Technology" title="Transrapid">Transrapid § Technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">Magnetic levitation</a></div> In the public imagination, "maglev" often evokes the concept of an elevated <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorail</a> track with a <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motor</a>. Maglev systems may be monorail or dual rail—the <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a> MLX01 for instance uses a trench-like track—and not all monorail trains are maglevs. Some railway transport systems incorporate linear motors but use electromagnetism only for <a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a>, without levitating the vehicle. Such trains have wheels and are not maglevs.<a href="#cite_note-71">[note 3]</a> Maglev tracks, monorail or not, can also be constructed at grade or underground in tunnels. Conversely, non-maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be elevated or underground too. Some maglev trains do incorporate wheels and function like linear motor-propelled wheeled vehicles at slower speeds but levitate at higher speeds. This is typically the case with <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">electrodynamic suspension</a> maglev trains. <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">Aerodynamic</a> factors may also play a role in the levitation of such trains. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Maglev-Model-truck.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/JR_Maglev-Model-truck.JPG/220px-JR_Maglev-Model-truck.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/JR_Maglev-Model-truck.JPG/330px-JR_Maglev-Model-truck.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/JR_Maglev-Model-truck.JPG/440px-JR_Maglev-Model-truck.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>MLX01 Maglev train <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnet</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a></figcaption></figure> The two main types of maglev technology are:<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">Electromagnetic suspension</a> (EMS), electronically controlled electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically conductive (usually steel) track.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">Electrodynamic suspension</a> (EDS) uses superconducting electromagnets or strong permanent magnets that create a magnetic field, which induces currents in nearby metallic conductors when there is relative movement, which pushes and pulls the train towards the designed levitation position on the guide way.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_suspension_(EMS)">Electromagnetic suspension (EMS)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic suspension (EMS)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">Electromagnetic suspension</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetschwebebahn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magnetschwebebahn.svg/220px-Magnetschwebebahn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magnetschwebebahn.svg/330px-Magnetschwebebahn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magnetschwebebahn.svg/440px-Magnetschwebebahn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) is used to levitate the <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> on the track, so that the train can be faster than wheeled mass transit systems.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> In electromagnetic suspension (EMS) systems, the train levitates by attraction to a ferromagnetic (usually steel) rail while <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a>, attached to the train, are oriented toward the rail from below. The system is typically arranged on a series of C-shaped arms, with the upper portion of the arm attached to the vehicle, and the lower inside edge containing the magnets. The rail is situated inside the C, between the upper and lower edges. Magnetic attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, so minor changes in distance between the magnets and the rail produce greatly varying forces. These changes in force are dynamically unstable—a slight divergence from the optimum position tends to grow, requiring sophisticated feedback systems to maintain a constant distance from the track, (approximately 15 millimetres [0.59 in]).<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The major advantage to suspended maglev systems is that they work at all speeds, unlike electrodynamic systems, which only work at a minimum speed of about 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph). This eliminates the need for a separate low-speed suspension system, and can simplify track layout. On the downside, the dynamic instability demands fine track tolerances, which can offset this advantage. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Laithwaite" title="Eric Laithwaite">Eric Laithwaite</a> was concerned that to meet required tolerances, the gap between magnets and rail would have to be increased to the point where the magnets would be unreasonably large.<a href="#cite_note-pslaith-77">[74]</a> In practice, this problem was addressed through improved feedback systems, which support the required tolerances. Air gap and energy efficiency can be improved by using the socalled "Hybrid Electromagnetic Suspension (H-EMS)", where the main levitation force is generated by permanent magnets, while the electromagnet controls the air gap,<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> what is called <a href="/wiki/Electropermanent_magnet" title="Electropermanent magnet">electropermanent magnets</a>. Ideally it would take negligible power to stabilize the suspension and in practice the power requirement is less than it would be if the entire suspension force were provided by electromagnets alone.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrodynamic_suspension_(EDS)">Electrodynamic suspension (EDS)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Electrodynamic suspension (EDS)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">Electrodynamic suspension</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Maglev-Lev.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/JR_Maglev-Lev.png/220px-JR_Maglev-Lev.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/JR_Maglev-Lev.png/330px-JR_Maglev-Lev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/JR_Maglev-Lev.png/440px-JR_Maglev-Lev.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese SCMaglev's EDS suspension is powered by the magnetic fields induced either side of the vehicle by the passage of the vehicle's superconducting magnets.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maglev_Propulsion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maglev_Propulsion.svg/220px-Maglev_Propulsion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maglev_Propulsion.svg/330px-Maglev_Propulsion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maglev_Propulsion.svg/440px-Maglev_Propulsion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>EDS maglev propulsion via propulsion coils</figcaption></figure> In electrodynamic suspension (EDS), both the guideway and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive and attractive force between these magnetic fields.<a href="#cite_note-RTRI-80">[77]</a> In some configurations, the train can be levitated only by repulsive force. In the early stages of maglev development at the Miyazaki test track, a purely repulsive system was used instead of the later repulsive and attractive EDS system.<a href="#cite_note-osti-81">[78]</a> The magnetic field is produced either by superconducting magnets (as in JR–Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in <a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a>). The repulsive and attractive force in the track is created by an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">induced magnetic field</a> in wires or other conducting strips in the track. A major advantage of EDS maglev systems is that they are dynamically stable—changes in distance between the track and the magnets creates strong forces to return the system to its original position.<a href="#cite_note-pslaith-77">[74]</a> In addition, the attractive force varies in the opposite manner, providing the same adjustment effects. No active feedback control is needed. However, at slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to levitate the train. For this reason, the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to support the train until it reaches take-off speed. Since a train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire track must be able to support both low- and high-speed operation. Another downside is that the EDS system naturally creates a field in the track in front and to the rear of the lift magnets, which acts against the magnets and creates magnetic drag. This is generally only a concern at low speeds, and is one of the reasons why JR abandoned a purely repulsive system and adopted the sidewall levitation system.<a href="#cite_note-osti-81">[78]</a> At higher speeds other modes of drag dominate.<a href="#cite_note-pslaith-77">[74]</a> The drag force can be used to the electrodynamic system's advantage, however, as it creates a varying force in the rails that can be used as a reactionary system to drive the train, without the need for a separate reaction plate, as in most linear motor systems. Laithwaite led development of such "traverse-flux" systems at his Imperial College laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-pslaith-77">[74]</a> Alternatively, propulsion coils on the guideway are used to exert a force on the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear motor: an alternating current through the coils generates a continuously varying magnetic field that moves forward along the track. The frequency of the alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates a force moving the train forward. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracks">Tracks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tracks">edit</a>]</div> The term "maglev" refers not only to the vehicles, but to the railway system as well, specifically designed for magnetic levitation and propulsion. All operational implementations of maglev technology make minimal use of wheeled train technology and are not compatible with conventional <a href="/wiki/Rail_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail track">rail tracks</a>. Because they cannot share existing infrastructure, maglev systems must be designed as standalone systems. The SPM maglev system is inter-operable with steel rail tracks and would permit maglev vehicles and conventional trains to operate on the same tracks.<a href="#cite_note-pslaith-77">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a> in Germany also designed a maglev system that worked with conventional rails, but it was never fully developed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Evaluation">edit</a>]</div> Each implementation of the magnetic levitation principle for train-type travel involves advantages and disadvantages.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Technology </th> <th>Pros </th> <th>Cons </th></tr> <tr> <td>EMS<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">electromagnetic suspension</a>) </td> <td>Magnetic fields inside and outside the vehicle are less than EDS; proven, commercially available technology; high speeds (500 kilometres per hour or 310 miles per hour); no wheels or secondary propulsion system needed. </td> <td>The separation between the vehicle and the guideway must be constantly monitored and corrected due to the unstable nature of electromagnetic attraction; the system's inherent instability and the required constant corrections by outside systems may induce vibration. </td></tr> <tr> <td>EDS<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">electrodynamic suspension</a>) </td> <td>Onboard magnets and large margin between rail and train enable highest-recorded speeds (603 kilometres per hour or 375 miles per hour) and heavy load capacity; demonstrated successful operations using <a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">high-temperature superconductors</a> in its onboard magnets, cooled with inexpensive liquid <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>Strong magnetic fields on the train would make the train unsafe for passengers with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pacemaker">pacemakers</a> or magnetic data storage media such as hard drives and credit cards, necessitating the use of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_shielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic shielding">magnetic shielding</a>; limitations on guideway inductivity limit maximum speed;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] vehicle must be <a href="/wiki/Wheeled" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeled">wheeled</a> for travel at low speeds. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a> system<a href="#cite_note-anew-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> (permanent magnet passive suspension) </td> <td>Failsafe <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a>—no power required to activate magnets; Magnetic field is localized below the car; can generate enough force at low speeds (around 5 kilometres per hour or 3.1 miles per hour) for levitation; given power failure cars stop safely; <a href="/wiki/Halbach_array" title="Halbach array">Halbach arrays</a> of permanent magnets may prove more cost-effective than electromagnets. </td> <td>Requires either wheels or track segments that move for when the vehicle is stopped. Under development as of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit">[update]</a>; no commercial version or full-scale prototype. </td></tr></tbody></table> Neither <a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a> nor the Superconducting EDS are able to levitate vehicles at a standstill, although <a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a> provides levitation at much lower speed; wheels are required for these systems. EMS systems are wheel-free. The German Transrapid, Japanese <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">HSST</a> (Linimo), and Korean <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Rotem</a> EMS maglevs levitate at a standstill, with electricity extracted from guideway using power rails for the latter two, and wirelessly for Transrapid. If guideway power is lost on the move, the Transrapid is still able to generate levitation down to 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph) speed,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] using the power from onboard batteries. This is not the case with the HSST and Rotem systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Propulsion">edit</a>]</div> EMS systems such as HSST/<a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a> can provide both levitation and <a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">propulsion</a> using an onboard linear motor. But EDS systems and some EMS systems such as Transrapid levitate but do not propel. Such systems need some other technology for propulsion. A linear motor (propulsion coils) mounted in the track is one solution. Over long distances coil costs could be prohibitive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stability">Stability</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stability">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Earnshaw%27s_theorem" title="Earnshaw's theorem">Earnshaw's theorem</a> shows that no combination of static magnets can be in a stable equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Therefore a dynamic (time varying) magnetic field is required to achieve stabilization. EMS systems rely on active electronic <a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">stabilization</a> that constantly measures the bearing distance and adjusts the electromagnet current accordingly. EDS systems rely on changing magnetic fields to create currents, which can give passive stability. Because maglev vehicles essentially fly, stabilisation of pitch, roll, and yaw is required. In addition to rotation, surge (forward and backward motions), sway (sideways motion), or heave (up and down motions) can be problematic. Superconducting magnets on a train above a track made out of a permanent magnet lock the train into its lateral position. It can move linearly along the track, but not off the track. This is due to the <a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">Meissner effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flux_pinning" title="Flux pinning">flux pinning</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guidance_system">Guidance system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Guidance system">edit</a>]</div> Some systems use Null Current systems (also sometimes called Null Flux systems).<a href="#cite_note-RTRI-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> These use a coil that is wound so that it enters two opposing, alternating fields, so that the average flux in the loop is zero. When the vehicle is in the straight ahead position, no current flows, but any moves off-line create flux that generates a field that naturally pushes/pulls it back into line. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_technology_enhancements">Proposed technology enhancements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Proposed technology enhancements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evacuated_tubes">Evacuated tubes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Evacuated tubes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></div> Some systems (notably the <a href="/wiki/Swissmetro" title="Swissmetro">Swissmetro</a> system and the <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>) propose the use of vactrains—maglev train technology used in evacuated (airless) tubes, which removes <a href="/wiki/Air_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Air drag">air drag</a>. This has the potential to increase speed and efficiency greatly, as most of the energy for conventional maglev trains is lost to aerodynamic drag.<a href="#cite_note-popsci-91">[88]</a> One potential risk for passengers of trains operating in evacuated tubes is that they could be exposed to the risk of cabin depressurization unless tunnel safety monitoring systems can repressurize the tube in the event of a train malfunction or accident though since trains are likely to operate at or near the Earth's surface, emergency restoration of ambient pressure should be straightforward. The <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> has depicted a vacuum tube train that could, in theory, cross the Atlantic or the USA in around 21 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail-maglev_hybrid">Rail-maglev hybrid </h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rail-maglev hybrid">edit</a>]</div> The Polish startup <a href="/wiki/Nevomo" title="Nevomo">Nevomo</a> (previously Hyper Poland) is developing a system for modifying existing railway tracks into a maglev system, on which conventional wheel-rail trains, as well maglev vehicles can travel.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Vehicles on this so-called 'magrail' system will be able to reach speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph) at significantly lower infrastructure costs than stand-alone maglev lines. In 2023 Nevomo conducted the first MagRail tests on Europe's longest test track for passive magnetic levitation, which the company had previously built in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_use">Energy use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Energy use">edit</a>]</div> Energy for maglev trains is used to accelerate the train. Energy may be regained when the train slows down via <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>. It also levitates and stabilises the train's movement. Most of the energy is needed to overcome <a href="/wiki/Air_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Air drag">air drag</a>. Some energy is used for air conditioning, heating, lighting and other miscellany. At low speeds the percentage of power used for levitation can be significant, consuming up to 15% more power than a subway or light rail service.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> For short distances the energy used for acceleration might be considerable. The force used to overcome air drag increases with the square of the velocity and hence dominates at high speed. The energy needed per unit distance increases by the square of the velocity and the time decreases linearly. However power increases by the cube of the velocity. For example, 2.37 times as much power is needed to travel at 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph) than 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph), while drag increases by 1.77 times the original force.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">Aircraft</a> take advantage of lower air pressure and lower temperatures by cruising at altitude to reduce energy consumption but unlike trains need to <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">carry fuel on board</a>. This has led to the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">conveying maglev vehicles through partially evacuated tubes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_conventional_high-speed_trains">High-speed maglev comparison with conventional high-speed trains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: High-speed maglev comparison with conventional high-speed trains">edit</a>]</div> Maglev transport is non-contact and electric powered. It relies less or not at all on the wheels, bearings and axles common to wheeled rail systems.<a href="#cite_note-NAMTI-97">[94]</a> <ul><li>Speed: Maglev allows higher top speeds than conventional rail. While experimental wheel-based <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed trains</a> have demonstrated similar speeds, conventional trains will suffer from friction between wheels and track and thus elevating the maintenance cost if operating at such speed, unlike levitated maglev trains.</li> <li>Maintenance: Maglev trains currently in operation have demonstrated the need for minimal guideway maintenance. Vehicle maintenance is also minimal (based on hours of operation, rather than on speed or distance traveled). Traditional rail is subject to mechanical wear and tear that increases rapidly with speed, also increasing maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-NAMTI-97">[94]</a> For example: the wearing down of brakes and overhead wire wear have caused problems for the <a href="/wiki/Fastech_360" title="Fastech 360">Fastech 360</a> rail Shinkansen. Maglev would eliminate these issues.</li> <li>Weather: In theory, maglev trains should be unaffected by snow, ice, severe cold, rain, or high winds. However, as of yet no maglev system has been installed in a location with such a harsh climate.</li> <li>Acceleration: Maglev vehicles accelerate and decelerate faster than mechanical systems regardless of the slickness of the guideway or the slope of the grade, because they are non-contact systems.<a href="#cite_note-NAMTI-97">[94]</a></li> <li>Track: Maglev trains are not compatible with conventional track, and therefore require custom infrastructure for their entire route. By contrast conventional high-speed trains such as the <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> are able to run, albeit at reduced speeds, on existing rail infrastructure, thus reducing expenditure where new infrastructure would be particularly expensive (such as the final approaches to city terminals), or on extensions where traffic does not justify new infrastructure. John Harding, former chief maglev scientist at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a>, claimed that separate maglev infrastructure more than pays for itself with higher levels of all-weather operational availability and nominal maintenance costs. These claims have yet to be proven in an intense operational setting and they do not consider the increased maglev construction costs. However, in countries like China, there are discussion of building some key conventional high-speed rail tunnels/bridges to a standard that would allow them upgrading to maglev.</li> <li>Efficiency: Conventional rail is probably[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] more efficient at lower speeds. But due to the lack of physical contact between the track and the vehicle, maglev trains experience no <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a>, leaving only <a href="/wiki/Air_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air resistance">air resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">electromagnetic drag</a>, potentially improving power efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Some systems, however, such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">Central Japan Railway Company</a> <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a> use rubber tires at low speeds, reducing efficiency gains.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Mass: The electromagnets in many EMS and EDS designs require between 1 and 2 kilowatts per ton.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> The use of superconductor magnets can reduce the electromagnets' energy consumption. A 50-ton Transrapid maglev vehicle can lift an additional 20 tons, for a total of 70 tons, which consumes 70–140 kilowatts (94–188 hp).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most energy use for the TRI is for propulsion and overcoming air resistance at speeds over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Weight loading: High-speed rail requires more support and construction for its concentrated wheel loading. Maglev cars are lighter and distribute weight more evenly.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a></li> <li>Noise: Because the major source of noise of a maglev train comes from displaced air rather than from wheels touching rails, maglev trains produce less noise than a conventional train at equivalent speeds. However, the <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> profile of the maglev may reduce this benefit: a study concluded that maglev noise should be rated like road traffic, while conventional trains experience a 5–10 dB "bonus", as they are found less annoying at the same loudness level.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maglev_Videos-103">[100]</a></li> <li>Magnet reliability: Superconducting magnets are generally used to generate the powerful magnetic fields to levitate and propel the trains. These magnets must be kept below their critical temperatures (this ranges from 4.2 K to 77 K, depending on the material). New alloys and manufacturing techniques in superconductors and cooling systems have helped address this issue.</li> <li>Control systems: No signalling systems are needed for high-speed maglev, because such systems are computer controlled.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Human operators cannot react fast enough to manage high-speed trains. High-speed systems require dedicated rights of way and are usually elevated. Two maglev system microwave towers are in constant contact with trains. There is no need for train whistles or horns, either.</li> <li>Terrain: Maglevs are able to ascend higher grades, offering more routing flexibility and reduced tunneling.<a href="#cite_note-CaliforniaProgressReport-104">[101]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-speed_maglev_comparison_with_aircraft">High-speed maglev comparison with aircraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: High-speed maglev comparison with aircraft">edit</a>]</div> Differences between airplane and maglev travel: <ul><li>Efficiency: For maglev systems the <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a> can exceed that of aircraft (for example <a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a> can approach 200:1 at high speed, far higher than any aircraft). This can make maglevs more efficient per kilometer. However, at high cruising speeds, aerodynamic drag is much larger than lift-induced drag. Jet-powered aircraft take advantage of low air density at high altitudes to significantly reduce air drag. Hence despite their lift-to-drag ratio disadvantage, they can travel more efficiently at high speeds than maglev trains that operate at sea level.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Routing: Maglevs offer competitive journey times for distances of 800 kilometres (500 mi) or less. Additionally, maglevs can easily serve intermediate destinations. Air routes don't require infrastructure between the origin and destination airport and therefore provide greater flexibility to modify service endpoints as needed.</li> <li>Availability: Maglevs are little affected by weather.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Travel time: Maglevs do not face the extended security protocols faced by air travelers nor is time consumed for taxiing, or for queuing for take-off and landing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As more maglev systems are deployed, experts expect construction costs to drop by employing new construction methods and from <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-speed_systems">High-speed systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: High-speed systems">edit</a>]</div> The Shanghai maglev demonstration line cost US$1.2 billion to build in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Fast_Tracks-106">[103]</a> This total includes capital costs such as right-of-way clearing, extensive pile driving, on-site guideway manufacturing, in-situ pier construction at 25 metres (82 ft) intervals, a maintenance facility and vehicle yard, several switches, two stations, operations and control systems, power feed system, cables and inverters, and operational training. Ridership is not a primary focus of this demonstration line, since the <a href="/wiki/Longyang_Road_station" title="Longyang Road station">Longyang Road station</a> is on the eastern outskirts of Shanghai. Once the line is extended to South Shanghai Train station and Hongqiao Airport station, which may not happen because of economic reasons, ridership was expected to cover operation and maintenance costs and generate significant net revenue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] The South Shanghai extension was expected to cost approximately US$18 million per kilometre. In 2006, the German government invested $125 million in guideway cost reduction development that produced an all-concrete modular design that is faster to build and is 30% less costly. Other new construction techniques were also developed that put maglev at or below price parity with new high-speed rail construction.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The United States Federal Railroad Administration, in a 2005 report to Congress, estimated cost per mile of between US$50 million and US$100 million.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Transit_Administration" title="Maryland Transit Administration">Maryland Transit Administration</a> (MTA) Environmental Impact Statement estimated a pricetag at US$4.9 billion for construction, and $53 million a year for operations of its project.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The proposed <a href="/wiki/Chuo_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuo Shinkansen">Chuo Shinkansen</a> maglev in Japan was estimated to cost approximately US$82 billion to build, with a route requiring long tunnels. A <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_(region)" title="Tōkaidō (region)">Tokaido</a> maglev route replacing the Shinkansen be 1/10 the cost, as no new tunnel would be needed, but noise pollution concerns made it infeasible.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Maglev" title="Talk:Maglev">disputed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-speed_systems">Low-speed systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Low-speed systems">edit</a>]</div> The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a> HSST, cost approximately US$100 million/km to build.<a href="#cite_note-irj-110">[107]</a> Besides offering improved operation and maintenance costs over other transit systems, these low-speed maglevs provide ultra-high levels of operational reliability and introduce little noise and generate zero air pollution into <a href="/wiki/Area_density" title="Area density">dense</a> urban settings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Records">edit</a>]</div> The highest-recorded maglev speed is 603 kilometres per hour (375 mph), achieved in Japan by <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a>'s <a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">L0</a> superconducting maglev on 21 April 2015,<a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-111">[108]</a> 28 kilometres per hour (17 mph) faster than the conventional <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> wheel-rail speed record. However, the operational and performance differences between these two very different technologies is far greater. The TGV record was achieved accelerating down a 72.4 kilometres (45 mi) slight decline, requiring 13 minutes. It then took another 77.25 kilometres (48 mi) for the TGV to stop, requiring a total distance of 149.65 kilometres (93 mi) for the test.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> The L0 record, however, was achieved on the 42.8 kilometres (26.6 mi) Yamanashi test track – less than 1/3 the distance.<a href="#cite_note-jrc-data2012-113">[110]</a> No maglev or wheel-rail commercial operation has actually been attempted at speeds over 500 kilometres per hour (310 mph). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_maglev_speed_records">History of maglev speed records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: History of maglev speed records">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Maglev" title="Special:EditPage/Maglev">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of speed records set by maglev vehicles, by date, sortable </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Train </th> <th scope="col">Speed </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1971 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td> <td>Prinzipfahrzeug</td> <td>90 kilometres per hour (56 mph)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1971 </th> <td>West Germany</td> <td>TR-02 (<a href="/wiki/Toshiba_Samsung_Storage_Technology" title="Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology">TSST</a>)</td> <td>164 kilometres per hour (102 mph)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1972 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>ML100</td> <td>60 kilometres per hour (37 mph)</td> <td>crewed </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1973 </th> <td>West Germany</td> <td>TR04</td> <td>250 kilometres per hour (160 mph)</td> <td>crewed </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1974 </th> <td>West Germany</td> <td>EET-01</td> <td>230 kilometres per hour (140 mph)</td> <td>uncrewed </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1975 </th> <td>West Germany</td> <td>Komet</td> <td>401 kilometres per hour (249 mph)</td> <td>by steam rocket propulsion, uncrewed </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1978 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">HSST</a>-01</td> <td>308 kilometres per hour (191 mph)</td> <td>by supporting rockets propulsion, made in <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, uncrewed </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1978 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>HSST-02</td> <td>110 kilometres per hour (68 mph)</td> <td>crewed </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1979-12-12 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>ML-500R</td> <td>504 kilometres per hour (313 mph)</td> <td>(uncrewed) It succeeds in operation over 500 kilometres per hour (310 mph) for the first time in the world. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1979-12-21 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>ML-500R</td> <td>517 kilometres per hour (321 mph)</td> <td>(uncrewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1987 </th> <td>West Germany</td> <td>TR-06</td> <td>406 kilometres per hour (252 mph)</td> <td>(crewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1987 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>MLU001</td> <td>401 kilometres per hour (249 mph)</td> <td>(crewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1988 </th> <td>West Germany</td> <td>TR-06</td> <td>413 kilometres per hour (257 mph)</td> <td>(crewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1989 </th> <td>West Germany</td> <td>TR-07</td> <td>436 kilometres per hour (271 mph)</td> <td>(crewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1993 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>TR-07</td> <td>450 kilometres per hour (280 mph)</td> <td>(crewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1994 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>MLU002N</td> <td>431 kilometres per hour (268 mph)</td> <td>(uncrewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1997 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>MLX01</td> <td>531 kilometres per hour (330 mph)</td> <td>(crewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1997 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>MLX01</td> <td>550 kilometres per hour (340 mph)</td> <td>(uncrewed) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1999 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>MLX01</td> <td>552 kilometres per hour (343 mph)</td> <td>(crewed/five-car formation) <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness</a> authorization. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2003 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>MLX01</td> <td>581 kilometres per hour (361 mph)</td> <td>(crewed/three formation) Guinness authorization.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2015 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/L0_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 Series Shinkansen">L0</a></td> <td>590 kilometres per hour (370 mph)</td> <td>(crewed/seven-car formation)<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2015 </th> <td>Japan</td> <td>L0</td> <td>603 kilometres per hour (375 mph)</td> <td>(crewed/seven-car formation)<a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-111">[108]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems">Systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Systems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_systems">Operational systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Operational systems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_speed_2">High speed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: High speed">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Shanghai_Maglev_(2003)">Shanghai Maglev (2003)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Shanghai Maglev (2003)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_maglev_train_coming_out,_Pudong_International_Airport,_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg/220px-A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg/330px-A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg/440px-A_maglev_train_coming_out%2C_Pudong_International_Airport%2C_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>A maglev train coming out of the Pudong International Airport</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a>, an implementation of the German <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> system, has a top speed of 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph).<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> The line is the fastest and first commercially operational high speed maglev. It connects <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a> and the outskirts of central <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. The service covers a distance of 30.5 kilometres (19.0 mi) in just 8 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz-116">[113]</a> In January 2001, the Chinese signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> to build an EMS high-speed maglev line to link Pudong International Airport with Longyang Road Metro station on the southeastern edge of Shanghai. This <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a> demonstration line, or Initial Operating Segment (IOS), has been in commercial operations since April 2004<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> and now operates 115 daily trips (up from 110 in 2010) that traverse the 30 kilometres (19 mi) between the two stations in 8 minutes, achieving a top speed of 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph) and averaging 224 kilometres per hour (139 mph). Prior to May 2021 services operated at up to 431 kilometres per hour (268 mph), taking only 7 minutes to complete the trip.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> On a 12 November 2003 system commissioning test run, it achieved 501 kilometres per hour (311 mph), its designed top cruising speed. The Shanghai maglev is faster than Birmingham technology and comes with on-time—to the second—reliability greater than 99.97%.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Plans to extend the line to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_South_Railway_Station_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai South Railway Station station">Shanghai South Railway Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hongqiao_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongqiao Airport">Hongqiao Airport</a> on the northwestern edge of Shanghai are on hold. After the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Hangzhou_Passenger_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Hangzhou Passenger Railway">Shanghai–Hangzhou Passenger Railway</a> became operational in late 2010, the maglev extension became somewhat redundant and may be cancelled. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low_speed">Low speed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Low speed">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Linimo_(Tobu_Kyuryo_Line,_Japan)_(2005)">Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan) (2005)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan) (2005)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linimo_approaching_Banpaku_Kinen_Koen,_towards_Fujigaoka_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Linimo_approaching_Banpaku_Kinen_Koen%2C_towards_Fujigaoka_Station.jpg/220px-Linimo_approaching_Banpaku_Kinen_Koen%2C_towards_Fujigaoka_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Linimo_approaching_Banpaku_Kinen_Koen%2C_towards_Fujigaoka_Station.jpg/330px-Linimo_approaching_Banpaku_Kinen_Koen%2C_towards_Fujigaoka_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Linimo_approaching_Banpaku_Kinen_Koen%2C_towards_Fujigaoka_Station.jpg/440px-Linimo_approaching_Banpaku_Kinen_Koen%2C_towards_Fujigaoka_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Linimo train approaching Banpaku Kinen Koen, towards Fujigaoka Station in March 2005</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a></div> The commercial <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automated</a> "Urban Maglev" system commenced operation in March 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>, Japan. The Tobu Kyuryo Line, otherwise known as the <a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a> line, covers 9 kilometres (5.6 mi). It has a minimum operating radius of 75 metres (246 ft) and a maximum gradient of 6%. The linear-motor magnetically levitated train has a top speed of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). More than 10 million passengers used this "urban maglev" line in its first three months of operation. At 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph), it is sufficiently fast for frequent stops, has little or no noise impact on surrounding communities, can navigate short radius rights of way, and operates during inclement weather. The trains were designed by the Chubu HSST Development Corporation, which also operates a test track in Nagoya.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Daejeon_Expo_Maglev_(2008)">Daejeon Expo Maglev (2008)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Daejeon Expo Maglev (2008)">edit</a>]</div> The first maglev test trials using electromagnetic suspension opened to public was HML-03, made by Hyundai Heavy Industries for the <a href="/wiki/Taej%C5%8Fn_Expo_%2793" class="mw-redirect" title="Taejŏn Expo '93">Daejeon Expo in 1993</a>, after five years of research and manufacturing two prototypes, HML-01 and HML-02.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-rotem-123">[120]</a> Government research on urban maglev using electromagnetic suspension began in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-rotem-123">[120]</a> The first operating urban maglev was UTM-02 in Daejeon beginning on 21 April 2008 after 14 years of development and one prototype; UTM-01. The train runs on a 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) track between <a href="/wiki/Expo_Science_Park" title="Expo Science Park">Expo Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Museum,_South_Korea" title="National Science Museum, South Korea">National Science Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> which has been shortened with the redevelopment of Expo Park. The track currently ends at the street parallel to the science museum. Meanwhile, UTM-02 conducted the world's first-ever maglev simulation.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> However, UTM-02 is still the second prototype of a final model. The final UTM model of Rotem's urban maglev, UTM-03, was used for a new line that opened in 2016 on Incheon's Yeongjong island connecting <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a> (see below).<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Changsha_Maglev_(2016)">Changsha Maglev (2016)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Changsha Maglev (2016)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_Maglev_Express_Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Changsha_Maglev_Express_Train.jpg/220px-Changsha_Maglev_Express_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Changsha_Maglev_Express_Train.jpg/330px-Changsha_Maglev_Express_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Changsha_Maglev_Express_Train.jpg/440px-Changsha_Maglev_Express_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Changsha Maglev Train arriving at Langli Station</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha Maglev">Changsha Maglev</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> provincial government launched the construction of a maglev line between <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Huanghua_International_Airport" title="Changsha Huanghua International Airport">Changsha Huanghua International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changsha_South_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha South Railway Station">Changsha South Railway Station</a>, covering a distance of 18.55 km. Construction started in May 2014 and was completed by the end of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Trial runs began on 26 December 2015 and trial operations started on 6 May 2016.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> As of 13 June 2018 the Changsha maglev had covered a distance of 1.7 million km and carried nearly 6 million passengers. A second generation of these vehicles has been produced which have a top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph).<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> In July 2021 the new model entered service operating at a top speed of 140 km/h (87 mph), which reduced the travel time by 3 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beijing_Line_S1_(2017)">Beijing Line S1 (2017)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Beijing Line S1 (2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Line_S1_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line S1 (Beijing Subway)">Line S1 (Beijing Subway)</a></div> Beijing has built China's second low-speed maglev line, <a href="/wiki/Line_S1,_Beijing_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Line S1, Beijing Subway">Line S1, Beijing Subway</a>, using technology developed by <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a>. The line was opened on 30 December 2017. The line operates at speeds up to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph).<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fenghuang_Maglev_(2022)">Fenghuang Maglev (2022)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Fenghuang Maglev (2022)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_Maglev" title="Fenghuang Maglev">Fenghuang Maglev</a></div> Fenghuang Maglev (凤凰磁浮) is a medium- to low-speed maglev line in <a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_County" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> province, China. The line operates at speeds up to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The first phase is 9.12 kilometres (5.67 mi) with 4 stations (and 2 more future infill stations). The first phase opened on 30 July 2022<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> and connects the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenghuanggucheng_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenghuanggucheng railway station (page does not exist)">Fenghuanggucheng railway station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie%E2%80%93Jishou%E2%80%93Huaihua_high-speed_railway" title="Zhangjiajie–Jishou–Huaihua high-speed railway">Zhangjiajie–Jishou–Huaihua high-speed railway</a> with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenghuang_Folklore_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenghuang Folklore Garden (page does not exist)">Fenghuang Folklore Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fenghuang201908-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maglevs_under_construction">Maglevs under construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Maglevs under construction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chūō_Shinkansen_(Japan)">Chūō Shinkansen (Japan)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Chūō Shinkansen (Japan)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen_map.png/300px-Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen_map.png/450px-Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen_map.png/600px-Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The Chūō Shinkansen route (bold yellow and red line) and existing Tōkaidō Shinkansen route (thin blue line)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chuo_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuo Shinkansen">Chuo Shinkansen</a> is a high-speed maglev line in Japan. Construction began in 2014, commercial operations was expected to start by 2027.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> The 2027 target was given up in July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> The Linear Chuo Shinkansen Project aims to connect Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi</a>, in approximately one hour, less than half the travel time of the fastest existing bullet trains connecting the three metropolises.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> The full track between Tokyo and Osaka was originally expected to be completed in 2045, but the operator is now aiming for 2037.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">L0 Series</a> train type is undergoing testing by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">Central Japan Railway Company</a> (JR Central) for eventual use on the Chūō Shinkansen line. It set a crewed <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_rail_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for rail vehicles">world speed record</a> of 603 kilometres per hour (375 mph) on 21 April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-111">[108]</a> The trains are planned to run at a maximum speed of 505 kilometres per hour (314 mph),<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg2013-143">[140]</a> offering journey times of 40 minutes between Tokyo (<a href="/wiki/Shinagawa_Station" title="Shinagawa Station">Shinagawa Station</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Station" title="Nagoya Station">Nagoya</a>, and 1 hour 7 minutes between Tokyo and Osaka (<a href="/wiki/Shin-%C5%8Csaka_Station" title="Shin-Ōsaka Station">Shin-Ōsaka Station</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Onigiri-144">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qingyuan_Maglev_(China)">Qingyuan Maglev (China)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Qingyuan Maglev (China)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Maglev_Tourist_Line" title="Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line">Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QY03_entering_Maglev_Yinzhan_Station,_Qingyuan_Maglev_20240206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/QY03_entering_Maglev_Yinzhan_Station%2C_Qingyuan_Maglev_20240206.jpg/220px-QY03_entering_Maglev_Yinzhan_Station%2C_Qingyuan_Maglev_20240206.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/QY03_entering_Maglev_Yinzhan_Station%2C_Qingyuan_Maglev_20240206.jpg/330px-QY03_entering_Maglev_Yinzhan_Station%2C_Qingyuan_Maglev_20240206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/QY03_entering_Maglev_Yinzhan_Station%2C_Qingyuan_Maglev_20240206.jpg/440px-QY03_entering_Maglev_Yinzhan_Station%2C_Qingyuan_Maglev_20240206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Qingyuan Maglev arriving at Maglev Yinzhan Station</figcaption></figure> Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line (清远磁浮旅游专线) is a medium- to low-speed maglev line in <a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province, China. The line will operate at speeds up to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph).<a href="#cite_note-nf201712-145">[142]</a> The first phase is 8.1 km with 3 stations (and 1 more future infill station).<a href="#cite_note-nf201712-145">[142]</a> The first phase was originally scheduled to open in October 2020<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> and will connect the <a href="/wiki/Yinzhan_railway_station" title="Yinzhan railway station">Yinzhan railway station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Qingyuan_intercity_railway" title="Guangzhou–Qingyuan intercity railway">Guangzhou–Qingyuan intercity railway</a> with the Qingyuan <a href="/wiki/Chimelong" title="Chimelong">Chimelong</a> Theme Park.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> In the long term the line will be 38.5 km.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_tracks">Test tracks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Test tracks">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AMT_test_track_–_Powder_Springs,_Georgia,_USA">AMT test track – Powder Springs, Georgia, USA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: AMT test track – Powder Springs, Georgia, USA">edit</a>]</div> A second prototype system in <a href="/wiki/Powder_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder Springs">Powder Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, USA, was built by American Maglev Technology, Inc. The test track is 610 metres (2,000 ft) long with a 168.6 metres (553 ft) curve. Vehicles are operated up to 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph), below the proposed operational maximum of 97 kilometres per hour (60 mph). A June 2013 review of the technology called for an extensive testing program to be carried out to ensure the system complies with various regulatory requirements including the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) People Mover Standard. The review noted that the test track is too short to assess the vehicles' dynamics at the maximum proposed speeds.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FTA's_UMTD_program,_USA">FTA's UMTD program, USA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: FTA's UMTD program, USA">edit</a>]</div> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a> (FTA) Urban Maglev Technology Demonstration program funded the design of several low-speed urban maglev demonstration projects. It assessed HSST for the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Department_of_Transportation" title="Maryland Department of Transportation">Maryland Department of Transportation</a> and maglev technology for the Colorado Department of Transportation. The FTA also funded work by <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a> at <a href="/wiki/California_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="California University of Pennsylvania">California University of Pennsylvania</a> to evaluate the MagneMotion M3 and of the Maglev2000 of Florida superconducting EDS system. Other US urban maglev demonstration projects of note are the LEVX in Washington State and the Massachusetts-based Magplane. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San_Diego,_California_USA">San Diego, California USA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: San Diego, California USA">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a> has a 120-metre (390 ft) test facility in San Diego, that is used to test Union Pacific's 8 kilometres (5 mi) freight shuttle in Los Angeles. The technology is "passive" (or "permanent"), using permanent magnets in a <a href="/wiki/Halbach_array" title="Halbach array">Halbach array</a> for lift and requiring no electromagnets for either levitation or propulsion. General Atomics received US$90 million in research funding from the federal government. They are also considering their technology for high-speed passenger services.<a href="#cite_note-rgi20090209-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SCMaglev,_Yamanashi_Japan">SCMaglev, Yamanashi Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: SCMaglev, Yamanashi Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a></div> Japan has a demonstration line in <a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamanashi prefecture">Yamanashi prefecture</a> where test train SCMaglev <a href="/wiki/L0_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 Series Shinkansen">L0 Series Shinkansen</a> reached 603 kilometres per hour (375 mph), faster than any wheeled trains.<a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-111">[108]</a> The demonstration line will become part of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a> linking Tokyo and Nagoya which, is currently under construction. These trains use <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnets</a>, which allow for a larger gap, and <a href="/wiki/Repulsive_force_(magnetism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repulsive force (magnetism)">repulsive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Attractive_(force)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attractive (force)">attractive</a>-type electrodynamic suspension (EDS).<a href="#cite_note-RTRI-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> In comparison, Transrapid uses conventional electromagnets and <a href="/wiki/Attractive_(force)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attractive (force)">attractive</a>-type electromagnetic suspension (EMS).<a href="#cite_note-speedrecord-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> On 15 November 2014, The Central Japan Railway Company ran eight days of testing for the experimental maglev Shinkansen train on its test track in Yamanashi Prefecture. One hundred passengers covered a 42.8-kilometre (26.6 mi) route between the cities of Uenohara and Fuefuki, reaching speeds of up to 500 kilometres per hour (310 mph).<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sengenthal,_Germany_and_Chengdu,_China">Sengenthal, Germany and Chengdu, China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sengenthal, Germany and Chengdu, China">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Transport_System_B%C3%B6gl" title="Transport System Bögl">Transport System Bögl</a>, a division of German construction company Max Bögl, has built a test track in <a href="/wiki/Sengenthal" title="Sengenthal">Sengenthal</a>, Bavaria, Germany. In appearance, it's more like the German <a href="/wiki/M-Bahn" title="M-Bahn">M-Bahn</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> The vehicle tested on the track is patented in the US by Max Bögl.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> The company is also in a <a href="/wiki/Transport_System_B%C3%B6gl#Chinese_joint_venture" title="Transport System Bögl">joint venture with a Chinese firm</a>. A 3.5 km (2.2 mi) demonstration line has been built near <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China and two vehicles were airlifted there in June, 2000.<a href="#cite_note-EVEN_TRAINS_CAN_FLY-57">[55]</a> In April 2021 a vehicle on the Chinese test track hit a top speed of 169 km/h (105 mph).<a href="#cite_note-TSB_cracks_top_speed_in_China-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southwest_Jiaotong_University,_China">Southwest Jiaotong University, China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Southwest Jiaotong University, China">edit</a>]</div> On 31 December 2000, the first crewed high-temperature superconducting maglev was tested successfully at <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University" title="Southwest Jiaotong University">Southwest Jiaotong University</a>, Chengdu, China. This system is based on the principle that bulk high-temperature superconductors can be levitated stably above or below a permanent magnet. The load was over 530 kilograms (1,170 lb) and the levitation gap over 20 millimetres (0.79 in). The system uses <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> to cool the <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jiading_Campus_of_Tongji_University,_China">Jiading Campus of Tongji University, China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Jiading Campus of Tongji University, China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Maglev" title="CRRC Maglev">CRRC Maglev</a></div> A 1.5 km (0.93 mi) maglev <a href="/w/index.php?title=CM1_Dolphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CM1 Dolphin (page does not exist)">test track</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM1_Dolphin#test_track" class="extiw" title="de:CM1 Dolphin">de</a>] has been operating since 2006 at the Jiading Campus of <a href="/wiki/Tongji_University" title="Tongji University">Tongji University</a>, northwest of Shanghai. The track uses the same design as the operating Shanghai Maglev. Top speed is restricted to 120 km/h (75 mph) due to the length of track and its topology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MagRail_test_track,_Poland">MagRail test track, Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: MagRail test track, Poland">edit</a>]</div> In the first quarter of 2022, Polish technology startup <a href="/wiki/Nevomo" title="Nevomo">Nevomo</a> completed the construction of Europe's longest test track for passive magnetic levitation. The 700 meter-long railway track in <a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian Voivodeship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> allows vehicles utilizing the company's MagRail system to travel at speeds of up to 160 kph.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The installation of all necessary wayside equipment was completed in December 2022 and tests began in spring 2023.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_maglev_systems">Proposed maglev systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Proposed maglev systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_maglev_train_proposals" title="List of maglev train proposals">List of maglev train proposals</a></div> Many maglev systems have been proposed in North America, Asia, Europe and on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-164">[161]</a> Many are in the early planning stages or were explicitly rejected. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Sydney-Illawarra</dt></dl> A maglev route was proposed between Sydney and <a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> The proposal came to prominence in the mid-1990s. The Sydney–Wollongong commuter corridor is the largest in Australia, with upwards of 20,000 people commuting each day. Existing trains use the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_%26_Illawarra_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra railway line">Illawarra line</a>, between the cliff face of the <a href="/wiki/Illawarra_escarpment" title="Illawarra escarpment">Illawarra escarpment</a> and the Pacific Ocean, with travel times about 2 hours. The proposal would cut travel times to 20 minutes. <dl><dt>Melbourne</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_maglev.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Melbourne_maglev.png/220px-Melbourne_maglev.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Melbourne_maglev.png/330px-Melbourne_maglev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Melbourne_maglev.png/440px-Melbourne_maglev.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The proposed Melbourne maglev connecting the city of <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a> through Metropolitan Melbourne's outer suburban growth corridors, Tullamarine and Avalon domestic in and international terminals in under 20 min. and on to <a href="/wiki/Frankston,_Victoria" title="Frankston, Victoria">Frankston, Victoria</a>, in under 30 min.</figcaption></figure> In late 2008, a proposal was put forward to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria">Government of Victoria</a> to build a privately funded and operated maglev line to service the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Melbourne">Greater Melbourne</a> metropolitan area in response to the <a href="/wiki/Eddington_Transport_Report,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddington Transport Report, Victoria">Eddington Transport Report</a> that did not investigate above-ground transport options.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> The maglev would service a population of over 4 million[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the proposal was costed at A$8 billion. However, despite road congestion and Australia's highest roadspace per capita,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the government dismissed the proposal in favour of road expansion including an A$8.5 billion road tunnel, $6 billion extension of the <a href="/wiki/EastLink_(Melbourne)" title="EastLink (Melbourne)">Eastlink</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ring_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ring Road">Western Ring Road</a> and a $700 million Frankston Bypass. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Toronto Zoo: Edmonton-based <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnovate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnovate (page does not exist)">Magnovate</a> proposed a new ride and transportation system at the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Zoo" title="Toronto Zoo">Toronto Zoo</a> reviving the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Zoo_Domain_Ride" title="Toronto Zoo Domain Ride">Toronto Zoo Domain Ride</a> system, which was closed following two severe accidents in 1994. The Zoo's board unanimously approved the proposal on 29 November 2018. The company plans to construct and operate the $25 million system on the former route of the Domain Ride (known locally as the Monorail, despite not being considered one) at zero cost to the Zoo and operate it for 15 years, splitting the profits with the Zoo. The ride will serve a single-directional loop around Zoo grounds, serving five stations and likely replacing the current Zoomobile tour tram service. Planned to be operational by 2022 at the earliest, this would be the first commercial maglev system in North America should it be approved.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beijing_–_Guangzhou_line">Beijing – Guangzhou line</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Beijing – Guangzhou line">edit</a>]</div> A maglev test line linking <a href="/wiki/Xianning" title="Xianning">Xianning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> Province and <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> Province will start construction in 2020. The test line is about 200 kilometres (120 mi) in length and might be part of Beijing – Guangzhou maglev in long-term planning.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> In 2021, the Guangdong government proposed a Maglev line between <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> via <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> and beyond to Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_proposed_lines">Other proposed lines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Other proposed lines">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Shanghai – Hangzhou</dt></dl> China planned to extend the existing <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> initially by around 35 kilometres (22 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Hongqiao Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao Airport</a> and then 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the city of Hangzhou (<a href="/wiki/Shanghai-Hangzhou_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train">Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train</a>). If built, this would be the first <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city</a> maglev rail line in commercial service. The project was controversial and repeatedly delayed. In May 2007 the project was suspended by officials, reportedly due to public concerns about radiation from the system.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> In January and February 2008 hundreds of residents demonstrated in downtown Shanghai that the line route came too close to their homes, citing concerns about <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic pollution">sickness due to exposure to the strong magnetic field</a>, noise, pollution and devaluation of property near to the lines.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Final approval to build the line was granted on 18 August 2008. Originally scheduled to be ready by <a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> plans called for completion by 2014. The Shanghai municipal government considered multiple options, including building the line underground to allay public fears. This same report stated that the final decision had to be approved by the National Development and Reform Commission.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> In 2007 the Shanghai municipal government was considering building a factory in <a href="/wiki/Nanhui" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhui">Nanhui</a> district to produce low-speed maglev trains for urban use.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <dl><dt>Shanghai – Beijing</dt></dl> A proposed line would have connected Shanghai to Beijing, over a distance of 1,300 kilometres (800 mi), at an estimated cost of £15.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-TG-180">[177]</a> No projects had been revealed as of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> On 25 September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> announced a high-speed maglev-rail service from <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> to its <a href="/wiki/Munich_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich International Airport">airport</a>. The Bavarian government signed contracts with <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> and Transrapid with <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a> for the €1.85 billion project.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> On 27 March 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Transport,_Building_and_Urban_Affairs_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs (Germany)">German Transport minister</a> announced the project had been cancelled due to rising costs associated with constructing the track. A new estimate put the project between €3.2–3.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> In March 2021 a government official said Hong Kong would be included in a planned maglev network across China, planned to operate at 600 km/h (370 mph) and begin opening by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Hong Kong is already connected to the Chinese high-speed rail network by the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link</a>, which opened on Sunday 23 September 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> Mumbai – Delhi: A project was presented to then Indian railway minister (<a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a>) by an American company to connect <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> said that if the line project was successful the Indian government would build lines between other cities and also between Mumbai Central and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Mumbai – Nagpur: The State of Maharashtra approved a feasibility study for a maglev train between Mumbai and Nagpur, some 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) apart.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Chennai – Bangalore – Mysore: A detailed report was to be prepared and submitted by December 2012 for a line to connect <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> via <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> at a cost $26 million per kilometre, reaching speeds of 350 kilometres per hour (220 mph).<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and a German company signed an agreement to use maglev to link <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>. The agreement was signed at the Mashhad International Fair site between Iranian Ministry of Roads and Transportation and the German company. The 900 kilometres (560 mi) line possibly could reduce travel time between Tehran and Mashhad to about 2.5 hours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Munich-based Schlegel Consulting Engineers said they had signed the contract with the Iranian ministry of transport and the governor of Mashad. "We have been mandated to lead a German consortium in this project," a spokesman said. "We are in a preparatory phase." The project could be worth between €10 billion and €12 billion, the Schlegel spokesman said.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> A first proposal was formalized in April 2008, in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, by journalist Andrew Spannaus who recommended a high-speed connection between Malpensa airport to the cities of Milan, Bergamo and Brescia.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> In March 2011, Nicola Oliva proposed a maglev connection between <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> airport and the cities of Prato and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> (Santa Maria Novella train station and Florence Airport).<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> The travelling time would be reduced from the typical 1 hour 15 minutes to around 20 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> The second part of the line would be a connection to <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, to integrate maritime, aerial and terrestrial transport systems.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia/Singapore">Malaysia/Singapore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Malaysia/Singapore">edit</a>]</div> A Consortium led by UEM Group Bhd and ARA Group, proposed maglev technology to link Malaysian cities to Singapore. The idea was first mooted by YTL Group. Its technology partner then was said to be Siemens. High costs sank the proposal. The concept of a high-speed rail link from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore resurfaced. It was cited as a proposed "high impact" project in the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) that was unveiled in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Approval has been given for the <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur%E2%80%93Singapore_high-speed_rail" title="Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail">Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail</a> project, but not using maglev technology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Moon">The Moon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: The Moon">edit</a>]</div> The Flexible Levitation on a Track (FLOAT) project, announced by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, plans to build a maglev train on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Udenna_Corporation" title="Udenna Corporation">Philtram Consortium's</a> <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Monorail" title="Cebu Monorail">Cebu Monorail</a> project will be initially built as a <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorail</a> system. In the future, it will be upgraded to a patented maglev technology named Spin-Induced Lenz's Law Magnetic Levitation Train.<a href="#cite_note-jg-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> SwissRapide: The SwissRapide AG together with the SwissRapide Consortium was planning and developing the first maglev monorail system for intercity traffic between the country's major cities. SwissRapide was to be financed by private investors. In the long-term, the SwissRapide Express was to connect the major cities north of the Alps between <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. The first projects were <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>–<a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>–Geneva as well as Zürich–<a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a>. The first line (Lausanne–Geneva or Zürich–Winterthur) could go into service as early as 2020.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swissmetro" title="Swissmetro">Swissmetro</a>: An earlier project, Swissmetro AG envisioned a partially evacuated underground maglev (a <a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">vactrain</a>). As with SwissRapide, Swissmetro envisioned connecting the major cities in Switzerland with one another. In 2011, Swissmetro AG was dissolved and the IPRs from the organisation were passed onto the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">EPFL</a> in Lausanne.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UK_Ultraspeed" title="UK Ultraspeed">UK Ultraspeed</a></div> London – Glasgow: A line<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> was proposed in the United Kingdom from London to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> with several route options through the Midlands, Northwest and Northeast of England. It was reported to be under favourable consideration by the government.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The approach was rejected in the Government <a href="/wiki/White_paper#In_government" title="White paper">White Paper</a> Delivering a Sustainable Railway published on 24 July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Another high-speed link was planned between Glasgow and Edinburgh but the technology remained unsettled.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Washington, D.C. to New York City: Using <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">Superconducting Maglev (SCMAGLEV)</a> technology developed by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">Central Japan Railway Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Maglev" title="Northeast Maglev">Northeast Maglev</a> would ultimately connect major Northeast metropolitan hubs and airports traveling more than 480 kilometers per hour (300 miles per hour),<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> with a goal of one-hour service between <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit">[update]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Department_of_Transportation" title="Maryland Department of Transportation">Maryland Department of Transportation</a> were preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to evaluate the potential impacts of constructing and operating the system's <a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Superconducting_Maglev_Project" title="Baltimore–Washington Superconducting Maglev Project">first leg between Washington, DC and Baltimore, Maryland</a> with an intermediate stop at <a href="/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport" title="Baltimore/Washington International Airport">BWI Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Union Pacific freight conveyor: Plans are under way by American railroad <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a> to build a 7.9 kilometres (4.9 mi) container shuttle between the Ports of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles" title="Port of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Long_Beach" title="Port of Long Beach">Long Beach</a>, with UP's <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">intermodal container</a> transfer facility. The system would be based on "passive" technology, especially well-suited to freight transfer as no power is needed on board. The vehicle is a <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> that glides to its destination. The system is being designed by <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rgi20090209-150">[147]</a> California-Nevada Interstate Maglev: High-speed maglev lines between major cities of southern California and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a> are under study via the <a href="/wiki/California-Nevada_Interstate_Maglev" class="mw-redirect" title="California-Nevada Interstate Maglev">California-Nevada Interstate Maglev</a> Project.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc1-210">[207]</a> This plan was originally proposed as part of an <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">I-5</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15" title="Interstate 15">I-15</a> expansion plan, but the federal government ruled that it must be separated from interstate public work projects. After the decision, private groups from Nevada proposed a line running from Las Vegas to Los Angeles with stops in <a href="/wiki/Primm,_Nevada" title="Primm, Nevada">Primm, Nevada</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baker,_California" title="Baker, California">Baker, California</a>; and other points throughout <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino County</a> into Los Angeles. Politicians expressed concern that a high-speed rail line out of state would carry spending out of state along with travelers. The Pennsylvania Project: The Pennsylvania High-Speed Maglev Project corridor extends from the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a>, with intermediate stops in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a>. This initial project was claimed to serve approximately 2.4 million people in the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh metropolitan area">Pittsburgh metropolitan area</a>. The Baltimore proposal competed with the Pittsburgh proposal for a US$90 million federal grant.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> San Diego-Imperial County airport: In 2006, San Diego commissioned a study for a maglev line to a proposed airport located in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_Airport" title="Imperial County Airport">Imperial County</a>. <a href="/wiki/SANDAG" class="mw-redirect" title="SANDAG">SANDAG</a> claimed that the concept would be an "airports [sic] without terminals", allowing passengers to check in at a terminal in San Diego ("satellite terminals"), take the train to the airport and directly board the airplane. In addition, the train would have the potential to carry freight. Further studies were requested although no funding was agreed.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Orlando International Airport to Orange County Convention Center: In December 2012, the Florida Department of Transportation gave conditional approval to a proposal by American Maglev to build a privately run 14.9 miles (24 km), <a href="/wiki/Orlando_maglev" title="Orlando maglev">5-station line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport" title="Orlando International Airport">Orlando International Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orange_County_Convention_Center" title="Orange County Convention Center">Orange County Convention Center</a>. The Department requested a technical assessment and said there would be a <a href="/wiki/Request_for_proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for proposals">request for proposals</a> issued to reveal any competing plans. The route requires the use of a public right of way.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> If the first phase succeeded American Maglev would propose two further phases (of 4.9 and 19.4 miles [7.9 and 31.2 km]) to carry the line to <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> San Juan – Caguas: A 16.7-mile (26.9 km) maglev project was proposed linking <a href="/wiki/Tren_Urbano" title="Tren Urbano">Tren Urbano</a>'s Cupey Station in San Juan with two proposed stations in the city of Caguas, south of San Juan. The maglev line would run along Highway <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_52" title="Puerto Rico Highway 52">PR-52</a>, connecting both cities. According to American Maglev project cost would be approximately US$380 million.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Incidents">edit</a>]</div> Two incidents involved fires. A Japanese test train in Miyazaki, MLU002, was completely consumed by a fire in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> On 11 August 2006, a fire broke out on the commercial Shanghai Transrapid shortly after arriving at the Longyang terminal. People were evacuated without incident before the vehicle was moved about 1 kilometre to keep smoke from filling the station. NAMTI officials toured the SMT maintenance facility in November 2010 and learned that the cause of the fire was "<a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">thermal runaway</a>" in a battery tray. As a result, SMT secured a new battery vendor, installed new temperature sensors and insulators and redesigned the trays.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 22 September 2006, a <a href="/wiki/Lathen_train_collision" title="Lathen train collision">Transrapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle</a> on a test/publicity run in Lathen (Lower Saxony / north-western Germany).<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Twenty-three people were killed and ten were injured; these were the first maglev crash fatalities. The accident was caused by human error. Charges were brought against three Transrapid employees after a year-long investigation.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Safety is a greater concern with high-speed public transport due to the potential for high impact force and large number of casualties. In the case of maglev trains as well as conventional high-speed rails, an incident could result from human error, including loss of power, or factors outside human control, such as ground movement caused by an earthquake. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Advanced_Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit">Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit</a> – transit systems using <a href="/wiki/Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">linear induction motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">Electromagnetic suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-effect_train" title="Ground-effect train">Ground-effect train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_rail_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for rail vehicles">Land speed record for rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_loop" title="Launch loop">Launch loop</a> would be a maglev system for launching to orbit or escape velocity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_driver" title="Mass driver">Mass driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagahori_Tsurumi-ryokuchi_Line" title="Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line">Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Tozoni" title="Oleg Tozoni">Oleg Tozoni</a> worked on a published non-linearly stabilised maglev design.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTram" title="StarTram">StarTram</a> – a maglev launch system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_table" title="Transfer table">Transfer table</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Zehden describes a geometry in which the linear motor is used below a steel beam, giving partial levitation of the vehicle. These patents were later cited by Electromagnetic apparatus generating a gliding magnetic field by Jean Candelas (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4131813">U.S. patent 4,131,813</a>), Air cushion supported, omnidirectionally steerable, traveling magnetic field propulsion device by Harry A. Mackie (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3357511">U.S. patent 3,357,511</a>) and Two-sided linear induction motor especially for suspended vehicles by Schwarzer et al. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3820472">U.S. patent 3,820,472</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> These German patents would be GR643316 (1937), GR44302 (1938), GR707032 (1941). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> This is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Monorail" title="Moscow Monorail">Moscow Monorail</a>—currently the only non-maglev linear motor-propelled monorail train in active service. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jrailpass.com/blog/maglev-bullet-train">"Japanese Maglev Train: World's Fastest Bullet Train – JRailPass"</a>. 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715234852/https://www.jrailpass.com/blog/maglev-bullet-train">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Maglev+Train%3A+World%27s+Fastest+Bullet+Train+%E2%80%93+JRailPass&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrailpass.com%2Fblog%2Fmaglev-bullet-train&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/magnetic-levitation#:~:text=Maglev%20train%20systems%20use%20powerful,and%20propulsion%20along%20a%20track">"Magnetic Levitation – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718033912/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/magnetic-levitation#:~:text=Maglev%20train%20systems%20use%20powerful,and%20propulsion%20along%20a%20track">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Levitation+%E2%80%93+an+overview+%26%23124%3B+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fengineering%2Fmagnetic-levitation%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMaglev%2520train%2520systems%2520use%2520powerful%2Cand%2520propulsion%2520along%2520a%2520track&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQadirMunirAshfaqMunawar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Qadir, Zakria; Munir, Arslan; Ashfaq, Tehreem; Munawar, Hafiz Suliman; Khan, Muazzam A.; Le, Khoa (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clet.2021.100217">"A prototype of an energy-efficient MAGLEV train: A step towards cleaner train transport"</a>. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 4: 100217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clet.2021.100217">10.1016/j.clet.2021.100217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleaner+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.atitle=A+prototype+of+an+energy-efficient+MAGLEV+train%3A+A+step+towards+cleaner+train+transport&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=100217&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clet.2021.100217&rft.aulast=Qadir&rft.aufirst=Zakria&rft.au=Munir%2C+Arslan&rft.au=Ashfaq%2C+Tehreem&rft.au=Munawar%2C+Hafiz+Suliman&rft.au=Khan%2C+Muazzam+A.&rft.au=Le%2C+Khoa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.clet.2021.100217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/features/will-maglev-ever-become-mainstream/">"Will maglev ever become mainstream?"</a>. www.railway-technology.com. 17 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604033721/https://www.railway-technology.com/features/will-maglev-ever-become-mainstream/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.railway-technology.com&rft.atitle=Will+maglev+ever+become+mainstream%3F&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwill-maglev-ever-become-mainstream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian201504212-5"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian201504212_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run">"Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record with 600km/h test run"</a>. The Guardian. United Kingdom: Guardian News and Media Limited. 21 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206145023/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+maglev+train+breaks+world+speed+record+with+600km%2Fh+test+run&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fapr%2F21%2Fjapans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadiscovery.com/shanghai/shanghai-maglev.html">"Everything about Shanghai Maglev Train: Speed, Station, Map, Ticket & Price, Facts..."</a> www.chinadiscovery.com. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadiscovery.com&rft.atitle=Everything+about+Shanghai+Maglev+Train%3A+Speed%2C+Station%2C+Map%2C+Ticket+%26+Price%2C+Facts...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadiscovery.com%2Fshanghai%2Fshanghai-maglev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaghoubi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yaghoubi, Hamid (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F537986">"The Most Important Maglev Applications"</a>. Journal of Engineering. 2013: e537986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F537986">10.1155/2013/537986</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2314-4904">2314-4904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Most+Important+Maglev+Applications&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=e537986&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F537986&rft.issn=2314-4904&rft.aulast=Yaghoubi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2013%252F537986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transrapid.de/cgi-tdb/en/basics.prg?a_no=41">Transrapid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190155/http://www.transrapid.de/cgi-tdb/en/basics.prg?a_no=41">Archived</a> 27 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> uses more power for air conditioning </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maglev.net/six-operational-maglev-lines-in-2018">"The Six Operational Maglev Lines in 2018"</a>. www.maglev.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128221743/https://www.maglev.net/six-operational-maglev-lines-in-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maglev.net&rft.atitle=The+Six+Operational+Maglev+Lines+in+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglev.net%2Fsix-operational-maglev-lines-in-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/technology/high-speed-trains-hyperloop-history/">"High-speed rail trains are stalled in the US—and that might not change for a while"</a>. Popular Science. 5 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226023720/https://www.popsci.com/technology/high-speed-trains-hyperloop-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=High-speed+rail+trains+are+stalled+in+the+US%E2%80%94and+that+might+not+change+for+a+while&rft.date=2022-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Ftechnology%2Fhigh-speed-trains-hyperloop-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford1999" class="citation news cs1">Radford, Tim (11 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/oct/11/timradford">"Nasa takes up idea pioneered by Briton – Magnetic levitation technology was abandoned by government"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110116/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/oct/11/timradford">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nasa+takes+up+idea+pioneered+by+Briton+%E2%80%93+Magnetic+levitation+technology+was+abandoned+by+government&rft.date=1999-10-11&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F1999%2Foct%2F11%2Ftimradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keelynet.com/gravity/laithobi.htm">"Obituary for the late Professor Eric Laithwaite"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825091816/http://www.keelynet.com/gravity/laithobi.htm">Archived</a> 25 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Daily Telegraph, 6 December 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/488394.stm">"The magnetic attraction of trains"</a>. BBC News. 9 November 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706104829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/488394.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+magnetic+attraction+of+trains&rft.date=1999-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F488394.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3736880">U.S. patent 3,736,880</a>, 21 January 1972. Page 10, Column 1 Line 15 to Column 2 Line 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-US_patent|859018-16"><a href="#cite_ref-US_patent|859018_16-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US859018">U.S. patent 859,018</a>, 2 July 1907. </li> <li id="cite_note-US_patent|1090213-17"><a href="#cite_ref-US_patent|1090213_17-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1090213">U.S. patent 1,090,213</a>, 17 March 1914 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Johnson, Tom L.. My Story. B. W. Huebsch, 1911; reprint Kent State University Press 1993. pg. xlv-xlvi </li> <li id="cite_note-US_patent|3858521-20"><a href="#cite_ref-US_patent|3858521_20-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3858521">U.S. patent 3,858,521</a>; 26 March 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1912-06-02/ed-1/seq-21/">"Here's an Aerial Vehicle Which Darts Along Poised Above Its Roadway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a>. 2 June 1912. pp. 5, 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716012839/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1912-06-02/ed-1/seq-21/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=Here%27s+an+Aerial+Vehicle+Which+Darts+Along+Poised+Above+Its+Roadway&rft.pages=5%2C+7&rft.date=1912-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030214%2F1912-06-02%2Fed-1%2Fseq-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNair2008" class="citation journal cs1">MacNair, Miles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/175035208X317693?journalCode=yhet19">"Emile Bachelet (1863–1946): The Showman and the Flying Train"</a>. Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 78 (2). Transactions of the Newcomen Society Vol 78, 2008 Issue 2: 235–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F175035208X317693">10.1179/175035208X317693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110722191">110722191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716001827/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/175035208X317693?journalCode=yhet19">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Newcomen+Society&rft.atitle=Emile+Bachelet+%281863%E2%80%931946%29%3A+The+Showman+and+the+Flying+Train&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-260&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F175035208X317693&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110722191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacNair&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1179%2F175035208X317693%3FjournalCode%3Dyhet19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maglevhissummary-23"><a href="#cite_ref-maglevhissummary_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1997" class="citation web cs1">Muller, Christopher (23 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railserve.com/maglev.html">"Magnetic Levitation for Transportation"</a>. railserve.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100508232905/http://www.railserve.com/maglev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Levitation+for+Transportation&rft.pub=railserve.com&rft.date=1997-01-23&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railserve.com%2Fmaglev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222194752/http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2000/bnlpr041800.html">"Brookhaven Lab Retirees Win Benjamin Franklin Medal For Their Invention of Magnetically Levitated Trains"</a>. Brookhaven National Laboratory. 18 April 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2000/bnlpr041800.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brookhaven+Lab+Retirees+Win+Benjamin+Franklin+Medal+For+Their+Invention+of+Magnetically+Levitated+Trains&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2000-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnl.gov%2Fbnlweb%2Fpubaf%2Fpr%2F2000%2Fbnlpr041800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell_&_Danby_US_patent_3470828-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_&_Danby_US_patent_3470828_25-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3470828A/en">US patent 3470828</a>, James R Powell Jr & Gordon T Danby, "Electromagnetic inductive suspension and stabilization system for a ground vehicle", published 1969-10-07, issued 1969-10-07<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3470828&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Electromagnetic+inductive+suspension+and+stabilization+system+for+a+ground+vehicle&rft.inventor=James+R+Powell+Jr&rft.date=1969-10-07&rft.appldate=1967-11-21&rft.pubdate=1969-10-07&rft.prioritydate=1967-11-21">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106222810/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3470828A/en">Archived</a> 6 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-usjmaglev-26"><a href="#cite_ref-usjmaglev_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S.-Japan_Maglev2012" class="citation web cs1">U.S.-Japan Maglev (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usjmaglev.com/usjmaglev/History.html">"History"</a>. USJMAGLEV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728110724/http://usjmaglev.com/usjmaglev/History.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USJMAGLEV&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2012&rft.au=U.S.-Japan+Maglev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusjmaglev.com%2Fusjmaglev%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchanta2010" class="citation news cs1">Sanchanta, Mariko (26 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704762904575024611266446690">"High-Speed Rail Approaches Station"</a>. WSJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813144109/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704762904575024611266446690">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-Speed+Rail+Approaches+Station&rft.date=2010-01-26&rft.aulast=Sanchanta&rft.aufirst=Mariko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704762904575024611266446690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/a97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html">"JR Central gives up on opening new maglev train service in 2027"</a>. Kyodo News. 3 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930144839/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/a97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=JR+Central+gives+up+on+opening+new+maglev+train+service+in+2027&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kyodonews.net%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2Fa97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guryevandrey.narod.ru/artikals/Maglev.pdf">"Дорога на магнитном подвесе: второе дыхание в России?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810143835/http://guryevandrey.narod.ru/artikals/Maglev.pdf">Archived</a> 10 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, РЖД-Партнёр, 2009-10-01 </li> <li id="cite_note-Skorenko2015-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skorenko2015_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skorenko2015_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmech.ru/technologies/58629-sovetskiy-maglev-25-let-pod-tsellofanom/">"Советский маглев: 25 лет под целлофаном"</a>. Популярная механика. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614021901/https://www.popmech.ru/technologies/58629-sovetskiy-maglev-25-let-pod-tsellofanom/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+25+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmech.ru%2Ftechnologies%2F58629-sovetskiy-maglev-25-let-pod-tsellofanom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/monor/monor5.html">"The unknown russian monorail"</a>. www.izmerov.narod.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428032833/http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/monor/monor5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.izmerov.narod.ru&rft.atitle=The+unknown+russian+monorail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izmerov.narod.ru%2Fmonor%2Fmonor5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newslab.ru/news/626312">"Юные красноярские железнодорожники разработали модель поезда на магнитной подушке"</a>. newslab.ru (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192521/http://newslab.ru/news/626312">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newslab.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewslab.ru%2Fnews%2F626312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habr.com/ru/company/mailru/blog/410545/">"Советский маглев: будущее, которое не случилось"</a>. habr.com (in Russian). 2 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023144/https://habr.com/ru/company/mailru/blog/410545/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=habr.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhabr.com%2Fru%2Fcompany%2Fmailru%2Fblog%2F410545%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russia-armenia.info/node/35882">"Как маглев до Еревана не "доехал". Армения могла стать первой в СССР республикой с магнитным монорельсом"</a>. Центр поддержки русско-армянских стратегических и общественных инициатив (in Russian). 19 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192418/http://russia-armenia.info/node/35882">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%22%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%22.+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.date=2017-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussia-armenia.info%2Fnode%2F35882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219150450/http://erc-temp.ru/">"ОАО Инженерно-научный центр "ТЭМП""</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erc-temp.ru/">the original</a> on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%90%D0%9E+%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%22%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%9C%D0%9F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferc-temp.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/488394.stm">"The magnetic attraction of trains"</a>. BBC News. 9 November 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706104829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/488394.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+magnetic+attraction+of+trains&rft.date=1999-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F488394.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Maglev, A film for The People Mover Group </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maglev.net/worlds-first-maglev-lines-no-longer-operate">"The World's First Maglev Lines That No Longer Operate"</a>. www.maglev.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128220252/https://www.maglev.net/worlds-first-maglev-lines-no-longer-operate">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maglev.net&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+First+Maglev+Lines+That+No+Longer+Operate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglev.net%2Fworlds-first-maglev-lines-no-longer-operate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodall2012" class="citation web cs1">Goodall, Roger (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/conference_contribution/Maglev_an_unfulfilled_dream_/9552941">"Maglev – an unfulfilled dream?"</a>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726050823/https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/conference_contribution/Maglev_an_unfulfilled_dream_/9552941">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maglev+%E2%80%93+an+unfulfilled+dream%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.lboro.ac.uk%2Farticles%2Fconference_contribution%2FMaglev_an_unfulfilled_dream_%2F9552941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522011843/http://www.birminghammail.net/news/solihull-news/tm_objectid%3D17662730%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50002%26headline%3Dnew-plan-aims-to-bring-the-maglev-back-name_page.html">"New plan aims to bring the Maglev back"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Mail" title="Birmingham Mail">Birmingham Mail</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghammail.net/news/solihull-news/tm_objectid=17662730&method=full&siteid=50002&headline=new-plan-aims-to-bring-the-maglev-back-name_page.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Mail&rft.atitle=New+plan+aims+to+bring+the+Maglev+back&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghammail.net%2Fnews%2Fsolihull-news%2Ftm_objectid%3D17662730%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50002%26headline%3Dnew-plan-aims-to-bring-the-maglev-back-name_page.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dcc-bhx-41"><a href="#cite_ref-dcc-bhx_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531203650/http://www.dcc.at/doppelmayr/references/en/tmp_1_1762145202/Birmingham,_UK_detail.aspx">"AirRail Shuttle Birmingham International Airport"</a>. DCC Doppelmayr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcc.at/doppelmayr/references/en/tmp_1_1762145202/Birmingham,_UK_detail.aspx">the original</a> on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AirRail+Shuttle+Birmingham+International+Airport&rft.pub=DCC+Doppelmayr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcc.at%2Fdoppelmayr%2Freferences%2Fen%2Ftmp_1_1762145202%2FBirmingham%2C_UK_detail.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129092006/http://www.arup.com/rail/project.cfm?pageid=2529">"Birmingham International Airport People Mover"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arup_Group_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Arup Group Limited">Arup</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arup.com/rail/project.cfm?pageid=2529">the original</a> on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+International+Airport+People+Mover&rft.pub=Arup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arup.com%2Frail%2Fproject.cfm%3Fpageid%3D2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706235158/http://www.ndr.de/regional/niedersachsen/emsland/transrapid295.html">"Transrapid-Teststrecke vor dem Abriss, NDR (in German)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndr.de/regional/niedersachsen/emsland/transrapid295.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transrapid-Teststrecke+vor+dem+Abriss%2C+NDR+%28in+German%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndr.de%2Fregional%2Fniedersachsen%2Femsland%2Ftransrapid295.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/german-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival/">"German maglev test track set for revival?"</a>. IRJ. 6 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407073656/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/german-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=German+maglev+test+track+set+for+revival%3F&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Fpassenger%2Fhigh-speed%2Fgerman-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017224436/http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/hsst_his.htm">"Japanese Maglev System – HSST – History of Development"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/hsst_his.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Maglev+System+%E2%80%93+HSST+%E2%80%93+History+of+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fjbs%2Fitrans%2Fhsst_his.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527193228/http://www.trainweb.org/chris/expo86.html">"A Few Views of Expo 86 in Vancouver, BC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainweb.org/chris/expo86.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Few+Views+of+Expo+86+in+Vancouver%2C+BC.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trainweb.org%2Fchris%2Fexpo86.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Korea_Times-47"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Korea_Times_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/06/113_197061.html">"S. Korea launches maglev train service at main airport"</a>. koreatimes. 2 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614021850/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/06/113_197061.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=koreatimes&rft.atitle=S.+Korea+launches+maglev+train+service+at+main+airport&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2021%2F06%2F113_197061.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamer1984" class="citation news cs1">Hamer, Mick (15 March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfGfrY6BMUQC&pg=PA25">"Birmingham maglev off to flying start"</a>. New Scientist. pp. 25–27. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Birmingham+maglev+off+to+flying+start&rft.pages=25-27&rft.date=1984-03-15&rft.aulast=Hamer&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfGfrY6BMUQC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSponseller1988" class="citation news cs1">Sponseller, Michael (December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qP9fvo9OLIwC&pg=PA97">"Magnetic train"</a>. Popular Science. pp. 97–98. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Magnetic+train&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=1988-12&rft.aulast=Sponseller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqP9fvo9OLIwC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mk.co.kr/news/realestate/view/2016/02/94104/">"도시형 자기부상철도 3일 개통…세계 두번째"</a>. 매일경제. 2 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614021853/https://www.mk.co.kr/news/realestate/view/2016/02/94104/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EB%A7%A4%EC%9D%BC%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C&rft.atitle=%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%98%95+%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%B6%80%EC%83%81%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84+3%EC%9D%BC+%EA%B0%9C%ED%86%B5%E2%80%A6%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84+%EB%91%90%EB%B2%88%EC%A7%B8&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mk.co.kr%2Fnews%2Frealestate%2Fview%2F2016%2F02%2F94104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/economynit/econit_issue_detail.htm?No=2402">"KBS WORLD"</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KBS+WORLD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frki.kbs.co.kr%2Fenglish%2Feconomynit%2Feconit_issue_detail.htm%3FNo%3D2402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2016/02/01/0200000000AKR20160201203400003.HTML">"인천공항 자기부상철도 3일 개통…무료로 운행한다"</a>. 2 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051155/http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2016/02/01/0200000000AKR20160201203400003.HTML">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%B8%EC%B2%9C%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%AD+%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%B6%80%EC%83%81%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84+3%EC%9D%BC+%EA%B0%9C%ED%86%B5%E2%80%A6%EB%AC%B4%EB%A3%8C%EB%A1%9C+%EC%9A%B4%ED%96%89%ED%95%9C%EB%8B%A4&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fbulletin%2F2016%2F02%2F01%2F0200000000AKR20160201203400003.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_5419.html">"Maglev Train to Debut at Incheon in 2012"</a>. 26 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212438/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_5419.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maglev+Train+to+Debut+at+Incheon+in+2012&rft.date=2007-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2009%2F07%2F113_5419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135634/http://www.hyundai-rotem.co.kr/Common/uFileDownload.asp?Idx=13&Fgbn=1&Brd=EngWebzine">"Webzine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Hyundai Rotem</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyundai-rotem.co.kr/Common/uFileDownload.asp?Idx=13&Fgbn=1&Brd=EngWebzine">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Webzine&rft.pub=Hyundai+Rotem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyundai-rotem.co.kr%2FCommon%2FuFileDownload.asp%3FIdx%3D13%26Fgbn%3D1%26Brd%3DEngWebzine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2989159&cloc=rss%7Cnews%7Cjoongangdaily">"Magnetic levitation train to operate in July"</a>. 14 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115721/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2989159&cloc=rss%7Cnews%7Cjoongangdaily">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnetic+levitation+train+to+operate+in+July&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Farticle.aspx%3Faid%3D2989159%26cloc%3Drss%257Cnews%257Cjoongangdaily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/airport-maglev-demonstration-line.html">"Railway Gazette: Airport maglev demonstration line"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615143432/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/airport-maglev-demonstration-line.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railway+Gazette%3A+Airport+maglev+demonstration+line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnc%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fairport-maglev-demonstration-line.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVEN_TRAINS_CAN_FLY-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EVEN_TRAINS_CAN_FLY_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVEN_TRAINS_CAN_FLY_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airlineratings.com/news/industry-news/even-trains-can-fly/">"EVEN TRAINS CAN FLY"</a>. Airline Ratings. 1 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182110/https://www.airlineratings.com/news/industry-news/even-trains-can-fly/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EVEN+TRAINS+CAN+FLY&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airlineratings.com%2Fnews%2Findustry-news%2Feven-trains-can-fly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magnetbahn.org/news/tsb-knackt-169-km-h/">"TSB knackt 169 km/h – MagnetBahn"</a> (in German). 11 February 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TSB+knackt+169+km%2Fh+%E2%80%93+MagnetBahn&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagnetbahn.org%2Fnews%2Ftsb-knackt-169-km-h%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maglevboard.net/en/facts/20-maglev-research-programmes">"Maglev Research Programmes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721052729/https://www.maglevboard.net/en/facts/20-maglev-research-programmes">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maglev+Research+Programmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglevboard.net%2Fen%2Ffacts%2F20-maglev-research-programmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202107/20/WS60f6d11fa310efa1bd6632dd_3.html">"1st high-speed maglev train rolls off production line"</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a>. 20 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721032426/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202107/20/WS60f6d11fa310efa1bd6632dd_3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=1st+high-speed+maglev+train+rolls+off+production+line&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202107%2F20%2FWS60f6d11fa310efa1bd6632dd_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crrcgc.cc/Portals/22/Uploads/Files/2014/5-8/635351369890628619.pdf">"Green Locomotive Global Network"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721034550/https://www.crrcgc.cc/Portals/22/Uploads/Files/2014/5-8/635351369890628619.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Locomotive+Global+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crrcgc.cc%2FPortals%2F22%2FUploads%2FFiles%2F2014%2F5-8%2F635351369890628619.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160TestPassed-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-160TestPassed_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160TestPassed_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/28/WS5ea7e4d2a310a8b241152614.html">"China's new maglev train passes speed test at 160 kph"</a>. China Daily. 28 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721034550/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/28/WS5ea7e4d2a310a8b241152614.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=China%27s+new+maglev+train+passes+speed+test+at+160+kph&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202004%2F28%2FWS5ea7e4d2a310a8b241152614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202107/02/WS60deca0da310efa1bd65f702.html">"New maglev train improves service in Hunan"</a>. China Daily. 2 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721034550/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202107/02/WS60deca0da310efa1bd65f702.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=New+maglev+train+improves+service+in+Hunan&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202107%2F02%2FWS60deca0da310efa1bd65f702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReOpenEmsland-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReOpenEmsland_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReOpenEmsland_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/german-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival/">"German maglev test track set for revival? CRRC could use the Transrapid Emsland track to test maglev vehicles"</a>. International Railway Journal. 6 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407073656/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/german-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Railway+Journal&rft.atitle=German+maglev+test+track+set+for+revival%3F+CRRC+could+use+the+Transrapid+Emsland+track+to+test+maglev+vehicles.&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Fpassenger%2Fhigh-speed%2Fgerman-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/scitech/157842.htm">"1st High-speed Maglev to Take a Trial Run"</a>. china.org.cn. 13 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527220917/http://www.china.org.cn/english/scitech/157842.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=1st+High-speed+Maglev+to+Take+a+Trial+Run&rft.date=2006-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fscitech%2F157842.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/abacus/news-bites/article/3090079/chinas-super-fast-600km/h-maglev-train-performs-its-first-test">"China's super fast 600km/h maglev train performs its first test run"</a>. SCMP. 22 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623171732/https://www.scmp.com/abacus/news-bites/article/3090079/chinas-super-fast-600km/h-maglev-train-performs-its-first-test">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCMP&rft.atitle=China%27s+super+fast+600km%2Fh+maglev+train+performs+its+first+test+run&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fabacus%2Fnews-bites%2Farticle%2F3090079%2Fchinas-super-fast-600km%2Fh-maglev-train-performs-its-first-test&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721123537/https://nmtc.tongji.edu.cn/index.php?classid=6802&newsid=10524&t=show">"The medium-speed maglev prototype is out of the warehouse for the first time"</a>. National Maglev Transportation Engineering Technology Research Center. 8 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmtc.tongji.edu.cn/index.php?classid=6802&newsid=10524&t=show">the original</a> on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Maglev+Transportation+Engineering+Technology+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+medium-speed+maglev+prototype+is+out+of+the+warehouse+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmtc.tongji.edu.cn%2Findex.php%3Fclassid%3D6802%26newsid%3D10524%26t%3Dshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3141769/superfast-maglev-train-key-chinas-smart-transport-network-rolls">"China gets rolling on new superfast maglev train"</a>. South China Morning Post. 20 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115192833/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3141769/superfast-maglev-train-key-chinas-smart-transport-network-rolls">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China+gets+rolling+on+new+superfast+maglev+train&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F3141769%2Fsuperfast-maglev-train-key-chinas-smart-transport-network-rolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-unveils-600-kph-maglev-train-state-media-2021-07-20/">"China unveils 600 kph maglev train – state media"</a>. Reuters. 20 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724093833/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-unveils-600-kph-maglev-train-state-media-2021-07-20/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+unveils+600+kph+maglev+train+%E2%80%93+state+media&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchina-unveils-600-kph-maglev-train-state-media-2021-07-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedriven.io/2021/01/21/china-reveals-620km-hr-high-temp-electric-maglev-train/">"China reveals 620km/hr high-temp electric maglev train"</a>. The Driven. 21 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121015733/https://thedriven.io/2021/01/21/china-reveals-620km-hr-high-temp-electric-maglev-train/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Driven&rft.atitle=China+reveals+620km%2Fhr+high-temp+electric+maglev+train&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedriven.io%2F2021%2F01%2F21%2Fchina-reveals-620km-hr-high-temp-electric-maglev-train%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKimLee2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Hyung-Woo; Kim, Ki-Chan; Lee, Ju (2006). "Review of maglev train technologies". <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Magnetics" title="IEEE Transactions on Magnetics">IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</a>. 42 (7): 1917–1925. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.875842">10.1109/TMAG.2006.875842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Review+of+maglev+train+technologies&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1917-1925&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.875842&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hyung-Woo&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ki-Chan&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229021017/http://www.thyssenkrupp.com/documents/transrapid/TRI_Flug_Hoehe_e_5_021.pdf">"High-Tech for 'Flying on the Ground'"</a> (PDF). Transrapid International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thyssenkrupp.com/documents/transrapid/TRI_Flug_Hoehe_e_5_021.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-Tech+for+%27Flying+on+the+Ground%27&rft.pub=Transrapid+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thyssenkrupp.com%2Fdocuments%2Ftransrapid%2FTRI_Flug_Hoehe_e_5_021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305152247/http://www.hk-phy.org/articles/maglev/maglev_e.html">"Hong Kong Physics World – Maglev"</a>. Hong Kong Physics World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hk-phy.org/articles/maglev/maglev_e.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Physics+World+%E2%80%93+Maglev&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Physics+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk-phy.org%2Farticles%2Fmaglev%2Fmaglev_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuchiya,_M.Ohsaki,_H.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tsuchiya, M.; Ohsaki, H. (September 2000). "Characteristics of electromagnetic force of EMS-type maglev vehicle using bulk superconductors". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 36 (5): 3683–3685. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ITM....36.3683T">2000ITM....36.3683T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F20.908940">10.1109/20.908940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+electromagnetic+force+of+EMS-type+maglev+vehicle+using+bulk+superconductors&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3683-3685&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F20.908940&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ITM....36.3683T&rft.au=Tsuchiya%2C+M.&rft.au=Ohsaki%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Goodall1985" class="citation journal cs1">R. Goodall (September 1985). "The theory of electromagnetic levitation". Physics in Technology. 16 (5): 207–213. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhTec..16..207G">1985PhTec..16..207G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0305-4624%2F16%2F5%2FI02">10.1088/0305-4624/16/5/I02</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Technology&rft.atitle=The+theory+of+electromagnetic+levitation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=207-213&rft.date=1985-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0305-4624%2F16%2F5%2FI02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985PhTec..16..207G&rft.au=R.+Goodall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pslaith-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pslaith_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslaith_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslaith_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslaith_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslaith_77-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdvMRoDOTbMC">"Maglev: How they're Getting Trains off the Ground"</a>, Popular Science, December 1973 p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroom1991" class="citation journal cs1">Groom, Nelson J. (1 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991nasa.reptQ....G">"Permanent magnet flux-biased magnetic actuator with flux feedback"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Report. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991nasa.reptQ....G">1991nasa.reptQ....G</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612084713/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991nasa.reptQ....G">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+Report&rft.atitle=Permanent+magnet+flux-biased+magnetic+actuator+with+flux+feedback&rft.date=1991-03-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991nasa.reptQ....G&rft.aulast=Groom&rft.aufirst=Nelson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1991nasa.reptQ....G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLluesma_Rodríguez2023" class="citation thesis cs1">Lluesma Rodríguez, Federico (20 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/191409">Design and Optimisation of a Virtual Prototype of a Ground Transportation System at Very High-Speeds in Conditions Close to Vacuum</a> (Tesis doctoral thesis). Universitat Politècnica de València. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612084715/https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/191409">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Design+and+Optimisation+of+a+Virtual+Prototype+of+a+Ground+Transportation+System+at+Very+High-Speeds+in+Conditions+Close+to+Vacuum&rft.degree=Tesis+doctoral&rft.inst=Universitat+Polit%C3%A8cnica+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft.aulast=Lluesma+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friunet.upv.es%2Fhandle%2F10251%2F191409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTRI-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RTRI_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTRI_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTRI_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/division/rd79/yamanashi/english/principle_E.html">"Principle of Maglev"</a>. Railway Technical Research Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213183443/http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/division/rd79/yamanashi/english/principle_E.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principle+of+Maglev&rft.pub=Railway+Technical+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtri.or.jp%2Frd%2Fdivision%2Frd79%2Fyamanashi%2Fenglish%2Fprinciple_E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-osti-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osti_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osti_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeRoteCoffey2012" class="citation journal cs1">He, J.L.; Rote, D.M.; Coffey, H.T. (31 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=0&page=0&osti_id=10150166">"Study of Japanese Electrodynamic-Suspension Maglev Systems"</a>. Osti.gov. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F10150166">10.2172/10150166</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10150166">10150166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205182321/http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=0&page=0&osti_id=10150166">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Study+of+Japanese+Electrodynamic-Suspension+Maglev+Systems&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F10150166%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F10150166&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Rote%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Coffey%2C+H.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbridge%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fquery_id%3D0%26page%3D0%26osti_id%3D10150166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadJainGupta2019" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad, Nisha; Jain, Shailendra; Gupta, Sushma (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40864-019-0104-1">"Electrical Components of Maglev Systems: Emerging Trends"</a>. Urban Rail Transit. 5: 67–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40864-019-0104-1">10.1007/s40864-019-0104-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Rail+Transit&rft.atitle=Electrical+Components+of+Maglev+Systems%3A+Emerging+Trends&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=67-79&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40864-019-0104-1&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Nisha&rft.au=Jain%2C+Shailendra&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Sushma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs40864-019-0104-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreson2008" class="citation web cs1">Ireson, Nelson (14 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929043111/http://www.motorauthority.com/blog/1030815_dutch-university-working-on-affordable-electromagnetic-suspension">"Dutch university working on affordable electromagnetic suspension"</a>. MotorAuthority.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorauthority.com/blog/1030815_dutch-university-working-on-affordable-electromagnetic-suspension">the original</a> on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+university+working+on+affordable+electromagnetic+suspension&rft.pub=MotorAuthority.com&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft.aulast=Ireson&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorauthority.com%2Fblog%2F1030815_dutch-university-working-on-affordable-electromagnetic-suspension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgawa2006" class="citation web cs1">Ogawa, Keisuke (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20061030/122929/">"Hitachi Exhibits Electromagnetic Suspension System"</a>. techon.nikkeibp.co.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813145737/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20061030/122929/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitachi+Exhibits+Electromagnetic+Suspension+System&rft.pub=techon.nikkeibp.co.jp&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.aulast=Ogawa&rft.aufirst=Keisuke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechon.nikkeibp.co.jp%2Fenglish%2FNEWS_EN%2F20061030%2F122929%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_T._ThompsonRichard_D._Thornton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Marc T. Thompson; Richard D. Thornton (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thompsonrd.com/ieee_maglev_part2.pdf">"Flux-Canceling Electrodynamic Maglev Suspension: Part II Test Results and Scaling Laws"</a> (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 35 (3): 1964–1975. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F20.764894">10.1109/20.764894</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051625/http://www.thompsonrd.com/ieee_maglev_part2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Flux-Canceling+Electrodynamic+Maglev+Suspension%3A+Part+II+Test+Results+and+Scaling+Laws&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1964-1975&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F20.764894&rft.au=Marc+T.+Thompson&rft.au=Richard+D.+Thornton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thompsonrd.com%2Fieee_maglev_part2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotsalas2000" class="citation news cs1">Cotsalas, Valerie (4 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/nyregion/it-floats-it-speeds-it-s-a-train.html">"It Floats! It Speeds! It's a Train!"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813231900/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/nyregion/it-floats-it-speeds-it-s-a-train.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It+Floats%21+It+Speeds%21+It%27s+a+Train%21&rft.date=2000-06-04&rft.aulast=Cotsalas&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F04%2Fnyregion%2Fit-floats-it-speeds-it-s-a-train.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anew-87"><a href="#cite_ref-anew_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llnl.gov/str/Post.html">"A New Approach for Magnetically Levitating Trains – and Rockets"</a>. llnl.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528141314/https://www.llnl.gov/str//Post.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Approach+for+Magnetically+Levitating+Trains+%E2%80%93+and+Rockets&rft.pub=llnl.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llnl.gov%2Fstr%2FPost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_F._Post2000" class="citation web cs1">Richard F. Post (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309114627/http://www.skytran.net/press/sciam01.htm">"MagLev: A New Approach"</a>. Scientific American. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skytran.net/press/sciam01.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=MagLev%3A+A+New+Approach&rft.date=2000-01&rft.au=Richard+F.+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skytran.net%2Fpress%2Fsciam01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs,_PhilipGeim,_Andre" class="citation web cs1">Gibbs, Philip & Geim, Andre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530010339/http://www.hfml.ru.nl/levitation-possible.html">"Is Magnetic Levitation Possible?"</a>. High Field Magnet Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfml.ru.nl/levitation-possible.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Magnetic+Levitation+Possible%3F&rft.pub=High+Field+Magnet+Laboratory&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Philip&rft.au=Geim%2C+Andre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hfml.ru.nl%2Flevitation-possible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maglev2000.com/works/how-03-c.html">"How maglev works: Learning to levitate"</a>. Maglev 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707085714/http://www.maglev2000.com/works/how-03-c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+maglev+works%3A+Learning+to+levitate&rft.pub=Maglev+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglev2000.com%2Fworks%2Fhow-03-c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popsci-91"><a href="#cite_ref-popsci_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2004-04/trans-atlantic-maglev">"Trans-Atlantic MagLev"</a>. 12 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126093425/http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2004-04/trans-atlantic-maglev">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trans-Atlantic+MagLev&rft.date=2004-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fscitech%2Farticle%2F2004-04%2Ftrans-atlantic-maglev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalter1972" class="citation web cs1">Salter, Robert M. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P4874.html">"The Very High Speed Transit System"</a>. RAND. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926200435/http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P4874.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Very+High+Speed+Transit+System&rft.pub=RAND&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fpapers%2FP4874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maglev.net/magrail-mix-of-maglev-and-traditional-rail">"Magrail: The Brilliant Mix of Maglev and Traditional Rail"</a>. maglev.net. 24 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808195901/https://www.maglev.net/magrail-mix-of-maglev-and-traditional-rail">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magrail%3A+The+Brilliant+Mix+of+Maglev+and+Traditional+Rail&rft.pub=maglev.net&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglev.net%2Fmagrail-mix-of-maglev-and-traditional-rail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railtech.com/innovation/2022/11/25/why-develop-new-infrastructure-for-hyperloop-when-existing-rail-tracks-can-be-used/">"Why develop new infrastructure for hyperloop when existing rail tracks can be used?"</a>. railtech.com. 25 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825192519/https://www.railtech.com/innovation/2022/11/25/why-develop-new-infrastructure-for-hyperloop-when-existing-rail-tracks-can-be-used/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+develop+new+infrastructure+for+hyperloop+when+existing+rail+tracks+can+be+used%3F&rft.pub=railtech.com&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railtech.com%2Finnovation%2F2022%2F11%2F25%2Fwhy-develop-new-infrastructure-for-hyperloop-when-existing-rail-tracks-can-be-used%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maglev.net/news/beijing-maglev/">"Beijing Maglev"</a>. Maglev.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414213312/http://www.maglev.net/news/beijing-maglev/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijing+Maglev&rft.pub=Maglev.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglev.net%2Fnews%2Fbeijing-maglev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodall2014" class="citation web cs1">Goodall, Roger (10 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/can-magnetically-levitating-trains-run-at-3-000km-h-27615">"Can magnetically levitating trains run at 3,000km/h?"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428192800/https://theconversation.com/can-magnetically-levitating-trains-run-at-3-000km-h-27615">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Can+magnetically+levitating+trains+run+at+3%2C000km%2Fh%3F&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fcan-magnetically-levitating-trains-run-at-3-000km-h-27615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAMTI-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAMTI_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAMTI_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAMTI_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727110924/http://namti.org/?page_id=9">"-Maglev Technology Explained"</a>. North American Maglev Transport Institute. 1 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namti.org/?page_id=9">the original</a> on 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Maglev+Transport+Institute&rft.atitle=-Maglev+Technology+Explained&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnamti.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722151041/http://www.transrapid.de/cgi-tdb/en/basics.prg?session=9be8fa13451ed8b9&a_no=47">"Transrapid claims to use a quarter less power at 200 km/h than the InterCityExpress"</a>. Transrapid. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transrapid.de/cgi-tdb/en/basics.prg?session=9be8fa13451ed8b9&a_no=47">the original</a> on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transrapid+claims+to+use+a+quarter+less+power+at+200+km%2Fh+than+the+InterCityExpress&rft.pub=Transrapid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transrapid.de%2Fcgi-tdb%2Fen%2Fbasics.prg%3Fsession%3D9be8fa13451ed8b9%26a_no%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002083400/http://www.hochleistungsbahnen.tu-dresden.de/fachtagung_tr/trt3/18_trt3_vortrag18.pdf">"Tagungsband.doc"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hochleistungsbahnen.tu-dresden.de/fachtagung_tr/trt3/18_trt3_vortrag18.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tagungsband.doc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hochleistungsbahnen.tu-dresden.de%2Ffachtagung_tr%2Ftrt3%2F18_trt3_vortrag18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206094748/http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/conventional-high-speed-rail-vs-magnetically-levitated-trains-was-maglev-ever-contention">"Conventional High-Speed Rail Vs. Magnetically Levitated Trains: Was M…"</a>. archive.is. 25 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/conventional-high-speed-rail-vs-magnetically-levitated-trains-was-maglev-ever-contention">the original</a> on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.is&rft.atitle=Conventional+High-Speed+Rail+Vs.+Magnetically+Levitated+Trains%3A+Was+M%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiaprogressreport.com%2Fsite%2Fconventional-high-speed-rail-vs-magnetically-levitated-trains-was-maglev-ever-contention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVos,_Joos2004" class="citation journal cs1">Vos, Joos (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000115000004001597000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=Yes">"Annoyance caused by the sounds of a magnetic levitation train"</a>. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 115 (4): 1597–1608. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.1597V">2004ASAJ..115.1597V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1650330">10.1121/1.1650330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15101639">15101639</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025192438/https://pubs.aip.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Annoyance+caused+by+the+sounds+of+a+magnetic+levitation+train&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1597-1608&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15101639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.1650330&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ASAJ..115.1597V&rft.au=Vos%2C+Joos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscitation.aip.org%2Fgetabs%2Fservlet%2FGetabsServlet%3Fprog%3Dnormal%26id%3DJASMAN000115000004001597000001%26idtype%3Dcvips%26gifs%3DYes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharabegian,_Areq2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gharabegian, Areq (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000108000005002527000002&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes">"Maglev—A super fast train"</a>. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 108 (5): 2527. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ASAJ..108R2527G">2000ASAJ..108R2527G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4743350">10.1121/1.4743350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025192437/https://pubs.aip.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Maglev%E2%80%94A+super+fast+train&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2527&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4743350&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ASAJ..108R2527G&rft.au=Gharabegian%2C+Areq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscitation.aip.org%2Fgetabs%2Fservlet%2FGetabsServlet%3Fprog%3Dnormal%26id%3DJASMAN000108000005002527000002%26idtype%3Dcvips%26gifs%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maglev_Videos-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Maglev_Videos_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727111146/http://namti.org/?page_id=1340">"Maglevs in Action"</a>. North American Maglev Transport Institute. 1 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namti.org/?page_id=1340">the original</a> on 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Maglev+Transport+Institute&rft.atitle=Maglevs+in+Action&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnamti.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaliforniaProgressReport-104"><a href="#cite_ref-CaliforniaProgressReport_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Kandel2011" class="citation web cs1">Alan Kandel (22 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/conventional-high-speed-rail-vs-magnetically-levitated-trains-was-maglev-ever-contention">"Conventional High-Speed Rail Vs. Magnetically Levitated Trains: Was Maglev Ever In Contention?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206094748/http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/conventional-high-speed-rail-vs-magnetically-levitated-trains-was-maglev-ever-contention">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conventional+High-Speed+Rail+Vs.+Magnetically+Levitated+Trains%3A+Was+Maglev+Ever+In+Contention%3F&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft.au=Alan+Kandel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiaprogressreport.com%2Fsite%2Fconventional-high-speed-rail-vs-magnetically-levitated-trains-was-maglev-ever-contention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpattont2011" class="citation web cs1">pattont (30 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919090834/http://namti.org/?page_id=275">"Cost Data – HSM vs. Existing Modes " North American Maglev Transport Institute"</a>. Namti.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namti.org/?page_id=275">the original</a> on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cost+Data+%E2%80%93+HSM+vs.+Existing+Modes+%22+North+American+Maglev+Transport+Institute&rft.pub=Namti.org&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft.au=pattont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnamti.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fast_Tracks-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Tracks_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntlaufBernardeauCoates2004" class="citation web cs1">Antlauf, Walter; Bernardeau, François; Coates, Kevin (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508063634/http://thetransitcoalition.us/Civil%20Engineering%20Magazine%20-%20November%2020O04.htm">"Fast Track"</a>. Civil Engineering Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thetransitcoalition.us/Civil%20Engineering%20Magazine%20-%20November%2020O04.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fast+Track&rft.pub=Civil+Engineering+Magazine&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Antlauf&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Bernardeau%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Coates%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthetransitcoalition.us%2FCivil%2520Engineering%2520Magazine%2520-%2520November%252020O04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919050405/http://namti.org/?page_id=3281">"Modular Guideway Manufacturing " North American Maglev Transport Institute"</a>. Namti.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namti.org/?page_id=3281">the original</a> on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modular+Guideway+Manufacturing+%22+North+American+Maglev+Transport+Institute&rft.pub=Namti.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnamti.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D3281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211083641/http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/1176">"Report to Congress: Costs and Benefits of Magnetic Levitation (PDF)"</a>. Federal Railway Administration. US Department of Transportation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/1176">the original</a> on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Railway+Administration&rft.atitle=Report+to+Congress%3A+Costs+and+Benefits+of+Magnetic+Levitation+%28PDF%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fra.dot.gov%2FElib%2FDocument%2F1176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326030102/http://www.bwmaglev.com/deis_vol1/pdfs/exec_summary/summary.pdf">"Baltimore-Washington Maglev – Environmental impact statement"</a> (PDF). Baltimore-Washington Maglev. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwmaglev.com/deis_vol1/pdfs/exec_summary/summary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Baltimore-Washington+Maglev+%E2%80%93+Environmental+impact+statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwmaglev.com%2Fdeis_vol1%2Fpdfs%2Fexec_summary%2Fsummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-irj-110"><a href="#cite_ref-irj_110-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_5_44/ai_n6054072">Nagoya builds Maglev Metro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129162842/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_5_44/ai_n6054072">Archived</a> 29 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Railway Journal, May 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian20150421-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20150421_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20150421_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20150421_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20150421_111-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run">"Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record with 600 km/h test run"</a>. The Guardian. United Kingdom: Guardian News and Media Limited. 21 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206145023/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+maglev+train+breaks+world+speed+record+with+600+km%2Fh+test+run&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fapr%2F21%2Fjapans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211140434/http://namti.org/editorials-2/tgvs-357-mph-demo-proves-maglevs-superiority/">"TGV's 357Mph Demo Proves HSM's Superiority " North American Maglev Transport Institute"</a>. Namti.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namti.org/editorials-2/tgvs-357-mph-demo-proves-maglevs-superiority/">the original</a> on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TGV%27s+357Mph+Demo+Proves+HSM%27s+Superiority+%22+North+American+Maglev+Transport+Institute&rft.pub=Namti.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnamti.org%2Feditorials-2%2Ftgvs-357-mph-demo-proves-maglevs-superiority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jrc-data2012-113"><a href="#cite_ref-jrc-data2012_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Japan_Railway_Company2012" class="citation book cs1">Central Japan Railway Company (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2012.pdf">"The Chuo Shinkansen Using the Superconducting Maglev System"</a> (PDF). Data Book 2012. pp. 24–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000946/http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chuo+Shinkansen+Using+the+Superconducting+Maglev+System&rft.btitle=Data+Book+2012&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Central+Japan+Railway+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jr-central.co.jp%2Fcompany%2Fcompany%2Fothers%2Fdata-book%2F_pdf%2F2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625225317/http://english.jr-central.co.jp/news/n20040301/index.html">"The Superconducting Maglev Sets a Guinness World Record for Attaining 581 km/h in a Manned Test Run"</a>. Central Japan Railway Company. 1 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/news/n20040301/index.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Superconducting+Maglev+Sets+a+Guinness+World+Record+for+Attaining+581+km%2Fh+in+a+Manned+Test+Run&rft.pub=Central+Japan+Railway+Company&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jr-central.co.jp%2Fnews%2Fn20040301%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow,_Keith2015" class="citation web cs1">Barrow, Keith (17 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/japan-breaks-maglev-speed-record.html">"Japan breaks maglev speed record"</a>. IRJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808060600/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/japan-breaks-maglev-speed-record.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRJ&rft.atitle=Japan+breaks+maglev+speed+record&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft.au=Barrow%2C+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Findex.php%2Fhigh-speed%2Fjapan-breaks-maglev-speed-record.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuff.co.nz-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2014" class="citation news cs1">Michael, Gebicki (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/63558825/whats-the-worlds-fastest-passenger-train">"What's the world's fastest passenger train"</a>. Stuff.co.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224030420/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/63558825/whats-the-worlds-fastest-passenger-train">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+world%27s+fastest+passenger+train&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Gebicki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2F63558825%2Fwhats-the-worlds-fastest-passenger-train&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.smtdc.com/en/gycf2.asp">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809150428/http://www.smtdc.com/en/gycf2.asp">Archived</a> 9 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shanghaichina.ca/video/maglevtrain.html">"Shanghai Maglev Train (431 km/h) – High Definition Video"</a>. shanghaichina.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127082930/https://shanghaichina.ca/video/maglevtrain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shanghaichina.ca&rft.atitle=Shanghai+Maglev+Train+%28431+km%2Fh%29+%E2%80%93+High+Definition+Video&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshanghaichina.ca%2Fvideo%2Fmaglevtrain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqshoQyqBeA">7-minute real time video of the maglev reaching 432 kilometres per hour (268 mph) in only 3 minutes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809094830/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqshoQyqBeA">Archived</a> 9 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129162842/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_5_44/ai_n6054072">"Nagoya builds Maglev Metro"</a>. International Railway Journal. May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_5_44/ai_n6054072">the original</a> on 29 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Railway+Journal&rft.atitle=Nagoya+builds+Maglev+Metro&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0BQQ%2Fis_5_44%2Fai_n6054072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116112317/http://www.ppp.org.pk/dfc/mush_relative_lands.html">"Musharraf's Relative Lands Another Super Duper Project of the Future"</a>. The South Asia Tribune. 12 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppp.org.pk/dfc/mush_relative_lands.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musharraf%27s+Relative+Lands+Another+Super+Duper+Project+of+the+Future&rft.pub=The+South+Asia+Tribune&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppp.org.pk%2Fdfc%2Fmush_relative_lands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/urban-maglev-opportunity.html">"Urban maglev opportunity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 5 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507012210/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/urban-maglev-opportunity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Urban+maglev+opportunity&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F10%2Furban-maglev-opportunity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotem-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rotem_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rotem_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507090138/http://www.rotem.co.kr/Eng/Business/Rail/Railroad/Product/rail_car05.asp">"Rotem Business Activities, Maglev"</a>. Rotem-Hyundai. 27 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rotem.co.kr/Eng/Business/Rail/Railroad/Product/rail_car05.asp">the original</a> on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotem+Business+Activities%2C+Maglev&rft.pub=Rotem-Hyundai&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotem.co.kr%2FEng%2FBusiness%2FRail%2FRailroad%2FProduct%2Frail_car05.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725073920/http://www.korea.net/news/news/newsView.asp?serial_no=20080421028&part=107&SearchDay=&source=">"Korea launches maglev train"</a>. Korea.net. 21 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/news/news/newsView.asp?serial_no=20080421028&part=107&SearchDay=&source=">the original</a> on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea+launches+maglev+train&rft.pub=Korea.net&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2Fnews%2Fnews%2FnewsView.asp%3Fserial_no%3D20080421028%26part%3D107%26SearchDay%3D%26source%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_entertainment/283379.html">"First run of the Maglev"</a>. Hankyoreh. 21 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507012231/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_entertainment/283379.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=First+run+of+the+Maglev&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_entertainment%2F283379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientific-computing.com/news/news_story.php?news_id=584">"Maglev train simulation hits the tracks"</a>. Scientific Computing World. 20 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728051202/http://www.scientific-computing.com/news/news_story.php?news_id=584">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maglev+train+simulation+hits+the+tracks&rft.pub=Scientific+Computing+World&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific-computing.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_story.php%3Fnews_id%3D584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126231353/http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/lms/lms207.html">"Simulation speeds maglev to early launch: News from LMS International"</a>. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simulation+speeds+maglev+to+early+launch%3A+News+from+LMS+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtalk.com%2Fnews%2Flms%2Flms207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710001828/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sb/irj0708/index.php?startid=30#/30">"Exports surge ahead"</a>. International Railway Journal. 1 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sb/irj0708/index.php?startid=30#/30">the original</a> on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Railway+Journal&rft.atitle=Exports+surge+ahead&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nxtbook.com%2Fnxtbooks%2Fsb%2Firj0708%2Findex.php%3Fstartid%3D30%23%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.rednet.cn/c/2014/11/21/3528574.htm">"Changsha Maglev Line Completes Investment over 490 Million Yuan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230005522/http://english.rednet.cn/c/2014/11/21/3528574.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Changsha+Maglev+Line+Completes+Investment+over+490+Million+Yuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.rednet.cn%2Fc%2F2014%2F11%2F21%2F3528574.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html">Changsha to Construct Maglev Train</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116080757/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2014-01-09 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2016" class="citation news cs1">Long, Hongtao (6 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0505/c90000-9053671.html">"Trial operation of magnetic levitation line in Changsha to start"</a>. People's Daily Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506151729/http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0505/c90000-9053671.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trial+operation+of+magnetic+levitation+line+in+Changsha+to+start&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Hongtao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2Fn3%2F2016%2F0505%2Fc90000-9053671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/14/WS5b21be2ba31001b825721d83.html">"CRRC unit delivers 160 km/h maglev train for commuters"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032459/http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/14/WS5b21be2ba31001b825721d83.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CRRC+unit+delivers+160+km%2Fh+maglev+train+for+commuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurope.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201806%2F14%2FWS5b21be2ba31001b825721d83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202107/02/WS60deca0da310efa1bd65f702.html">"New maglev train improves service in Hunan"</a>. China Daily. 2 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721034550/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202107/02/WS60deca0da310efa1bd65f702.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+maglev+train+improves+service+in+Hunan&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202107%2F02%2FWS60deca0da310efa1bd65f702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heb.chinadaily.com.cn/2018-11/07/content_37218624.htm">"唐车造北京S1线磁浮列车开始以100km/H载客运行 – 中国日报网"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616165926/http://heb.chinadaily.com.cn/2018-11/07/content_37218624.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E8%BD%A6%E9%80%A0%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%ACS1%E7%BA%BF%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E4%BB%A5100km%2FH%E8%BD%BD%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C+%E2%80%93+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheb.chinadaily.com.cn%2F2018-11%2F07%2Fcontent_37218624.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/09/WS62f1c36aa310fd2b29e71203.html">"Maglev line opens to tourists in Fenghuang"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129222925/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/09/WS62f1c36aa310fd2b29e71203.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maglev+line+opens+to+tourists+in+Fenghuang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202208%2F09%2FWS62f1c36aa310fd2b29e71203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenghuang201908-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenghuang201908_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.sina.cn/2019-08-07/detail-ihytcitm7387773.d.html">"凤凰磁浮线开工建设"</a>. 7 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807161854/https://finance.sina.cn/2019-08-07/detail-ihytcitm7387773.d.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E7%BA%BF%E5%BC%80%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.cn%2F2019-08-07%2Fdetail-ihytcitm7387773.d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/18/business/jr-tokai-begins-building-maglev-train-stations/#.VKcXj9zF98E">"JR Tokai begins building maglev stations"</a>. The Japan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103021823/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/18/business/jr-tokai-begins-building-maglev-train-stations/#.VKcXj9zF98E">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=JR+Tokai+begins+building+maglev+stations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2014%2F12%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fjr-tokai-begins-building-maglev-train-stations%2F%23.VKcXj9zF98E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/a97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html">"JR Central gives up on opening new maglev train service in 2027"</a>. Kyodo. 3 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116120037/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/a97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JR+Central+gives+up+on+opening+new+maglev+train+service+in+2027&rft.pub=Kyodo&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kyodonews.net%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2Fa97dfd2524f6-shizuoka-says-no-to-construction-for-new-maglev-train-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712125512/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20090619a1.html">"JR Tokai gives maglev estimates to LDP; in favor of shortest route"</a>. The Japan Times. 19 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20090619a1.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=JR+Tokai+gives+maglev+estimates+to+LDP%3B+in+favor+of+shortest+route&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnb20090619a1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124908/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/mail/nb20070427a8.html">"25 Tokyo-Nagoya maglev debut eyed"</a>. The Japan Times. 27 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/mail/nb20070427a8.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=25+Tokyo-Nagoya+maglev+debut+eyed&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fmail%2Fnb20070427a8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maglev.net/news/go-ahead-for-japanese-maglev/">"Go Ahead for Japanese Maglev"</a>. Maglev.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308233745/http://www.maglev.net/news/go-ahead-for-japanese-maglev/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Go+Ahead+for+Japanese+Maglev&rft.pub=Maglev.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglev.net%2Fnews%2Fgo-ahead-for-japanese-maglev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/09/national/10-year-countdown-begins-launch-tokyo-nagoya-maglev-service/#.WhkRO0qWaHs">"10-year countdown begins for launch of Tokyo-Nagoya maglev service"</a>. The Japan Times Online. 9 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119151308/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/09/national/10-year-countdown-begins-launch-tokyo-nagoya-maglev-service/#.WhkRO0qWaHs">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=10-year+countdown+begins+for+launch+of+Tokyo-Nagoya+maglev+service&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F09%2Fnational%2F10-year-countdown-begins-launch-tokyo-nagoya-maglev-service%2F%23.WhkRO0qWaHs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg2013-143"><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg2013_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183115/http://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/123-MS4JM56K50Y001.html"><bdi lang="ja">ＪＲ東海：リニア時速500キロ、試験再開－通勤圏拡大で激変も</bdi></a> [JR Central: Maglev testing at 500 km/h resumes – Expanded commuter area to create major upheavals]. Bloomberg (in Japanese). Japan: Bloomberg LP. 29 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/123-MS4JM56K50Y001.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=%EF%BC%AA%EF%BC%B2%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E6%99%82%E9%80%9F500%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%80%81%E8%A9%A6%E9%A8%93%E5%86%8D%E9%96%8B%EF%BC%8D%E9%80%9A%E5%8B%A4%E5%9C%8F%E6%8B%A1%E5%A4%A7%E3%81%A7%E6%BF%80%E5%A4%89%E3%82%82&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.co.jp%2Fnews%2F123-MS4JM56K50Y001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onigiri-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Onigiri_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214157/http://www.dailyonigiri.com/2010/11/jr-tokai-unveils-a-model-for-the-new-high-speed-maglev-train-l0/">"JR Tokai unveils a model for the new high-speed maglev train 'L0′"</a>. Daily Onigiri. DailyOnigiri.com. 4 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyonigiri.com/2010/11/jr-tokai-unveils-a-model-for-the-new-high-speed-maglev-train-l0/">the original</a> on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Onigiri&rft.atitle=JR+Tokai+unveils+a+model+for+the+new+high-speed+maglev+train+%27L0%E2%80%B2&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyonigiri.com%2F2010%2F11%2Fjr-tokai-unveils-a-model-for-the-new-high-speed-maglev-train-l0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nf201712-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nf201712_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nf201712_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/201712/30/c879848.html">"清远市磁浮旅游专线正式开工建设，为国内首条中低速磁浮旅游专线！"</a>. 30 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191411/http://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/201712/30/c879848.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%9C%E5%B8%82%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E4%B8%93%E7%BA%BF%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E9%A6%96%E6%9D%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%8E%E9%80%9F%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E4%B8%93%E7%BA%BF%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2017-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.nfapp.southcn.com%2Fcontent%2F201712%2F30%2Fc879848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.sina.cn/2019-06-21/detail-ihytcitk6675956.d.html">"清远磁浮旅游专线预计于2020年10月全线通车"</a>. 21 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803173717/https://finance.sina.cn/2019-06-21/detail-ihytcitk6675956.d.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%9C%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E4%B8%93%E7%BA%BF%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%A1%E4%BA%8E2020%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E8%BD%A6&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.cn%2F2019-06-21%2Fdetail-ihytcitk6675956.d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803175651/http://epaper.oeeee.com/epaper/G/html/2017-04/17/content_22834.htm">"清远磁浮旅游专线进行预可行性评估"</a>. 17 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.oeeee.com/epaper/G/html/2017-04/17/content_22834.htm">the original</a> on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%9C%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E4%B8%93%E7%BA%BF%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%A2%84%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.oeeee.com%2Fepaper%2FG%2Fhtml%2F2017-04%2F17%2Fcontent_22834.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2019_03_14_493554.shtml">"中国自主研发设计，全球首条智能化磁浮轨排生产线实现量产"</a>. 14 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406115512/https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2019_03_14_493554.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%A0%94%E5%8F%91%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E9%A6%96%E6%9D%A1%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%81%E6%B5%AE%E8%BD%A8%E6%8E%92%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%BA%BF%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E9%87%8F%E4%BA%A7&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2Finternation%2F2019_03_14_493554.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319191531/http://www.metroplanorlando.com/files/view/maglev-technology-assessment-by-fdot-june-2013.pdf">"American Maglev Technology (AMT) Assessment"</a> (PDF). 5 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroplanorlando.com/files/view/maglev-technology-assessment-by-fdot-june-2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Maglev+Technology+%28AMT%29+Assessment&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroplanorlando.com%2Ffiles%2Fview%2Fmaglev-technology-assessment-by-fdot-june-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgi20090209-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rgi20090209_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgi20090209_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100520125933/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/freight-maglev-on-test.html">"Freight maglev on test"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 9 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//freight-maglev-on-test.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Freight+maglev+on+test&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F%2Ffreight-maglev-on-test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2011.pdf">"Central Japan Railway Company Data Book 2011"</a> (PDF). Central Japan Railway Company. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722101753/http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Japan+Railway+Company+Data+Book+2011&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Central+Japan+Railway+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jr-central.co.jp%2Fcompany%2Fcompany%2Fothers%2Fdata-book%2F_pdf%2F2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-speedrecord-152"><a href="#cite_ref-speedrecord_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031206011747/http://www.globetechnology.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20031202.gtmaglevdec2/BNStory/Technology/">"Japan's maglev train sets speed record"</a>. CTVglobemedia Publishing Inc. 2 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globetechnology.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20031202.gtmaglevdec2/BNStory/Technology/">the original</a> on 6 December 2003. Retrieved 16 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+maglev+train+sets+speed+record&rft.date=2003-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globetechnology.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20031202.gtmaglevdec2%2FBNStory%2FTechnology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305140148/http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/maglev/html/english/maglev_frame_E.html">"Overview of Maglev R&D"</a>. Railway Technical Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/maglev/html/english/maglev_frame_E.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Maglev+R%26D&rft.pub=Railway+Technical+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtri.or.jp%2Frd%2Fmaglev%2Fhtml%2Fenglish%2Fmaglev_frame_E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/">"BBC – Homepage"</a>. bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209001526/http://www.bbc.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordbayern.de/region/neumarkt/schwebebahn-gleitet-am-baggersee-in-greisselbach-entlang-1.5279225">"Schwebebahn gleitet am Baggersee in Greißelbach entlang"</a>. nordbayern.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195110/https://www.nordbayern.de/region/neumarkt/schwebebahn-gleitet-am-baggersee-in-greisselbach-entlang-1.5279225">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nordbayern.de&rft.atitle=Schwebebahn+gleitet+am+Baggersee+in+Grei%C3%9Felbach+entlang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordbayern.de%2Fregion%2Fneumarkt%2Fschwebebahn-gleitet-am-baggersee-in-greisselbach-entlang-1.5279225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150040791A1/en">"Vehicle for a Magnetic Levitation Track"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614021851/https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150040791A1/en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vehicle+for+a+Magnetic+Levitation+Track&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS20150040791A1%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSB_cracks_top_speed_in_China-157"><a href="#cite_ref-TSB_cracks_top_speed_in_China_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transportsystemboegl.com/en/tsb-cracks-top-speed-in-china/">"TSB cracks top speed in China"</a>. Transport System Bögl. 29 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182753/https://transportsystemboegl.com/en/tsb-cracks-top-speed-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transport+System+B%C3%B6gl&rft.atitle=TSB+cracks+top+speed+in+China&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransportsystemboegl.com%2Fen%2Ftsb-cracks-top-speed-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangWangZheng2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Jiasu; Wang, Suyu; Zheng, Jun (17 July 2009). "Recent Development of High Temperature Superconducting Maglev System in China". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 19 (3). <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>: 2142–2147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ITAS...19.2142W">2009ITAS...19.2142W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTASC.2009.2018110">10.1109/TASC.2009.2018110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33412702">33412702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Applied+Superconductivity&rft.atitle=Recent+Development+of+High+Temperature+Superconducting+Maglev+System+in+China&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2142-2147&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33412702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTASC.2009.2018110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ITAS...19.2142W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jiasu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Suyu&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Jun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> [20] Wang Jiasu, Wang Suyu, Zeng Youwen, Huang Haiyu, Luo Fang, Xu Zhipei, Tang Qixue, Lin Guobin, Zhang Cuifang, Ren Zhongyou, Zhao Guomin, Zhu Degui, Wang Shaohua, Jiang He, Zhu Min, Deng Changyan, Hu Pengfei, Li Chaoyong, Liu Fang, Lian Jisan, Wang Xiaorong, Wang Lianghui, Shen Xuming, Dong Xiaogang. The first man-loading high temperature superconducting maglev test vehicle in the world. Physica C, 2002, 378-381: 809-814 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJia-su_WangSu-Yu_Wang2016" class="citation book cs1">Jia-su Wang; Su-Yu Wang (2016). High Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Levitation. Beijing University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-301-27581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-301-27581-8"><bdi>978-7-301-27581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Temperature+Superconducting+Magnetic+Levitation.&rft.pub=Beijing+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-7-301-27581-8&rft.au=Jia-su+Wang&rft.au=Su-Yu+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://railmarket.com/news/technology-innovation/1156-nevomo-is-ready-to-start-testing-magrail-technology-on-a-test-track-in-poland">"Nevomo is ready to start testing MagRail technology on a test track in Poland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825195731/https://railmarket.com/news/technology-innovation/1156-nevomo-is-ready-to-start-testing-magrail-technology-on-a-test-track-in-poland">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nevomo+is+ready+to+start+testing+MagRail+technology+on+a+test+track+in+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frailmarket.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-innovation%2F1156-nevomo-is-ready-to-start-testing-magrail-technology-on-a-test-track-in-poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railfreight.com/specials/2023/02/15/nevomo-hyperloop-inspired-rail-freight-could-be-soon-a-reality/">"Nevomo: hyperloop-inspired rail freight could be soon a reality"</a>. 15 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825192520/https://www.railfreight.com/specials/2023/02/15/nevomo-hyperloop-inspired-rail-freight-could-be-soon-a-reality/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nevomo%3A+hyperloop-inspired+rail+freight+could+be+soon+a+reality&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railfreight.com%2Fspecials%2F2023%2F02%2F15%2Fnevomo-hyperloop-inspired-rail-freight-could-be-soon-a-reality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVantuono1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Vantuono, William (1 July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-31906943_ITM">"Maglev is ready. Are we?"</a>. Railway Age.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Age&rft.atitle=Maglev+is+ready.+Are+we%3F&rft.date=1994-07-01&rft.aulast=Vantuono&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-31906943_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/newsround/68979367">"Nasa funds project to develop a floating robot railway on the Moon"</a>. BBC Newsround. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Newsround&rft.atitle=Nasa+funds+project+to+develop+a+floating+robot+railway+on+the+Moon&rft.date=2024-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnewsround%2F68979367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristodoulou2008" class="citation news cs1">Christodoulou, Mario (2 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/news/local/news/general/maglev-train-reappears-on-agenda/1233197.aspx">"Maglev train reappears on agenda"</a>. Illawarra Mercury. Illawara Mercury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107031121/http://www.illawarramercury.com.au/news/local/news/general/maglev-train-reappears-on-agenda/1233197.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illawarra+Mercury&rft.atitle=Maglev+train+reappears+on+agenda&rft.date=2008-08-02&rft.aulast=Christodoulou&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illawarramercury.com.au%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Fmaglev-train-reappears-on-agenda%2F1233197.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatters2008" class="citation news cs1">Watters, Martin (30 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24100590-2862,00.html">"Plans to build Geelong-Melbourne-Frankston monorail"</a>. Herald Sun. Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908141423/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/bay-monorail-mooted/story-fna7dq6e-1111117057088">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Plans+to+build+Geelong-Melbourne-Frankston+monorail&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft.aulast=Watters&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fheraldsun%2Fstory%2F0%2C21985%2C24100590-2862%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512223734/http://www.windana.com/access/melbourne/e3.html">"Melbourne Concepts – Maglev's relevance"</a>. Windana Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windana.com/access/melbourne/e3.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+Concepts+%E2%80%93+Maglev%27s+relevance&rft.pub=Windana+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windana.com%2Faccess%2Fmelbourne%2Fe3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/11/29/toronto-zoo-maglev-train-floats-closer-to-reality-as-board-approves-proposal.html">"Toronto Zoo meglev train floats closer to reality as board approves proposal"</a>. Toronto Star. 29 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130151511/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/11/29/toronto-zoo-maglev-train-floats-closer-to-reality-as-board-approves-proposal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Toronto+Zoo+meglev+train+floats+closer+to+reality+as+board+approves+proposal&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2018%2F11%2F29%2Ftoronto-zoo-maglev-train-floats-closer-to-reality-as-board-approves-proposal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20190928A0NTTM">"时速600公里的京广磁悬浮高铁，明年将要开建了"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007045516/https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20190928A0NTTM">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019. <q>该条磁悬浮试验线长度约200公里，连接湖北省咸宁市和湖南省长沙市 (The maglev test line is about 200 km in length and will link Xianning city in Hubei Province with Changsha city in Hunan Province)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%B6%E9%80%9F600%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%AC%E5%B9%BF%E7%A3%81%E6%82%AC%E6%B5%AE%E9%AB%98%E9%93%81%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%86%E8%A6%81%E5%BC%80%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.qq.com%2Frain%2Fa%2F20190928A0NTTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2019_09_27_519502.shtml">"时速600公里！"超级列车"或落地湖北！武汉2小时到广州"</a>. 27 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007053140/https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2019_09_27_519502.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%B6%E9%80%9F600%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%81%22%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%22%E6%88%96%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%EF%BC%81%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%892%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%88%B0%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2Fpolitics%2F2019_09_27_519502.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/02/24/china-lays-out-maglev-plans-from-beijing-and-shanghai-to-guangzhou/">"2 New Routes Proposed for Maglev Trains in China"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304095115/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/02/24/china-lays-out-maglev-plans-from-beijing-and-shanghai-to-guangzhou/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+New+Routes+Proposed+for+Maglev+Trains+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstraveller.com%2Fbusiness-travel%2F2021%2F02%2F24%2Fchina-lays-out-maglev-plans-from-beijing-and-shanghai-to-guangzhou%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/02/24/china-lays-out-maglev-plans-from-beijing-and-shanghai-to-guangzhou/">"China lays out maglev plans from Beijing and Shanghai to Guangzhou"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304095115/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/02/24/china-lays-out-maglev-plans-from-beijing-and-shanghai-to-guangzhou/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+lays+out+maglev+plans+from+Beijing+and+Shanghai+to+Guangzhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstraveller.com%2Fbusiness-travel%2F2021%2F02%2F24%2Fchina-lays-out-maglev-plans-from-beijing-and-shanghai-to-guangzhou%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2003" class="citation magazine cs1">McGrath, Dermot (20 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2003/01/57163">"China Awaits High-Speed 'Maglev'"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105092132/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2003/01/57163">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=China+Awaits+High-Speed+%27Maglev%27&rft.date=2003-01-20&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fscience%2Fdiscoveries%2Fnews%2F2003%2F01%2F57163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104182742/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/26/content_6155201.htm">"China maglev project suspended amid radiation concerns"</a>. Xinhua. 26 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/26/content_6155201.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+maglev+project+suspended+amid+radiation+concerns&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft.date=2007-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2007-05%2F26%2Fcontent_6155201.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSPEK32757920080112">"Hundreds protest Shanghai maglev rail extension"</a>. Reuters. 12 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081934/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSPEK32757920080112">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Hundreds+protest+Shanghai+maglev+rail+extension&rft.date=2008-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSPEK32757920080112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtenbach2008" class="citation news cs1">Kurtenbach, Elaine (14 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913175244/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jan14/0%2C4670%2CChinaShanghaiProtest%2C00.html">"Shanghai Residents Protest Maglev Train"</a>. Fox News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jan14/0,4670,ChinaShanghaiProtest,00.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shanghai+Residents+Protest+Maglev+Train&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft.aulast=Kurtenbach&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fwires%2F2008Jan14%2F0%2C4670%2CChinaShanghaiProtest%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312155810/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/06/content_4263586.htm">"Maglev railway to link Hangzhou, Shanghai"</a>. Xinhua. 6 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/06/content_4263586.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maglev+railway+to+link+Hangzhou%2C+Shanghai&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2006-03%2F06%2Fcontent_4263586.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/national/2008-08/18/content_16258686.htm">"Maglev finally given approval"</a>. Shanghai Daily. 18 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812092108/http://www.china.org.cn/china/national/2008-08/18/content_16258686.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shanghai+Daily&rft.atitle=Maglev+finally+given+approval&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2Fnational%2F2008-08%2F18%2Fcontent_16258686.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/232696.htm">"Green light for maglev factory"</a>. Shanghai Daily. 22 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022234643/http://china.org.cn/english/government/232696.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shanghai+Daily&rft.atitle=Green+light+for+maglev+factory&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fgovernment%2F232696.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG-180"><a href="#cite_ref-TG_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/01/china.johngittings">"China claims train blue riband"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910134946/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/01/china.johngittings">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+claims+train+blue+riband&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Fjan%2F01%2Fchina.johngittings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/BUSINESS/asia/12/31/china.maglev.biz/">"Shanghai welcomes high speed train"</a>. CNN business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227180820/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/BUSINESS/asia/12/31/china.maglev.biz/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shanghai+welcomes+high+speed+train&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FBUSINESS%2Fasia%2F12%2F31%2Fchina.maglev.biz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7011932.stm">"Germany to build maglev railway"</a>. BBC News. 25 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112152756/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7011932.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Germany+to+build+maglev+railway&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7011932.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2008" class="citation news cs1">Heller, Gernot (27 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSL2777056820080327?sp=true">"Germany scraps Munich Transrapid as cost spirals"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210948/https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSL2777056820080327?sp=true">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Germany+scraps+Munich+Transrapid+as+cost+spirals&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FrbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews%2FidUSL2777056820080327%3Fsp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3126810/hong-kong-part-national-plan-high-speed-maglev-train-network">"Hong Kong is part of national plan for high-speed maglev train network, transport ministry says"</a>. SCMP. 24 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181621/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3126810/hong-kong-part-national-plan-high-speed-maglev-train-network">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+is+part+of+national+plan+for+high-speed+maglev+train+network%2C+transport+ministry+says&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3126810%2Fhong-kong-part-national-plan-high-speed-maglev-train-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211175912/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=48769">"Mumbai to Delhi: 3 hours by train"</a>. Express India. 14 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=48769">the original</a> on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+to+Delhi%3A+3+hours+by+train&rft.date=2005-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressindia.com%2Fnews%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D48769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai/6_routes_identified_for_MagLev/articleshow/2140367.cms">"6 routes identified for MagLev"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. India. 22 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109214818/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai/6_routes_identified_for_MagLev/articleshow/2140367.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=6+routes+identified+for+MagLev&rft.date=2007-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FMumbai%2F6_routes_identified_for_MagLev%2Farticleshow%2F2140367.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/bullet-train-may-connect-mysore-bangalore-in-30-mins-slideshow/">"Bullet train may connect Mysore-Bangalore in 1hr 30 mins Photos"</a>. Yahoo! India Finance. 20 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523173750/http://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/bullet-train-may-connect-mysore-bangalore-in-30-mins-slideshow/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bullet+train+may+connect+Mysore-Bangalore+in+1hr+30+mins+Photos&rft.pub=Yahoo%21+India+Finance&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.finance.yahoo.com%2Fphotos%2Fbullet-train-may-connect-mysore-bangalore-in-30-mins-slideshow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/technology/100109815-1-update-2-thyssenkrupp%252C-siemens-unaware-iran.html">"UPDATE 2-ThyssenKrupp, Siemens unaware of Iran train deal"</a>. News.alibaba.com. 30 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707111607/http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/technology/100109815-1-update-2-thyssenkrupp%2C-siemens-unaware-iran.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPDATE+2-ThyssenKrupp%2C+Siemens+unaware+of+Iran+train+deal&rft.pub=News.alibaba.com&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.alibaba.com%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2Ftechnology%2F100109815-1-update-2-thyssenkrupp%25252C-siemens-unaware-iran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129013142/http://www.movisol.org/08news092.htm">"L'EIR propone un "Maglev lombardo" per Milano Expo"</a>. movisol.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movisol.org/08news092.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=movisol.org&rft.atitle=L%27EIR+propone+un+%22Maglev+lombardo%22+per+Milano+Expo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movisol.org%2F08news092.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMar.Lar." class="citation web cs1">Mar.Lar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129144213/http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/prato/cronaca/2011/03/05/news/un-maglev-toscano-per-avvicinare-pisa-3606598">"Un Maglev toscano per avvicinare Pisa"</a>. il Tirreno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/prato/cronaca/2011/03/05/news/un-maglev-toscano-per-avvicinare-pisa-3606598">the original</a> on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=il+Tirreno&rft.atitle=Un+Maglev+toscano+per+avvicinare+Pisa&rft.au=Mar.Lar.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filtirreno.gelocal.it%2Fprato%2Fcronaca%2F2011%2F03%2F05%2Fnews%2Fun-maglev-toscano-per-avvicinare-pisa-3606598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518081753/http%3A//nicolaoliva.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/maglev%2Dtoscano%2Dper%2Dpisa%2D5%2Dmarzo%2D20111.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nicolaoliva.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/maglev-toscano-per-pisa-5-marzo-20111.jpg">the original</a> on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnicolaoliva.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F03%2Fmaglev-toscano-per-pisa-5-marzo-20111.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822103232/http://movisol.org/pix/Metropoli_Prato_Maglev_collage.jpg">"Per Peretola spunta una soluzione: il trena a levitazione magnetica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movisol.org/pix/Metropoli_Prato_Maglev_collage.jpg">the original</a> on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Per+Peretola+spunta+una+soluzione%3A+il+trena+a+levitazione+magnetica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movisol.org%2Fpix%2FMetropoli_Prato_Maglev_collage.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809031451/http://movisol.org/11news044.htm">"Prato chiede il Maglev per la Toscana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movisol.org/11news044.htm">the original</a> on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prato+chiede+il+Maglev+per+la+Toscana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movisol.org%2F11news044.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318073613/http://www.regione.toscana.it/regione/opencms/RT/sito-RT/Contenuti/notiziari/fonti_esterne/ansa/notiziario/visualizza_asset.html?id=253471&pagename=503">"Regione Toscana: AEROPORTI: FIRENZE; OLIVA(PD), MAGLEV PER SUPERARE STALLO"</a>. 18 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.toscana.it/regione/opencms/RT/sito-RT/Contenuti/notiziari/fonti_esterne/ansa/notiziario/visualizza_asset.html?id=253471&pagename=503">the original</a> on 18 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regione+Toscana%3A+AEROPORTI%3A+FIRENZE%3B+OLIVA%28PD%29%2C+MAGLEV+PER+SUPERARE+STALLO&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.toscana.it%2Fregione%2Fopencms%2FRT%2Fsito-RT%2FContenuti%2Fnotiziari%2Ffonti_esterne%2Fansa%2Fnotiziario%2Fvisualizza_asset.html%3Fid%3D253471%26pagename%3D503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128171034/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/764721">"At what cost high-speed rail"</a>. thesundaily.my. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesundaily.my/news/764721">the original</a> on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thesundaily.my&rft.atitle=At+what+cost+high-speed+rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesundaily.my%2Fnews%2F764721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/general/float-flexible-levitation-on-a-track/">"FLOAT - Flexible Levitation on a Track – NASA"</a>. 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FLOAT+-+Flexible+Levitation+on+a+Track+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fgeneral%2Ffloat-flexible-levitation-on-a-track%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jg-197"><a href="#cite_ref-jg_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardo2017" class="citation web cs1">Guardo, Jose (24 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/JoseGuardo2/philtram-monorail-ppt-for-slideshare">"Philtram monorail PPT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808043916/https://www.slideshare.net/JoseGuardo2/philtram-monorail-ppt-for-slideshare">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philtram+monorail+PPT&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.aulast=Guardo&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FJoseGuardo2%2Fphiltram-monorail-ppt-for-slideshare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissrapide.com/upload/dokumente/2011.03.03%20Artikel%20SwissRapide%20GHI.pdf">"Lausanne en 10 minutes"</a> (PDF) (in French). GHI. 3 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202203354/http://www.swissrapide.com/upload/dokumente/2011.03.03%20Artikel%20SwissRapide%20GHI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lausanne+en+10+minutes&rft.pub=GHI&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissrapide.com%2Fupload%2Fdokumente%2F2011.03.03%2520Artikel%2520SwissRapide%2520GHI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissrapide.com/upload/dokumente/NZZ_SwissRapide_Express_20_06_2009.pdf">"In 20 Minuten von Zürich nach Bern"</a> (PDF). Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). 20 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202191538/http://www.swissrapide.com/upload/dokumente/NZZ_SwissRapide_Express_20_06_2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=In+20+Minuten+von+Z%C3%BCrich+nach+Bern&rft.date=2009-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissrapide.com%2Fupload%2Fdokumente%2FNZZ_SwissRapide_Express_20_06_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissmetro.ch/">"Swissmetro.ch"</a>. Swissmetro.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901210839/http://www.swissmetro.ch/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swissmetro.ch&rft.pub=Swissmetro.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissmetro.ch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811234649/http://www.500kmh.com/UKU_Factbook2.pdf">"Factbook"</a> (PDF). 500kmh. October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.500kmh.com/UKU_Factbook2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factbook&rft.pub=500kmh&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.500kmh.com%2FUKU_Factbook2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616022859/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/07/content_3053025.htm">"Shanghai-style Maglev train may fly on London line"</a>. China View. 7 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/07/content_3053025.htm">the original</a> on 16 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+View&rft.atitle=Shanghai-style+Maglev+train+may+fly+on+London+line&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2005-06%2F07%2Fcontent_3053025.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Government's five-year plan". Railway Magazine. Vol. 153, no. 1277. September 2007. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Magazine&rft.atitle=Government%27s+five-year+plan&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=1277&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2007-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.500kmh.com/">"UK Ultraspeed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813050523/http://www.500kmh.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Ultraspeed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.500kmh.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright,_Martin2005" class="citation news cs1">Wainwright, Martin (9 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/transport/Story/0,2763,1545279,00.html">"Hovertrain to cut London-Glasgow time to two hours"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025192940/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/09/transport.world">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hovertrain+to+cut+London-Glasgow+time+to+two+hours&rft.date=2005-08-09&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftransport%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C1545279%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlitz,_James2006" class="citation news cs1">Blitz, James (31 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302074201/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/65cc4456-388c-11db-ae2c-0000779e2340.html">"Japan inspires Tories' land of rising green tax"</a>. Financial Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/65cc4456-388c-11db-ae2c-0000779e2340.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+inspires+Tories%27+land+of+rising+green+tax&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft.au=Blitz%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F65cc4456-388c-11db-ae2c-0000779e2340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakrzewski2019" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Zakrzewski, Cat (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu62PLbvneY">Northeast Maglev's Ian Rainey describes how high-speed rail would transform the Northeast region</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> (News). Event occurs at 1:41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/uu62PLbvneY">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeast+Maglev%27s+Ian+Rainey+describes+how+high-speed+rail+would+transform+the+Northeast+region&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Zakrzewski&rft.aufirst=Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Duu62PLbvneY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2012" class="citation web cs1">Greenwood, Arin (16 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maglev-northeast-corridor_n_1676335">"High Speed 'Maglev' Rail Has Billionaire Supporter"</a>. HuffPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626144929/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maglev-northeast-corridor_n_1676335">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=High+Speed+%27Maglev%27+Rail+Has+Billionaire+Supporter&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Arin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmaglev-northeast-corridor_n_1676335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValerio2019" class="citation web cs1">Valerio, Mike (21 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/what-could-dc-to-baltimore-bullet-train-look-like-we-went-to-japan-to-find-out-scmaglev/65-e5852fe0-fa8a-4a56-a962-96b4d44c6529">"A 311 MPH floating train could link DC & Baltimore – neighbors, the NSA & a nation in gridlock take notice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WUSA_(TV)" title="WUSA (TV)">WUSA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902210245/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/what-could-dc-to-baltimore-bullet-train-look-like-we-went-to-japan-to-find-out-scmaglev/65-e5852fe0-fa8a-4a56-a962-96b4d44c6529">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WUSA&rft.atitle=A+311+MPH+floating+train+could+link+DC+%26+Baltimore+%E2%80%93+neighbors%2C+the+NSA+%26+a+nation+in+gridlock+take+notice&rft.date=2019-11-21&rft.aulast=Valerio&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wusa9.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdc%2Fwhat-could-dc-to-baltimore-bullet-train-look-like-we-went-to-japan-to-find-out-scmaglev%2F65-e5852fe0-fa8a-4a56-a962-96b4d44c6529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-msnbc1-210"><a href="#cite_ref-msnbc1_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersch2008" class="citation news cs1">Persch, Jasmin Aline (25 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25265682">"America's fastest train moves ahead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204020212/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25265682/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=America%27s+fastest+train+moves+ahead&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft.aulast=Persch&rft.aufirst=Jasmin+Aline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna25265682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maglevpa.com/index.html">"The Pennsylvania Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625023101/http://www.maglevpa.com/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pennsylvania+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maglevpa.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612223147/http://sandag.org/index.asp?projectid=291&fuseaction=projects.detail">"SANDAG: San Diego Maglev project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandag.org/index.asp?projectid=291&fuseaction=projects.detail">the original</a> on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SANDAG%3A+San+Diego+Maglev+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandag.org%2Findex.asp%3Fprojectid%3D291%26fuseaction%3Dprojects.detail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/story/283384-orlando-maglev-plan-gets-tentative-approval/">"Orlando MagLev Plan Gets Tentative Approval"</a>. WYNC. 17 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084406/http://www.wnyc.org/story/283384-orlando-maglev-plan-gets-tentative-approval/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WYNC&rft.atitle=Orlando+MagLev+Plan+Gets+Tentative+Approval&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fstory%2F283384-orlando-maglev-plan-gets-tentative-approval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517165637/http://www.dot.state.fl.us/transit/pages/FinalAMTDocument.pdf">"American Maglev Technology (AMT) Assessment Phase I: Data Collection, Data Development, Meetings and Recommendations"</a> (PDF). December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot.state.fl.us/transit/pages/FinalAMTDocument.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Maglev+Technology+%28AMT%29+Assessment+Phase+I%3A+Data+Collection%2C+Data+Development%2C+Meetings+and+Recommendations&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.state.fl.us%2Ftransit%2Fpages%2FFinalAMTDocument.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalatlanta.com/article/24607/">"Marietta Company Ready to Send Maglev Technology Abroad"</a>. Globalatlanta.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111030005428/http://www.globalatlanta.com/article/24607/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marietta+Company+Ready+to+Send+Maglev+Technology+Abroad&rft.pub=Globalatlanta.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalatlanta.com%2Farticle%2F24607%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914142253/http://www.primerahora.com/williammirandatorrespideapoyoparafinanciartrenencaguas-557104.html">"William Miranda Torres pide apoyo para financiar tren en Caguas"</a>. Primerahora.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primerahora.com/williammirandatorrespideapoyoparafinanciartrenencaguas-557104.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Miranda+Torres+pide+apoyo+para+financiar+tren+en+Caguas&rft.pub=Primerahora.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primerahora.com%2Fwilliammirandatorrespideapoyoparafinanciartrenencaguas-557104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcasiano_communications2011" class="citation web cs1">casiano communications (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406204652/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=57523&ct_id=1">"Inteco looks at 'maglev' train system"</a>. caribbeanbusiness.pr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=57523&ct_id=1">the original</a> on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inteco+looks+at+%27maglev%27+train+system&rft.pub=caribbeanbusiness.pr&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.au=casiano+communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanbusinesspr.com%2Fnews03.php%3Fnt_id%3D57523%26ct_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVranich1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Vranich, Joseph (1 May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-31942113_ITM">"High speed hopes soar"</a>. Railway Age.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Age&rft.atitle=High+speed+hopes+soar&rft.date=1992-05-01&rft.aulast=Vranich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-31942113_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,438657,00.html">"Several Dead in Transrapid Accident"</a>. Spiegel Online. 22 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325213014/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,438657,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Several+Dead+in+Transrapid+Accident&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C438657%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192600/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1204030.php/23_dead_in_German_maglev_train_accident__Roundup_">"23 dead in German maglev train accident"</a>. M&C Europe. 22 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1204030.php/23_dead_in_German_maglev_train_accident__Roundup_">the original</a> on 11 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23+dead+in+German+maglev+train+accident&rft.pub=M%26C+Europe&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.monstersandcritics.com%2Feurope%2Fnews%2Farticle_1204030.php%2F23_dead_in_German_maglev_train_accident__Roundup_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604033627/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/08/30/afx4067784.html">"German prosecutor charges three Transrapid employees over year-old disaster"</a>. AFX News. 30 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/08/30/afx4067784.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=German+prosecutor+charges+three+Transrapid+employees+over+year-old+disaster&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Ffeeds%2Fafx%2F2007%2F08%2F30%2Fafx4067784.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller1998" class="citation news cs1">Heller, Arnie (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llnl.gov/str/Post.html">"A New Approach for Magnetically Levitating Trains—and Rockets"</a>. Science & Technology Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528141314/https://www.llnl.gov/str//Post.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+New+Approach+for+Magnetically+Levitating+Trains%E2%80%94and+Rockets&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Arnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llnl.gov%2Fstr%2FPost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_H._KolmRichard_D._Thornton1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kolm" title="Henry Kolm">Henry H. Kolm</a>; Richard D. Thornton (October 1973). "Electromagnetic Flight". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 229 (4). Springer Nature: 17–25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SciAm.229d..17K">1973SciAm.229d..17K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1073-17">10.1038/scientificamerican1073-17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+Flight&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=17-25&rft.date=1973-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1073-17&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973SciAm.229d..17K&rft.au=Henry+H.+Kolm&rft.au=Richard+D.+Thornton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2006" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Christopher P. (2006). Shinkansen – From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32052-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32052-6"><bdi>0-415-32052-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinkansen+%E2%80%93+From+Bullet+Train+to+Symbol+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-32052-6&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2015" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Zhigang (2015). Maglev Trains: Key Underlying Technologies. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45672-9"><bdi>978-3-662-45672-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maglev+Trains%3A+Key+Underlying+Technologies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-662-45672-9&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Zhigang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Moon" title="Francis C. Moon">Moon, Francis C.</a> (1994). Superconducting Levitation Applications to Bearings and Magnetic Transportation. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-55925-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-55925-3"><bdi>0-471-55925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superconducting+Levitation+Applications+to+Bearings+and+Magnetic+Transportation&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-471-55925-3&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Francis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossberg1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossberg, Ralf Roman (1983). Radlos in die Zukunft? Die Entwicklung neuer Bahnsysteme. Orell Füssli Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002ROWD5M">B002ROWD5M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radlos+in+die+Zukunft%3F+Die+Entwicklung+neuer+Bahnsysteme&rft.pub=Orell+F%C3%BCssli+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB002ROWD5M%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Rossberg&rft.aufirst=Ralf+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Rossberg, Ralf Roman (1993). Radlos in die Zukunft? Die Entwicklung neuer Bahnsysteme. Orell Fuessli Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-280-01503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-280-01503-2"><bdi>978-3-280-01503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radlos+in+die+Zukunft%3F+Die+Entwicklung+neuer+Bahnsysteme&rft.pub=Orell+Fuessli+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-280-01503-2&rft.aulast=Rossberg&rft.aufirst=Ralf+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsBiddle,_Gordon1997" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). The Oxford Companion to British Railway History: From 1603 to the 1990s. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211697-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211697-5"><bdi>0-19-211697-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+Railway+History%3A+From+1603+to+the+1990s&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-211697-5&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Biddle%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaglev" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maglev&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnetic_levitation_trains" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magnetic levitation trains">Magnetic levitation trains</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/maglev" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/maglev">maglev</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404190644/http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/200">United States Federal Railroad Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magneticglide.com/">US MagneticGlide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maglevboard.net/">The International Maglev Board</a> Maglev professionals' info platform for all maglev transport systems and related technologies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maglev.net/">Maglev Net – Maglev News and Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102050249/http://www.rtri.or.jp/index.html">Japanese Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railserve.com/maglev.html">Magnetic Levitation for Transportation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maglev" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maglev" title="Template:Maglev"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maglev" title="Template talk:Maglev"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maglev" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maglev"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maglev" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maglev</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">Linear induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">Magnetic levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_suspension" title="Electromagnetic suspension">Electromagnetic suspension</a> (EMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_suspension" title="Electrodynamic suspension">Electrodynamic suspension</a> (EDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Guideway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_bearing" title="Magnetic bearing">Magnetic bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">Servomechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current_brake" title="Eddy current brake">Eddy current brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">Lift-to-drag ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Surface_Transport" title="High Speed Surface Transport">High Speed Surface Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductrack" title="Inductrack">Inductrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_loop" title="Launch loop">Launch loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTram" title="StarTram">StarTram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_S1_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line S1 (Beijing Subway)">Beijing line S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-Rail_Link" title="Air-Rail Link">Birmingham Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California%E2%80%93Nevada_Interstate_Maglev" title="California–Nevada Interstate Maglev">California–Nevada Interstate Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev_Express" title="Changsha Maglev Express">Changsha Maglev Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linimo" title="Linimo">Linimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Bahn" title="M-Bahn">M-Bahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Maglev" title="Northeast Maglev">Northeast Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University_maglev" title="Old Dominion University maglev">ODU maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Maglev_Tourist_Line" title="Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line">Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Hangzhou_maglev_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Hangzhou maglev line">Shanghai–Hangzhou Maglev Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Ultraspeed" title="UK Ultraspeed">UK Ultraspeed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport Accidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lathen_train_collision" title="Lathen train collision">Lathen train collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Proposals in italics</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_transport" title="Template:Public transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_transport" title="Template talk:Public transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buses" title="List of buses">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">Boda boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-speed_rail" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-speed_rail" title="Template talk:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-speed_rail" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail#Technologies" title="High-speed rail">Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovertrain" title="Hovertrain">Hovertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">350 km/h (217 mph) or more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400AF" title="China Railway CR400AF">China Railway CR400AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400BF" title="China Railway CR400BF">CR400BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">Shinkansen Series L0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">300–349 km/h (186–217 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100, 101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_102" title="Renfe Class 102">102</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_103" title="Renfe Class 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)" title="AGV (train)">Alstom AGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway Hexie</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">CRH2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH380A" title="China Railway CRH380A">380A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vibrant_Express" title="Vibrant Express">MTR CRH380A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380B</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Zefiro#Zefiro_380" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Zefiro">380D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">ETR 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar e300</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_374" title="British Rail Class 374">e320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">II (Sancheon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_Oaris" title="CAF Oaris">Oaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBKA" title="PBKA">PBKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 500</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a>, <a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5/H5</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6</a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_AVRIL" title="Talgo AVRIL">AVRIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (refurbished)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">Réseau</a> (PBA), <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_POS" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV POS">POS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">2N2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avelia_Horizon" title="Avelia Horizon">M (Avelia Horizon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THSR_700T" title="THSR 700T">THSR 700T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">250–299 km/h (155–186 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="China Star">China Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJF2" class="mw-redirect" title="DJF2">DJF2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway Hexie</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH1" title="China Railway CRH1">CRH1A, 1B, 1E</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">2A, 2B, 2E, 2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH5" title="China Railway CRH5">5A, 5E, 5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway Fuxing CR300AF, CR300BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_2" title="ICE 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_4_(Deutsche_Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)">4</a> (ICx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">New Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_120_/_121" title="Renfe Class 120 / 121">Renfe Class 120, 121</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_130" title="Renfe Class 130">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_501" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 501">SBB RABe 501</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_503" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 503">RABe 503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 200</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300</a>, <a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700</a>, <a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800</a>, <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2</a>, <a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7/W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT65000" title="TCDD HT65000">TCDD HT65000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (original)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">La Poste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_V250" title="AnsaldoBreda V250">V250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">200–249 km/h (124–155 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">ACS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_180" title="British Rail Class 180">Adelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">APT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_DJJ1" title="China Railway DJJ1">China Railway DJJ1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway Hexie</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH6" title="China Railway CRH6">CRH6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway Fuxing</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR200J" title="China Railway CR200J">CR200J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER200" title="ER200">ER200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier-Alstom_HHP-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier-Alstom HHP-8">HHP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC4" title="IC4">IC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS_Intercity_Nieuwe_Generatie" title="NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie">ICNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterCity_225" title="InterCity 225">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_T" title="ICE T">ICE T</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_TD" title="ICE TD">TD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_L" title="ICE L">ICE L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_71" title="NSB Class 71">NSB Class 71 (Flytoget)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_73" title="NSB Class 73">NSB Class 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_Flirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadler Flirt">NSB Class 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railjet" title="Railjet">Railjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Regina" title="Bombardier Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen series 0</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400</a>, <a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB_RABDe_500" title="SBB RABDe 500">SBB RABDe 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Re_460" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460">Re 460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SC-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SCB-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_2000" title="X 2000">X 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/SJ_X40" title="SJ X40">SJ X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-TER_(Z_21500)" title="Z-TER (Z 21500)">Z-TER (Z 21500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(train)" title="Sokol (train)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">British Rail Classes 800</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_801" title="British Rail Class 801">801</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">802</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_803" title="British Rail Class 803">803</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_805" title="British Rail Class 805">805</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_807" title="British Rail Class 807">807</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_810" title="British Rail Class 810">810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo XXI">Talgo XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Voyager/Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3_(train)" title="X3 (train)">X3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_and_prototype_high-speed_trains" title="Category:Experimental and prototype high-speed trains">Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">High-speed railway line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By countries and territories planned networks in italics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Boraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Boraq">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt" title="High-speed rail in Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires%E2%80%93Rosario%E2%80%93C%C3%B3rdoba_high-speed_railway" title="Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Brazil" title="High-speed rail in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Canada" title="High-speed rail in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Mexico" title="High-speed rail in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran%E2%80%93Qom%E2%80%93Isfahan_High_Speed_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran–Qom–Isfahan High Speed Rail">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad%E2%80%93Basra_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad–Basra high-speed rail line">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Kazakhstan" title="High-speed rail in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan" title="High-speed rail in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_express_railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South express railway (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Austria" title="High-speed rail in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Croatia" title="High-speed rail in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="High-speed rail in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Latvia" title="High-speed rail in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Portugal" title="High-speed rail in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aerial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpack_helicopter" title="Backpack helicopter">Backpack helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_drone" title="Delivery drone">Delivery drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_platform_station" title="High-altitude platform station">High-altitude platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_pack" title="Jet pack">Jet pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">Supersonic transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airless_tire" title="Airless tire">Airless tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-effect_train" title="Ground-effect train">Ground-effect train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maglev train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_(automobile)" title="Platoon (automobile)">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_Elevated_Bus" title="Transit Elevated Bus">Transit Elevated Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_communication_systems" title="Vehicular communication systems">Vehicular communication systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_tube" title="Pneumatic tube">Pneumatic transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_vacuum_collection" title="Automated vacuum collection">Automated vacuum collection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160047#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036988-2">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maglev&oldid=1256768370">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maglev&oldid=1256768370</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maglev" title="Category:Maglev">Maglev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrodynamics" title="Category:Electrodynamics">Electrodynamics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_and_prototype_high-speed_trains" title="Category:Experimental and prototype high-speed trains">Experimental and prototype high-speed trains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magnetic_propulsion_devices" title="Category:Magnetic propulsion devices">Magnetic propulsion devices</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014">Use dmy dates from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_May_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from May 2023">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2008" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_January_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_minor_POV_problems" title="Category:All articles with minor POV problems">All articles with minor POV problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from October 2012">Articles with minor POV problems from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2018">Articles needing additional references from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 13:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maglev&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szrlp","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.487","walltime":"2.756","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19618,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":580215,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18747,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":51,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":802883,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2312.151 1 -total"," 53.09% 1227.505 2 Template:Reflist"," 26.82% 620.098 122 Template:Cite_web"," 10.91% 252.178 56 Template:Cite_news"," 7.24% 167.296 19 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.16% 142.415 8 Template:Navbox"," 6.09% 140.723 20 Template:Fix"," 5.96% 137.879 137 Template:Convert"," 3.64% 84.113 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.50% 80.894 1 Template:Maglev"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.462","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10011497,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","13.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","160","10.8"],["?","140","9.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.4"],["tostring","40","2.7"],["rawset","40","2.7"],["[others]","300","20.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-vqkvc","timestamp":"20241122141023","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Maglev","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maglev","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160047","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160047","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-14T14:41:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T13:38:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8b\/Transrapid_09.jpg","headline":"system of train transportation that uses two sets of magnets"}</script> </body> </html>