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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Israelites relocated by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Israelite diaspora" redirects here. For the Israelite diaspora from Judah, see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>. For the Israeli diaspora, see <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deportation_of_Jews_by_Assyrians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deportation_of_Jews_by_Assyrians.svg/330px-Deportation_of_Jews_by_Assyrians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deportation_of_Jews_by_Assyrians.svg/495px-Deportation_of_Jews_by_Assyrians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deportation_of_Jews_by_Assyrians.svg/660px-Deportation_of_Jews_by_Assyrians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Deportation of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> after the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and the subjugation of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, 8th–7th century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Assyrian captivity</b>, also called the <b>Assyrian exile</b>, is the period in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">history of ancient Israel and Judah</a> during which several thousand <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> were dispossessed and forcibly relocated by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. One of many instances attesting <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_policy_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian resettlement policy</a>, this mass deportation of the Israelite nation began immediately after the Assyrian conquest of Israel, which was overseen by the Assyrian kings <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a>. The later Assyrian kings <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> also managed to subjugate the Israelites in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">Assyrian siege of Jerusalem</a> in 701 BC, but were unable to annex their territory outright. The Assyrian captivity's victims are known as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a>, and Judah was left as the sole Israelite kingdom until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Babylonian siege of Jerusalem</a> in 587 BC, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>. Not all of Israel's populace was deported by the Assyrians; those who were not expelled from the former kingdom's territory eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan people</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_account">Biblical account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The captivities began in approximately 732 BC according to modern scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%205:26&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 5:26</a>)</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, and he took <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places#Ijon" title="List of minor biblical places">Ijon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abel-beth-maachah" title="Abel-beth-maachah">Abel Beth Maacah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Janohah" title="Janohah">Janoah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kedesh" title="Kedesh">Kedesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and carried them captive to Assyria. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2015:29&version=nrsv">2 Kings 15:29</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/720s_BC" title="720s BC">722 BC</a>, around ten years after the initial deportations, the ruling city of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>, was finally taken by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> after a three-year siege started by <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a>. </p> <blockquote><p>Against him came up <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents. </p><p>And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison. Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years. </p><p> In the ninth year of Hoshea the king of Assyria took <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2017:3–6&version=nrsv">2 Kings 17:3–6</a>)</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The king of Assyria carried the Israelites away to Assyria, settled them in Halah, on the Habor, the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes, because they did not obey the voice of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> their God but transgressed His covenant—all that Moses the servant of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> had commanded; they neither listened nor obeyed. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2018:11–12&version=nrsv">2 Kings 18:11–12</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>The term "cities of the Medes" mentioned above may be a corruption from an original text "Mountains of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>And when Asa heard these words, even the prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, and put away the detestable things out of all the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had taken from the hill-country of Ephraim; and he renewed the altar of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, that was before the porch of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>. </p><p>And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and them that sojourned with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon; for they fell to him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> his God was with him. </p><p> So they gathered themselves together at Jerusalem in the third month, in the fifteenth year of the reign of Asa. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b15.htm#8">2 Chronicles 15:8–10</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>Many Israelite civilians were killed during the invasion, with infants being dashed and pregnant women being ripped open (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%2013:16&version=nrsv">Hosea 13:16</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar acts were perpetrated in later Assyrian conquests, such as their <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">conquest of Elam</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 30, there is evidence that at least some people of the Northern Kingdom of Israel were not exiled. These were invited by king <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> to keep the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> in a feast at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> with the Judean population. (The holiday was set one month forward from its original date.) Hezekiah sent his posts to spread the word among the remnant of the Northern kingdom; the posts were mocked during their visit to the country of Ephraim, Manasseh and Zebulun. However, some people of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves and came to Jerusalem. In a later part of the chapter, even people from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar" title="Tribe of Issachar">Tribe of Issachar</a> and the strangers that "came out from the land of Israel" were said to take part in the passover event. Biblical scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Cassuto" title="Umberto Cassuto">Umberto Cassuto</a> and Elia Samuele Artom claimed that Hezekiah might have annexed these territories, in which inhabitants of the Kingdom of Israel remained, into his own kingdom. </p> <blockquote><p>And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, the God of Israel. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b30.htm#1">2 Chronicles 30:1</a>) </p><p><br /> So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beer-sheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, the God of Israel, at Jerusalem; for they had not kept it in great numbers accordingly, as it is written. </p><p>So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, according to the commandment of the king, saying: 'Ye children of Israel, turn back unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, that He may return to the remnant that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria. And be ye not like your fathers and like your brethren who acted treacherously against the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, the God of their fathers, so that He delivered them to desolation, as ye see. Now be ye not stiffnecked as your fathers were, but yield yourselves unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> and enter into His sanctuary which He hath sanctified for ever; and serve the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> your God that His fierce anger may turn away from you. </p><p> For if ye turn back unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, your brethren and your children shall find compassion before them that led them captive, and shall come back into this land; for the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> your God is gracious and merciful, and will not turn away His face from you if ye return unto Him.' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b30.htm#5">2 Chronicles 30:5–9</a>)</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>So the posts passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh, even unto Zebulun; but they laughed them to scorn, and mocked them. Nevertheless certain men of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b30.htm#11">2 Chronicles 30:11–12</a>)</p></blockquote> <blockquote> <p>For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did they eat the passover otherwise than it is written. For Hezekiah had prayed for them, saying: 'The good L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> pardon ...' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b30.htm#18">2 Chronicles 30:18</a>) </p> </blockquote> <blockquote><p>And all the congregation of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and all the congregation that came out of Israel, and the strangers that came out of the land of Israel, and that dwelt in Judah, rejoiced. So there was great joy in Jerusalem; for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b30.htm#25">2 Chronicles 30:25–26</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>In 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 31, it is said that the remnant of the Kingdom of Israel returned to their homes, but not before destroying Ba'al and Ashera places of Idol worship left in "all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh". </p> <blockquote><p>Now when all this was finished, all Israel that were present went out to the cities of Judah, and broke in pieces the pillars, and hewed down the Asherim, and broke down the high places and the altars out of all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned, every man to his possession, into their own cities. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b31.htm#1">2 Chronicles 31:1</a>)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assyrian_cuneiform">Assyrian cuneiform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assyrian cuneiform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicle ABC1</a> records that Shalmaneser V conquered Samaria, as stated in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Assyrian cuneiform states that 27,290 captives were taken from Samaria,<sup id="cite_ref-Luckenbill_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luckenbill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the capital of the new Assyrian province of <a href="/wiki/Samerina" title="Samerina">Samerina</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>. </p><p>Sargon records his first campaign on the walls of the royal palace at Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad): </p> <blockquote><p><i>In my first year of reign *** the people of Samaria *** to the number of 27,290 ... I carried away.</i> </p><p><i>Fifty chariots for my royal equipment I selected. The city I rebuilt. I made it greater than it was before.</i> </p> <p><i>People of the lands I had conquered I settled therein. My official (Tartan) I placed over them as governor.</i> (L.ii.4.)<sup id="cite_ref-Luckenbill_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luckenbill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The description of the final defeat of the Northern Kingdom of Israel above appears to be a minor event in Sargon's legacy. Some historians attribute the ease of Israel's defeat to the previous two decades of invasions, defeats, and deportations. </p><p>Some estimates assume a captivity numbering in the hundreds of thousands, minus those who died in defense of the kingdom and minus those who fled voluntarily before and during the invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that the numbers deported by the Assyrians were rather limited and the bulk of the population remained <i>in situ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that significant numbers fled south to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. Archaeologically speaking, it is known that the invasion was accompanied by large-scale destruction and abandonment at many sites.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some cuneiform texts that document the presence of Israelites in Assyria after the deportations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return">Return</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, which was allowed to return from its <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, the ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom never had a foreign edict granting permission to return and rebuild their homeland. Many centuries later, rabbis of the restored Kingdom of Judah were still debating the return of the lost ten tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a> chapter 9 verse 3, the Israelites, who took part in the <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a>, are stated to be from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">Tribe of Simeon</a> that was absorbed into it, the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Tribe of Benjamin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Tribe of Levi</a> (Levites and <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Priests</a>) alongside the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Manasseh</a>, which according to the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a> 2 Chapter 17 were supposedly exiled by the Assyrians (the Biblical scholars <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Cassuto" title="Umberto Cassuto">Umberto Cassuto</a> and Elia Samuele Artom claimed these two tribes' names to be a reference to the remnant of all Ten Tribes that was not exiled and absorbed into the Judean population).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>And in Jerusalem dwelt of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin, and of the children of Ephraim and Manasseh.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#3">1 Chronicles 9:3</a>)</p></blockquote><p>Nonetheless, Nehemiah chapter 11 verse 3 describes a group called "Israel" settling in Judean neighborhoods. This "Israel" was composed of various Israelite tribes, who intermarried with each other. In contrast, the Israelite tribes of Judah and Benjamin settled in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHasegawaLevinRadner2018" class="citation book cs1">Hasegawa, Shuichi; Levin, Christoph; Radner, Karen, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwh2DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-056660-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-056660-4"><bdi>978-3-11-056660-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+Kingdom+of+Israel&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-056660-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwh2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchgodsword.org/enc/isb/print.cgi?number=T4089">Hara</a>, entry by W. Ewing in the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rea, Cam. <i>The Assyrian Exile: Israel's Legacy in Captivity</i>, p. 47 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60481-173-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-60481-173-0">1-60481-173-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726044235/http://biblehub.com/commentaries/benson/hosea/13.htm">"Hosea 13 Benson Commentary"</a>. <i>Biblehub.com</i>. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/benson/hosea/13.htm">the original</a> on July 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Hosea+13+Benson+Commentary&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fbenson%2Fhosea%2F13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubovský2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dubovský, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43077969">"Ripping Open Pregnant Arab Women: Reliefs in Room L of Ashurbanipal's North Palace"</a>. <i>Orientalia</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 394–419. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43077969">43077969</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Ripping+Open+Pregnant+Arab+Women%3A+Reliefs+in+Room+L+of+Ashurbanipal%27s+North+Palace&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=394-419&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43077969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dubovsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43077969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamadaYamada2017" class="citation book cs1">Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35496181">"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited"</a>. In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). <i>"Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday</i>. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 406–407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575067612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575067612"><bdi>978-1575067612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shalmaneser+V+and+His+Era%2C+Revisited&rft.btitle=%22Now+It+Happened+in+Those+Days%22%3A+Studies+in+Biblical%2C+Assyrian%2C+and+Other+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Historiography+Presented+to+Mordechai+Cogan+on+His+75th+Birthday&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=406-407&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1575067612&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Keiko&rft.au=Yamada%2C+Shiego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35496181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luckenbill-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luckenbill_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luckenbill_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luckenbill, Daniel David. <i>Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylon</i>, Oriental Institute University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 1926. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85417-049-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85417-049-X">1-85417-049-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Younger, K. Lawson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3266980">"The Deportations of the Israelites"</a>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>117</b> (2): 201–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3266980">10.2307/3266980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266980">3266980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Deportations+of+the+Israelites&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-227&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3266980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3266980%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Younger&rft.aufirst=K.+Lawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F3266980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075635/http://adath-shalom.ca/samaritan_origin.htm">"Samaritan Origins by David Steinberg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adath-shalom.ca/samaritan_origin.htm">the original</a> on 2010-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samaritan+Origins+by+David+Steinberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adath-shalom.ca%2Fsamaritan_origin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2021" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8oQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the Southwest: Imperial Domination and Its Consequences</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 66, 75–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884163-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884163-0"><bdi>978-0-19-884163-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1164505801">1164505801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neo-Assyrian+Empire+in+the+Southwest%3A+Imperial+Domination+and+Its+Consequences&rft.pages=66%2C+75-88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1164505801&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884163-0&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8oQEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadok2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zadok, Ran (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34597823">"Israelites and Judaeans in the Neo-Assyrian Documentation (732–602 b.c.e. ): An Overview of the Sources and a Socio-Historical Assessment"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>374</b>: 159–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.374.0159">10.5615/bullamerschoorie.374.0159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Israelites+and+Judaeans+in+the+Neo-Assyrian+Documentation+%28732%E2%80%93602+b.c.e.+%29%3A+An+Overview+of+the+Sources+and+a+Socio-Historical+Assessment&rft.volume=374&rft.pages=159-189&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.374.0159&rft.aulast=Zadok&rft.aufirst=Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34597823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, Sanhedrin 110b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sanhedrin.10.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:2"</a>. <i>sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishnah+Sanhedrin+10%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishnah_Sanhedrin.10.2%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Books of Kings and Chronicles modern view by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Cassuto" title="Umberto Cassuto">Umberto Cassuto</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elia_Samuele_Artom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elia Samuele Artom (page does not exist)">Elia Samuele Artom</a> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311080519/https://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/nehemiah/11.htm">"Nehemiah 11 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary"</a>. <i>Biblehub.com</i>. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/nehemiah/11.htm">the original</a> on March 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Nehemiah+11+Jamieson-Fausset-Brown+Bible+Commentary&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fjfb%2Fnehemiah%2F11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Koch, Ido (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA693">"Israel and Assyria, Judah and Assyria"</a>. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). <i>The Ancient Israelite World</i>. Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000773248" title="Special:BookSources/9781000773248">9781000773248</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&oldid=1255971874">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_captivity&oldid=1255971874</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_BC_in_Assyria" title="Category:8th-century BC in Assyria">8th-century BC in Assyria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="Category:Ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_of_Chronicles" title="Category:Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_of_Kings" title="Category:Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Category:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Category:Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_Hebrews" title="Category:Mesopotamian Hebrews">Mesopotamian Hebrews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assyrian_Jews" title="Category:Assyrian Jews">Assyrian Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expulsions_of_Jews" title="Category:Expulsions of Jews">Expulsions of Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_the_Bible" title="Category:Massacres in the Bible">Massacres in the Bible</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 15:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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