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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>First experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_aspirations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_aspirations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>High-speed aspirations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_aspirations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_interurbans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_interurbans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>High-speed interurbans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_interurbans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_German_high-speed_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_German_high-speed_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Early German high-speed network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_German_high-speed_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Streamliners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Streamliners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>American Streamliners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Streamliners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_electric_and_the_last_steam_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_electric_and_the_last_steam_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Italian electric and the last steam record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_electric_and_the_last_steam_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_the_Talgo_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_the_Talgo_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Introduction of the Talgo system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_the_Talgo_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_above_300_km/h_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_above_300_km/h_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>First above 300 km/h developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_above_300_km/h_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakthrough:_Shinkansen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakthrough:_Shinkansen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Breakthrough: Shinkansen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakthrough:_Shinkansen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_research_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_research_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Japanese research and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_research_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_narrow-gauge_Japanese_high-speed_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_narrow-gauge_Japanese_high-speed_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>First narrow-gauge Japanese high-speed service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_narrow-gauge_Japanese_high-speed_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_new_train_on_a_new_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_new_train_on_a_new_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>A new train on a new line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_new_train_on_a_new_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_rail_for_the_masses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_rail_for_the_masses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>High-speed rail for the masses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_rail_for_the_masses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Future developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_and_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Europe and North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_demonstrations_at_200_km/h_(120_mph)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_demonstrations_at_200_km/h_(120_mph)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>First demonstrations at 200 km/h (120 mph)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_demonstrations_at_200_km/h_(120_mph)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Capitole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Capitole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span><i>Le Capitole</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_Capitole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_Metroliner_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Metroliner_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>US Metroliner trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Metroliner_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom,_Italy_and_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom,_Italy_and_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>United Kingdom, Italy and Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom,_Italy_and_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Evolution in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Expansion in East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_CRH_and_CR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_CRH_and_CR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Chinese CRH and CR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_CRH_and_CR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_KTX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_KTX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>South Korean KTX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_KTX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan_HSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan_HSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Taiwan HSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan_HSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Middle East and Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Uzbekistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Network</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Network-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Network subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road-rail_parallel_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road-rail_parallel_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Road-rail parallel layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-rail_parallel_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Track_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Track sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freight_high-speed_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freight_high-speed_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Freight high-speed rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freight_high-speed_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolling_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolling_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rolling stock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_modes_of_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_modes_of_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with other modes of transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_modes_of_transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other modes of transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_modes_of_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optimal_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimal_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Optimal distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimal_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_shares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_shares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Market shares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_shares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Energy efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobiles_and_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobiles_and_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Automobiles and buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobiles_and_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Air travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HSR_Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSR_Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>HSR Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HSR_Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.4</span> <span>Trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Accidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1998_Eschede_accident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_Eschede_accident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1998 Eschede accident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_Eschede_accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_Wenzhou_accident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_Wenzhou_accident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>2011 Wenzhou accident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_Wenzhou_accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013_Santiago_de_Compostela_accident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_Santiago_de_Compostela_accident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>2013 Santiago de Compostela accident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_Santiago_de_Compostela_accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_Eckwersheim_accident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_Eckwersheim_accident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>2015 Eckwersheim accident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_Eckwersheim_accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_Ankara_train_collision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_Ankara_train_collision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>2018 Ankara train collision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_Ankara_train_collision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_Lodi_derailment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_Lodi_derailment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>2020 Lodi derailment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_Lodi_derailment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ridership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ridership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ridership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_speed_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_speed_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Absolute speed record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_speed_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overall_rail_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_rail_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1.1</span> <span>Overall rail record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_rail_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventional_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1.2</span> <span>Conventional rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maximum_speed_in_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximum_speed_in_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Maximum speed in service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximum_speed_in_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levitation_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levitation_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2.1</span> <span>Levitation trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levitation_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventional_rail_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional_rail_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2.2</span> <span>Conventional rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional_rail_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Service distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existing_systems_by_country_and_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_systems_by_country_and_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Existing systems by country and region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Existing_systems_by_country_and_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Existing systems by country and region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Existing_systems_by_country_and_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.5</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.6</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.7</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.8</span> <span>Uzbekistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morocco_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.5</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.6</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.7</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.8</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.9</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.10</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-city_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-city_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Inter-city effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-city_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Closures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">High-speed rail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93ahflyhtetr%C7%A3g" title="Hēahflyhtetrǣg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hēahflyhtetrǣg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="سكة حديدية فائقة السرعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكة حديدية فائقة السرعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCr%C9%99t_qatar%C4%B1" title="Sürət qatarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sürət qatarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="উচ্চ-গতির রেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চ-গতির রেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karita_bakahancapan_tinggi" title="Karita bakahancapan tinggi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Karita bakahancapan tinggi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-sok_thih-l%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Ko-sok thih-lō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-sok thih-lō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Високоскоростен железопътен транспорт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Високоскоростен железопътен транспорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voz_velike_brzine" title="Voz velike brzine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Voz velike brzine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_velocitat_ferrovi%C3%A0ria" title="Alta velocitat ferroviària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alta velocitat ferroviària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysokorychlostn%C3%AD_tra%C5%A5" title="Vysokorychlostní trať – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vysokorychlostní trať" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr" title="Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_velocidad_ferroviaria" title="Alta velocidad ferroviaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alta velocidad ferroviaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrapida_fervojo" title="Altrapida fervojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altrapida fervojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiadura_handiko_trenbide" title="Abiadura handiko trenbide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abiadura handiko trenbide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="قطار تندرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطار تندرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_vitesse_ferroviaire" title="Grande vitesse ferroviaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande vitesse ferroviaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4-suk_thiet-lu" title="Kô-suk thiet-lu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kô-suk thiet-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%86%8D%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84" title="고속철도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고속철도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="तीव्र गति रेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तीव्र गति रेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlak_velikih_brzina" title="Vlak velikih brzina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlak velikih brzina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_kecepatan_tinggi" title="Kereta kecepatan tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kereta kecepatan tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1hra%C3%B0alest" title="Háhraðalest – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háhraðalest" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_velocit%C3%A0_ferroviaria" title="Alta velocità ferroviaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alta velocità ferroviaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="רכבת מהירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכבת מהירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%97_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಅತಿವೇಗ ರೈಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅತಿವೇಗ ರೈಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_Tooth_Bras" title="Tren Tooth Bras – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tren Tooth Bras" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAna_lezg%C3%AEn" title="Trêna lezgîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Trêna lezgîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treno_de_alto_prestor" title="Treno de alto prestor – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Treno de alto prestor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greitasis_traukinys" title="Greitasis traukinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Greitasis traukinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_velocit%C3%A0_ferroviaria" title="Alta velocità ferroviaria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alta velocità ferroviaria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagysebess%C3%A9g%C5%B1_vas%C3%BAt" title="Nagysebességű vasút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagysebességű vasút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അതിവേഗതീവണ്ടികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിവേഗതീവണ്ടികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="द्रुतगती रेल्वे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रुतगती रेल्वे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%87" title="السكه الحديد فايقة السرعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السكه الحديد فايقة السرعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="उच्च गति रेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उच्च गति रेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="高速鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高速鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yhastighetsbane" title="Høyhastighetsbane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyhastighetsbane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8gfartstog" title="Høgfartstog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høgfartstog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolej_du%C5%BCych_pr%C4%99dko%C5%9Bci" title="Kolej dużych prędkości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolej dużych prędkości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_velocidade_ferrovi%C3%A1ria" title="Alta velocidade ferroviária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alta velocidade ferroviária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cale_ferat%C4%83_de_mare_vitez%C4%83" title="Cale ferată de mare viteză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cale ferată de mare viteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Высокоскоростной наземный транспорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высокоскоростной наземный транспорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D2%95%D0%B0" title="Сыыдам суксурҕа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сыыдам суксурҕа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekurudha_me_shpejt%C3%ABsi_t%C3%AB_lart%C3%AB" title="Hekurudha me shpejtësi të lartë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hekurudha me shpejtësi të lartë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High-speed rail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysokor%C3%BDchlostn%C3%A1_%C5%BEeleznica" title="Vysokorýchlostná železnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vysokorýchlostná železnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitra_%C5%BEeleznica" title="Hitra železnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hitra železnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Воз великих брзина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Воз великих брзина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurnopeusjuna" title="Suurnopeusjuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suurnopeusjuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="รถไฟความเร็วสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fastest rail-based transport systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"High-speed train" redirects here. For the "High Speed Train" in the United Kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For fast railway services with speeds less than 200 km/h (125 mph), see <a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">High-speed rail</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N700a-Mt.Fuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/N700a-Mt.Fuji.jpg/300px-N700a-Mt.Fuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/N700a-Mt.Fuji.jpg/450px-N700a-Mt.Fuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/N700a-Mt.Fuji.jpg/600px-N700a-Mt.Fuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5240" data-file-height="3493" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a> high-speed line in Japan, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> in the background. The Tokaido Shinkansen, which connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, was the world's first high-speed rail line.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CR400BF-G-5168@IFP_(20210128114403).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114403%29.jpg/300px-CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114403%29.jpg/450px-CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114403%29.jpg/600px-CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6162" data-file-height="4108" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">High-speed trains operated by <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Chaoyang_railway_station" title="Beijing Chaoyang railway station">Beijing Chaoyang railway station</a>; China has the most extensive high-speed rail network in the world.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>High-speed rail</b> (<b>HSR</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> network utilizing <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a> that run significantly faster than those of traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialized <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> and dedicated <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">tracks</a>. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, lines built to handle speeds above 250 km/h (155 mph) or upgraded lines in excess of 200 km/h (125 mph) are widely considered to be high-speed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first high-speed rail system, the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a>, began operations in <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, Japan, in 1964. Due to the streamlined <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">spitzer</a>-shaped <a href="/wiki/Nose_cone" title="Nose cone">nose cone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">trains</a>, the system also became known by its English nickname <b>bullet train</b>. Japan's example was followed by several European countries, initially in <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway" title="Florence–Rome high-speed railway">Direttissima</a> line, followed shortly thereafter by <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a>. Today, much of Europe has an <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">extensive network</a> with numerous international connections. More recent construction since the 21st century has led to China taking a leading role in high-speed rail. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China's HSR network</a> accounted for over two-thirds of the world's total. </p><p>In addition to these, many other countries have developed high-speed rail infrastructure to connect major cities, including: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Austria" title="High-speed rail in Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/P.A.Th.E./P." title="P.A.Th.E./P.">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Morocco">Morocco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Portugal" title="High-speed rail in Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest-Belgrade_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest-Belgrade railway">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan" title="High-speed rail in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. Only in continental Europe and Asia does high-speed rail cross international borders.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-speed trains mostly operate on <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> tracks of <a href="/wiki/Continuously_welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuously welded rail">continuously welded rail</a> on <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights of way</a> with large <a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">radii</a>. However, certain regions with <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">wider legacy railways</a>, including Russia and Uzbekistan, have sought to develop a high-speed railway network in <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">Russian gauge</a>. There are no <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a> high-speed railways. Countries whose legacy network is entirely or mostly of a different gauge than 1435mm – including Japan and Spain – have however often opted to build their high speed lines to standard gauge instead of the legacy railway gauge. </p><p>High-speed rail is the fastest and most efficient ground-based method of commercial transportation. However, due to requirements for large track curves, gentle gradients and grade separated track the construction of high-speed rail is more costly than conventional rail and therefore does not always present an economical advantage over conventional speed rail. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span 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on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_train" title="Shuttle train">Shuttle trains</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Special systems</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FS_ETR.500_pair%2C_Firenze_S.M.N._%281%29.JPG/220px-FS_ETR.500_pair%2C_Firenze_S.M.N._%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FS_ETR.500_pair%2C_Firenze_S.M.N._%281%29.JPG/330px-FS_ETR.500_pair%2C_Firenze_S.M.N._%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FS_ETR.500_pair%2C_Firenze_S.M.N._%281%29.JPG/440px-FS_ETR.500_pair%2C_Firenze_S.M.N._%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A pair of Italian FS' <a href="/wiki/ETR_500" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 500">ETR 500</a> at <a href="/wiki/Firenze_Santa_Maria_Novella_railway_station" title="Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station">Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station</a>. The version ETR 500 Y1 achieved 362 km/h (225 mph) on the Bologna-Florence line on 4 February 2009, a new world speed record in a tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-FS355record_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS355record-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple definitions for high-speed rail are in use worldwide. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">European Union Directive</a> 96/48/EC, Annex 1 (see also <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_high-speed_rail_network" title="Trans-European high-speed rail network">Trans-European high-speed rail network</a>) defines high-speed rail in terms of: </p> <dl><dt>Infrastructure</dt> <dd>Track built specially for high-speed travel or specially upgraded for high-speed travel.</dd> <dt>Minimum speed limit</dt> <dd>Minimum speed of 250 km/h (155 mph) on lines specially built for high speed <i>and</i> of about 200 km/h (124 mph) on existing lines which have been specially upgraded. This must apply to at least one section of the line. Rolling stock must be able to reach a speed of at least 200 km/h to be considered high speed.</dd> <dt>Operating conditions</dt> <dd>Rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility, safety and quality of service.<sup id="cite_ref-GeneralDefinition-EU_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneralDefinition-EU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a> (UIC) identifies three categories of high-speed rail:<sup id="cite_ref-Pyrgidis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyrgidis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Category I</dt> <dd>New tracks specially constructed for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 250 km/h (155 mph).</dd> <dt>Category II</dt> <dd>Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h (124 mph).</dd> <dt>Category III</dt> <dd>Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h, but with some sections having a lower allowable speed (for example due to topographic constraints, or passage through urban areas).</dd></dl> <p>A third definition of high-speed and very high-speed rail<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires simultaneous fulfilment of the following two conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-Pyrgidis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyrgidis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Maximum achievable running speed in excess of 200 km/h (124 mph), or 250 km/h (155 mph) for very high-speed,</li> <li>Average running speed across the corridor in excess of 150 km/h (93 mph), or 200 km/h (124 mph) for very high-speed.</li></ol> <p>The UIC prefers to use "definitions" (plural) because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high-speed rail, nor even standard usage of the terms ("high speed", or "very high speed"). They make use of the European EC Directive 96/48, stating that high speed is a combination of all the elements which constitute the system: infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-GeneralDefinition-EU_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneralDefinition-EU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a> states that high-speed rail is a set of unique features, not merely a train travelling above a particular speed. Many conventionally hauled trains are able to reach 200 km/h (124 mph) in commercial service but are not considered to be high-speed trains. These include the French <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercit%C3%A9s" title="Intercités">Intercités</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">DB</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)" title="Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)">IC</a>. </p><p>The criterion of 200 km/h (124 mph) is selected for several reasons; above this speed, the impacts of geometric defects are intensified, track adhesion is decreased, aerodynamic resistance is greatly increased, pressure fluctuations within tunnels cause passenger discomfort, and it becomes difficult for drivers to identify trackside signalling.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyrgidis_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyrgidis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard signaling equipment is often limited to speeds below 200 km/h (124 mph), with the traditional limits of 127 km/h (79 mph) in the US, 160 km/h (99 mph) in Germany and 125 mph (201 km/h) in Britain. Above those speeds <a href="/wiki/Positive_train_control" title="Positive train control">positive train control</a> or the <a href="/wiki/European_Train_Control_System" title="European Train Control System">European Train Control System</a> becomes necessary or legally mandatory. </p><p>National domestic standards may vary from the international ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long-distance passenger traffic until the development of the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">motor car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airliners" class="mw-redirect" title="Airliners">airliners</a> in the early-mid 20th century. Speed had always been an important factor for railroads and they constantly tried to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. Rail transportation in the late 19th century was not much slower than non-high-speed trains today, and many railroads regularly operated relatively fast <i>express</i> trains which averaged speeds of around 100 km/h (62 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_research">Early research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STES-AEG_Versuchstriebwagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/STES-AEG_Versuchstriebwagen.jpg/220px-STES-AEG_Versuchstriebwagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/STES-AEG_Versuchstriebwagen.jpg/330px-STES-AEG_Versuchstriebwagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/STES-AEG_Versuchstriebwagen.jpg/440px-STES-AEG_Versuchstriebwagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>The German 1903 record holder</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_experiments">First experiments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-speed rail development began in Germany in 1899 when the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_state_railways" title="Prussian state railways">Prussian state railway</a> joined with ten electrical and engineering firms and electrified 72 km (45 mi) of military owned railway between <a href="/wiki/Marienfelde" title="Marienfelde">Marienfelde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zossen" title="Zossen">Zossen</a>. The line used <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">three-phase current</a> at <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">10 kilovolts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">45 Hz</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Van der Zypen & Charlier company of <a href="/wiki/Deutz,_Cologne" title="Deutz, Cologne">Deutz, Cologne</a> built two railcars, one fitted with electrical equipment from <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens-Halske</a>, the second with equipment from <i><a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft</a></i> (AEG), that were tested on the <a href="/wiki/Marienfelde" title="Marienfelde">Marienfelde</a>–<a href="/wiki/Zossen" title="Zossen">Zossen</a> line during 1902 and 1903 (see <a href="/wiki/Experimental_three-phase_railcar" title="Experimental three-phase railcar">Experimental three-phase railcar</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 23 October 1903, the S&H-equipped railcar achieved a speed of 206.7 km/h (128.4 mph) and on 27 October the AEG-equipped railcar achieved 210.2 km/h (130.6 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-wrf_sith_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrf_sith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high-speed rail; however, regularly scheduled electric high-speed rail travel was still more than 30 years away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-speed_aspirations">High-speed aspirations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High-speed aspirations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the breakthrough of electric railroads, it was clearly the infrastructure – especially the cost of it – which hampered the introduction of high-speed rail. Several disasters happened – derailments, head-on collisions on single-track lines, collisions with road traffic at grade crossings, etc. The physical laws were well-known, i.e. if the speed was doubled, the curve radius should be quadrupled; the same was true for the acceleration and braking distances. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky.jpg/170px-K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky.jpg/255px-K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Károly Zipernowsky</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891 engineer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky" title="Károly Zipernowsky">Károly Zipernowsky</a> proposed a high-speed line from Vienna to Budapest for electric railcars at 250 km/h (160 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrettek197547_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrettek197547-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893 Wellington Adams proposed an <a href="/wiki/Air-line_railroad" title="Air-line railroad">air-line</a> from Chicago to St. Louis of 252 miles (406 km),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196827_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196827-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a speed of only 160 km/h (99 mph). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNY_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CNY_map.png/310px-CNY_map.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CNY_map.png/465px-CNY_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CNY_map.png/620px-CNY_map.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>1907 map showing the projected Chicago–New York Electric Air Line Railroad</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander C. Miller had greater ambitions. In 1906, he launched the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago-New_York_Electric_Air_Line_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-New York Electric Air Line Railroad">Chicago-New York Electric Air Line Railroad</a></i> project to reduce the running time between the two big cities to ten hours by using electric 160 km/h (99 mph) locomotives. After seven years of effort, however, less than 50 km (31 mi) of arrow-straight track was finished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196827_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196827-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A part of the line is still used as one of the last interurbans in the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-speed_interurbans">High-speed interurbans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: High-speed interurbans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, some of the <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurbans</a> (i.e. trams or <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcars</a> which run from city to city) of the early 20th century were very high-speed for their time (also Europe had and still does have some interurbans). Several high-speed rail technologies have their origin in the interurban field. </p><p>In 1903 – 30 years before the conventional railways started to streamline their trains – the officials of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition organised the Electric Railway Test Commission to conduct a series of tests to develop a carbody design that would reduce wind resistance at high speeds. A long series of tests was carried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196868_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196868-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Car_Company" title="St. Louis Car Company">St. Louis Car Company</a> built a railcar for the traction magnate <a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Huntington" title="Henry E. Huntington">Henry E. Huntington</a>, capable of speeds approaching 160 km/h (100 mph). Once it ran 32 km (20 mi) between Los Angeles and Long Beach in 15 minutes, an average speed of 130 km/h (80 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196860_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196860-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was too heavy for much of the tracks, so <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Car_Company" title="Cincinnati Car Company">Cincinnati Car Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._G._Brill_Company" title="J. G. Brill Company">J. G. Brill</a> and others pioneered lightweight constructions, use of aluminium alloys, and low-level <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a> which could operate smoothly at extremely high speeds on rough interurban tracks. <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Licensing_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Licensing Corporation">Westinghouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> designed motors compact enough to be mounted on the bogies. From 1930 on, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Devil_(interurban)" title="Red Devil (interurban)">Red Devils</a> from Cincinnati Car Company and a some other interurban rail cars reached about 145 km/h (90 mph) in commercial traffic. The Red Devils weighed only 22 tons though they could seat 44 passengers. </p><p>Extensive <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> research – the first in the railway industry – was done before J. G. Brill in 1931 built the <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(interurban)" title="Bullet (interurban)">Bullet</a> cars for <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Western_Railroad" title="Philadelphia and Western Railroad">Philadelphia and Western Railroad</a> (P&W). They were capable of running at 148 km/h (92 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196872_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196872-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them were almost 60 years in service.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P&W's <a href="/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line" title="Norristown High Speed Line">Norristown High Speed Line</a> is still in use, almost 110 years after P&W in 1907 opened their double-track Upper Darby–Strafford line without a single grade crossing with roads or other railways. The entire line was governed by an absolute block signal system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196810_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton196810-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_German_high-speed_network">Early German high-speed network</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early German high-speed network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14151,_%22Fliegender_Hamburger%22,_DRG_778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14151%2C_%22Fliegender_Hamburger%22%2C_DRG_778.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14151%2C_%22Fliegender_Hamburger%22%2C_DRG_778.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14151%2C_%22Fliegender_Hamburger%22%2C_DRG_778.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14151%2C_%22Fliegender_Hamburger%22%2C_DRG_778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14151%2C_%22Fliegender_Hamburger%22%2C_DRG_778.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14151%2C_%22Fliegender_Hamburger%22%2C_DRG_778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>The German Fliegender Hamburger</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 May 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft</a> company introduced the diesel-powered "<a href="/wiki/DRG_Class_SVT_877" title="DRG Class SVT 877">Fliegender Hamburger</a>" in regular service between <a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Hamburg_Railway" title="Berlin–Hamburg Railway">Hamburg and Berlin</a> (286 km or 178 mi), thereby achieving a new top speed for a regular service, with a top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). This train was a streamlined multi-powered unit, albeit diesel, and used <a href="/wiki/Jakobs_bogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobs bogie">Jakobs bogies</a>. </p><p>Following the success of the Hamburg line, the steam-powered <a href="/wiki/Henschel-Wegmann_Train" title="Henschel-Wegmann Train">Henschel-Wegmann Train</a> was developed and introduced in June 1936 for service from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, with a regular top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). Incidentally no train service since the cancelation of this express train in 1939 has traveled between the two cities in a faster time as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In August 2019, the travel time between <a href="/wiki/Dresden-Neustadt_station" title="Dresden-Neustadt station">Dresden-Neustadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin-S%C3%BCdkreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Südkreuz">Berlin-Südkreuz</a> was 102 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Dresden_railway" title="Berlin–Dresden railway">Berlin–Dresden railway</a>. </p><p>Further development allowed the usage of these "Fliegenden Züge" (flying trains) on a rail network across Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The "Diesel-Schnelltriebwagen-Netz" (diesel high-speed-vehicle network) had been in the planning since 1934 but it never reached its envisaged size. </p><p>All high-speed service stopped in August 1939 shortly before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Streamliners">American Streamliners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American Streamliners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twin_Cities_Zephyr_Oregon_Illinois_early_1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Twin_Cities_Zephyr_Oregon_Illinois_early_1940s.jpg/220px-Twin_Cities_Zephyr_Oregon_Illinois_early_1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Twin_Cities_Zephyr_Oregon_Illinois_early_1940s.jpg/330px-Twin_Cities_Zephyr_Oregon_Illinois_early_1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Twin_Cities_Zephyr_Oregon_Illinois_early_1940s.jpg/440px-Twin_Cities_Zephyr_Oregon_Illinois_early_1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Burlington <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Zephyr" title="Pioneer Zephyr">Zephyr</a></i> passenger train</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 May 1934, one year after Fliegender Hamburger introduction, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">Burlington Railroad</a> set an average speed record on long distance with their new streamlined train, the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Zephyr" title="Pioneer Zephyr">Zephyr</a>, at 124 km/h (77 mph) with peaks at 185 km/h (115 mph). The Zephyr was made of stainless steel and, like the Fliegender Hamburger, was diesel powered, articulated with <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">Jacobs bogies</a>, and could reach 160 km/h (99 mph) as commercial speed. </p><p>The new service was inaugurated 11 November 1934, traveling between <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a>, but at a lower speed than the record, on average speed 74 km/h (46 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-meanspeed1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meanspeed1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad">Milwaukee Road</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha_(passenger_train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiawatha (passenger train)">Morning Hiawatha</a> service, hauled at 160 km/h (99 mph) by steam locomotives. In 1939, the largest railroad of the world, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> introduced a duplex steam engine <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_S1" title="Pennsylvania Railroad class S1">Class S1</a>, which was designed to be capable of hauling 1200 tons passenger trains at 161 km/h (100 mph). The S1 engine was assigned to power the popular all-coach overnight premier train <a href="/wiki/Trail_Blazer_(passenger_train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail Blazer (passenger train)">the Trail Blazer</a> between New York and Chicago since the late 1940s and it consistently reached 161 km/h (100 mph) in its service life. These were the last "high-speed" trains to use steam power. In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Zephyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities Zephyr">Twin Cities Zephyr</a> entered service, from Chicago to Minneapolis, with an average speed of 101 km/h (63 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-meanspeed2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meanspeed2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these streamliners posted travel times comparable to or even better than their modern <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> successors, which are limited to 127 km/h (79 mph) top speed on most of the network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_electric_and_the_last_steam_record">Italian electric and the last steam record</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italian electric and the last steam record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rimessa_ferroviaria_pistoia_61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rimessa_ferroviaria_pistoia_61.jpg/220px-Rimessa_ferroviaria_pistoia_61.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rimessa_ferroviaria_pistoia_61.jpg/330px-Rimessa_ferroviaria_pistoia_61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rimessa_ferroviaria_pistoia_61.jpg/440px-Rimessa_ferroviaria_pistoia_61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Italian <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_200" title="FS Class ETR 200">ETR 200</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The German high-speed service was followed in Italy in 1938 with an electric-multiple-unit <a href="/wiki/ETR_200" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 200">ETR 200</a>, designed for 200 km/h (120 mph), between Bologna and Naples. It too reached 160 km/h (99 mph) in commercial service, and achieved a world mean speed record of 203 km/h (126 mph) between Florence and Milan in 1938. </p><p>In Great Britain in the same year, the streamlined <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> <i><a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard" title="LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard">Mallard</a></i> achieved the official <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world speed record</a> for <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> at 202.58 km/h (125.88 mph). The external combustion engines and boilers on steam locomotives were large, heavy and time and labor-intensive to maintain, and the days of steam for high speed were numbered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduction_of_the_Talgo_system">Introduction of the Talgo system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Introduction of the Talgo system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, a Spanish engineer, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Goicoechea" title="Alejandro Goicoechea">Alejandro Goicoechea</a>, developed a streamlined, articulated train that was able to run on existing tracks at higher speeds than contemporary passenger trains. This was achieved by providing the locomotive and cars with a unique <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> system that used one axle set per car end, connected by a Y-bar coupler. Amongst other advantages, the centre of mass was only half as high as usual.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system became famous under the name of <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> (<i>Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea Oriol</i>), and for half a century was the main Spanish provider of high-speed trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_above_300_km/h_developments"><span id="First_above_300_km.2Fh_developments"></span>First above 300 km/h developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First above 300 km/h developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNCF_CC_7102_Pk42_Le_Mee_sur_Seine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SNCF_CC_7102_Pk42_Le_Mee_sur_Seine.jpg/220px-SNCF_CC_7102_Pk42_Le_Mee_sur_Seine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SNCF_CC_7102_Pk42_Le_Mee_sur_Seine.jpg/330px-SNCF_CC_7102_Pk42_Le_Mee_sur_Seine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SNCF_CC_7102_Pk42_Le_Mee_sur_Seine.jpg/440px-SNCF_CC_7102_Pk42_Le_Mee_sur_Seine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The French CC 7100, 1955 record holder</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1950s, the French National Railway started to receive their new powerful <a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_CC_7100" title="SNCF Class CC 7100">CC 7100</a> electric locomotives, and began to study and evaluate running at higher speeds. In 1954, the CC 7121 hauling a full train achieved a record 243 km/h (151 mph) during a test on standard track. The next year, two specially tuned electric locomotives, the CC 7107 and the prototype BB 9004, broke previous speed records, reaching respectively 320 km/h (200 mph) and 331 km/h (206 mph), again on standard track.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time, 300 km/h (185 mph) was surpassed, allowing the idea of higher-speed services to be developed and further engineering studies commenced. Especially, during the 1955 records, a dangerous <a href="/wiki/Hunting_oscillation" title="Hunting oscillation">hunting oscillation</a>, the swaying of the <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a> which leads to dynamic instability and potential derailment was discovered. This problem was solved by <i><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper_(railroad)" title="Yaw damper (railroad)">yaw dampers</a></i> which enabled safe running at high speeds today. Research was also made about "current harnessing"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at high-speed by the pantographs, which was solved 20 years later by the Zébulon <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>'s prototype. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakthrough:_Shinkansen">Breakthrough: Shinkansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breakthrough: Shinkansen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_3000_SE_of_Odakyu_Electric_Railway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Model_3000_SE_of_Odakyu_Electric_Railway.JPG/220px-Model_3000_SE_of_Odakyu_Electric_Railway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Model_3000_SE_of_Odakyu_Electric_Railway.JPG/330px-Model_3000_SE_of_Odakyu_Electric_Railway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Model_3000_SE_of_Odakyu_Electric_Railway.JPG/440px-Model_3000_SE_of_Odakyu_Electric_Railway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Odakyu_3000_series_SE" title="Odakyu 3000 series SE">Odakyu 3000 series SE</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_series_Yurakucho_19670505.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/0_series_Yurakucho_19670505.jpg/220px-0_series_Yurakucho_19670505.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/0_series_Yurakucho_19670505.jpg/330px-0_series_Yurakucho_19670505.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/0_series_Yurakucho_19670505.jpg/440px-0_series_Yurakucho_19670505.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The original 0 series Shinkansen train. Introduced in 1964, it reached a speed of 210 km/h (130 mph).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E6-E5-Coupling_in_omiya_20130320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/E6-E5-Coupling_in_omiya_20130320.jpg/220px-E6-E5-Coupling_in_omiya_20130320.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/E6-E5-Coupling_in_omiya_20130320.jpg/330px-E6-E5-Coupling_in_omiya_20130320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/E6-E5-Coupling_in_omiya_20130320.jpg/440px-E6-E5-Coupling_in_omiya_20130320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption>E6 and E5 series Shinkansen models</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_research_and_development">Japanese research and development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese research and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With some 45 million people living in the densely populated Tokyo–<a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> corridor, congestion on road and rail became a serious problem after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHood200618–43_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHood200618–43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Japanese government began thinking about ways to transport people in and between cities. Because Japan was resource limited and did not want to import petroleum for security reasons, energy-efficient high-speed rail was an attractive potential solution. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japanese National Railways</a> (JNR) engineers began to study the development of a high-speed regular mass transit service. In 1955, they were present at the <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>'s Electrotechnology Congress in France, and during a 6-month visit, the head engineer of JNR accompanied the deputy director Marcel Tessier at the DETE (<a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> Electric traction study department).<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JNR engineers returned to Japan with a number of ideas and technologies they would use on their future trains, including alternating current for rail traction, and international standard gauge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_narrow-gauge_Japanese_high-speed_service">First narrow-gauge Japanese high-speed service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First narrow-gauge Japanese high-speed service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957, the engineers at the private <a href="/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway" title="Odakyu Electric Railway">Odakyu Electric Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Greater Tokyo Area</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Odakyu_3000_series_SE" title="Odakyu 3000 series SE">Odakyu 3000 series SE</a> EMU. This EMU set a world record for <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a> trains at 145 km/h (90 mph), giving the Odakyu engineers confidence they could safely and reliably build even faster trains at standard gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHood200618–43_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHood200618–43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional Japanese railways up until that point had largely been built in the <span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span>) <a href="/wiki/Cape_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape gauge">Cape gauge</a>, however widening the tracks to <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>)) would make very high-speed rail much simpler due to improved stability of the wider rail gauge, and thus <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> was adopted for high-speed service.<sup id="cite_ref-KIMT_2020-11-18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KIMT_2020-11-18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the sole exceptions of Russia, Finland, and Uzbekistan all high-speed rail lines in the world are still standard gauge, even in countries where the preferred gauge for legacy lines is different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_new_train_on_a_new_line">A new train on a new line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: A new train on a new line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new service, named <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> (meaning <i>new main line</i>) would provide a new alignment, 25% wider standard gauge utilising continuously welded rails between Tokyo and Osaka with new rolling stock, designed for 250 km/h (160 mph). However, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, whilst supporting the project, considered the design of the equipment as unproven for that speed, and set the maximum speed to 210 km/h (130 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After initial feasibility tests, the plan was fast-tracked and construction of the first section of the line started on 20 April 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, on the new track, test runs hit a top speed of 256 km/h (159 mph). Five years after the beginning of the construction work, in October 1964, just in time for the <a href="/wiki/1964_Tokyo_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 Tokyo Olympics">Olympic Games</a>, the first modern high-speed rail, the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a>, was opened between the two cities; a 510 km (320 mi) line between Tokyo and Ōsaka.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of its speeds, the Shinkansen earned international publicity and praise, and it was dubbed the "bullet train." </p><p>The first Shinkansen trains, the <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">0 Series Shinkansen</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki Heavy Industries</a> – in English often called "Bullet Trains", after the original Japanese name <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dangan Ressha</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弾丸列車</span></span>)</span> – outclassed the earlier fast trains in commercial service. They traversed the 515 km (320 mi) distance in 3 hours 10 minutes, reaching a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph) and sustaining an average speed of 162.8 km/h (101.2 mph) with stops at Nagoya and Kyoto.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-speed_rail_for_the_masses">High-speed rail for the masses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: High-speed rail for the masses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speed was not only a part of the Shinkansen revolution: the Shinkansen offered high-speed rail travel to the masses. The first <i>Bullet trains</i> had 12 cars and later versions had up to 16,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and double-deck trains further increased the capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After three years, more than 100 million passengers had used the trains, and the milestone of the first one billion passengers was reached in 1976. In 1972, the line was extended a further 161 km (100 mi), and further construction has resulted in the network expanding to 2,951 km (1,834 mi) of high speed lines as of 2024, with a further 211 km (131 mi) of extensions currently under construction and due to open in 2031. The cumulative patronage on the entire system since 1964 is over 10 billion, the equivalent of approximately 140% of the world's population, without a single train passenger fatality. (Suicides, passengers falling off the platforms, and industrial accidents have resulted in fatalities.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHood2006214_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHood2006214-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since their introduction, Japan's Shinkansen systems have been undergoing constant improvement, not only increasing line speeds. Over a dozen train models have been produced, addressing diverse issues such as <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnel boom">tunnel boom</a> noise, vibration, <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)#Aerodynamics" title="Drag (physics)">aerodynamic drag</a>, lines with lower patronage ("Mini shinkansen"), <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> safety, <a href="/wiki/Braking_distance" title="Braking distance">braking distance</a>, problems due to snow, and energy consumption (newer trains are twice as energy-efficient as the initial ones despite greater speeds).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR-Maglev-MLX01-901_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JR-Maglev-MLX01-901_001.jpg/220px-JR-Maglev-MLX01-901_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JR-Maglev-MLX01-901_001.jpg/330px-JR-Maglev-MLX01-901_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JR-Maglev-MLX01-901_001.jpg/440px-JR-Maglev-MLX01-901_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A maglev train on the Yamanashi Test Track, November 2005</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future_developments">Future developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Future developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After decades of research and successful testing on a 43 km (27 mi) test track, in 2014 JR Central began constructing a <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a> Shinkansen line, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="Chūō Shinkansen">Chūō Shinkansen</a>. These Maglev trains still have the traditional underlying tracks and the cars have wheels. This serves a practical purpose at stations and a safety purpose out on the lines in the event of a power failure. However, in normal operation, the wheels are raised up into the car as the train reaches certain speeds where the magnetic levitation effect takes over. It will link Tokyo and Osaka by 2037, with the section from Tokyo to Nagoya expected to be operational by 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximum speed is anticipated at 505 km/h (314 mph). The first generation train can be ridden by tourists visiting the test track. </p><p>China is developing two separate high-speed maglev systems. </p> <ul><li>the <i>CRRC 600</i>, is based on the <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> technology and is being developed by the <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a> under license from <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">Thyssen-Krupp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReOpenEmsland_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReOpenEmsland-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1.5 km (0.93 mi) test track has been operating since 2006 at the Jiading Campus of <a href="/wiki/Tongji_University" title="Tongji University">Tongji University</a>, northwest of Shanghai. A prototype vehicle was developed in 2019 and was tested in June 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2021 a four car train was unveiled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A high-speed test track is under development and in April 2021 there was consideration given to re-opening the Emsland test facility in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-ReOpenEmsland_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReOpenEmsland-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An incompatible system has been developed at <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University" title="Southwest Jiaotong University">Southwest Jiaotong University</a> in Chengdu, the design uses high-temperature super conducting magnets, which the university has been researching since 2000, and is capable of 620 km/h (390 mph). A prototype was demonstrated in January 2021 on a 165 m (180 yd) test track.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_North_America">Europe and North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Europe and North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:103_224%2BTEE_DDM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/103_224%2BTEE_DDM.jpg/220px-103_224%2BTEE_DDM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/103_224%2BTEE_DDM.jpg/330px-103_224%2BTEE_DDM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/103_224%2BTEE_DDM.jpg/440px-103_224%2BTEE_DDM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>The German <a href="/wiki/DB_Class_103" title="DB Class 103">DB Class 103</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_demonstrations_at_200_km/h_(120_mph)"><span id="First_demonstrations_at_200_km.2Fh_.28120_mph.29"></span>First demonstrations at 200 km/h (120 mph)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: First demonstrations at 200 km/h (120 mph)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, high-speed rail began during the International Transport Fair in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in June 1965, when Dr Öpfering, the director of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn" title="Deutsche Bundesbahn">Deutsche Bundesbahn</a> (German Federal Railways), performed 347 demonstrations at 200 km/h (120 mph) between Munich and <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> by <a href="/wiki/DB_Class_103" title="DB Class 103">DB Class 103</a> hauled trains. The same year the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rotrain" title="Aérotrain">Aérotrain</a>, a French hovercraft monorail train prototype, reached 200 km/h (120 mph) within days of operation.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Le_Capitole"><i>Le Capitole</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Le Capitole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spoorwegmuseum_Mulhouse_Capitole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spoorwegmuseum_Mulhouse_Capitole.jpg/220px-Spoorwegmuseum_Mulhouse_Capitole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spoorwegmuseum_Mulhouse_Capitole.jpg/330px-Spoorwegmuseum_Mulhouse_Capitole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spoorwegmuseum_Mulhouse_Capitole.jpg/440px-Spoorwegmuseum_Mulhouse_Capitole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_BB_9200" title="SNCF Class BB 9200">BB 9200</a> hauled <i>Le Capitole</i> at 200 km/h.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the successful introduction of the Japanese Shinkansen in 1964, at 210 km/h (130 mph), the German demonstrations up to 200 km/h (120 mph) in 1965, and the proof-of-concept jet-powered <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rotrain" title="Aérotrain">Aérotrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> ran its fastest trains at 160 km/h (99 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, French Infrastructure Minister <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Pisani" title="Edgard Pisani">Edgard Pisani</a> consulted engineers and gave the French National Railways twelve months to raise speeds to 200 km/h (120 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classic line Paris–<a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> was chosen, and fitted, to support 200 km/h (120 mph) rather than 140 km/h (87 mph). Some improvements were set, notably the signals system, development of on board "in-cab" signalling system, and curve revision. </p><p>The next year, in May 1967, a regular service at 200 km/h (120 mph) was inaugurated by the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Europ_Express" title="Trans Europ Express">TEE</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Capitole_(train)" title="Le Capitole (train)">Le Capitole</a></i> between Paris and <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, with specially adapted <a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_BB_9200" title="SNCF Class BB 9200">SNCF Class BB 9200</a> locomotives hauling classic UIC cars, and a full red livery.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It averaged 119 km/h (74 mph) over the 713 km (443 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rotrain" title="Aérotrain">Aérotrain</a> prototype 02 reached 345 km/h (214 mph) on a half-scale experimental track. In 1969, it achieved 422 km/h (262 mph) on the same track. On 5 March 1974, the full-scale commercial prototype Aérotrain I80HV, jet powered, reached 430 km/h (270 mph).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_Metroliner_trains">US Metroliner trains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: US Metroliner trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metroliner1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Metroliner1968.jpg/220px-Metroliner1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Metroliner1968.jpg/330px-Metroliner1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Metroliner1968.jpg/440px-Metroliner1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metroliner_(train)" title="Metroliner (train)">Metroliner</a> trains developed in the U.S. for rapid service between New York and Washington, DC</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, following the creation of Japan's first high-speed <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> as part of his <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> infrastructure building initiatives asked the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">Congress</a> to devise a way to increase speeds on the railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress delivered the <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Ground_Transportation_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965">High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965</a> which passed with overwhelming <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisan</a> support and helped to create regular <a href="/wiki/Metroliner_(train)" title="Metroliner (train)">Metroliner</a> service between New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. The new service was inaugurated in 1969, with top speeds of 200 km/h (120 mph) and averaging 145 km/h (90 mph) along the route, with the travel time as little as 2 hours 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1967 competition with a GE powered Metroliner on Penn Central's mainline, the <a href="/wiki/UAC_TurboTrain" title="UAC TurboTrain">United Aircraft Corporation TurboTrain</a> set a record of 275 km/h (171 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom,_Italy_and_Germany"><span id="United_Kingdom.2C_Italy_and_Germany"></span>United Kingdom, Italy and Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom, Italy and Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed rail in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etr500.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Etr500.JPG/220px-Etr500.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Etr500.JPG/330px-Etr500.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Etr500.JPG/440px-Etr500.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/ETR_500" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 500">ETR 500</a> train running on the <a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway" title="Florence–Rome high-speed railway">Florence–Rome high-speed line</a> near <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the first high-speed railway opened in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-op.europa.eu_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op.europa.eu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1976, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a> introduced a high-speed service able to reach 201 km/h (125 mph) using the <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">diesel-electric</a> trainsets under the brand name of High Speed Train (HST). It was the fastest diesel-powered train in regular service and it improved upon its 160 km/h (100 mph) forerunners in speed and acceleration. As of 2019 it is still in regular service as the fastest diesel-powered train.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The train was as a reversible multi-car set having driving power-cars at both ends and a fixed formation of passenger cars between them. Journey times were reduced by an hour for example on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a>, and passenger numbers increased.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019 many of these trains are still in service, private operators have often preferred to rebuild the units with new engines rather than replace them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to COVID-19, ridership of the UK's High Speed Intercity Services had exceeded 40 million journeys per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next year, in 1977, Germany finally introduced a new service at 200 km/h (120 mph), on the Munich–Augsburg line. That same year, Italy inaugurated the first European High-Speed line, the <i><a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway" title="Florence–Rome high-speed railway">Direttissima</a></i> between <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, designed for 250 km/h (160 mph), but used by <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_E444" class="mw-redirect" title="FS Class E444">FS E444</a> hauled train at 200 km/h (120 mph). In France this year also saw the abandonment for political reasons of the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rotrain" title="Aérotrain">Aérotrain</a> project, in favour of the <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_in_Europe">Evolution in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Evolution in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">High-speed rail in Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">High-speed rail in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_TAV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Italy_TAV.png/220px-Italy_TAV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Italy_TAV.png/330px-Italy_TAV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Italy_TAV.png/440px-Italy_TAV.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="2031" /></a><figcaption>Map of Italian high-speed and higher speed rail network</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frecciarossa_1000_nuova_livrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frecciarossa_1000_nuova_livrea.jpg/220px-Frecciarossa_1000_nuova_livrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frecciarossa_1000_nuova_livrea.jpg/330px-Frecciarossa_1000_nuova_livrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frecciarossa_1000_nuova_livrea.jpg/440px-Frecciarossa_1000_nuova_livrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane" title="Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane">FS</a>' <a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">Frecciarossa 1000</a> high speed train at <a href="/wiki/Milano_Centrale_railway_station" title="Milano Centrale railway station">Milano Centrale railway station</a>, with a maximum speed of 400 km/h (249 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the fastest trains in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italo_Evo_in_Venezia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Italo_Evo_in_Venezia.jpg/220px-Italo_Evo_in_Venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Italo_Evo_in_Venezia.jpg/330px-Italo_Evo_in_Venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Italo_Evo_in_Venezia.jpg/440px-Italo_Evo_in_Venezia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ETR_675" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 675">ETR 675</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrotreno_NTV_ETR.675" class="extiw" title="it:Elettrotreno NTV ETR.675">it</a>]</span> <i>Italo EVO</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Trasporto_Viaggiatori" title="Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori">NTV</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Venezia_Mestre_railway_station" title="Venezia Mestre railway station">Venezia Mestre railway station</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest European high-speed railway to be built was the Italian <a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway" title="Florence–Rome high-speed railway">Florence–Rome high-speed railway</a> (also called "Direttissima") in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-op.europa.eu_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op.europa.eu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-speed trains in Italy were developed during the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_E444" class="mw-redirect" title="FS Class E444">E444</a> locomotives were the first standard locomotives capable of top speed of 200 km/h (125 mph), while an <a href="/w/index.php?title=ALe_601&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALe 601 (page does not exist)">ALe 601</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_multiple_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical multiple unit">electrical multiple unit</a> (EMU) reached a speed of 240 km/h (150 mph) during a test. Other EMUs, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ETR_220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETR 220 (page does not exist)">ETR 220</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ETR_250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETR 250 (page does not exist)">ETR 250</a> and <a href="/wiki/ETR_300" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 300">ETR 300</a>, were also updated for speeds up to 200 km/h (125 mph). The braking systems of cars were updated to match the increased travelling speeds. </p><p>On 25 June 1970, work was started on the <a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence–Rome high-speed railway line">Rome–Florence <i>Direttissima</i></a>, the first high-speed line in Italy and in Europe. It included the 5,375-metre-long (3.340 mi) bridge on the <a href="/wiki/Paglia" title="Paglia">Paglia</a> river, then the longest in Europe. Works were completed in the early 1990s. </p><p>In 1975, a program for a widespread updating of the rolling stock was launched. However, as it was decided to put more emphasis on local traffic, this caused a shifting of resources from the ongoing high-speed projects, with their subsequent slowing or, in some cases, total abandonment. Therefore, 160 <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_E.656" title="FS Class E.656">E.656</a> electric and 35 <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_D.345" title="FS Class D.345">D.345</a> locomotives for short-medium range traffic were acquired, together with 80 EMUs of the <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ALe_801/940" title="FS Class ALe 801/940">ALe 801/940</a> class, 120 <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ALn_668" title="FS Class ALn 668">ALn 668</a> diesel railcars. Some 1,000 much-needed passenger and 7,000 freight cars were also ordered. </p><p>In the 1990s, work started on the <a href="/wiki/Treno_Alta_Velocit%C3%A0" title="Treno Alta Velocità">Treno Alta Velocità</a> (<i>TAV</i>) project, which involved building a new high-speed network on the routes <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> – (Bologna–Florence–Rome–Naples) – <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> – (Milan–Verona–Venice) – <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and Milan–<a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. Most of the planned lines have already been opened, while international links with France, Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> are underway. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Naples_high-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome–Naples high-speed railway line">Rome–Naples line</a> opened in December 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Turin%E2%80%93Milan_high-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin–Milan high-speed railway line">Turin–Milan line</a> partially opened in February 2006 and the <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Bologna_high-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan–Bologna high-speed railway line">Milan–Bologna line</a> opened in December 2008. The remaining sections of the Rome–Naples and the Turin–Milan lines and the <a href="/wiki/Bologna%E2%80%93Florence_high-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna–Florence high-speed railway line">Bologna–Florence line</a> were completed in December 2009. All these lines are designed for speeds up to 300 km/h (185 mph). Since then, it is possible to travel from Turin to Salerno (ca. 950 km (590 mi)) in less than 5 hours. More than 100 trains per day are operated.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other proposed high-speed lines are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salerno%E2%80%93Reggio_Calabria_high-speed_railway_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salerno–Reggio Calabria high-speed railway line (page does not exist)">Salerno-Reggio Calabria</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (connected to Sicily with the future <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge" title="Strait of Messina Bridge">bridge over the Strait of Messina</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo%E2%80%93Catania_high-speed_railway_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palermo–Catania high-speed railway line (page does not exist)">Palermo-Catania</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naples%E2%80%93Bari_high-speed_railway_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naples–Bari high-speed railway line (page does not exist)">Naples–Bari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main public operator of high-speed trains (<i>alta velocità AV</i>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Eurostar_Italia" title="Eurostar Italia">Eurostar Italia</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane" title="Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane">FSI</a>. Trains are divided into three categories (called "<a href="/wiki/Le_Frecce" title="Le Frecce">Le Frecce</a>"): <i><a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa" title="Frecciarossa">Frecciarossa</a></i> ("Red arrow") trains operate at a maximum of 300 km/h (185 mph) on dedicated high-speed tracks; <i><a href="/wiki/Frecciargento" title="Frecciargento">Frecciargento</a></i> (Silver arrow) trains operate at a maximum of 250 km/h (155 mph) on both high-speed and mainline tracks; <i><a href="/wiki/Frecciabianca" title="Frecciabianca">Frecciabianca</a></i> (White arrow) trains operate at a maximum of 200 km/h (125 mph) on mainline tracks only.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2012, a new and Italy's first private train operator, <a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Trasporto_Viaggiatori" title="Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori">NTV</a> (branded as Italo), run high-speed services in competition with <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a>. Even nowadays, Italy is the only country in Europe with a private high-speed train operator. </p><p>Construction of the Milan-Venice high-speed line has begun in 2013 and in 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Verona_high-speed_railway" title="Milan–Verona high-speed railway">Milan-Treviglio</a> section has been opened to passenger traffic; the Milan-Genoa high-speed line (Terzo Valico dei Giovi) is also under construction. </p><p>Today it is possible to travel from Rome to Milan in less than 3 hours (2h 55') with the <a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">Frecciarossa 1000</a>, the new high-speed train. To cover this route, there's a train every 30 minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">High-speed rail in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/TGV001.JPG/220px-TGV001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/TGV001.JPG/330px-TGV001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/TGV001.JPG/440px-TGV001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>One power-car of the gas-turbine prototype "TGV 001"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_de_Lyon_TGV_orange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gare_de_Lyon_TGV_orange.jpg/220px-Gare_de_Lyon_TGV_orange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gare_de_Lyon_TGV_orange.jpg/330px-Gare_de_Lyon_TGV_orange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gare_de_Lyon_TGV_orange.jpg/440px-Gare_de_Lyon_TGV_orange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3599" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption>The TGV Sud-Est, at the <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a>, in 1982</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg/220px-TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg/330px-TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg/440px-TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The TGV at 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_CC_7100" title="SNCF Class CC 7100">1955 records</a>, two divisions of the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> began to study high-speed services. In 1964, the DETMT (petrol-engine traction studies department of SNCF) investigated the use of <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a>: a diesel-powered railcar was modified with a gas-turbine, and was called "TGV" (Turbotrain Grande Vitesse).<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached 230 km/h (140 mph) in 1967, and served as a basis for the future Turbotrain and the real TGV. At the same time, the new "SNCF Research Department", created in 1966, was studying various projects, including one code-named "C03: Railways possibilities on new infrastructure (tracks)".<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, the "C03 project" was transferred to public administration while a contract with <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> was signed for the construction of two gas-turbine high-speed train prototypes, named "TGV 001". The prototype consisted of a set of five carriages, plus a <a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">power car</a> at each end, both powered by two gas-turbine engines. The sets used <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">Jacobs bogies</a>, which reduce drag and increase safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1970, the DETMT's <a href="/wiki/Turbotrain" title="Turbotrain">Turbotrain</a> began operations on the <a href="/wiki/Ligne_Paris-Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligne Paris-Caen">Paris–Cherbourg line</a>, and operated at 160 km/h (99 mph) despite being designed for usage at 200 km/h (120 mph). It used gas-turbine powered multiple elements and was the basis for future experimentation with TGV services, including shuttle services and regular high rate schedules.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, the "C03" project, now known as "TGV Sud-Est", was validated by the government, against Bertin's Aerotrain.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until this date, there was a rivalry between the French Land Settlement Commission (DATAR), supporting the Aérotrain, and the SNCF and its ministry, supporting conventional rail. The "C03 project" included a new High-Speed line between Paris and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, with new multi-engined trains running at 260 km/h (160 mph). At that time, the classic Paris-Lyon line was already congested and a new line was required; this busy corridor, neither too short (where high speeds give limited reductions in end to end times) nor too long (where planes are faster in city center to city center travel time), was the best choice for the new service. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> substantially increased oil prices. In the continuity of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a> "energy self-sufficiency" and nuclear-energy policy (<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Pierre Messmer</a> then French Prime Minister announced an ambitious buildout of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">nuclear power in France</a> in 1974), a ministry decision switched the future TGV from now costly gas-turbine to full electric energy in 1974. An electric railcar named <i>Zébulon</i> was developed for testing at very high speeds, reaching a speed of 306 km/h (190 mph). It was used to develop pantographs capable of withstanding speeds of over 300 km/h (185 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After intensive tests with the gas-turbine "TGV 001" prototype, and the electric "Zébulon", in 1977, the SNCF placed an order to the group <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>–<a href="/wiki/Francorail" title="Francorail">Francorail</a>–MTE for 87 <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</a> trainsets.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used the "TGV 001" concept, with a permanently coupled set of eight cars, sharing <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">Jacobs bogies</a>, and hauled by two electric-power cars, one at each end. </p><p>In 1981, the first section of the new <a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est" title="LGV Sud-Est">Paris–Lyon High-Speed line</a> was inaugurated, with a 260 km/h (160 mph) top speed (then 270 km/h (170 mph) soon after). Being able to use both dedicated high-speed and conventional lines, the TGV offered the ability to join every city in the country at shorter journey times.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the introduction of the TGV on some routes, air traffic on these routes decreased and in some cases disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-douviensTGV_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douviensTGV-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGV set a publicised <a href="/wiki/TGV_world_speed_record" title="TGV world speed record">speed records</a> in 1981 at 380 km/h (240 mph), in 1990 at 515 km/h (320 mph), and then in 2007 at 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph), although these were test speeds, rather than operation train speeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">High-speed rail in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_1_in_Augsburg-Hochzoll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ICE_1_in_Augsburg-Hochzoll.jpg/220px-ICE_1_in_Augsburg-Hochzoll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ICE_1_in_Augsburg-Hochzoll.jpg/330px-ICE_1_in_Augsburg-Hochzoll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ICE_1_in_Augsburg-Hochzoll.jpg/440px-ICE_1_in_Augsburg-Hochzoll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>The German <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">ICE 1</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/ETR_450" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 450">ETR 450</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direttissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Direttissima">Direttissima</a> in Italy and French <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>, in 1991 Germany was the third country in Europe to inaugurate a high-speed rail service, with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a> (ICE) on the new <a href="/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_railway" title="Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway">Hannover–Würzburg high-speed railway</a>, operating at a top speed of 280 km/h (170 mph). The German ICE train was similar to the TGV, with dedicated streamlined power cars at both ends, but a variable number of trailers between them. Unlike the TGV, the trailers had two conventional bogies per car, and could be uncoupled, allowing the train to be lengthened or shortened. This introduction was the result of ten years of study with the ICE-V prototype, originally called Intercity Experimental, which broke the world speed record in 1988, reaching 406 km/h (252 mph). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">High-speed rail in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ave.jpg/220px-Ave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ave.jpg/330px-Ave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ave.jpg/440px-Ave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/AVE_Class_102" class="mw-redirect" title="AVE Class 102">AVE Class 102 "Pato" (duck)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, just in time for the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">Barcelona Olympic Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville_Expo_%2792" title="Seville Expo '92">Seville Expo '92</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Seville_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line">Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line</a> opened in Spain with <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC" class="mw-redirect" title="25 kV AC">25 kV AC</a> electrification, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>, differing from all other Spanish lines which used <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">Iberian gauge</a>. This allowed the <a href="/wiki/AVE" title="AVE">AVE</a> rail service to begin operations using <a href="/wiki/AVE_Class_100" class="mw-redirect" title="AVE Class 100">Class 100</a> trainsets built by Alstom, directly derived in design from the French TGV trains. The service was very popular and development continued on <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">high-speed rail in Spain</a>. </p><p>In 2005, the Spanish government announced an ambitious plan, (PEIT 2005–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> envisioning that by 2020, 90 percent of the population would live within 50 km (30 mi) of a station served by <a href="/wiki/AVE" title="AVE">AVE</a>. Spain began building the largest HSR network in Europe: as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, five of the new lines have opened (Madrid–Zaragoza–Lleida–Tarragona–Barcelona, Córdoba–Malaga, Madrid–Toledo, Madrid–Segovia–Valladolid, Madrid–Cuenca–Valencia) and another 2,219 km (1,380 mi) were under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opened in early 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line" title="Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line">Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line</a> provides a link with neighbouring France with trains running to Paris, Lyon, Montpellier and Marseille. </p><p>As of May 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,966 km (2,464 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-ADIF_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADIF-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">second longest in the world</a>, after China's. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">High-speed rail in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HT80101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HT80101.jpg/220px-HT80101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HT80101.jpg/330px-HT80101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HT80101.jpg/440px-HT80101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, Turkey inaugurated a high-speed service between Ankara and <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been followed up by an <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> route, and the Eskisehir line has been extended to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (European part). In this extension, Europe and Asia were connected by an undersea tunnel, <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a> in the Bosphorus. The first connection between two continents in the world as a high-speed train line was made in Istanbul. The last station of this line in Europe is <a href="/wiki/Halkal%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkalı">Halkalı</a> station. An extension to Sivas was opened in April 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">High-speed rail in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acela_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Acela_2000.jpg/220px-Acela_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Acela_2000.jpg/330px-Acela_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Acela_2000.jpg/440px-Acela_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela Express</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the Amtrak Authorization and Development Act that authorized <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> to start working on service improvements on the segment between <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and New York City of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary objectives were to electrify the line north of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Grade_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade crossing">grade crossings</a> and replace the then 30-year-old Metro liners with new trains, so that the distance between Boston and New York City could be covered in 3 hours or less. </p><p>Amtrak started testing two trains, the Swedish <a href="/wiki/SJ_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="SJ 2000">X2000</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/ICE_train" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE train">ICE 1</a>, in the same year along its fully electrified segment between New York City and Washington, D.C. The officials favored the X2000 as it had a tilting mechanism. However, the Swedish manufacturer never bid on the contract as the burdensome United States railroad regulations required them to heavily modify the train resulting in added weight, among other things. Eventually, a custom-made <a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">tilting train</a> derived from TGV, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a>, won the contract and was put into service in December 2000. </p><p>The new service was named "<a href="/wiki/Acela_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Acela Express">Acela Express</a>" and linked Boston, New York City, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and Washington, D.C. The service did not meet the 3-hour travel time objective between Boston and New York City. The time was 3 hours and 24 minutes as it partially ran on regular lines, limiting its average speed, with a maximum speed of 240 km/h (150 mph) being reached on a small section of its route through <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> and Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-gao2004_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao2004-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2005_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of November 2021, the U.S. has one high-speed rail line under construction (<a href="/wiki/California_High-Speed_Rail" title="California High-Speed Rail">California High-Speed Rail</a>) in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advanced planning by a company called <a href="/wiki/Texas_Central_Railway" title="Texas Central Railway">Texas Central Railway</a> in Texas, higher-speed rail projects in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a>, as well as upgrades on the high-speed <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>. The private higher speed rail venture <a href="/wiki/Brightline" title="Brightline">Brightline</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> started operations along part of its route in early 2018. The top speed is 201 km/h (125 mph) but most of the line still runs at 127 km/h (79 mph). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_in_East_Asia">Expansion in East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Expansion in East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For four decades from its opening in 1964, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> was the only high-speed rail service outside of Europe. In the 2000s a number of new high-speed rail services started operating in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_CRH_and_CR">Chinese CRH and CR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chinese CRH and CR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed rail in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CR400AF-2001@BJN_(20170626110730).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CR400AF-2001%40BJN_%2820170626110730%29.jpg/200px-CR400AF-2001%40BJN_%2820170626110730%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CR400AF-2001%40BJN_%2820170626110730%29.jpg/300px-CR400AF-2001%40BJN_%2820170626110730%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CR400AF-2001%40BJN_%2820170626110730%29.jpg/400px-CR400AF-2001%40BJN_%2820170626110730%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">CR400AF</a> train set on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_South_railway_station" title="Beijing South railway station">Beijing South railway station</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CRH380A_at_Luoyang_Longmen_Station,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CRH380A_at_Luoyang_Longmen_Station%2C_2014.jpg/200px-CRH380A_at_Luoyang_Longmen_Station%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CRH380A_at_Luoyang_Longmen_Station%2C_2014.jpg/300px-CRH380A_at_Luoyang_Longmen_Station%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CRH380A_at_Luoyang_Longmen_Station%2C_2014.jpg/400px-CRH380A_at_Luoyang_Longmen_Station%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_CRH380A" class="mw-redirect" title="China Railways CRH380A">CRH380A</a> at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang_Longmen_railway_station" title="Luoyang Longmen railway station">Luoyang Longmen railway station</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>High-speed rail was introduced to China in 2003 with the <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao%E2%80%93Shenyang_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway">Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway</a>. The Chinese government made high-speed rail construction a cornerstone of its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">economic stimulus program</a> in order to combat the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 global financial crisis</a> and the result has been a rapid development of the Chinese rail system into the world's most extensive high-speed rail network. By 2013 the system had 11,028 km (6,852 mi) of operational track, accounting for about half of the world's total at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_HSR_stat_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_HSR_stat-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2018, the total high-speed railway (HSR) in China had risen to over 29,000 kilometres (18,000 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1.71 billion trips were made in 2017, more than half of China's total railway passenger delivery, making it the world's busiest network.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State planning for high-speed railway began in the early 1990s, and the country's first high-speed rail line, the <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao%E2%80%93Shenyang_Passenger_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinhuangdao–Shenyang Passenger Railway">Qinhuangdao–Shenyang Passenger Railway</a>, was built in 1999 and opened to commercial operation in 2003. This line could accommodate commercial trains running at up to 200 km/h (120 mph). Planners also considered Germany's <a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a> <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a> technology and built the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai maglev train</a>, which runs on a 30.5 km (19.0 mi) track linking the <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>, the city's financial district, and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Pudong International Airport</a>. The maglev train service began operating in 2004 with trains reaching a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph), and remains the fastest high-speed service in the world. Maglev, however, was not adopted nationally and all subsequent expansion features high-speed rail on conventional tracks. </p><p>In the 1990s, China's domestic train production industry designed and produced a series of high-speed train prototypes but few were used in commercial operation and none were mass-produced. The Chinese Ministry of Railways (MOR) then arranged for the purchase of foreign high-speed trains from French, German, and Japanese manufacturers along with certain technology transfers and joint ventures with domestic trainmakers. In 2007, the MOR introduced the <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railways High-speed (CRH)</a> service, also known as "Harmony Trains", a version of the German <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a> high-speed train. </p><p>In 2008, high-speed trains began running at a top speed of 350 km/h (220 mph) on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Tianjin_intercity_railway" title="Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway">Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway</a>, which opened during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> in Beijing. The following year, trains on the newly opened <a href="/wiki/Wuhan%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway" title="Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway">Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway</a> set a world record for average speed over an entire trip, at 312.5 km/h (194.2 mph) over 968 kilometres (601 miles). </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_train_collision" title="Wenzhou train collision">collision of high-speed trains</a> on 23 July 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province killed 40 and injured 195, raising concerns about operational safety. A credit crunch later that year slowed the construction of new lines. In July 2011, top train speeds were lowered to 300 km/h (185 mph). But by 2012, the high-speed rail boom had renewed with new lines and new rolling stock by domestic producers that had indigenised foreign technology. On 26 December 2012, China opened the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway">Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway</a>, the world's longest high-speed rail line, which runs 2,208 km (1,372 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Beijing_West_railway_station" title="Beijing West railway station">Beijing West railway station</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_North_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhen North Railway Station">Shenzhen North Railway Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_Jingshen_HSR_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_Jingshen_HSR-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network set a target to create the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China#National_high-speed_rail_grid_(4+4)" title="High-speed rail in China">4+4 National high-speed rail Grid</a> by 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to rapidly expand with the July 2016 announcement of the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China#8+8_HSR_Grid" title="High-speed rail in China">8+8 National high-speed rail Grid</a>. In 2017, 350 km/h (217 mph) services resumed on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> once again refreshing the world record for average speed with select services running between <a href="/wiki/Beijing_South_railway_station" title="Beijing South railway station">Beijing South</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_South_railway_station" title="Nanjing South railway station">Nanjing South</a> reaching average speeds of 317.7 km/h (197.4 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korean_KTX">South Korean KTX</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: South Korean KTX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Sancheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/220px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/330px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/440px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2701" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>The Korean-developed <a href="/wiki/KTX_Sancheon" class="mw-redirect" title="KTX Sancheon">KTX Sancheon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In South Korea, construction of the high-speed line from <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> to <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> began in 1992. The Seoul–Busan corridor is Korea's busiest running between the two largest cities. In 1982, it represented 65.8% of South Korea's population, a number that grew to 73.3% by 1995, along with 70% of freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic. With both the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Expressway" title="Gyeongbu Expressway">Gyeongbu Expressway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Line" title="Gyeongbu Line">Gyeongbu Line</a> congested as of the late 1970s, the government saw the pressing need for another form of transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The line known as <a href="/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express">Korea Train Express (KTX)</a> was launched on 1 April 2004, using French (TGV) technology. Top speed for trains in regular service is currently 305 km/h (190 mph), though the infrastructure is designed for 350 km/h (220 mph). The initial rolling stock was based on <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau</a>, and was partly built in Korea. The domestically developed <a href="/wiki/HSR-350x" title="HSR-350x">HSR-350x</a>, which achieved 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) in tests, resulted in a second type of high-speed trains now operated by Korail, the <a href="/wiki/KTX_Sancheon" class="mw-redirect" title="KTX Sancheon">KTX Sancheon</a>. The next generation KTX train, <a href="/wiki/HEMU-430X" title="HEMU-430X">HEMU-430X</a>, achieved 421.4 km/h (261.8 mph) in 2013, making South Korea the world's fourth country after France, Japan, and China to develop a high-speed train running on conventional rail above 420 km/h (260 mph). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan_HSR">Taiwan HSR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Taiwan HSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THSR_700T_Front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/THSR_700T_Front_view.jpg/220px-THSR_700T_Front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/THSR_700T_Front_view.jpg/330px-THSR_700T_Front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/THSR_700T_Front_view.jpg/440px-THSR_700T_Front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Taiwan high-speed rail, derived from the Shinkansen</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan High Speed Rail</a>'s first and only HSR line opened for service on 5 January 2007, using Japanese trains with a top speed of 300 km/h (185 mph). The service traverses 345 km (214 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Nangang_station" title="Nangang station">Nangang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zuoying_HSR_station" title="Zuoying HSR station">Zuoying</a> in as little as 105 minutes. While it contains only one line, its route covers <a href="/wiki/Western_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Taiwan">Western Taiwan</a> where over 90% of Taiwan's population live; connecting most major cities of Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Taipei_City" title="New Taipei City">New Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan" title="Taoyuan, Taiwan">Taoyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hsinchu" title="Hsinchu">Hsinchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiayi" title="Chiayi">Chiayi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once THSR began operations, almost all passengers switched from airlines flying parallel routes<sup id="cite_ref-railvsair_TJ_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railvsair_TJ-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while road traffic was also reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-KaWh_07_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaWh_07-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_Central_Asia">Middle East and Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Middle East and Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uzbekistan opened the <a href="/wiki/Afrosiyob_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrosiyob (train)">Afrosiyob</a> 344 km (214 mi) service from <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in 2011, which was upgraded in 2013 to an average operational speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and peak speed of 250 km/h (160 mph). The Talgo 250 service has been extended to Karshi as of August 2015 whereby the train travels 450 km (280 mi) in 3 hours. As of August 2016, the train service was extended to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, and the 600 km (370 mi) extension will take 3 hours and 20 minutes down from 7 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt" title="High-speed rail in Egypt">High-speed rail in Egypt</a></div> <p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are no operational high-speed rail lines in Egypt. Plans have been announced for three lines, aiming to connect the Nile river valley, the Mediterranean coast, and the Red Sea. Construction had started on at least two lines.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco">Morocco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2007, the Moroccan government decided to undertake the construction of a high-speed rail line between the economic capital <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, one of the largest harbour cities on the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line will also serve the capital <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenitra" title="Kenitra">Kenitra</a>. The first section of the line, the 323-kilometre (201 mi) <a href="/wiki/Kenitra%E2%80%93Tangier_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line">Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line</a>, was completed in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future projects include expansions south to Marrakech and Agadir, and east to Meknes, Fes and Oujda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Network">Network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:868px;max-width:868px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_speed_railroad_map_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/High_speed_railroad_map_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-High_speed_railroad_map_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/High_speed_railroad_map_of_the_United_States.svg/210px-High_speed_railroad_map_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/High_speed_railroad_map_of_the_United_States.svg/280px-High_speed_railroad_map_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Operational high-speed lines in the United States</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg/159px-High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg/239px-High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg/318px-High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="834" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Operational high-speed lines in Europe</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Asia_HSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Asia_HSR.svg/161px-Western_Asia_HSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Asia_HSR.svg/242px-Western_Asia_HSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Western_Asia_HSR.svg/322px-Western_Asia_HSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Operational high-speed lines in Western & Central Asia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Asia_HSR2018.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eastern_Asia_HSR2018.svg/194px-Eastern_Asia_HSR2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eastern_Asia_HSR2018.svg/291px-Eastern_Asia_HSR2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eastern_Asia_HSR2018.svg/388px-Eastern_Asia_HSR2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="925" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Operational high-speed lines in East Asia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Southeast_Asia_HSR2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/South_Southeast_Asia_HSR2023.svg/194px-South_Southeast_Asia_HSR2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/South_Southeast_Asia_HSR2023.svg/291px-South_Southeast_Asia_HSR2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/South_Southeast_Asia_HSR2023.svg/388px-South_Southeast_Asia_HSR2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="925" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Operational (<a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and under construction (<a href="/wiki/Mumbai%E2%80%93Ahmedabad_high-speed_rail_corridor" title="Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok%E2%80%93Nong_Khai_high-speed_railway" title="Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway">Thailand</a>) high-speed lines in South and Southeast Asia</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#ae00ff; color:white;"> </span> 310–350 km/h (193–217 mph)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> 270–300 km/h (168–186 mph)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#fa9900; color:black;"> </span> 240–260 km/h (149–162 mph)</span> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> 200–230 km/h (124–143 mph)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#00aa00; color:black;"> </span> Under construction</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> Other railways</span></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technologies">Technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viaduc_de_la_Haute-Colme_01_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Viaduc_de_la_Haute-Colme_01_09.jpg/220px-Viaduc_de_la_Haute-Colme_01_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Viaduc_de_la_Haute-Colme_01_09.jpg/330px-Viaduc_de_la_Haute-Colme_01_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Viaduc_de_la_Haute-Colme_01_09.jpg/440px-Viaduc_de_la_Haute-Colme_01_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>High-speed line on a viaduct to avoid ramp and road-crossing, with a <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">British Rail Class 373</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> in old livery crossing it.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steigung_NIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Steigung_NIM.jpg/220px-Steigung_NIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Steigung_NIM.jpg/330px-Steigung_NIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Steigung_NIM.jpg/440px-Steigung_NIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A German high-speed line, with <a href="/wiki/Ballastless_track" title="Ballastless track">ballastless track</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Continuous_welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous welded rail">Continuous welded rail</a> is generally used to reduce track vibrations and misalignment. Almost all high-speed lines are electrically driven via <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a>, have <a href="/wiki/In-cab_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="In-cab signalling">in-cab signalling</a>, and use advanced switches using very low entry and <a href="/wiki/Switch_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch frog">frog</a> angles. HSR tracks may also be designed to reduce vibrations originating from high speed rail use.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road-rail_parallel_layout">Road-rail parallel layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Road-rail parallel layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIM_Baustelle2001_Leidorf_Koeschinger_Forst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NIM_Baustelle2001_Leidorf_Koeschinger_Forst.jpg/220px-NIM_Baustelle2001_Leidorf_Koeschinger_Forst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NIM_Baustelle2001_Leidorf_Koeschinger_Forst.jpg/330px-NIM_Baustelle2001_Leidorf_Koeschinger_Forst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NIM_Baustelle2001_Leidorf_Koeschinger_Forst.jpg/440px-NIM_Baustelle2001_Leidorf_Koeschinger_Forst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>A German high-speed line being built along a highway</figcaption></figure> <p>The road-rail parallel layout uses land beside highways for railway lines. Examples include Paris/Lyon and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line">Köln–Frankfurt</a> in which 15% and 70% of the track runs beside highways, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Synergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergies">synergies</a> to be achieved from such a setup as noise mitigation measures for the road benefit the railway and vice versa and furthermore less land must be taken through <a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">expropriation</a> as land may have already been acquired for the construction of the other infrastructure. In addition to that, habitats of local wildlife are disrupted only once (by the combined rail/road right of way) instead of at multiple points. However, downsides include the fact that roads usually allow steeper grades and sharper turns than high-speed rail lines and thus co-locating them may not always be suitable. Moreover, both roads and railways often make use of narrow river valleys or mountain passes which do not allow a lot of infrastructure to be sited next to each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Track_sharing">Track sharing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Track sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China, high-speed lines at speeds between 200 and 250 km/h (124 and 155 mph) may carry freight or passengers, while lines operating at speeds over 300 km/h (185 mph) are used only by passenger CRH/CR trains.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">HS1</a> is also used by regional trains run by <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_(train_operating_company)" title="Southeastern (train operating company)">Southeastern</a> at speeds of up to 225 km/h (140 mph), and occasionally freight trains that run to central Europe. </p><p>In Germany, some lines are shared with Inter-City and regional trains at day and freight trains at night. </p><p>In France, some lines are shared with regional trains that travel at 200 km/h (124 mph), for example <a href="/wiki/TER_Pays_de_la_Loire" title="TER Pays de la Loire">TER Nantes-Laval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixing trains of vastly different speeds and/or stopping patterns on the same tracks drastically reduces capacity,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so usually a temporal separation (e.g. freight trains use the high-speed line only at night when no or only a few passenger trains operate)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is employed or the slower train has to wait at a station or <a href="/wiki/Passing_siding" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing siding">passing siding</a> for the faster train to overtake - even if the faster train is delayed, thus delaying the slower train, too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cost per kilometre in Spain was estimated at between €9 million (Madrid–Andalucía) and €22 million (Madrid–Valladolid). In Italy, the cost was between €24 million (Roma–Napoli) and €68 million (Bologna–Firenze).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, costs per kilometre in France ranged from €18 million (BLP Brittany) to €26 million (Sud Europe Atlantique).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Bank estimated in 2019 that the Chinese HSR network was built at an average cost of $17–21 million per km.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freight_high-speed_rail">Freight high-speed rail</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Freight high-speed rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All high-speed trains have been designed to carry passengers only. There are very few high-speed freight services in the world; they all use trains that were originally designed to carry passengers. </p><p>During the planning of the <a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tokaido Shinkansen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">Japanese National Railways</a> were planning for freight services along the route.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This plan was discarded before the line opened, but since 2019 light freight has been carried on some Shinkansen services.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">TGV La Poste</a> was for a long time the sole very high-speed train service, transporting mail in France for <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">La Poste</a> at a maximum top speed of 270 kilometers per hour (170 mph), between 1984 and 2015. The trainsets were either specifically adapted and built, either converted, passenger <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</a> trainsets. </p><p>In Italy, Mercitalia Fast is a high-speed freight service launched in October 2018 by <a href="/wiki/Mercitalia" title="Mercitalia">Mercitalia</a>. It uses converted passenger <a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a> trainsets to carry goods at average speeds of 180 km/h (110 mph), at first between Caserta and Bologna, with plans to extend the network throughout Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, high-speed rail is integrated with <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">courier</a> services to provide fast door-to-door intercity deliveries. For example, China Railways has partnered with <a href="/wiki/SF_Express" title="SF Express">SF Express</a> for high-speed cargo deliveries<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a></span></span> offers express deliveries within Germany as well as to some major cities outside the country on the ICE network.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than using dedicated freight trains, these use luggage racks and other unused space in passenger trains. </p><p>Non-high-speed freight trains running on high-speed lines is much more common; for example, <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a> sees weekly freight services.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, high speed lines tend to be steeper than regular (non-mountain) railways, which poses a problem for most freight trains as they have a lower <a href="/wiki/Power_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Power to weight ratio">power to weight ratio</a> and thus more difficulty climbing steep slopes. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line" title="Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line">Frankfurt Cologne high speed line</a> has inclines up to 40‰.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a high-speed line through even somewhat hilly terrain is to be usable for freight, expensive engineered structures will need to be built, as is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_railway" title="Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway">Hannover Würzburg high-speed line</a> which contains the longest and the second longest mainline rail tunnel in Germany<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and altogether runs on tunnels or bridges for roughly half of its length. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolling_stock">Rolling stock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Rolling stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></div> <p>Key technologies used in high-speed train rolling stock include tilting trainsets, aerodynamic designs (to reduce drag, lift, and noise), <a href="/wiki/Railway_air_brake" title="Railway air brake">air brakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>, engine technology and dynamic weight shifting. Notable high-speed train manufacturers include <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Rail" title="Hitachi Rail">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Railcar_Manufacturing" title="Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing">Kawasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Mobility" title="Siemens Mobility">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadler_Rail" title="Stadler Rail">Stadler Rail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_modes_of_transport">Comparison with other modes of transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Comparison with other modes of transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimal_distance">Optimal distance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Optimal distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While commercial high-speed trains have lower maximum speeds than jet aircraft, they offer shorter total trip times than air travel for short distances. They typically connect city centre rail stations to each other, while air transport connects airports that are typically farther from city centres. </p><p>High-speed rail (HSR) is best suited for journeys of 1 to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours (about 150–900 km or 93–559 mi), for which the train can beat air and car trip time. For trips under about 700 km (430 mi), the process of checking in and going through airport security, as well as travelling to and from the airport, makes the total air journey time equal to or slower than HSR.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European authorities treat HSR as competitive with passenger air for HSR trips under <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HSR eliminated air transport from routes such as Paris–Lyon, Paris–Brussels, Cologne–Frankfurt, Nanjing–Wuhan, Chongqing–Chengdu,<sup id="cite_ref-cdaily2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdaily2-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taipei–Kaohsiung, Tokyo–Nagoya, Tokyo–Sendai and Tokyo–Niigata, while also greatly reducing air traffic on routes such as Amsterdam–Brussels, Barcelona-Madrid and Naples–Rome–Milan. <a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a>, China's largest airline, expects the construction of China's high-speed railway network to impact (through increased competition and falling revenues) 25% of its route network in the coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_shares">Market shares</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Market shares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European data indicate that air traffic is more sensitive than road traffic (car and bus) to competition from HSR, at least on journeys of 400 km (249 mi) and more. TGV Sud-Est reduced the travel time Paris–Lyon from almost four to about two hours. Market share rose from 40 to 72%. Air and road market shares shrunk from 31 to 7% and from 29 to 21%, respectively. On the Madrid–Seville link, the AVE connection increased share from 16 to 52%; air traffic shrunk from 40 to 13%; road traffic from 44 to 36%, hence the rail market amounted to 80% of combined rail and air traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure increased to 89% in 2009, according to Spanish rail operator <a href="/wiki/Renfe" title="Renfe">Renfe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Peter Jorritsma, the rail market share <i>s</i>, as compared to planes, can be computed approximately as a function of the travelling time in minutes <i>t</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">logistic</a> formula<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={1 \over 0.031\times 1.016^{t}+1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>0.031</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>1.016</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={1 \over 0.031\times 1.016^{t}+1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0ecebcfbb7903980e3f02acaf3b5bc8efa7aba7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:23.288ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={1 \over 0.031\times 1.016^{t}+1}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>According to this formula, a journey time of three hours yields a 65% market share, not taking into account any price differential in tickets. </p><p>In Japan, there is a so-called "4-hour wall" in high-speed rail's market share: If the high-speed rail journey time exceeds 4 hours, then people likely choose planes over high-speed rail. For instance, from Tokyo to Osaka, a 2h22m-journey by Shinkansen, high-speed rail has an 85% market share whereas planes have 15%. From Tokyo to Hiroshima, a 3h44m-journey by Shinkansen, high-speed rail has a 67% market share whereas planes have 33%. The situation is the reverse on the Tokyo to Fukuoka route where high-speed rail takes 4h47m and rail only has 10% market share and planes 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/China_Airlines" title="China Airlines">China Airlines</a> cancelled all flights to <a href="/wiki/Taichung_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Taichung Airport">Taichung Airport</a> within a year of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan high-speed rail</a> starting operations.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completion of the high-speed railway in 2007 led to drastically fewer flights along the island's west coast, with flights between <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> ceasing altogether in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Travel by rail is more competitive in areas of higher population density or where gasoline is expensive because conventional trains are more fuel-efficient than cars when ridership is high, similar to other forms of mass transit. Very few high-speed trains consume <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> but the power stations that provide electric trains with electricity can consume fossil fuels. In Japan (prior to the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>) and France, with very extensive high-speed rail networks, a large proportion of electricity comes from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a>, which primarily runs off the French grid, emissions from traveling by train from London to Paris are 90% lower than by flying.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany 38.5% of all electricity was produced from renewable sources in 2017, however railways run on their own grid partially independent from the general grid and relying in part on dedicated power plants. Even using electricity generated from coal, fossil gas or oil, high-speed trains are significantly more fuel-efficient per passenger per kilometer traveled (despite the greater <a href="/wiki/Rail_vehicle_resistance" title="Rail vehicle resistance">resistance</a> to motion of the railcars at higher speeds) than the typical automobile because of <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> in generator technology<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and trains themselves, as well as lower air friction and rolling resistance at the same speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobiles_and_buses">Automobiles and buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Automobiles and buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-speed rail can accommodate more passengers at far higher speeds than automobiles. Generally, the longer the journey, the better the time advantage of rail over the road if going to the same destination. However, high-speed rail can be competitive with cars on shorter distances, 0–150 kilometres (0–90 mi), for example for commuting, especially if the car users experience road congestion or expensive parking fees. In Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Gardermoen_Line" title="Gardermoen Line">Gardermoen Line</a> has made the rail market share for passengers from <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> to the airport (42 km) rise to 51% in 2014, compared to 17% for buses and 28% for private cars and taxis.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On such short lines−particularly services which call at stations close to one another−the <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> capabilities of the trains may be more important than their maximum speed. <a href="/wiki/Extreme_commuting" title="Extreme commuting">Extreme commuting</a> has been enabled by high-speed rail with commuters covering distances by rail daily that they would not usually by car. Furthermore, stations in less densely populated areas within the larger <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> of larger cities, like <a href="/wiki/Montabaur_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Montabaur railway station">Montabaur railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_S%C3%BCd_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburg Süd railway station">Limburg Süd railway station</a> between Frankfurt and Cologne, are attractive for commuters as the housing prices are more affordable than in the central cities - even when taking into account the price of a yearly ticket for the train. Consequently, Montabaur has the highest per capita rate of Bahn Card 100 in Germany<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — a ticket that allows unlimited travel on all trains in Germany for a fixed yearly price. </p><p>Moreover, a typical passenger rail carries 2.83 times as many passengers per hour per meter width as a road. A typical capacity is the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar#Rolling_stock" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a>, which provides capacity for 12 trains per hour and 800 passengers per train, totaling 9,600 passengers per hour in each direction. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Capacity_Manual" title="Highway Capacity Manual">Highway Capacity Manual</a> gives a maximum capacity of 2,250 passenger cars per hour per lane, excluding other vehicles, assuming an average vehicle occupancy of 1.57 people.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A standard twin track railway has a typical capacity 13% greater than a 6-lane highway (3 lanes each way),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while requiring only 40% of the land (1.0/3.0 versus 2.5/7.5 hectares per kilometre of direct/indirect <a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">land consumption</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Tokaido Shinkansen line in Japan, has a much higher ratio (with as many as 20,000 passengers per hour per direction). Similarly, commuter roads tend to carry fewer than 1.57 persons per vehicle (Washington State Department of Transportation, for instance, uses 1.2 persons per vehicle) during commute times. Compare this to the capacity of typical small to mid-sized airliners like the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a> which in a high-density arrangement has <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family#Specifications" title="Airbus A320 family">186 seats</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-800" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-800">Boeing 737-800</a> which has an absolute maximum seated capacity of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation#Specifications" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">189</a> in a high-density single-class layout - as employed for example by <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>. If a business or first class section is provided, those airliners will have lower seating capacities than that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_travel">Air travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Air travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HSR_Advantages">HSR Advantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: HSR Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Less boarding infrastructure: Although air transit moves at higher speeds than high-speed rail, <b>total time to destination</b> can be increased by travel to/from far out airports, check-in, baggage handling, security, and boarding, which may also increase cost to air travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Planes_cheaper_than_trains_on_half_of_routes_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planes_cheaper_than_trains_on_half_of_routes-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Short range advantages: Trains may be preferred in short to mid-range distances since rail stations are typically closer to urban centers than airports.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Speed_Train_VS_Airplane_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Speed_Train_VS_Airplane-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, air travel needs longer distances to have a speed advantage after accounting for both processing time and transit to the airport.</li> <li>Urban centers: Particularly for dense city centers, short-hop air travel may not be ideal to serve these areas as airports tend to be far out of the city, due to land scarcity, short runway limitations, building heights, as well as airspace issues.</li> <li>Weather: Rail travel also requires less weather dependency than air travel. A well-designed and operated rail system can only be affected by severe weather conditions, such as heavy snow, heavy fog, and major storm. Flights however, often face cancellations or delays under less severe conditions.</li> <li>Comfort: High-speed trains also have comfort advantages, since train passengers are allowed to move freely about the train at any point in the journey.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Unique_Amtrak_Experience_with_Many_Benefits_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Unique_Amtrak_Experience_with_Many_Benefits-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Since airlines have complicated calculations to try to minimise weight to save fuel or to allow takeoff at certain runway lengths, rail seats are also less subject to weight restrictions than on planes, and as such may have more padding and legroom.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Technology advances such as <a href="/wiki/Continuously_welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuously welded rail">continuously welded rail</a> have minimised the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_oscillation" title="Hunting oscillation">vibration</a> found on slower railways, while air travel remains affected by <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> when adverse wind conditions arise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Trains can also accommodate intermediate stops at lower time and energetic costs than planes, though this applies less to HSR than to the slower conventional trains.</li> <li>Delays: On particular busy air-routes – those that HSR has historically been most successful on – trains are also less prone to delays due to congested airports, or in the case of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, airspace. A train that is late by a couple of minutes will not have to wait for another slot to open up, unlike airplanes at congested airports. Furthermore, many airlines see short-haul flights as increasingly uneconomic and in some countries airlines rely on high-speed rail instead of short-haul flights for connecting services.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-ice#Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="De-ice">De-icing</a>: HSR does not need to spend time deicing as planes do, which is time-consuming but critical; it can dent airline profitability as planes remain on the ground and pay airport fees by the hour, as well as take up parking space and contributing to congestive delays.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hot and High: Some airlines have cancelled or move their flights to takeoff at night due to <a href="/wiki/Hot_and_high" title="Hot and high">hot and high</a> conditions. Such is the case for <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> in 2017, which moved its long haul takeoff slot to after midnight. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Shuttle" title="Norwegian Air Shuttle">Norwegian Air Shuttle</a> cancelled all its Europe-bound flights during summer due to heat.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high-speed rail may complement airport operations during hot hours when takeoffs become uneconomical or otherwise problematic.</li> <li>Noise and pollution: Major airports are heavy polluters, downwind of LAX particulate pollution doubles, even accounting for Port of LA/Long Beach shipping and heavy freeway traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trains may run on renewable energy, and electric trains produce no local pollution in critical urban areas at any rate. Noise also is an issue for residents.</li> <li>Ability to serve multiple stops: An airplane spends significant amounts of time loading and unloading cargo and/or passengers as well as landing, taxiing and starting again. Trains spend only a few minutes stopping at intermediate stations, often greatly enhancing the business case at little cost.</li> <li>Energy: high-speed trains are more fuel-efficient per passenger space offered than planes. Furthermore, they usually run on electricity, which can be produced from a wider range of sources than <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>HSR usually requires land acquisition, for example in <a href="/wiki/Fresno" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno">Fresno</a>, US, where it was caught up in legal paperwork.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HSR is subject to <a href="/wiki/Land_subsidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Land subsidence">land subsidence</a>, where expensive fixes sent costs soaring in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HSR is affected by topography of the terrain as crossing mountain ranges or large bodies of water requires expensive tunnels and bridges.</li> <li>HSR is costly due to required specialized infrastructure as well as advanced technologies and multiple safety systems.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The infrastructure is fixed hence the services provided are limited and can not be changed in response to changing market conditions. However, for passengers this can present an advantage as services are less likely to be withdrawn from railways compared to flight routes.</li> <li>As the infrastructure can be extremely expensive, it is not possible to create a direct route between every major city. This means that a train might be transiting or stopping in intermediate stations, increasing the length and duration of a journey.</li> <li>Railways require the security and cooperation of all geographies and governments involved.</li> <li>As all HSRs are electrified they require an extended electricity grid to supply the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">Overhead lines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pollution">Pollution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-speed rail usually implements electric power and therefore its energy sources can be distant or renewable. The usage of electric power in high-speed rails can thereby result in a reduction of air pollutants as shown in a case study on China's high-speed railways throughout its development.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an advantage over air travel, which currently uses fossil fuels and is a major source of pollution. Studies regarding busy airports such as LAX, have shown that over an area of about 60 square kilometres (23 square miles) downwind of the airport, where hundreds of thousands of people live or work, the particle number concentration was at least twice that of nearby urban areas, showing that airplane pollution far exceeded road pollution, even from heavy freeway traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trees">Trees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airplanes and airstrips require trees to be cut down, as they are a nuisance to pilots. Some 3,000 trees will be chopped due to obstruction issues at <a href="/wiki/Seattle%E2%80%93Tacoma_International_Airport" title="Seattle–Tacoma International Airport">Seattle–Tacoma International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, trees next to rail lines can often become a hazard during leaf-fall seasons, with several German media calling for trees to be cut down following autumn storms in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HSR is much simpler to control due to its predictable course. High-speed rail systems reduce (but do not eliminate)<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collisions with automobiles or people, by using non-grade level track and eliminating grade-level crossings. To date, the only three deadly accidents involving a high-speed train on high-speed tracks in revenue service were the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Eschede_train_disaster" title="Eschede train disaster">Eschede train disaster</a>, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_train_collision" title="Wenzhou train collision">Wenzhou train collision</a> (in which speed was not a factor), and the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Livraga_derailment" title="Livraga derailment">Livraga derailment</a>. Shinkansen trains have anti-derailment devices installed under passenger cars, which do not strictly prevent derailment, but prevent the train from travelling a large distance away from train tracks in case a derailment occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents">Accidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Accidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_TGV_accidents" title="List of TGV accidents">List of TGV accidents</a></div> <p>In general, travel by high-speed rail has been demonstrated to be remarkably safe. The first high-speed rail network, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> has not had any fatal accidents involving passengers since it began operating in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable major accidents involving high-speed trains include the following. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_Eschede_accident">1998 Eschede accident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: 1998 Eschede accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eschede_train_disaster" title="Eschede train disaster">Eschede train disaster</a></div> <p>In 1998, after over thirty years of high-speed rail operations worldwide without fatal accidents, the Eschede accident occurred in Germany: a poorly designed ICE 1 wheel fractured at a speed of 200 km/h (124 mph) near <a href="/wiki/Eschede" title="Eschede">Eschede</a>, resulting in the derailment and destruction of almost the entire set of 16 cars, and the deaths of 101 people.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The derailment began at a switch; the accident was made worse when the derailed cars travelling at high speed struck and collapsed a road bridge located just past the switch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_Wenzhou_accident">2011 Wenzhou accident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: 2011 Wenzhou accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_train_collision" title="Wenzhou train collision">Wenzhou train collision</a></div> <p>On 23 July 2011, 13 years after the Eschede train accident, a Chinese CRH2 travelling at 100 km/h (62 mph) collided with a CRH1 which was stopped on a viaduct in the suburbs of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, China. The two trains derailed, and four cars fell off the viaduct. Forty people were killed and at least 192 were injured, 12 of them severely.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disaster led to a number of changes in management and exploitation of high-speed rail in China. Despite the fact that speed itself was not a factor in the cause of the accident, one of the major changes was to further lower the maximum speeds in high-speed and higher-speed railways in China, the remaining 350 km/h (217 mph) becoming 300 km/h (185 mph), 250 km/h (155 mph) becoming 200, and 200 km/h (124 mph) becoming 160.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later they started to be restored to their original high speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhuanet_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhuanet-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_Santiago_de_Compostela_accident">2013 Santiago de Compostela accident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: 2013 Santiago de Compostela accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_derailment" title="Santiago de Compostela derailment">Santiago de Compostela derailment</a></div> <p>In July 2013, a high-speed train in Spain travelling at 190 km/h (120 mph) attempted to negotiate a curve whose speed limit is 80 km/h (50 mph). The train derailed and overturned, resulting in 78 fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally high-speed rail has automatic speed limiting restrictions, but this track section is a conventional section and in this case the automatic speed limit was said to be disabled by the driver several kilometers before the station. A few days later, the train worker's union claimed that the speed limiter didn't work properly because of lack of proper funding, acknowledging the budget cuts made by the current government. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two days after the accident, the driver was provisionally charged with homicide by negligence. This is the first accident that occurred with a Spanish high-speed train, but it occurred in a section that was not high speed and as mentioned safety equipment mandatory on high-speed track would have prevented the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_Eckwersheim_accident">2015 Eckwersheim accident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: 2015 Eckwersheim accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eckwersheim_derailment" title="Eckwersheim derailment">Eckwersheim derailment</a></div> <p>On 14 November 2015, a specialised <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex#Dasye_and_Euroduplex" title="TGV Duplex">TGV EuroDuplex</a> was performing commissioning tests on the unopened second phase of the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Est" title="LGV Est">LGV Est</a> high-speed line in France, when it entered a curve, overturned, and struck the <a href="/wiki/Parapet#bridge_parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a> of a bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Marne%E2%80%93Rhine_Canal" title="Marne–Rhine Canal">Marne–Rhine Canal</a>. The rear <a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">power car</a> came to a rest in the canal, while the remainder of the train came to a rest in the grassy median between the northern and southern tracks. Approximately 50 people were on board, consisting of SNCF technicians and, reportedly, some unauthorised guests. Eleven were killed and 37 were injured. The train was performing tests at 10 percent above the planned speed limit for the line and should have slowed from 352 km/h (219 mph) to 176 km/h (109 mph) before entering the curve. Officials have indicated that excessive speed may have caused the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-RG_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RG-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During testing, some safety features that usually prevent accidents like this one are switched off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_Ankara_train_collision">2018 Ankara train collision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: 2018 Ankara train collision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C5%9Fandiz_train_collision" title="Marşandiz train collision">Marşandiz train collision</a></div> <p>On 13 December 2018, a high-speed passenger train travelling at 80–90 kilometres per hour (50–56 mph) and a locomotive collided near <a href="/wiki/Yenimahalle" title="Yenimahalle">Yenimahalle</a> in Ankara Province, Turkey. Three cars (carriages/coaches) of the passenger train derailed in the collision. Three railroad engineers and five passengers were killed at the scene, and 84 people were injured. Another injured passenger later died, and 34 passengers, including two in critical condition, were treated in several hospitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_Lodi_derailment">2020 Lodi derailment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: 2020 Lodi derailment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Livraga_derailment" title="Livraga derailment">Livraga derailment</a></div> <p>On 6 February 2020, a high-speed train travelling at 300 km/h (185 mph) derailed at Livraga, Lombardy, Italy. The two drivers were killed and a number of passengers were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC51397027_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC51397027-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause as reported by investigators was that a faulty set of junction points was in the reverse position, but was reported by the signaling system as being in the normal – i.e. straight – position.<sup id="cite_ref-Corriere070220_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corriere070220-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ridership">Ridership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Ridership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-speed rail ridership has been increasing rapidly since 2000. At the beginning of the century, the largest share of ridership was on the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> network. In 2000, the Shinkansen was responsible for about 85% of the cumulative world ridership up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-whhh_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whhh-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been progressively surpassed by the Chinese high-speed rail network, which has been the largest contributor of global ridership growth since its inception. As of 2018, annual ridership of the Chinese high-speed rail network is over five times larger than that of the Shinkansen. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Comparison of high-speed rail and airlines, by year: annual passengers worldwide (in millions).<sup id="cite_ref-whhh_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whhh-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mlit_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlit-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only systems with 200 km/h (124 mph) service speeds or higher are considered. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Annual world HSR<sup id="cite_ref-whhh_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whhh-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mlit_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlit-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Annual world airlines<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2000 </th> <td>435</td> <td>1,674 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2005 </th> <td>559</td> <td>1,970 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2010 </th> <td>895</td> <td>2,628 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2012 </th> <td>1,185</td> <td>2,894 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2014 </th> <td>1,470</td> <td>3,218 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2016 </th> <td><i>~2,070</i> (prelim)</td> <td>3,650 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2017 </th> <td>x</td> <td>4,030 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2018 </th> <td>x</td> <td>4,290 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2019 </th> <td>3,291.1</td> <td>4,460 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td>x</td> <td>1,770 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2021 </th> <td>x</td> <td>2,280 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>High-speed rail ridership in the world. Data is from UIC Statistics unless otherwise specified.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only countries with more than 5 million passengers a year are included. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/territory </th> <th>Ridership (millions) </th> <th>Passenger-km (billions) </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>2357.7 </td> <td>774.7 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>354.6 </td> <td>99.3 </td> <td>2019<sup id="cite_ref-:1_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>156.7 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>125.9 </td> <td>60.0 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>99.2 </td> <td>33.2 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td>67.4 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>66.1 </td> <td>16.0 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>59.7 </td> <td>21.1 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>41.2 </td> <td>16.1 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>12.7 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>2019<sup id="cite_ref-:1_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>8.3 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>2019 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg/220px-JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg/330px-JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg/440px-JR_Central_SCMaglev_L0_Series_Shinkansen_201408081002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L0_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 Series Shinkansen">L0 Series Shinkansen</a>, unconventional world speed record holder (603 km/h or 374.7 mph)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007-06-18_-_Gare_de_Paris-Est_-_TGV_4402.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/2007-06-18_-_Gare_de_Paris-Est_-_TGV_4402.JPG/220px-2007-06-18_-_Gare_de_Paris-Est_-_TGV_4402.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/2007-06-18_-_Gare_de_Paris-Est_-_TGV_4402.JPG/330px-2007-06-18_-_Gare_de_Paris-Est_-_TGV_4402.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/2007-06-18_-_Gare_de_Paris-Est_-_TGV_4402.JPG/440px-2007-06-18_-_Gare_de_Paris-Est_-_TGV_4402.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V150_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="V150 (train)">V150 train</a>, modified <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>, conventional world speed record holder (574.8 km/h or 357.2 mph)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several definitions of "maximum speed": </p> <ul><li>The maximum speed at which a train is allowed to run by law or policy in daily service (MOR)</li> <li>The maximum speed at which an unmodified train is proved to be capable of running</li> <li>The maximum speed at which specially modified train is proved to be capable of running</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolute_speed_record">Absolute speed record</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Absolute speed record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Overall_rail_record">Overall rail record</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Overall rail record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The speed record for a pre-production unconventional passenger train was set by a seven-car <a href="/wiki/L0_series" class="mw-redirect" title="L0 series">L0 series</a> manned <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a> train at 603 km/h (375 mph) on 21 April 2015 in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian20150421_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20150421-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Conventional_rail">Conventional rail</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Conventional rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1955 record, where France recorded a world record of speed of 331 km/h, France has nearly continuously held the absolute world speed record. The latest record is held by a <a href="/wiki/TGV_POS" title="TGV POS">TGV POS</a> trainset, which reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) in 2007, on the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/LGV_Est" title="LGV Est">LGV Est</a> high-speed line. This run was for proof of concept and engineering, not to test normal passenger service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maximum_speed_in_service">Maximum speed in service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Maximum speed in service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of fastest trains</a></div> <p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the fastest trains currently in commercial operation are : </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev">Shanghai Maglev</a> : 431 km/h (268 mph) (in China, on the lone 30 km (19 mi) maglev track)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxing_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuxing Hao">CR400AF/KCIC400AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuxing Hao">CR400BF</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRH2" class="mw-redirect" title="CRH2">CRH2</a>C, <a href="/wiki/CRH3" class="mw-redirect" title="CRH3">CRH3</a>C, <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_CRH380A" class="mw-redirect" title="China Railways CRH380A">CRH380A & AL</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRH3" class="mw-redirect" title="CRH3">CRH380B, BL & CL</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRH380D" class="mw-redirect" title="CRH380D">CRH380D</a> : 350 km/h (220 mph) (in China and Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">TGV Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGV_R%C3%A9seau" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGV_POS" title="TGV POS">TGV POS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">TGV Euroduplex</a> : 320 km/h (200 mph) (in France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_374" title="British Rail Class 374">Eurostar e320</a> : 320 km/h (200 mph) (in France and GB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E5_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="E5 Series Shinkansen">E5 Series Shinkansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6 Series Shinkansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/H5_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="H5 Series Shinkansen">H5 Series Shinkansen</a>: 320 km/h (200 mph) (in Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3 Class 403, 406, 407</a> : 320 km/h (200 mph) (in Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVE_Class_103" class="mw-redirect" title="AVE Class 103">AVE Class 103</a> : 310 km/h (190 mph) (in Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-II" class="mw-redirect" title="KTX-II">KTX-II</a>, <a href="/wiki/HEMU-430X#Commercial_version_(EMU-260/320)" title="HEMU-430X">KTX-III</a> : 305 km/h (190 mph) (in South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)#NTV" title="AGV (train)">AGV 575</a>, <a href="/wiki/ETR_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 1000">ETR 1000</a> (Frecciarossa 1000): 300 km/h (185 mph) (in Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500#Second_generation" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a>: 300 km/h (185 mph) (in Italy)</li></ol> <p>Many of these trains and their networks are technically capable of higher speeds but they are capped out of economic and commercial considerations (cost of electricity, increased maintenance, resulting ticket price, etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Levitation_trains">Levitation trains</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Levitation trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a> reaches 431 km/h (268 mph) during its daily service on its 30.5 km (19.0 mi) dedicated line, holding the speed record for commercial train service.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="the source does not mention any official record-awarding body for fastest commercial train service which measures the speeds (June 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Conventional_rail_2">Conventional rail</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Conventional rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fastest operating conventional trains are the Chinese CR400A and CR400B running on <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai HSR</a>, after China relaunched its 350 km/h class service on select services effective 21 September 2017. In China, from July 2011 until September 2017, the maximum speed was officially 300 km/h (185 mph), but a 10 km/h (6 mph) tolerance was acceptable, and trains often reached 310 km/h (193 mph).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before that, from August 2008 to July 2011, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a> trains held the highest commercial operating speed record with 350 km/h (217 mph) on some lines such as the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway" title="Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway">Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway</a>. The speed of the service was reduced in 2011 due to high costs and safety concerns the top speeds in China were reduced to 300 km/h (185 mph) on 1 July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-cdaily3_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdaily3-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later they started to be restored to their original high speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhuanet_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhuanet-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other fast conventional trains are the French <a href="/wiki/TGV_POS" title="TGV POS">TGV POS</a>, German <a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a>, and Japanese <a href="/wiki/E5_Series_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="E5 Series Shinkansen">E5</a> and <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6 Series Shinkansen</a> with a maximum commercial speed of 320 km/h (199 mph), the former two on some French high-speed lines,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the latter on a part of <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku Shinkansen">Tohoku Shinkansen</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-jt20130317_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt20130317-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, on the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Madrid_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Madrid high-speed rail line">Madrid–Barcelona HSL</a>, maximum speed is 310 km/h (193 mph).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_distance">Service distance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Service distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> G403/4, G405/6 and D939/40 <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_train" title="Beijing–Kunming high-speed train">Beijing–Kunming</a> train (2,653 kilometres or 1,648 miles, 10 hours 43 minutes to 14 hours 54 minutes), which began service on 28 December 2016, are the longest high-speed rail services in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existing_systems_by_country_and_region">Existing systems by country and region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Existing systems by country and region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm/220px--China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/China_Railway_High-speed_train_passing_through_station.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="853" data-height="480" /></video></span><figcaption>China Railway High-speed train passing through <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_railway_station" title="Shenzhou railway station">Shenzhou railway station</a> in Hainan</figcaption></figure> <p>The early high-speed lines, built in France, Japan, Italy and Spain, were between pairs of large cities. In France, this was Paris–<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, in Japan, Tokyo–<a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>–<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, in Spain, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>–<a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>). In European and East Asian countries, dense networks of urban subways and railways provide connections with high-speed rail lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia <span class="anchor" id="Asia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed rail in China</a></div> <p>China has the largest network of high-speed railways in the world. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it encompassed over 40,000 kilometres (25,000 miles) of high-speed rail or over two-thirds of the world's total.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the world's busiest with an annual ridership of over 1.44 billion in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2.01 billion in 2018, more than 60% of total passenger rail volume.<sup id="cite_ref-ifeng_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifeng-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2018, cumulative passengers delivered by high-speed railway trains was reported to be over 9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-ifeng_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifeng-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>, select trains between <a href="/wiki/Beijing_South_railway_station" title="Beijing South railway station">Beijing South</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_South_railway_station" title="Nanjing South railway station">Nanjing South</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway</a> have the fastest average operating speed in the world at 317.7 km/h (197.4 mph) as of July 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psb.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Psb.jpeg/220px-Psb.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Psb.jpeg/330px-Psb.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Psb.jpeg/440px-Psb.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_CRH380A" class="mw-redirect" title="China Railways CRH380A">CRH380A</a> high-speed train</figcaption></figure> <p>The improved mobility and interconnectivity created by these new high-speed rail lines has generated a whole new high-speed commuter market around some urban areas. Commutes via high-speed rail to and from surrounding <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> into <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> have become increasingly common, likewise are between the cities surrounding <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Hong Kong Express Rail Link</a></div> <p>A 26 kilometres (16 miles), entirely underground express rail link connects <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station">Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kwun_Chung" title="Kwun Chung">Kwun Chung</a> to the border with Chinese mainland, where the railway continues onwards to <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Futian_railway_station_(Guangdong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futian railway station (Guangdong)">Futian station</a>. A depot and the stabling sidings are located in <a href="/wiki/Shek_Kong" title="Shek Kong">Shek Kong</a>. Commercial operations had been suspended from 30 Jan, 2020 to 15 Jan, 2023 owing to the COVID-19 outbreak. Parts of the West Kowloon station are not under the jurisdiction of Hong Kong to facilitate co-location of border clearance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">High-speed rail in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KCIC400AF_at_Kopo,_Bound_for_Halim_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KCIC400AF_at_Kopo%2C_Bound_for_Halim_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-KCIC400AF_at_Kopo%2C_Bound_for_Halim_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KCIC400AF_at_Kopo%2C_Bound_for_Halim_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-KCIC400AF_at_Kopo%2C_Bound_for_Halim_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KCIC400AF_at_Kopo%2C_Bound_for_Halim_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-KCIC400AF_at_Kopo%2C_Bound_for_Halim_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>KCIC400AF, Indonesian variant of CR400AF</figcaption></figure><p>Indonesia operates a 142.8 kilometres (88.7 miles) high-speed rail line connecting its two largest cities in Western <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Whoosh HSR</a> with an operational speed of 350 km/h (217 mph). Operations commenced in October 2023. It is the first high-speed rail in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Japan">High-speed rail in Japan</a></div> <p>In Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> was the first bullet train and reaches a cumulative ridership of 6 billion passengers with zero passenger fatalities due to operational accidents (as of 2003), now it is second largest high-speed rail in Asia with 2,664 kilometres (1,655 miles) of rail lines.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia_2">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plans in Saudi Arabia to begin service on a high-speed line consist of a phased opening starting with the route from <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> to <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a> followed up with the rest of the line to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 453-kilometre-long (281 mi) <a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Haramain high-speed railway</a> opened in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">High-speed rail in South Korea</a></div> <p>Since its opening in 2004, <a href="/wiki/KTX" class="mw-redirect" title="KTX">KTX</a> has transferred over 360 million passengers until April 2013, and now Asia's third largest with 887 kilometres (551 miles) of rail lines. For any transportation involving travel above 300 km/h (185 mph), the KTX secured a market share of 57% over other modes of transport, which is by far the largest.<sup id="cite_ref-KTX_개통_9년…이용객_4억명_돌파_눈앞_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KTX_개통_9년…이용객_4억명_돌파_눈앞-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Taiwan">High-speed rail in Taiwan</a></div> <p>Taiwan has a single north–south high-speed line, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan high-speed rail</a>. It is approximately 345 kilometres (214 miles) long, along the west coast of Taiwan from the national capital Taipei to the southern city of Kaohsiung. The construction was managed by Taiwan high-speed rail Corporation and the total cost of the project was US$18 billion. The private company operates the line fully, and the system is based primarily on Japan's <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight initial stations were built during the construction of the high-speed rail system: Taipei, Banqiao, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taichung, Chiayi, Tainan, and Zuoying (Kaohsiung).<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line now has 12 total stations (Nangang, Taipei, Banqiao, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Taichung, Changhua, Yunlin, Chiayi, Tainan and Zuoying) as of August 2018. There is a planned and approved extension to Yilan and Pingtung, which are set to enter service by 2030. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uzbekistan_2">Uzbekistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Uzbekistan#High_speed_rail" title="Rail transport in Uzbekistan">Rail transport in Uzbekistan § High speed rail</a></div> <p>Uzbekistan has a single high-speed rail line, the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent%E2%80%93Samarkand_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line">Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line</a>, which allows trains to reach up to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) with 600 kilometres (370 miles) of rail lines. There are also electrified extensions at lower speeds to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dehqonobod" title="Dehqonobod">Dehkanabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_2">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco_2">Morocco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2007, the Moroccan government decided to undertake the construction of a high-speed rail line between the economic capital <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, one of the largest harbour cities on the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line will also serve the capital <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenitra" title="Kenitra">Kenitra</a>. The first section of the line, the 323-kilometre (201 mi) <a href="/wiki/Kenitra%E2%80%93Tangier_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line">Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line</a>, was completed in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">High-speed rail in Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg/300px-High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg/450px-High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg/600px-High_Speed_Railroad_Map_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Operational high-speed lines in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, several nations are interconnected with cross-border high-speed rail, such as London-Paris, Paris-Brussel-Rotterdam, Madrid-Perpignan, and other future connecting projects exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France_2">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">High-speed rail in France</a></div> <p>France has 2,800 kilometres (1,700 miles) of high-speed rail lines, making it one of the largest network in Europe and the world. Market segmentation has principally focused on the business travel market. The French original focus on business travellers is reflected by the early design of the <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> trains. Pleasure travel was a secondary market; now many of the French extensions connect with vacation beaches on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, as well as major <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a> and also the ski resorts in France and Switzerland. Friday evenings are the peak time for TGVs (<i>train à grande vitesse</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system lowered prices on long-distance travel to compete more effectively with air services, and as a result some cities within an hour of Paris by TGV have become commuter communities, increasing the market while restructuring <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Paris–Lyon service, the number of passengers grew sufficiently to justify the introduction of double-decker coaches. Later high-speed rail lines, such as the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Atlantique" title="LGV Atlantique">LGV Atlantique</a>, the LGV Est, and most high-speed lines in France, were designed as feeder routes branching into conventional rail lines, serving a larger number of medium-sized cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany_2">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">High-speed rail in Germany</a></div> <p>Germany's first high-speed lines ran north–south, for historical reasons, and later developed east–west after German unification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the early 1900s, Germany became the first country to run a prototype electric train at speeds in excess of 200 km/h, and during the 1930s several steam and diesel trains achieved revenue speeds of 160 km/h in daily service. The <a href="/wiki/InterCityExperimental" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExperimental">InterCityExperimental</a> briefly held the world speed record for a steel-wheel-on-steel-rails vehicle during the 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">InterCityExpress</a> entered revenue service in 1991 and serves purpose-built high-speed lines (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neubaustrecken</i></span>), upgraded legacy lines (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ausbaustrecken</i></span>), and unmodified legacy lines. <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, Germany's flag carrier, has entered into a codeshare agreement with <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a></span></span> where ICEs run as "feeder flights" bookable with a Lufthansa flight number under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=AIRail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AIRail (page does not exist)">AIRail</a> program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, Greece's first high-speed train began operations between <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. The 512 km (318 miles) route is covered in 3 to 4 hours with trains reaching speeds of up to 250 km/h (160 miles/h).<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 180 km (112 mile) line from Athens to <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> is also being upgraded to high speed with an expected completion by 2026. The route between Athens and Thessaloniki was previously among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_passenger_air_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of busiest passenger air routes">busiest passenger air routes</a> in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy_2">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">High-speed rail in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5_(36309438424).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5_%2836309438424%29.jpg/220px-%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5_%2836309438424%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5_%2836309438424%29.jpg/330px-%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5_%2836309438424%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5_%2836309438424%29.jpg/440px-%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5_%2836309438424%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">Frecciarossa 1000</a> at <a href="/wiki/Milano_Centrale" class="mw-redirect" title="Milano Centrale">Milano Centrale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1920s and 1930s, Italy was one of the first countries to develop the technology for high-speed rail. The country constructed the <i>Direttissime</i> railways connecting major cities on dedicated electrified high-speed track (although at speeds lower to what today would be considered high-speed rail) and developed the fast <a href="/wiki/ETR_200" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 200">ETR 200</a> trainset. After the Second World War and the fall of the fascist regime, interest in high-speed rail dwindled, with the successive governments considering it too costly and developing the tilting <a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a>, to run at medium-high speed (up to 250 km/h (160 mph)) on conventional lines, instead. </p><p>A true dedicated high-speed rail network was developed during the 1980s and the 1990s, and 1,000 km (621 mi) of high-speed rail were fully operational by 2010. Frecciarossa services are operated with <a href="/wiki/ETR_500" class="mw-redirect" title="ETR 500">ETR 500</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">ETR1000</a> non-tilting trains at 25kVAC, 50 Hz power. The operational speed of the service is 300 km/h (185 mph). </p><p>Over 100 million passengers used the Frecciarossa from the service introduction up to the first months of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high-speed rail system serves about 20 billion passenger-km per year as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian high-speed services are profitable without government funding.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Trasporto_Viaggiatori" title="Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori">Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori</a>, the world's first private open-access operator of high-speed rail, is operative in Italy since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">High-speed rail in Norway</a></div> <p>As of 2015, Norway's fastest trains have a commercial top speed of 210 kilometres per hour (130 miles per hour) and the <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">FLIRT</a> trains may attain 200 kilometres per hour (120 miles per hour). A velocity of 210 kilometres per hour (130 miles per hour) is permitted on the 42 kilometres (26 miles) <a href="/wiki/Gardermoen_Line" title="Gardermoen Line">Gardermoen Line</a>, which links the <a href="/wiki/Gardermoen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardermoen">Gardermoen</a> airport to <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> and a part of the main line northwards to <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>. </p><p>Some parts of the trunk railways around Oslo are renewed and built for 250 kilometres per hour (160 miles per hour): </p> <ul><li>The Follo Line southwards from Oslo, a 22-kilometre-long (14-mile) line Oslo–Ski on the Østfold Line, mainly in tunnel, planned to be ready in 2021.</li> <li>The Holm–Holmestrand–Nykirke part of the Vestfold Line (west to southwest of Oslo).</li> <li>The Farriseidet project, 14.3 kilometres (8.9 miles) between Larvik and Porsgrunn on the Vestfold Line, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 miles) in tunnel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">High-speed rail in Russia</a></div> <p>The existing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway">Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway</a> can operate at maximum speeds of 250 km/h; the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>–<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> railway, dismantled after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, was capable of a maximum of 200 km/h. A new <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Saint_Petersburg_high-speed_railway" title="Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed railway">Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed railway</a>, designed specifically for high-speed rail, is currently under construction: once completed, it is expected to have the maximum speed of 400 km/h. Future areas include freight lines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> in Russia, which would allow 3-day Far East to Europe service for freight, potentially fitting in between the months by ship and hours by air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A high-speed line of <i>SOKO</i> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <i lang="sr">soko</i>, meaning "falcon") trains connects the country's two most populous cities: <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, the capital of the country, and <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the slower <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> trains used for the <i>Regio</i> lines,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Stadler_KISS" title="Stadler KISS">Stadler KISS-es</a><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> take 36 minutes<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to go across two cities. In addition to the two main stations, the trains only stop in <a href="/wiki/New_Belgrade" title="New Belgrade">New Belgrade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line is currently being extended<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reach <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a>, Serbia's northernmost city.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is expected to be finished until the end of 2024, with an anticipated travel time between Belgrade and Subotica being around 70 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain_2">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">High-speed rail in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_High_Speed_Services.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Spain_High_Speed_Services.png/220px-Spain_High_Speed_Services.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Spain_High_Speed_Services.png/330px-Spain_High_Speed_Services.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Spain_High_Speed_Services.png/440px-Spain_High_Speed_Services.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Spanish high-speed services</figcaption></figure> <p>Spain has built an extensive high-speed rail network, with a length of 3,622 km (2,251 mi) (2021), the longest in Europe. It uses <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">Iberian gauge</a> used in most of the national railway network, meaning that the high-speed tracks are separated and not shared with local trains or freight. Although standard gauge is the norm for Spanish high-speed rail, since 2011 there exists a regional high-speed service running on <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">Iberian gauge</a> with special trains that connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ourense" title="Ourense">Ourense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a> in northwestern Spain. Connections to the French network exist since 2013, with direct trains from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. Although on the French side, conventional speed tracks are used from <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">High-speed rail in Switzerland</a></div> <p>High-speed north–south freight lines in Switzerland are under construction, avoiding slow mountainous truck traffic, and lowering labour costs. The new lines, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a>, are built for 250 km/h (155 mph). But the short high-speed parts and the mix with freight will lower the average speeds. The limited size of the country gives fairly short domestic travel times anyway. Switzerland is investing money in lines on French and German soil to enable better access to the high-speed rail networks of those countries from Switzerland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey_2">Turkey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">High-speed rail in Turkey</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways</a> started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. The first section of the line, between <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, was inaugurated on 13 March 2009. It is a part of the 533 km (331 mi) <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> high-speed rail line. A subsidiary of Turkish State Railways, <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_H%C4%B1zl%C4%B1_Tren" title="Yüksek Hızlı Tren">Yüksek Hızlı Tren</a> is the sole commercial operator of high-speed trains in Turkey. </p><p>The construction of three separate high-speed lines from Ankara to Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, as well as taking an Ankara–<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> line to the launch stage, form part of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communication_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport and Communication (Turkey)">Turkish Ministry of Transport</a>'s strategic aims and targets.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed rail in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The UK's fastest high-speed line (<a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a>) connects <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_station" class="mw-redirect" title="St Pancras station">London St Pancras</a> with <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Paris and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Tunnel Rail Link">Channel Tunnel</a>. At speeds of up to 300 km/h (185 mph), it is the only high-speed line in Britain with an operating speed of more than 125 mph (201 km/h). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Main_Line" title="Great Western Main Line">Great Western Main Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line" title="South Wales Main Line">South Wales Main Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_Country_Route" title="Cross Country Route">Cross Country Route</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> all have maximum speed limits of 125 mph (201 km/h). Attempts to increase speeds to 140 mph (225 km/h) on both the West Coast Main Line and East Coast Main Line were abandoned in the 1980s, due to trains operating on those lines not being capable of <a href="/wiki/Cab_signalling" title="Cab signalling">cab signalling</a>, which was made a legal requirement in the UK for tracks permitted to operate any service at speeds greater than 125 mph (201 km/h), due to the impracticality of observing lineside signals at such speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">High-speed rail in the United States</a></div> <p>The United States has domestic definitions for high-speed rail varying between jurisdictions. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> defines high-speed rail as services "reasonably expected to reach sustained speeds of more than 125 mph (201 km/h)",<sup id="cite_ref-title49_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-title49-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> uses a definition of top speeds at 110 mph (180 km/h) and above.<sup id="cite_ref-fra.dot.gov_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fra.dot.gov-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> uses the term "<a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">higher-speed rail</a>" for speeds up to 150 mph (240 km/h) and "very high-speed rail" for the rail on dedicated tracks with speeds over 150 mph.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Acela Express">Acela Express</a></i> (reaching 150 mph (240 km/h)), <i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Service" title="Keystone Service">Keystone Service</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star_(Amtrak_train)" title="Silver Star (Amtrak train)">Silver Star</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vermonter_(train)" title="Vermonter (train)">Vermonter</a></i> and certain <a href="/wiki/MARC_Train" title="MARC Train">MARC</a> <a href="/wiki/Penn_Line" title="Penn Line">Penn Line</a> express trains (the three reaching 125 mph (201 km/h)) are currently the only high-speed services on the American continent according to the American definition, although they are not considered high-speed by international standards. These services are all limited to the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>. The <i>Acela Express</i> links <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, New York City, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and Washington, D.C., and while <i>Northeast Regional</i> trains travel the whole of the same route, but make more station stops. All other high-speed rail services travel over portions of the route. </p><p>As of 2024, there are two high-speed rail projects under construction in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/California_High-Speed_Rail" title="California High-Speed Rail">California High-Speed Rail</a> project, eventually linking the 5 largest cities in California, is planned to have its first operating segment, between <a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a>, begin passenger service as soon as 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-2023_Project_Update_Report_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_Project_Update_Report-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brightline_West" title="Brightline West">Brightline West</a> project is planned to be privately operated and link the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Cucamonga,_California" title="Rancho Cucamonga, California">Rancho Cucamonga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a> area, with service set to begin in as soon as 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-city_effects">Inter-city effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Inter-city effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With high-speed rail there has been an increase in accessibility within cities. It allows for urban regeneration, accessibility in cities near and far, and efficient inter-city relationships. Better inter-city relationships lead to high-level services to companies, advanced technology, and marketing. The most important effect of HSR is the increase of accessibility due to shorter travel times. HSR lines have been used to create long-distance routes which in many cases cater to business travellers. However, there have also been short-distance routes that have revolutionised the concepts of HSR. They create commuting relationships between cities opening up more opportunities. Using both longer distance and shorter distance rail in one country allows for the best case of economic development, widening the labor and residential market of a metropolitan area and extending it to smaller cities.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, HSR is highly related to urban development,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it attracts offices and start-ups,<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> induces industrial displacement,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promotes firm innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Closures">Closures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: Closures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KTX Incheon International Airport to Seoul Line (operates on <a href="/wiki/AREX" title="AREX">Incheon AREX</a>) was closed in 2018, due to a mix of issues, including poor ridership and track sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AREX was not constructed as high-speed rail, resulting a cap of 150 <a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a> on KTX service in its section. </p><p>In China, many conventional lines upgraded up to 200 km/h had high-speed services shifted to parallel high-speed lines. These lines, often passing through towns and having level crossings, are still used for local trains and freight trains. For example, all (passenger) <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">EMU</a> services on the <a href="/wiki/Hankou%E2%80%93Danjiangkou_railway" title="Hankou–Danjiangkou railway">Hankou–Danjiangkou railway</a> were routed over the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan%E2%80%93Xiaogan_intercity_railway" title="Wuhan–Xiaogan intercity railway">Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway</a> on its opening to free up capacity for freight trains on the slower railway.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span 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title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117092100/https://uic.org/IMG/pdf/20200227_high_speed_lines_in_the_world.pdf">"High Speed Lines in the World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a>. 27 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uic.org/IMG/pdf/20200227_high_speed_lines_in_the_world.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Speed+Lines+in+the+World&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Railways&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuic.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F20200227_high_speed_lines_in_the_world.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FS355record-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FS355record_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_febbraio_04/treno_record_galleria_8806fdfa-f2ce-11dd-8878-00144f02aabc.shtml">"Due record in prova per il Frecciarossa"</a> (in Italian). Repubblica. 4 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Due+record+in+prova+per+il+Frecciarossa&rft.pub=Repubblica&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F09_febbraio_04%2Ftreno_record_galleria_8806fdfa-f2ce-11dd-8878-00144f02aabc.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeneralDefinition-EU-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeneralDefinition-EU_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeneralDefinition-EU_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720214528/http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article971">"General definitions of highspeed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article971">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+definitions+of+highspeed&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uic.org%2Fspip.php%3Farticle971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyrgidis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pyrgidis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyrgidis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyrgidis_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyrgidis2016" class="citation book cs1">Pyrgidis, Christos N. (21 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5ymCwAAQBAJ"><i>Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-6216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-6216-2"><bdi>978-1-4822-6216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Transportation+Systems%3A+Design%2C+Construction+and+Operation&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-6216-2&rft.aulast=Pyrgidis&rft.aufirst=Christos+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5ymCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaosChristos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nikolaos, Demiridis; Christos, Pyrgidis (2012). 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Earthscan. p. 298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economical+Environmentalist&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.au=Prashant+Vaze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Rekordmange-kollektivreisende-til-og-fra-Oslo-Lufthavn-7949419.html">Rekordmange kollektivreisende til og fra Oslo Lufthavn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505153741/http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Rekordmange-kollektivreisende-til-og-fra-Oslo-Lufthavn-7949419.html">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Norwegian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesiger2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schlesiger, Christian (12 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiwo.de/unternehmen/dienstleister/deutsche-bahn-verkaufte-bahncards-100-auf-rekordwert/20833438.html">"Deutsche Bahn: Verkaufte Bahncards 100 auf Rekordwert"</a>. <i>www.wiwo.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wiwo.de&rft.atitle=Deutsche+Bahn%3A+Verkaufte+Bahncards+100+auf+Rekordwert&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.aulast=Schlesiger&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiwo.de%2Funternehmen%2Fdienstleister%2Fdeutsche-bahn-verkaufte-bahncards-100-auf-rekordwert%2F20833438.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2003/fcvt_fotw257.html">"Fact #257: 3 March 2003 – Vehicle Occupancy by Type of Vehicle"</a>. US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+%23257%3A+3+March+2003+%E2%80%93+Vehicle+Occupancy+by+Type+of+Vehicle&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Energy%2C+Energy+Efficiency+and+Renewable+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.eere.energy.gov%2Fvehiclesandfuels%2Ffacts%2F2003%2Ffcvt_fotw257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planes_cheaper_than_trains_on_half_of_routes-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Planes_cheaper_than_trains_on_half_of_routes_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/columnists/nicktrend/8345279/Trains-or-planes-The-great-European-travel-test.html">"Trains or planes? The great European travel test"</a>. <i>www.telegraph.co.uk</i>. 24 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Trains+or+planes%3F+The+great+European+travel+test&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fcolumnists%2Fnicktrend%2F8345279%2FTrains-or-planes-The-great-European-travel-test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-High_Speed_Train_VS_Airplane-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-High_Speed_Train_VS_Airplane_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.techthefuture.com/mobility/high-speed-train-vs-airplane/">http://www.techthefuture.com/mobility/high-speed-train-vs-airplane/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052549/http://www.techthefuture.com/mobility/high-speed-train-vs-airplane/">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.techthefuture.com/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074320/http://www.techthefuture.com/">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as of 10 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Unique_Amtrak_Experience_with_Many_Benefits-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Unique_Amtrak_Experience_with_Many_Benefits_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.amtrak.com/the-unique-amtrak-experience-with-many-benefits">http://www.amtrak.com/the-unique-amtrak-experience-with-many-benefits</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> as of 10 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayananBatta2001" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, V.G.; Batta, George (13 December 2001). <i>Delays at Logan Airport</i>. Harvard Business School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delays+at+Logan+Airport&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School&rft.date=2001-12-13&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=V.G.&rft.au=Batta%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrittelliMallett2009" class="citation book cs1">Frittelli, John; Mallett, William J. (8 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA511142.pdf"><i>High Speed Rail (HSR) in the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1119597335">1119597335</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114201446/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA511142.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Speed+Rail+%28HSR%29+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1119597335&rft.aulast=Frittelli&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mallett%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA511142.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of this include SNCF who codeshares with Air France and Lufthansa's AIRail in cooperation with DB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airlinegeeks.com/2017/12/29/the-time-consuming-but-extremely-critical-process-of-deicing-aircraft-in-the-winter/">"The Time-Consuming But Extremely Critical Process of Deicing Aircraft in the Winter"</a>. 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Time-Consuming+But+Extremely+Critical+Process+of+Deicing+Aircraft+in+the+Winter&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairlinegeeks.com%2F2017%2F12%2F29%2Fthe-time-consuming-but-extremely-critical-process-of-deicing-aircraft-in-the-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/hainan-moving-flights-to-early-mornings-to-beat-the-heat/">"Hainan moving flights to early mornings to beat the heat"</a>. 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hainan+moving+flights+to+early+mornings+to+beat+the+heat&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Fbusiness%2Fhainan-moving-flights-to-early-mornings-to-beat-the-heat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood" class="citation web cs1">Lockwood, Deirdre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/web/2014/05/Los-Angeles-Airport-Pollutes-City.html">"Los Angeles Airport Pollutes City Air For Miles Downwind – Chemical & Engineering News"</a>. <i>cen.acs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cen.acs.org&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+Airport+Pollutes+City+Air+For+Miles+Downwind+%E2%80%93+Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F92%2Fweb%2F2014%2F05%2FLos-Angeles-Airport-Pollutes-City.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/high-speed-rail/article19539180.html">"Land-acquisition concerns continue to dog high-speed rail agency"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land-acquisition+concerns+continue+to+dog+high-speed+rail+agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fresnobee.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fhigh-speed-rail%2Farticle19539180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Taiwan)2011" class="citation web cs1">(Taiwan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (26 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=6,23,45,6,6&post=10392">"Taiwan tackles land subsidence with water project – Taiwan Today"</a>. <i>Taiwan Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Today&rft.atitle=Taiwan+tackles+land+subsidence+with+water+project+%E2%80%93+Taiwan+Today&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft.aulast=%28Taiwan%29&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaiwantoday.tw%2Fnews.php%3Funit%3D6%2C23%2C45%2C6%2C6%26post%3D10392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtt" class="citation web cs1">Utt, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/transportation/report/time-end-obamas-costly-high-speed-rail-program">"Time to End Obama's Costly High-Speed Rail Program"</a>. <i>The Heritage Foundation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Time+to+End+Obama%27s+Costly+High-Speed+Rail+Program&rft.aulast=Utt&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Ftransportation%2Freport%2Ftime-end-obamas-costly-high-speed-rail-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangLinLiHe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Xuehui; Lin, Shanlang; Li, Yan; He, Minghua (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619330057">"Can high-speed rail reduce environmental pollution? Evidence from China"</a>. <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>239</b>: 118135. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCPro.23918135Y">2019JCPro.23918135Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.118135">10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202318356">202318356</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Construction+to+begin+on+high-speed+rail+between+Vegas+and+California&rft.date=2024-04-20&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftravel%2F2024%2F04%2F20%2Fhigh-speed-rail-construction-california-las-vegas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarmendiaRibalayguaUreña2012" class="citation journal cs1">Garmendia, Maddi; Ribalaygua, Cecilia; Ureña, José María (1 December 2012). "High speed rail: implication for cities". <i>Cities</i>. Current Research on Cities. <b>29</b>: S26–S31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2012.06.005">10.1016/j.cities.2012.06.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-2751">0264-2751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cities&rft.atitle=High+speed+rail%3A+implication+for+cities&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=S26-S31&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cities.2012.06.005&rft.issn=0264-2751&rft.aulast=Garmendia&rft.aufirst=Maddi&rft.au=Ribalaygua%2C+Cecilia&rft.au=Ure%C3%B1a%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoWangDu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xiao, Fan; Wang, Jiaoe; Du, Delin (18 January 2022). 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"Did high-speed rail affect the entry of automobile industry start-ups? Empirical evidence from Guangdong Province, China". <i>Travel Behaviour and Society</i>. <b>19</b>: 45–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020TBSoc..19...45X">2020TBSoc..19...45X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tbs.2019.12.002">10.1016/j.tbs.2019.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213535387">213535387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travel+Behaviour+and+Society&rft.atitle=Did+high-speed+rail+affect+the+entry+of+automobile+industry+start-ups%3F+Empirical+evidence+from+Guangdong+Province%2C+China&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=45-53&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213535387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tbs.2019.12.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020TBSoc..19...45X&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Yong&rft.au=Deng%2C+Weipeng&rft.au=Gu%2C+Hengyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoLin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Xiao, Fan; Lin, Jen-Jia (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trip.2021.100358">"High-speed rail and high-tech industry evolution: Empirical evidence from China"</a>. <i>Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives</i>. <b>10</b>: 100358. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021TrRIP..1000358X">2021TrRIP..1000358X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trip.2021.100358">10.1016/j.trip.2021.100358</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234821409">234821409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives&rft.atitle=High-speed+rail+and+high-tech+industry+evolution%3A+Empirical+evidence+from+China&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=100358&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234821409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trip.2021.100358&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021TrRIP..1000358X&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft.au=Lin%2C+Jen-Jia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.trip.2021.100358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongZhengKahn2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dong, Xiaofang; Zheng, Siqi; Kahn, Matthew E. (January 2020). "The role of transportation speed in facilitating high skilled teamwork across cities". <i>Journal of Urban Economics</i>. <b>115</b>: 103212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jue.2019.103212">10.1016/j.jue.2019.103212</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F132188">1721.1/132188</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211379852">211379852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Economics&rft.atitle=The+role+of+transportation+speed+in+facilitating+high+skilled+teamwork+across+cities&rft.volume=115&rft.pages=103212&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F132188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211379852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jue.2019.103212&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Xiaofang&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Siqi&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Matthew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/south-korea-closes-266m-high-speed-rail-line-passe/">"South Korea closes $266m high-speed rail line as passengers prefer the bus"</a>. <i>Globalconstructionreview.com</i>. 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globalconstructionreview.com&rft.atitle=South+Korea+closes+%24266m+high-speed+rail+line+as+passengers+prefer+the+bus&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalconstructionreview.com%2Fnews%2Fsouth-korea-closes-266m-high-speed-rail-line-passe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wap.peopleapp.com/article/rmh9705393/rmh9705393">"今天，湖北多县市，告别无高铁历史！"</a> [Officially opened to traffic! Today, many counties and cities in Hubei bid farewell to the absence of high-speed rail!]. 29 November 2019. <q>It is reported that in order to unleash the freight capacity of the Handan Railway and take advantage of the high-speed rail transportation, all the EMU trains running on the Handan Railway will be transferred to the Han-Dan Railway.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%EF%BC%8C%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%8E%BF%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%91%8A%E5%88%AB%E6%97%A0%E9%AB%98%E9%93%81%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwap.peopleapp.com%2Farticle%2Frmh9705393%2Frmh9705393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrettek1975" class="citation book cs1">Krettek, Ottmar (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=287EmgEACAAJ"><i>Rollen, schweben, gleiten</i></a>. Alba. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87094-033-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-87094-033-6"><bdi>3-87094-033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rollen%2C+schweben%2C+gleiten&rft.pub=Alba&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=3-87094-033-6&rft.aulast=Krettek&rft.aufirst=Ottmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D287EmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Middleton" title="William D. Middleton">Middleton, William D.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/interurbanera00midd/interurbanera00midd_djvu.txt"><i>The Interurban Era</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kalmbach_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmbach Publishing Company">Kalmbach Publishing Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interurban+Era&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Finterurbanera00midd%2Finterurbanera00midd_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2006" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Christopher (18 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuN_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Shinkansen: From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 18–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36088-8"><bdi>978-1-134-36088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinkansen%3A+From+Bullet+Train+to+Symbol+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pages=18-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-134-36088-8&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuN_AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornolò1990" class="citation book cs1">Cornolò, Giovanni (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trenidicarta.it/schede/5/5997_CORNOLO_GIOVANNI_Una_leggenda_che_corre_Breve_storia_dell_Elettrotreno_e_dei_suoi_primati_ETR200.html"><i>Una leggenda che corre: breve storia dell'elettrotreno e dei suoi primati; ETR.200 – ETR.220 – ETR 240</i></a>. Salò: ETR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85068-23-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-85068-23-5"><bdi>88-85068-23-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+leggenda+che+corre%3A+breve+storia+dell%27elettrotreno+e+dei+suoi+primati%3B+ETR.200+%E2%80%93+ETR.220+%E2%80%93+ETR+240&rft.place=Sal%C3%B2&rft.pub=ETR&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=88-85068-23-5&rft.aulast=Cornol%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trenidicarta.it%2Fschede%2F5%2F5997_CORNOLO_GIOVANNI_Una_leggenda_che_corre_Breve_storia_dell_Elettrotreno_e_dei_suoi_primati_ETR200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rus2011" class="citation book cs1">de Rus, Gines (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/bpj/jbcacn/v2y2011i1n2.html">"vol 2, issue 1"</a>. In Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis (ed.). <i>The BCA of HSR: Should the Government Invest in High Speed Rail Infrastructure?</i>. Vol. 2. Berkeley Press. pp. 1–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=vol+2%2C+issue+1&rft.btitle=The+BCA+of+HSR%3A+Should+the+Government+Invest+in+High+Speed+Rail+Infrastructure%3F&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Berkeley+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=de+Rus&rft.aufirst=Gines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fa%2Fbpj%2Fjbcacn%2Fv2y2011i1n2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2015" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Murray (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRTXoAEACAAJ"><i>The Second Age of Rail: a history of high-speed trains</i></a>. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750961455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750961455"><bdi>978-0750961455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Age+of+Rail%3A+a+history+of+high-speed+trains&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0750961455&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRTXoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-speed+rail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/High-speed_rail#Q211382" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushsr.com/">US high-speed rail Association official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.org/spip.php?rubrique867">UIC: high-speed rail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maglev.net/worlds-fastest-high-speed-trains-in-commercial-operation">World's fastest high-speed trains in commercial operation</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br /> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-speed_rail" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-speed_rail" title="Template talk:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-speed_rail" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High-speed rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Technologies">Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovertrain" title="Hovertrain">Hovertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">350 km/h<br />(217 mph)<br />or more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400AF" title="China Railway CR400AF">China Railway CR400AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400BF" title="China Railway CR400BF">CR400BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">Shinkansen Series L0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">300–349 km/h<br />(186–217 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100, 101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_102" title="Renfe Class 102">102</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_103" title="Renfe Class 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)" title="AGV (train)">Alstom AGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">CRH2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH380A" title="China Railway CRH380A">380A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vibrant_Express" title="Vibrant Express">MTR CRH380A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380B</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Zefiro#Zefiro_380" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Zefiro">380D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">ETR 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar e300</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_374" title="British Rail Class 374">e320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">II (Sancheon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_Oaris" title="CAF Oaris">Oaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBKA" title="PBKA">PBKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 500</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a>, <a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5/H5</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6</a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_AVRIL" title="Talgo AVRIL">AVRIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (refurbished)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">Réseau</a> (PBA), <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_POS" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV POS">POS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">2N2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avelia_Horizon" title="Avelia Horizon">M (Avelia Horizon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THSR_700T" title="THSR 700T">THSR 700T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">250–299 km/h<br />(155–186 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="China Star">China Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJF2" class="mw-redirect" title="DJF2">DJF2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH1" title="China Railway CRH1">CRH1A, 1B, 1E</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">2A, 2B, 2E, 2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH5" title="China Railway CRH5">5A, 5E, 5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i> CR300AF, CR300BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_2" title="ICE 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_4_(Deutsche_Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)">4</a> (ICx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">New Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_120_/_121" title="Renfe Class 120 / 121">Renfe Class 120, 121</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_130" title="Renfe Class 130">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_501" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 501">SBB RABe 501</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_503" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 503">RABe 503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 200</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300</a>, <a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700</a>, <a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800</a>, <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2</a>, <a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7/W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT65000" title="TCDD HT65000">TCDD HT65000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (original)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">La Poste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_V250" title="AnsaldoBreda V250">V250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">200–249 km/h<br />(124–155 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">ACS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_180" title="British Rail Class 180">Adelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">APT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_DJJ1" title="China Railway DJJ1">China Railway DJJ1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH6" title="China Railway CRH6">CRH6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR200J" title="China Railway CR200J">CR200J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER200" title="ER200">ER200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier-Alstom_HHP-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier-Alstom HHP-8">HHP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC4" title="IC4">IC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS_Intercity_Nieuwe_Generatie" title="NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie">ICNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterCity_225" title="InterCity 225">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_T" title="ICE T">ICE T</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_TD" title="ICE TD">TD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_L" title="ICE L">ICE L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_71" title="NSB Class 71">NSB Class 71 (Flytoget)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_73" title="NSB Class 73">NSB Class 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_Flirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadler Flirt">NSB Class 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railjet" title="Railjet">Railjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Regina" title="Bombardier Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen series 0</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400</a>, <a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB_RABDe_500" title="SBB RABDe 500">SBB RABDe 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Re_460" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460">Re 460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SC-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SCB-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_2000" title="X 2000">X 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/SJ_X40" title="SJ X40">SJ X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-TER_(Z_21500)" title="Z-TER (Z 21500)">Z-TER (Z 21500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(train)" title="Sokol (train)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">British Rail Classes 800</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_801" title="British Rail Class 801">801</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">802</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_803" title="British Rail Class 803">803</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_805" title="British Rail Class 805">805</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_807" title="British Rail Class 807">807</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_810" title="British Rail Class 810">810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo XXI">Talgo XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Voyager/Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3_(train)" title="X3 (train)">X3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_and_prototype_high-speed_trains" title="Category:Experimental and prototype high-speed trains">Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">High-speed railway line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By countries and territories<br /><br /><small><i>planned networks in italics</i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Boraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Boraq">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt" title="High-speed rail in Egypt">Egypt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires%E2%80%93Rosario%E2%80%93C%C3%B3rdoba_high-speed_railway" title="Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway">Argentina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Brazil" title="High-speed rail in Brazil">Brazil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Canada" title="High-speed rail in Canada">Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Mexico" title="High-speed rail in Mexico">Mexico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">India</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehran%E2%80%93Qom%E2%80%93Isfahan_High_Speed_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran–Qom–Isfahan High Speed Rail">Iran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baghdad%E2%80%93Basra_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad–Basra high-speed rail line">Iraq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Japan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Kazakhstan" title="High-speed rail in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">Thailand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan" title="High-speed rail in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_express_railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South express railway (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Austria" title="High-speed rail in Austria">Austria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Croatia" title="High-speed rail in Croatia">Croatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="High-speed rail in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Latvia" title="High-speed rail in Latvia">Latvia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Portugal" title="High-speed rail in Portugal">Portugal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">Australia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-speed_railway_lines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-speed_railway_lines" title="Template:High-speed railway lines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-speed_railway_lines" title="Template talk:High-speed railway lines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed_railway_lines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed railway lines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-speed_railway_lines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">High-speed railway lines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:High-speed_rail_by_country" title="Category:High-speed rail by country">High-speed rail by country</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:High_speed_rail" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:High speed rail">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Morocco" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Boraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Boraq">Casablanca–Tangier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_corridor" title="Coastal corridor">Coastal corridor</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_(Taipei)_corridor" title="Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei) corridor">Beijing–Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin,_Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_(Macau)_corridor" title="Beijing–Harbin, Beijing–Hong Kong (Macau) corridor">Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau)</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Guangzhou–Hong Kong</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohhot%E2%80%93Nanning_corridor" title="Hohhot–Nanning corridor">Hohhot–Nanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kunming_corridor" title="Beijing–Kunming corridor">Beijing–Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_(Xining)%E2%80%93Guangzhou_corridor" title="Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou corridor">Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suifenhe%E2%80%93Manzhouli_corridor" title="Suifenhe–Manzhouli corridor">Suifenhe–Manzhouli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Lanzhou_corridor" title="Beijing–Lanzhou corridor">Beijing–Lanzhou</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao%E2%80%93Yinchuan_corridor" title="Qingdao–Yinchuan corridor">Qingdao–Yinchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Continental_Bridge_corridor" title="Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor">Lianyungang–Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Wuhan%E2%80%93Chengdu_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway">Shanghai–Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway" title="Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway">Shanghai–Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway" title="Guangzhou–Kunming high-speed railway">Guangzhou–Kunming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Whoosh HSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Shinkansen" title="Hokkaido Shinkansen">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Shinkansen" title="Hokuriku Shinkansen">Hokuriku Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen" title="Jōetsu Shinkansen">Jōetsu Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Kyushu Shinkansen">Kyushu Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen">Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%27y%C5%8D_Shinkansen" title="San'yō Shinkansen">San'yō Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen" title="Tōhoku Shinkansen">Tōhoku Shinkansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokaido_Shinkansen" title="Tokaido Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_High_Speed_Railway" title="Haramain High Speed Railway">Haramain HSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu HSR Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam_high-speed_railway" title="Honam high-speed railway">Honam HSR Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suseo%E2%80%93Pyeongtaek_high-speed_railway" title="Suseo–Pyeongtaek high-speed railway">Suseo–Pyeongtaek HSR Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gyeonggang Line <small>(Wonju-Gangneung)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang Line <small>(Cheongnyangni-Dodam)</small></a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan HSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_H%C4%B1zl%C4%B1_Tren" title="Yüksek Hızlı Tren">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway">Ankara–Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Sivas_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Sivas high-speed railway">Ankara–Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polatl%C4%B1%E2%80%93Konya_high-speed_railway" title="Polatlı–Konya high-speed railway">Polatlı–Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya%E2%80%93Yenice_railway" title="Konya–Yenice railway">Konya–Karaman</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent%E2%80%93Samarkand_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line">Tashkent–Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand%E2%80%93Bukhara_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand–Bukhara high-speed rail line">Samarkand–Bukhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSL_1" title="HSL 1">HSL 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_2" title="HSL 2">HSL 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_3" title="HSL 3">HSL 3</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_4" title="HSL 4">HSL 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen%E2%80%93Ringsted_Line" title="Copenhagen–Ringsted Line">Copenhagen–Ringsted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VR_Class_Sm3" title="VR Class Sm3">Kerava-Lahti</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_(train)" title="Allegro (train)">St. Petersburg-Helsinki</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Atlantique" title="LGV Atlantique">LGV Atlantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Bretagne-Pays_de_la_Loire" title="LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire">LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Est" title="LGV Est">LGV Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Interconnexion_Est" title="LGV Interconnexion Est">LGV Interconnexion Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="LGV Méditerranée">LGV Méditerranée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Nord" title="LGV Nord">LGV Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Rhin-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="LGV Rhin-Rhône">LGV Rhin-Rhône</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="LGV Rhône-Alpes">LGV Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est" title="LGV Sud-Est">LGV Sud-Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud_Europe_Atlantique" title="LGV Sud Europe Atlantique">LGV Sud Europe Atlantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line" title="Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line">LGV Perpignan–Barcelona</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Aachen_high-speed_railway" title="Cologne–Aachen high-speed railway">Cologne–Düren</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line" title="Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line">Cologne–Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Leipzig/Halle_high-speed_railway" title="Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway">Erfurt–Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_railway" title="Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway">Hanover–Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Stuttgart_high-speed_railway" title="Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway">Mannheim–Stuttgart</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Ingolstadt_high-speed_railway" title="Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railway" title="Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe%E2%80%93Basel_high-speed_railway" title="Karlsruhe–Basel high-speed railway">Rastatt–Offenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendlingen%E2%80%93Ulm_high-speed_railway" title="Wendlingen–Ulm high-speed railway">Wendlingen–Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93Berlin_high-speed_railway" title="Hanover–Berlin high-speed railway">Wolfsburg–Berlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus%E2%80%93Platy_railway" title="Piraeus–Platy railway">Athens–Thessaloniki</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna%E2%80%93Florence_high-speed_railway" title="Bologna–Florence high-speed railway">Bologna–Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway" title="Florence–Rome high-speed railway">Florence–Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Bologna_high-speed_railway" title="Milan–Bologna high-speed railway">Milan–Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Verona_high-speed_railway" title="Milan–Verona high-speed railway">Milan–Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples%E2%80%93Salerno_high-speed_railway" title="Naples–Salerno high-speed railway">Naples–Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Naples_high-speed_railway" title="Rome–Naples high-speed railway">Rome–Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin%E2%80%93Milan_high-speed_railway" title="Turin–Milan high-speed railway">Turin–Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSL-Zuid" title="HSL-Zuid">HSL-Zuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardermoen_Line" title="Gardermoen Line">Gardermoen Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Grodzisk_Mazowiecki%E2%80%93Zawiercie_railway" title="Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie railway">Grodzisk–Zawiercie</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Moscow–St.Petersburg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_(train)" title="Allegro (train)">St. Petersburg-Helsinki</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Axis_high-speed_rail_line" title="Atlantic Axis high-speed rail line">Atlantic Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Galicia_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Galicia high-speed rail line">Madrid–Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Extremadura_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Extremadura high-speed rail line">Madrid–Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line" title="Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line">Barcelona–Perpignan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line">Madrid–Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Le%C3%B3n_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid–León high-speed rail line">Madrid–León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93M%C3%A1laga_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line"> Madrid–Malaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Seville_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line">Madrid–Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Toledo_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Toledo high-speed rail line">Madrid–Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Levante_high-speed_rail_network" title="Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network">Madrid–Levante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bothnia_Line" title="Bothnia Line">Bothnia Line</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>None</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>None</i> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/21px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/32px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/42px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211382#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4052370-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86002136">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Trains à grande vitesse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955058d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Trains à grande vitesse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955058d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00999684">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vysokorychlostní železnice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph203128&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546461605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&oldid=1258511909">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&oldid=1258511909</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:High-speed_rail" title="Category:High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1964_establishments_in_Japan" title="Category:1964 establishments in Japan">1964 establishments in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_inventions" title="Category:Japanese inventions">Japanese inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a 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