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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeological record</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological record subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LMLK_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LMLK_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>LMLK seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LMLK_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Everyday_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Everyday_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Everyday life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Everyday_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Forts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biblical narrative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical narrative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jeroboam's_revolt_and_the_partition_of_the_United_Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeroboam's_revolt_and_the_partition_of_the_United_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jeroboam's revolt and the partition of the United Monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeroboam's_revolt_and_the_partition_of_the_United_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relations with the Kingdom of Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clash_of_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clash_of_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Clash of empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clash_of_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_and_dispersion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_and_dispersion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Destruction and dispersion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_and_dispersion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Babylonian_Yehud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babylonian_Yehud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Babylonian Yehud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babylonian_Yehud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_to_Babylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_to_Babylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Exile to Babylon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_to_Babylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Yehud_and_Hellenistic_period." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Yehud_and_Hellenistic_period."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Persian Yehud and Hellenistic period.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Yehud_and_Hellenistic_period.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Judah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_Juda" title="Koninkryk Juda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk Juda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_(Reich)" title="Juda (Reich) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Juda (Reich)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="مملكة يهوذا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة يهوذا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99hudi_%C3%A7arl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yəhudi çarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhudi çarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="یهودا شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودا شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="যিহূদা রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যিহূদা রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-t%C4%81i_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Iû-tāi Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-tāi Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Іўдзейскае царства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іўдзейскае царства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Юдейско царство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юдейско царство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinireich_Juda" title="Kinireich Juda – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinireich Juda" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Yehouda" title="Rouantelezh Yehouda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Yehouda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Jud%C3%A0" title="Regne de Judà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Judà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huda" title="Huda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Huda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Judské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Judské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Juda" title="Kongeriget Juda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Juda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_(Reich)" title="Juda (Reich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juda (Reich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Βασίλειο του Ιούδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο του Ιούδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Jud%C3%A1" title="Reino de Judá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Judá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_de_Judujo" title="Reĝlando de Judujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando de Judujo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeako_Erresuma" title="Judeako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judeako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پادشاهی یهودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی یهودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Juda" title="Royaume de Juda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Juda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Xud%C3%A1" title="Reino de Xudá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Xudá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9-thai_V%C3%B2ng-koet" title="Yù-thai Vòng-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yù-thai Vòng-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%A4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="유다 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유다 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni_o_Iuda" title="Aupuni o Iuda – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni o Iuda" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հուդայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուդայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="यूदा प्रदेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूदा प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Juda" title="Kraljevstvo Juda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevstvo Juda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Yehuda" title="Kerajaan Yehuda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Yehuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Giuda" title="Regno di Giuda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Giuda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="ממלכת יהודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת יהודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajan_Yehuda" title="Karajan Yehuda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karajan Yehuda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಜುದಾ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜುದಾ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarian_nang_Judah" title="Kaarian nang Judah – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kaarian nang Judah" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="იუდეველთა სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუდეველთა სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Иудея патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иудея патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_(ufalme)" title="Yuda (ufalme) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yuda (ufalme)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Iudae" title="Regnum Iudae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Iudae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABdejas_%C4%B7%C4%93ni%C5%86valsts" title="Jūdejas ķēniņvalsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūdejas ķēniņvalsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C4%97ja" title="Judėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Judėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAdai_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Júdai Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Júdai Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Јудејско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јудејско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakan%27_i_Jod%C3%A0" title="Fanjakan' i Jodà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakan' i Jodà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABngitanga_o_Hura" title="Kīngitanga o Hura – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kīngitanga o Hura" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="مملكة يهوذا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة يهوذا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Judah" title="Kerajaan Judah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Judah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-d%C3%A2i_U%C3%B2ng-gu%C3%B3k" title="Iù-dâi Uòng-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-dâi Uòng-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Makanitu_Vaka-Jiuta" title="Na Makanitu Vaka-Jiuta – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Makanitu Vaka-Jiuta" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Juda" title="Koninkrijk Juda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Juda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ユダ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Judea" title="Kongedømmet Judea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Judea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reialme_de_Juda" title="Reialme de Juda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reialme de Juda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiy_podsholigi" title="Yahudiy podsholigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahudiy podsholigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%81" title="مملکت یہوداہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت یہوداہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A" title="د یهودا پاچاهي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د یهودا پاچاهي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Judy" title="Królestwo Judy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Judy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Jud%C3%A1" title="Reino de Judá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Judá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Iuda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Иудейское царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иудейское царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Malo_o_Iuta" title="Le Malo o Iuta – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Le Malo o Iuta" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Jud%C3%ABs" title="Mbretëria e Judës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Judës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="යෙහුදා රාජධානිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යෙහුදා රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah" title="Judah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Judah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Јудеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Јудеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Juda" title="Kraljevstvo Juda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevstvo Juda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudan_kuningaskunta" title="Juudan kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juudan kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_rike" title="Juda rike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Juda rike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Juda" title="Kaharian ng Juda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Juda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யூத அரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூத அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชอาณาจักรยูดาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรยูดาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yehuda Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yehuda Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Юдейське царство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юдейське царство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%81" title="مملکت یہوداہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت یہوداہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kingdom of Judea" redirects here. For the Judean polity of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, see <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>. For the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel, see <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Judah</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Moabite-language text"><span lang="obm" dir="rtl">𐤉𐤄𐤃</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 930 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 587 BCE</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lmlk-seal_impression-h2d-gg22_2003-02-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="LMLK seal (700–586 BCE) of Judah"><img alt="LMLK seal (700–586 BCE) of Judah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lmlk-seal_impression-h2d-gg22_2003-02-21.jpg/85px-Lmlk-seal_impression-h2d-gg22_2003-02-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lmlk-seal_impression-h2d-gg22_2003-02-21.jpg/128px-Lmlk-seal_impression-h2d-gg22_2003-02-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lmlk-seal_impression-h2d-gg22_2003-02-21.jpg/170px-Lmlk-seal_impression-h2d-gg22_2003-02-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">LMLK seal</a> (700–586 BCE)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Weller,_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_(FL36012236_3897579).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel, produced by Edward Weller c. 1890"><img alt="The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel, produced by Edward Weller c. 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg/250px-Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg/375px-Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg/500px-Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4457" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><i>The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel</i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weller_(cartographer)" title="Edward Weller (cartographer)">Edward Weller</a> c. 1890</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a> (Early Judaism)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-Unearthed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unearthed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Judahite, Judean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 931–913 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 597–587 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">Jeroboam's Revolt</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 930 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 587 BCE</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud (Babylonian province)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Judah</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Centered in the highlands to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, the kingdom's capital was <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a> for four centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> depicts the Kingdom of Judah as one of the two successor states of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Kingdom of Israel</a>, a term denoting the united monarchy under biblical kings <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and covering the territory of Judah and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>. However, during the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">some biblical scholars</a> began to argue that the archaeological evidence for an extensive kingdom before the late 8th century BCE is too weak, and that the methodology used to obtain the evidence is flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-garfinkel2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfinkel2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fink2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fink2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated, limited to small rural settlements, most of them unfortified.<sup id="cite_ref-mazar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan Stele">Tel Dan Stele</a>, discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom existed in some form by the middle of the 9th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cline_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cline-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWSem_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWSem-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it does not indicate the extent of its power. Recent excavations at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a>, however, support the existence of a centrally organized and urbanized kingdom by the 10th century BCE, according to the excavators.<sup id="cite_ref-garfinkel2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfinkel2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minimal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minimal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a>, despite <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah#Political_moves_and_Assyrian_invasion" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah's revolt</a> against the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> took advantage of the political vacuum that resulted from Assyria's decline and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Saite Egyptian</a> rule over the area to enact his religious reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomistic history</a>, which recounts the history of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">the people of Israel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> to <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> and expresses a worldview based on the legal principles found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>, is assumed to have been written during this same time period and emphasizes the significance of upholding them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the final fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, competition emerged between Saite Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> over control of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, ultimately resulting in Judah's rapid decline. The early 6th century BCE saw a wave of Egyptian-backed <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judahite rebellions against Babylonian rule</a> being crushed. In 587 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">siege of Jerusalem</a>, ultimately destroying the city and ending the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński202094_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński202094-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Judeans were <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled to Babylon</a>, and the fallen kingdom was then <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">annexed as a Babylonian province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">fall of Babylon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> allowed the Jews who had been deported after the conquest of Judah to return. They were allowed to <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">autonomous rule under Persian governance</a>. It was not until 400 years later, following the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a>, that Judeans fully regained independence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Judah was located in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judean Mountains</a>, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev Desert</a>. The central ridge, ranging from forested and shrubland-covered mountains gently sloping towards the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a> in the west, to the dry and arid landscapes of the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> descending into the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> to the east, formed the kingdom's core.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardin2014743_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardin2014743-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern border of Judah extended east-west from the northwestern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, passing near <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> to the area of <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>. To the west, the border ran from Gezer across the Shephelah to <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> in the northern Negev. In the east, Judah's boundaries followed the Arabah to the western shore of the Dead Sea. In prosperous periods, Judah's influence expanded, stretching southward to Beersheba and beyond, including <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(biblical)" title="Kadesh (biblical)">Kadesh Barnea</a> and likely <a href="/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud" title="Kuntillet Ajrud">Kuntillet Ajrud</a>. Its influence possibly extended to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Eilat</a> in the south,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardin2014743_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardin2014743-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">Coastal Plain</a> in the west in <a href="/wiki/Mesad_Hashavyahu" title="Mesad Hashavyahu">Mesad Hashavyahu</a> fortress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_record">Archaeological record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeological record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology_school" title="Biblical archaeology school">Biblical archaeology school</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></div> <p>The formation of the Kingdom of Judah is a subject of heavy debate among scholars, with a dispute emerging between <a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">biblical minimalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_maximalism" title="Biblical maximalism">biblical maximalists</a> on this particular topic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to geopolitical factors like security issues, isolation, and political changes, the core area of the Kingdom of Judah on the south-central highlands has seen limited archaeological exploration compared to regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. Few excavations and surveys have been conducted there, creating a notable knowledge gap compared to the extensively-studied <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a> to the west, which has undergone systematic surveys and numerous scientific excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaust2018337_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2018337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is generally agreed that the narratives of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> in the 10th century BCE tell little about the origins of Judah, currently, there is no consensus as to whether Judah developed as a split from a unified kingdom Israel (as the Bible tells) or independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz201527_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201527-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars suggested that Jerusalem, the kingdom's capital, did not emerge as a significant administrative center until the end of the 8th century BCE. Before then, the archaeological evidence suggests its population was too small to sustain a viable kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011302_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011302-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars argue that recent discoveries and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon tests</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">City of David</a> seem to indicate that Jerusalem was already a significant city by the 10th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergi2023187–195,_197_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergi2023187–195,_197-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the debate revolves around whether the archaeological discoveries conventionally dated to the 10th century should instead be dated to the 9th century, as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological discoveries by <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Mazar" title="Eilat Mazar">Eilat Mazar</a> in Jerusalem and <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a> have been interpreted as supporting the existence of the United Monarchy, but the datings and identifications are not universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Zachary_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachary-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg/220px-JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg/330px-JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg/440px-JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan_stele" title="Tel Dan stele">Tel Dan Stele</a>, with the word(s) "House of David" highlighted (9th century BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tel Dan stele shows a historical "<a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a>" ruled a kingdom south of the lands of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> in the 9th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPioske2015180_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPioske2015180-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attestations of several Judean kings from the 8th century BCE have been discovered,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they do little to indicate how developed the state actually was. The <a href="/wiki/Nimrud_Tablet_K.3751" title="Nimrud Tablet K.3751">Nimrud Tablet K.3751</a>, dated c. 733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the name "Judah" (written in <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian cuneiform</a> as Ya'uda or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a),<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while an earlier reference to a Judahite envoy seems to appear in a wine list from <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> dated to the 780s BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_2.JPG/220px-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_2.JPG/330px-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_2.JPG/440px-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stepped_Stone_Structure" title="Stepped Stone Structure">Stepped Stone Structure</a> seen from the <a href="/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure" title="Large Stone Structure">Large Stone Structure</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a major subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-mazar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core are the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">City of David</a>, which does show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity around the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergi2023197_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergi2023197-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some unique administrative structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Stepped_Stone_Structure" title="Stepped Stone Structure">Stepped Stone Structure</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure" title="Large Stone Structure">Large Stone Structure</a>, which originally formed one structure, contain material culture dated to Iron I.<sup id="cite_ref-mazar_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On account of the alleged lack of settlement activity in the 10th century BCE, Israel Finkelstein argues that Jerusalem was then a small country village in the Judean hills, not a national capital, and Ussishkin argues that the city was entirely uninhabited. <a href="/wiki/Amihai_Mazar" title="Amihai Mazar">Amihai Mazar</a> contends that if the Iron I / Iron II A dating of administrative structures in the City of David are correct, which he believes to be the case, "Jerusalem was a rather small town with a mighty citadel, which could have been a center of a substantial regional polity."<sup id="cite_ref-mazar_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a> argues that Jerusalem was a small and fortified city, probably inhabited only by the royal court, priests and clerks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad#Ostraca" title="Tel Arad">collection of military orders</a> found in the ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">military fortress</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> dating to the period of the Kingdom of Judah indicates widespread literacy, based on the inscriptions, the ability to read and write extended throughout the chain of command from commanders to petty officers. According to Professor Eliezer Piasetsky, who participated in analyzing the texts, "Literacy existed at all levels of the administrative, military and priestly systems of Judah. Reading and writing were not limited to a tiny elite." That indicates the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Judah at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological research near the <a href="/wiki/Gihon_Spring" title="Gihon Spring">Gihon Spring</a> in the City of David has revealed many anepigraphical <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">bullae</a> (that is, bullae bearing only iconography, no inscriptions) dated to the 11th/10th-9th centuries BCE which feature "papyrus lines" on their backs. It has been argued that these seals provide evidence that <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus texts</a> were written and used in Jerusalem already from the 10th (perhaps 11th) century BCE onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichelle2024116_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelle2024116-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LMLK_seals">LMLK seals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: LMLK seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">LMLK seal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum,_Israel_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_1.JPG/220px-Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_1.JPG/330px-Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_1.JPG/440px-Lmlk_Seals_-_Hecht_Museum%2C_Israel_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Storage jars handles marked with LMLK seals, <a href="/wiki/Hecht_Museum" title="Hecht Museum">Hecht Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">LMLK seals</a> are archaic Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal" title="Stamp seal">stamp seals</a> on the handles of large storage jars dating from the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> (circa 700 BCE) discovered mostly in and around <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Several complete jars were found <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> buried under a <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layer</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Tel Lachish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the original seals has been found, but some 2,000 impressions made by at least 21 seal types have been published.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LMLK stands for the Hebrew letters <i><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lamedh</a> <a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">mem</a> lamedh <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaph</a></i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְמֶלֶךְ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ləmeleḵ</i></span>), which can be translated as: </p> <ul><li>"[belonging] to the king" [of Judah]</li> <li>"[belonging] to King" (name of a person or deity)</li> <li>"[belonging] to the government" [of Judah]</li> <li>"[to be sent] to the King"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Everyday_life">Everyday life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Everyday life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2022 study, traces of <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> found in wine jars in Jerusalem might indicate that the local elite enjoyed wine flavored with vanilla during the 7–6th centuries BCE. Until very recently, vanilla was not at all known to be available to the Old World. Archeologists suggested that this discovery might be related to an international trade route that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> during that period, probably under Assyrian and later, <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> Egyptian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a>, the fortified cities of the Kingdom of Judah during the 10th century BCE were located at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_en-Nasbeh" title="Tell en-Nasbeh">Tell en-Nasbeh</a>, Khirbet el-Dawwara (by <a href="/wiki/Halhul" title="Halhul">Halhul</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tel_Beit_Shemesh" title="Tel Beit Shemesh">Tel Beit Shemesh</a>, and Tell Lachish.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a>, believed to be the site of the ancient biblical town of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba#Iron_Age_Israelite_town" title="Beersheba">Be'er-sheba</a>, was the main Judahite center in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forts">Forts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a> have seen the discovery of several Judahite fortresses and towers. The fortifications had a large central courtyard surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Casemate_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Casemate wall">casemate walls</a> with chambers on the outside wall, and they were square or rectangular in shape.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Abu_et-Twein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet Abu et-Twein (page does not exist)">Khirbet Abu et-Twein</a>, which is situated on the Judaean Mountains between modern day <a href="/wiki/Bat_Ayin" title="Bat Ayin">Bat Ayin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jab%27a" title="Jab'a">Jab'a</a>, is one of the most noteworthy fortresses from the period. Great views of the Shepehla, including the Judahite towns of Azekah, Socho, Goded, Lachish, and Maresha, could be seen from this fort.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northern Negev, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a> served as a key administrative and military stronghold. It protected the route from the Judaean Mountains to the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>. It underwent numerous renovations and extensions. There are several other Judahite forts in the Negev, including <a href="/wiki/Horvat_Uza" title="Horvat Uza">Hurvat Uza</a>, Tel Ira, Aroer, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Masos" title="Tel Masos">Tel Masos</a>, and Tel Malhata. The main Judahite fortification in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> was found at <a href="/wiki/Vered_Yeriho" title="Vered Yeriho">Vered Yeriho</a>; it protected the road from <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few freestanding, elevated, isolated guard towers of the period were found around Jerusalem; towers of this type were discovered in the <a href="/wiki/French_Hill_(neighborhood)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Hill (neighborhood)">French Hill</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Giloh" title="Giloh">Giloh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is clear from the position of Judaean strongholds that one of their primary purposes was to facilitate communications via <a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">fire signals</a> across the Kingdom, a method well-documented in the Book of Jeremiah and the Lachish letters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biblical narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jeroboam's_revolt_and_the_partition_of_the_United_Monarchy"><span id="Jeroboam.27s_revolt_and_the_partition_of_the_United_Monarchy"></span>Jeroboam's revolt and the partition of the United Monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jeroboam's revolt and the partition of the United Monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Category:History of Palestine (region)">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of <span class="fn org label">Palestine</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;border-bottom:none;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-2013(2)-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/150px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/225px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg/300px-Jerusalem-2013%282%29-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_%28SE_exposure%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="5425" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ancient history</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Empire</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judah</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Classical period</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Palestine" title="Hellenistic Palestine">Hellenistic Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Roman Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Province of Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Salutaris</a>))</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_history_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history in Palestine">Islamic rule</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a>) </div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern era</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">Egyptian Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel#State_of_Israel_(1948–present)" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Governorate" title="Israeli Military Governorate">Military Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">Israeli Civil Administration</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a>; <br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>; <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip#History" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>)</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel" title="Category:History of Israel">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of <span class="fn org label">Israel</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Western Wall, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/245px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/368px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/490px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistoric Levant</a></b> <small></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <small></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Iron Age I <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12th–10th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–720 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–587 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 587–538 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Persian Yehud</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538–333 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 333–164 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 164–37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BCE–6 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judaea</a> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 6 CE–136 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 70–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 136–395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Byzantine Palaestina</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 395–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilad_a-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad a-Sham">Early Islamic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Urdunn</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1291</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1174–1260</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1260–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern history</b> <small>(1517–1948)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">State of Israel</a></b> <small>(1948–present)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">Jewish leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Israel" title="Template talk:History of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the biblical account, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Kingdom of Israel</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> during the late-11th century BCE, and reached its peak during the rule of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. After the death of Solomon circa 930 BCE, the Israelites gathered in <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> for the coronation of Solomon's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>. Before the coronation took place, the northern tribes, led by <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a>, asked the new king to reduce the heavy taxes and labor requirements that his father Solomon had imposed. Rehoboam rejected their petition: “I will add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, I will chastise you with scorpions" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2012:11&version=nrsv">1 Kings 12:11</a>). As a result, <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">ten of the tribes rebelled against Rehoboam</a> and proclaimed Jeroboam their king, forming the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>. At first, only the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">tribe of Judah</a> remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a> soon joined Judah. Both kingdoms, Judah in the south and Israel in the north, co-existed uneasily after the split until the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> in 722/721. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Israel">Relations with the Kingdom of Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relations with the Kingdom of Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the first 60 years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over Israel, and there was <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">perpetual war</a> between them. Israel and Judah warred throughout <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>'s 17-year reign. Rehoboam built elaborate defenses and strongholds, along with fortified cities. In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign, <a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak</a>, who is identified as the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Dynasty of Egypt">22nd Dynasty of Egypt</a>, brought a vast army and took many cities. In the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Jerusalem_(10th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Jerusalem (10th century BC)">sack of Jerusalem (10th century BCE)</a>, Rehoboam gave them all of the treasures out of the temple as a tribute and Judah became a vassal state of Egypt. </p><p>Rehoboam's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijah of Judah</a>, continued his father's efforts to bring Israel under his control. He fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Zemaraim" title="Battle of Mount Zemaraim">Battle of Mount Zemaraim</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a> of Israel and was victorious with a heavy loss of life on the Israel side. According to the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a>, Abijah and his people defeated them with a great slaughter, so that 500,000 chosen men of Israel fell slain,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jeroboam posed little threat to Judah for the rest of his reign. The border of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a> was restored to the original tribal border.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a>'s son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa of Judah</a>, maintained peace for the first 35 years of his reign,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he revamped and reinforced the fortresses initially built by his grandfather, Rehoboam. <a href="/wiki/II_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="II Chronicles">II Chronicles</a> states that at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zephath" title="Battle of Zephath">Battle of Zephath</a>, the Egyptian-backed chieftain <a href="/wiki/Zerah" title="Zerah">Zerah</a> the Ethiopian and his million men and 300 chariots were defeated by Asa's 580,000 men in the Valley of Zephath near <a href="/wiki/Maresha" title="Maresha">Maresha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bible does not state whether Zerah was a pharaoh or a general of the army. The Ethiopians were pursued to <a href="/wiki/Gerar" title="Gerar">Gerar</a>, in the coastal plain, where they stopped out of sheer exhaustion. The resulting peace kept Judah free from Egyptian incursions until the time of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>, some centuries later. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_from_720_BC_to_the_exile_of_Judah_(Smith,_1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Palestine_from_720_BC_to_the_exile_of_Judah_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg/220px-Palestine_from_720_BC_to_the_exile_of_Judah_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Palestine_from_720_BC_to_the_exile_of_Judah_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg/330px-Palestine_from_720_BC_to_the_exile_of_Judah_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Palestine_from_720_BC_to_the_exile_of_Judah_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg/440px-Palestine_from_720_BC_to_the_exile_of_Judah_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="3859" /></a><figcaption>Palestine from 720 BC to the exile of Judah.</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 36th year, Asa was confronted by <a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha of Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who built a fortress at Ramah on the border, less than ten miles from Jerusalem. The capital came under pressure, and the military situation was precarious. Asa took gold and silver from the Temple and sent them to <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hadad_I" title="Ben-Hadad I">Ben-Hadad I</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a>, in exchange for the Damascene king cancelling his peace treaty with Baasha. Ben-Hadad attacked Ijon, Dan and many important cities of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Naphtali" title="Tribe of Naphtali">tribe of Naphtali</a>, and Baasha was forced to withdraw from Ramah.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asa tore down the unfinished fortress and used its raw materials to fortify <a href="/wiki/Geba_(city)" title="Geba (city)">Geba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah in Benjamin</a> on his side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asa's successor, <a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a>, changed the policy towards Israel and instead pursued alliances and cooperation with it. The alliance with <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> was based on marriage. The alliance led to disaster for the kingdom with the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Ramoth-Gilead" title="Ramoth-Gilead">Ramoth-Gilead</a> according to <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_22" title="1 Kings 22">1 Kings 22</a>. He then allied with <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah of Israel</a> to carry on maritime commerce with <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a>. However, the fleet equipped at <a href="/wiki/Ezion-Geber" title="Ezion-Geber">Ezion-Geber</a> was immediately wrecked. A new fleet was fitted out without the cooperation of the king of Israel. Although it was successful, the trade was not prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined <a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram of Israel</a> in a war against the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a>, who were under tribute to Israel. This war was successful, and the Moabites were subdued. However, on seeing <a href="/wiki/Mesha" title="Mesha">Mesha</a>'s act of offering his son in a <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Kir_of_Moab" title="Kir of Moab">Kir of Moab</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">al-Karak</a>) filled Jehoshaphat with horror, he withdrew and returned to his land.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a>'s successor, <a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram of Judah</a>, formed an alliance with Israel by marrying <a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a>, the daughter of Ahab. Despite the alliance with the stronger northern kingdom, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> revolted, and he was forced to acknowledge its independence. A raid by <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> or perhaps <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">South Arabians</a> looted the king's house and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah of Judah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clash_of_empires">Clash of empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clash of empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/220px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/330px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>"To <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a>, king of Judah" – <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">royal seal</a> found at the <a href="/wiki/Ophel" title="Ophel">Ophel</a> excavations in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> became the sole ruler in c. 715 BCE, he formed alliances with <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and made a stand against <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> by refusing to pay tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter255_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter255-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> of Assyria attacked the fortified cities of Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hezekiah paid three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold to Assyria, which required him to empty the temple and royal treasury of silver and strip the gold from the doorposts of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peter255_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter255-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Siege_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem">Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 701 BCE though the city was never taken. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg/220px-Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg/330px-Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg/440px-Jerusalem-Broad-Wall-770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Broad_Wall_(Jerusalem)" title="Broad Wall (Jerusalem)">Broad Wall</a>, built during the reign of king Hezekiah (late-8th century BCE)</figcaption></figure><p> During the long reign of <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a> (c. 687/686 – 643/642 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judah was a vassal of Assyrian rulers: Sennacherib and his successors, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright2000311_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright2000311-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> after 669 BCE. Manasseh is listed as being required to provide materials for <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>'s building projects and as one of a number of vassals who assisted <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>'s campaign against Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright2000311_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright2000311-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiloach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg/220px-Shiloach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg/330px-Shiloach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siloam_inscription" title="Siloam inscription">Siloam inscription</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Siloam_tunnel" title="Siloam tunnel">Siloam tunnel</a>, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Lachish_-_booty_and_exiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5981" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption>The Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">capture of Lachish</a> (c. 701 BCE). Assyrian soldiers carry off booty from the city, and Judean prisoners are taken into exile with their goods and animals. </figcaption></figure><p>When <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> became king of Judah in c. 641/640 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the international situation was in flux. To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> was beginning to disintegrate, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> had not yet risen to replace it and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the west was still recovering from Assyrian rule. In the power vacuum, Judah could govern itself for the time being without foreign intervention. However, in the spring of 609 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> personally led a sizable army up to the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> to aid the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan261_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan261-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking the <a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">coastal route</a> into <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> at the head of a large army, Necho passed the low tracts of <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon</a>. However, the passage over the ridge of hills, which shuts in on the south the great <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, was blocked by the Judean army, led by Josiah, who may have considered that the Assyrians and the Egyptians were weakened by the death of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> only a year earlier (610 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan261_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan261-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably in an attempt to help the Babylonians, Josiah attempted to block the advance at <a href="/wiki/Megiddo_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megiddo (place)">Megiddo</a>, where a fierce <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(609_BC)" title="Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)">battle was fought</a> and Josiah was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a>, and they crossed the Euphrates and lay siege to <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>. The combined forces failed to hold the city after capturing it temporarily, and Necho retreated back to northern <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. The event also marked the disintegration of the Assyrian Empire. </p><p>On his return march to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> in 608 BCE, Necho found that <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a> had been selected to succeed his father, Josiah.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king for only three months, and replaced him with his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>. Necho imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a> of silver (about 3<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about 34 kilograms (75 lb)). Necho then took <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a> back to Egypt as his prisoner,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> never to return. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a> ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians by paying a heavy tribute. However, when the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Carchemish</a> in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim changed allegiances to pay tribute to <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon">Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon</a>. In 601 BCE, in the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar attempted to invade Egypt but was repulsed with heavy losses. The failure led to numerous rebellions among the states of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> that owed allegiance to Babylon. Jehoiakim also stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took a pro-Egyptian position. Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with the rebellions. According to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a>, after invading "the land of Hatti (Syria/Palestine)"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 599 BCE, he laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">siege to Jerusalem</a>. Jehoiakim died in 598 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the siege and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> at an age of either eight or eighteen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2016210_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2016210-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city fell about three months later,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 2 <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> (March 16) 597 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar pillaged both Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple</a> and carted all of his spoils to Babylon. <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen, along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering about 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were deported from the land and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Captivity">dispersed</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>. Nebuchadnezzar appointed <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a>, Jehoiakim's brother, the king of the reduced kingdom, who was made a tributary of Babylon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_and_dispersion">Destruction and dispersion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Destruction and dispersion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg/300px-Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg/450px-Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg/600px-Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><i>The Flight of the Prisoners</i> (1896) by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>; the exile of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from Jerusalem to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the strong remonstrances of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> and others, Zedekiah <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">revolted against</a> Nebuchadnezzar by ceasing to pay tribute to him and entered an alliance with Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Hophra</a>. In 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Judah and again <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">besieged Jerusalem</a>. Many Jews fled to surrounding <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> and other countries to seek refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city fell after a siege, which lasted either eighteen or thirty months,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nebuchadnezzar again pillaged both Jerusalem and the Temple<sup id="cite_ref-Ezra_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezra-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then destroyed both.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After killing all of Zedekiah's sons, Nebuchadnezzar took Zedekiah to Babylon<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so put an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>, in addition to those killed during the siege, some 4,600 people were deported after the fall of Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-Jer52_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jer52-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 586 BCE, much of Judah had been devastated, and the former kingdom had suffered a steep decline of both its economy and its population.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe2004_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babylonian_Yehud">Babylonian Yehud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Babylonian Yehud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jerusalem apparently remained uninhabited for much of the 6th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe2004_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the centre of gravity shifted to Benjamin, the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom, where the town of <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a> became the capital of the new Babylonian province of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud</a> for the remnant of the Jewish population in a part of the former kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was standard Babylonian practice. When the Philistine city of <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> was conquered in 604 BCE, the political, religious and economic elite (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipschitz200548_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschitz200548-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a> was appointed governor of the Yehud province, supported by a <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> guard. The administrative centre of the province was <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah in Benjamin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not Jerusalem. On hearing of the appointment, many of the Judeans who had taken refuge in surrounding countries were persuaded to return to Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gedaliah was soon assassinated by a member of the royal house, and the Chaldean soldiers killed. The population that was left in the land and those who had returned fled to Egypt for fear a Babylonian reprisal, under the leadership of Yohanan ben <a href="/wiki/Kareah" title="Kareah">Kareah</a>. They ignored the urging of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> against the move.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egypt, the refugees settled in <a href="/wiki/Migdol" title="Migdol">Migdol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noph" title="Noph">Noph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathros" title="Pathros">Pathros</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>, and Jeremiah went with them as a moral guardian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_to_Babylon">Exile to Babylon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Exile to Babylon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></div> <p>The numbers that were deported to Babylon and that made their way to Egypt and the remnant that remained in the land and in surrounding countries are subject to academic debate. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> reports that 4,600 were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jer52_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jer52-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> suggest that it was 10,000 and later 8,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Yehud_and_Hellenistic_period.">Persian Yehud and Hellenistic period.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Persian Yehud and Hellenistic period."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></div> <p>In 539 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> conquered Babylonia and allowed the exiles to return to <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a> and to rebuild the Temple, which was completed in the sixth year of Darius (515 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a>, the grandson of the second to last king of Judah, <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>. Yehud Medinata was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until its fall in c. 333 BCE to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Judean independence was reestablished after the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean revolt</a>, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a> in the 2nd century BCE. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the former Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major theme of the Hebrew Bible's narrative is the loyalty of Judah, especially its kings, to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, which it states is the God of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israel</a>. Accordingly, all of the kings of Israel (except to some extent <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a>) and many of the kings of Judah were "bad" in terms of the biblical narrative by failing to enforce <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>. Of the "good" kings, <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> (727–698 BCE) is noted for his efforts at stamping out <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> (in his case, the worship of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, among other traditional Near Eastern divinities),<sup id="cite_ref-Borowski_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borowski-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his successors, <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh of Judah</a> (698–642 BCE) and Amon (642–640 BCE), revived idolatry, which drew down on the kingdom the anger of Yahweh. King <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> (640–609 BCE) returned to the worship of Yahweh alone, but his efforts were too late, and Israel's unfaithfulness caused God to permit the kingdom's destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (587/586 BCE)</a>. </p><p>It is now widely agreed among academic scholars that the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> are not an accurate portrayal of religious attitudes in Judah or Israel of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, epigraphic evidence attests to Yahweh's prominence within Judahite religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemaire202444–46_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemaire202444–46-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of cannabis residues has been found on two altars in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a> dating to the 8th century BC. Researchers believe that cannabis may have been used for <a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">ritualistic psychoactive purposes</a> in Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-Arad_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arad-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts in biblical archaeology">List of artifacts in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Jewish states and dynasties">List of Jewish states and dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Kingdom of Israel</a>, the kingdom before the split</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, the Northern Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the modern country</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יְהוּדָה</span>‎</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yəhūdā</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk">𒅀𒌑𒁲</span> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Ya'údi</i></span> [<span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">ia-ú-di</i></span>]; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">𐤁‬𐤉‬𐤕‬𐤃𐤅‬𐤃</span> <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Bēyt <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">Dāwīḏ</a></i></span> '<a href="/wiki/House_of_David" class="mw-redirect" title="House of David">House of David</a>'</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPioske2015" class="citation book cs1">Pioske, Daniel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IrKgBgAAQBAJ">"David's Jerusalem: The Early 10th Century BCE Part I: An Agrarian Community"</a>. <i>David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History</i>. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45. Routledge. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54891-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54891-1"><bdi>978-1-317-54891-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=David%27s+Jerusalem%3A+The+Early+10th+Century+BCE+Part+I%3A+An+Agrarian+Community&rft.btitle=David%27s+Jerusalem%3A+Between+Memory+and+History&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Religion&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54891-1&rft.aulast=Pioske&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrKgBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unearthed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unearthed_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleunearthedar00silb"><i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts</i></a></span>. The Free Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleunearthedar00silb/page/n252">240</a>–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-743-22338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-743-22338-6"><bdi>978-0-743-22338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.pages=240-243&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-743-22338-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibleunearthedar00silb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2001" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (2001). "The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: the Missing Link". <i>Levant</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 105–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Flev.2001.33.1.105">10.1179/lev.2001.33.1.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8914">0075-8914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162036657">162036657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Levant&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Jerusalem+and+Judah%3A+the+Missing+Link&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-115&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162036657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0075-8914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Flev.2001.33.1.105&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaire2018" class="citation book cs1">Lemaire, André (2018). "Israel and Judah". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1017604304"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land</i></a>. Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 61–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872439-1"><bdi>978-0-19-872439-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017604304">1017604304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+and+Judah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=61-85&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017604304&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872439-1&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1017604304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2008" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). <i>Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500</i>. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50288-3"><bdi>978-0-495-50288-3</bdi></a>. <q>The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Volume+A%3A+To+1500&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50288-3&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People</i>. Harry Ostrer. Oxford University Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-280-87519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-280-87519-9"><bdi>978-1-280-87519-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+a+Genetic+History+of+the+Jewish+People.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-280-87519-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1840" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Hannah (1840). <i>The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time</i>. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894671497">894671497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Jews%3A+from+the+destruction+of+Jerusalem+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=Sold+at+the+London+Society+House+and+by+Duncan+and+Malcom%2C+and+Wertheim&rft.date=1840&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894671497&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garfinkel2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garfinkel2012_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garfinkel2012_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="garfinkel2012" class="citation web cs1">Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623021750/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989">"Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1989">the original</a> on 23 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot%3A+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Journal+124%3A+Khirbat+Qeiyafa+preliminary+report&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft.au=Ganor%2C+Sa%27ar&rft.au=Hasel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fink2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fink2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="finkelsteinfantalkin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Fantalkin, Alexander (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Qeiyafa_Unsensational_Interpretation.pdf">"Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>39</b>: 38–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F033443512x13226621280507">10.1179/033443512x13226621280507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161627736">161627736</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=Khirbet+Qeiyafa%3A+an+unsensational+archaeological+and+historical+interpretation&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=38-63&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F033443512x13226621280507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161627736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Fantalkin%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.tau.ac.il%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F04%2FQeiyafa_Unsensational_Interpretation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mazar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mazar_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazar_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazar_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazar_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2503754">"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"</a>. <i>One God – One Cult – One Nation. Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann in Collaboration with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 405)</i>. Berlin/ New York: 29–58<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+God+%E2%80%93+One+Cult+%E2%80%93+One+Nation.+Archaeological+and+Biblical+Perspectives%2C+Edited+by+Reinhard+G.+Kratz+and+Hermann+Spieckermann+in+Collaboration+with+Bj%C3%B6rn+Corzilius+and+Tanja+Pilger%2C+%28Beihefte+zur+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft+405%29&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Biblical+Narrative%3A+The+Case+of+the+United+Monarchy&rft.pages=29-58&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2503754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2007" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2007-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVmBAEo5rcC&pg=PA333"><i>Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-25171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-25171-8"><bdi>978-0-567-25171-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahab+Agonistes%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Omri+Dynasty&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-567-25171-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcVmBAEo5rcC%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cline-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cline_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2009" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2009-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGzRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-71162-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-71162-8"><bdi>978-0-199-71162-8</bdi></a>. <q>Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Archaeology%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-199-71162-8&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGzRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWSem-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NWSem_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMykytiuk2004" class="citation book cs1">Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA113"><i>Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E.</i></a> Society of Biblical Lit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-589-83062-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-589-83062-2"><bdi>978-1-589-83062-2</bdi></a>. <q>Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identifying+Biblical+Persons+in+Northwest+Semitic+Inscriptions+of+1200%E2%80%93539+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-589-83062-2&rft.aulast=Mykytiuk&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeprY1Qd0veAC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minimal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minimal_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Garfinkel, Yosef (May–June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908074705/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=37&Issue=03&ArticleID=06&Page=0&UserID=0&">"The Birth & Death of Biblical Minimalism"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>37</b> (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=37&Issue=03&ArticleID=06&Page=0&UserID=0&">the original</a> on 2011-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Birth+%26+Death+of+Biblical+Minimalism&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2011-05%2F2011-06&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib-arch.org%2Fbar%2Farticle.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D37%26Issue%3D03%26ArticleID%3D06%26Page%3D0%26UserID%3D0%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Ben-Sasson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Ben-Sasson">Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel</a>, ed. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kSovzudhFUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2005" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2005). <i>The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule</i>. Penn State University Press. pp. 361–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxh5fd">10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-575-06297-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-575-06297-6"><bdi>978-1-575-06297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Jerusalem%3A+Judah+under+Babylonian+Rule&rft.pages=361-367&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxh5fd&rft.isbn=978-1-575-06297-6&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński202094-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński202094_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2020">Lipiński 2020</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardin2014743-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardin2014743_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardin2014743_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardin2014">Hardin 2014</a>, p. 743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/theory/maximalists-and-minimalists/">"Maximalists and Minimalists"</a>. <i>livius.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livius.org&rft.atitle=Maximalists+and+Minimalists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Ftheory%2Fmaximalists-and-minimalists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2018337-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaust2018337_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaust2018">Faust 2018</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz201527-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz201527_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz2015">Katz 2015</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2503754">"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"</a>. <i>Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives</i>. <q>For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state "from Dan to Beer Sheba" including "conquered kingdoms" (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and "spheres of influence" in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g., Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g., Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g., Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, which subsequently was enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Biblical+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Biblical+Narrative%3A+The+Case+of+the+United+Monarchy&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2503754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011302-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle2011302_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreKelle2011">Moore & Kelle 2011</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESergi2023187–195,_197-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergi2023187–195,_197_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSergi2023">Sergi 2023</a>, pp. 187–195, 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegevGadotUzielChalaf2024" class="citation journal cs1">Regev, Johanna; Gadot, Yuval; Uziel, Joe; Chalaf, Ortal; Shalev, Yiftah; Roth, Helena; Shalom, Nitsan; Szanton, Nahshon; Bocher, Efrat; Pearson, Charlotte L.; Brown, David M.; Mintz, Eugenia; Regev, Lior; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2024-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11087761">"Radiocarbon chronology of Iron Age Jerusalem reveals calibration offsets and architectural developments"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>121</b> (19): e2321024121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12121024R">2024PNAS..12121024R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2321024121">10.1073/pnas.2321024121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11087761">11087761</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38683984">38683984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+chronology+of+Iron+Age+Jerusalem+reveals+calibration+offsets+and+architectural+developments&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=e2321024121&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11087761%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PNAS..12121024R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38683984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2321024121&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Regev&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft.au=Gadot%2C+Yuval&rft.au=Uziel%2C+Joe&rft.au=Chalaf%2C+Ortal&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Yiftah&rft.au=Roth%2C+Helena&rft.au=Shalom%2C+Nitsan&rft.au=Szanton%2C+Nahshon&rft.au=Bocher%2C+Efrat&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Charlotte+L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Mintz%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Regev%2C+Lior&rft.au=Boaretto%2C+Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11087761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zachary-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zachary_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Zachary (2016-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107916639208">"Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come"</a>. <i>Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 59–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146107916639208">10.1177/0146107916639208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1079">0146-1079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147053561">147053561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin%3A+Journal+of+Bible+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Debating+the+United+Monarchy%3A+Let%27s+See+How+Far+We%27ve+Come&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-69&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147053561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0146-1079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146107916639208&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0146107916639208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-crying-king-david-not-his-palace-1.5324620">"Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-18</span></span>. <q>Not all agree that the ruins found in Khirbet Qeiyafa are of the biblical town Sha'arayim, let alone the palace of ancient Israel's most famous king</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Crying+King+David%3A+Are+the+ruins+found+in+Israel+really+his+palace%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F.premium-crying-king-david-not-his-palace-1.5324620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPioske2015180-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPioske2015180_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPioske2015">Pioske 2015</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 BCE Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153–59, 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollowayHandy1995" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Steven W.; Handy, Lowell K., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229"><i>The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-63671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-63671-3"><bdi>978-0-567-63671-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pitcher+is+Broken%3A+Memorial+Essays+for+G%C3%B6sta+W.+Ahlstr%C3%B6m&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-567-63671-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtu02muKUVJ0C%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNa’aman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Na’aman, Nadav (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43169801">"Samaria and Judah in an Early 8th-Century Assyrian Wine List"</a>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 12–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03344355.2019.1586380">10.1080/03344355.2019.1586380</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-4355">0334-4355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166481059">166481059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=Samaria+and+Judah+in+an+Early+8th-Century+Assyrian+Wine+List&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-20&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166481059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0334-4355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03344355.2019.1586380&rft.aulast=Na%E2%80%99aman&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43169801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESergi2023197-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergi2023197_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSergi2023">Sergi 2023</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2020" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2020-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39HoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5"><bdi>978-1-4674-5949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Has+Archaeology+Buried+the+Bible%3F&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-5949-5&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39HoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pileggi, Tamar (12 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-look-at-ancient-shards-suggests-bible-even-older-than-thought">"New Look at Ancient Shards Suggests Bible Even Older than Thought."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210204240/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-look-at-ancient-shards-suggests-bible-even-older-than-thought/">Archived</a> 2018-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a></i>. Retrieved from TimesofIsrael.com, 30 January 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelle2024116-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichelle2024116_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichelle2024">Richelle 2024</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ussishkin (2004), <i>The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish</i>, p. 89 ("As the work of the renewed excavations developed it became clear that the destruction of Level III must be assigned to Sennacherib's attack in 701 BCE.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmlk.com/research/">"The LMLK Research Website"</a>. <i>www.lmlk.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lmlk.com&rft.atitle=The+LMLK+Research+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmlk.com%2Fresearch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirFinkelsteinShalevUziel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Amir, A.; Finkelstein, I.; Shalev, Y.; Uziel, J.; Chalaf, O.; Freud, L.; Neumann, R.; Gadot, Y. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963535">"Residue analysis evidence for wine enriched with vanilla consumed in Jerusalem on the eve of the Babylonian destruction in 586 BCE. PLoS ONE 17(3)"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (3): e0266085. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0266085">10.1371/journal.pone.0266085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963535">8963535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35349581">35349581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Residue+analysis+evidence+for+wine+enriched+with+vanilla+consumed+in+Jerusalem+on+the+eve+of+the+Babylonian+destruction+in+586+BCE.+PLoS+ONE+17%283%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0266085&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8963535%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35349581&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0266085&rft.aulast=Amir&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Finkelstein%2C+I.&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Y.&rft.au=Uziel%2C+J.&rft.au=Chalaf%2C+O.&rft.au=Freud%2C+L.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+R.&rft.au=Gadot%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8963535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Garfinkel, Yosef (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00004.4">"Early City Planning in the Kingdom of Judah: Khirbet Qeiyafa, Beth Shemesh 4, Tell en-Naṣbeh, Khirbet ed-Dawwara, and Lachish V"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b>: 87–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00004.4">10.52486/01.00004.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258896023">258896023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Early+City+Planning+in+the+Kingdom+of+Judah%3A+Khirbet+Qeiyafa%2C+Beth+Shemesh+4%2C+Tell+en-Na%E1%B9%A3beh%2C+Khirbet+ed-Dawwara%2C+and+Lachish+V&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=87-107&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52486%2F01.00004.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258896023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.52486%252F01.00004.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocca2010" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/368020822"><i>The fortifications of ancient Israel and Judah, 1200–586 BC</i></a>. Adam Hook. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 29–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-508-1"><bdi>978-1-84603-508-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/368020822">368020822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fortifications+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah%2C+1200%E2%80%93586+BC&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=29-40&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F368020822&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-508-1&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F368020822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFמזרMazar1981" class="citation journal cs1">מזר, עמיחי; Mazar, A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23619437">"The Excavations at Khirbet Abu et-Twein and the System of Iron Age Fortresses in Judah (Pls. לט–מה) / החפירות בח'רבת אבו א-תוין ומערך המצודות הישראליות בהרי יהודה"</a>. <i>Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה</i>. <b>טו</b>: 229–249. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0071-108X">0071-108X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23619437">23619437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eretz-Israel%3A+Archaeological%2C+Historical+and+Geographical+Studies+%2F+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%3A+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%94&rft.atitle=The+Excavations+at+Khirbet+Abu+et-Twein+and+the+System+of+Iron+Age+Fortresses+in+Judah+%28Pls.+%D7%9C%D7%98%E2%80%93%D7%9E%D7%94%29+%2F+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%97%27%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95+%D7%90-%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9A+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94&rft.volume=%D7%98%D7%95&rft.pages=229-249&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23619437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0071-108X&rft.aulast=%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8&rft.aufirst=%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99&rft.au=Mazar%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23619437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b13.htm#17">2 Chronicles 13:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b13.htm#20">2 Chronicles 13:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b16.htm#1">2 Chronicles 16:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b14.htm#9">2 Chronicles 14:9–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b16.htm#2">2 Chronicles 16:2–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b16.htm#1">2 Chronicles 16:1–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b20.htm#35">2 Kings 20:35–37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a22.htm#48">1 Kings 22:48–49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b03.htm#4">2 Kings 3:4–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter255-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter255_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter255_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeithart2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Leithart" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Leithart">Leithart, Peter J.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HD8W7he3dUC"><i>1 & 2 Kings (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Publishing Group</a>. pp. 255–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3560-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3560-2"><bdi>978-1-4412-3560-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+%26+2+Kings+%28Brazos+Theological+Commentary+on+the+Bible%29&rft.pages=255-256&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3560-2&rft.aulast=Leithart&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HD8W7he3dUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1030.htm#1">Isaiah 30–31</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1036.htm#6">36:6–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b18.htm#13">2 Kings 18:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b18.htm#14">2 Kings 18:14–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James B. Pritchard, ed., <i>Ancient Near Eastern Texts Related to the Old Testament</i> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965) 287–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b18.htm#17">2 Kings 18:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiele-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiele1951" class="citation book cs1">Thiele, Edwin (1951). <i>The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</i> (1st ed.). New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3825-7"><bdi>978-0-8254-3825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysterious+Numbers+of+the+Hebrew+Kings&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-3825-7&rft.aulast=Thiele&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright2000311-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright2000311_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright2000311_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright2000">Bright 2000</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan261-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan261_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan261_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#23:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2Kings 23:29</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael David</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&pg=PA261"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b23.htm#29">2 Kings 23:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b35.htm#20">2 Chronicles 35:20–24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b23.htm#31">2 Kings 23:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b36.htm#1">2 Chronicles 36:1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Shirley_Rollinson" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Shirley Rollinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drshirley.org/hist/hist05.html">"The Divided Monarchy – ca. 931–586 BC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Divided+Monarchy+%E2%80%93+ca.+931%E2%80%93586+BC&rft.au=Dr.+Shirley+Rollinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drshirley.org%2Fhist%2Fhist05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigoder2006" class="citation book cs1">Wigoder, Geoffrey (2006). <i>The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible</i>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Dictionary+%26+Concordance+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wigoder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). <i>The Hebrew Bible</i>. Continuum International. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33703-3"><bdi>978-0-304-33703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-304-33703-3&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2016210-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2016210_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2016">Roberts 2016</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1993" class="citation book cs1">King, Philip J. (1993). <i>Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jeremiah%3A+An+Archaeological+Companion&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b36.htm#9">2 Chronicles 36:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1999" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1999). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b24.htm#14">2 Kings 24:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1140.htm#11">Jeremiah 40:11–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalamat1968" class="citation journal cs1">Malamat, Abraham (1968). "The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 137–156. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925138">27925138</a>. <q>The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Last+Kings+of+Judah+and+the+Fall+of+Jerusalem%3A+An+Historical+%E2%80%93+Chronological+Study&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=137-156&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malamat&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezra-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ezra_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a05.htm#14">Ezra 5:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#10">Jeremiah 52:10–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#10">Jeremiah 52:10–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jer52-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jer52_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jer52_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#29">Jeremiah 52:29–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe2004-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe2004_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe2004_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C"><i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period</i></a>. T&T Clark International. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08998-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVK2fEzruIn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2009">Davies 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschitz200548-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipschitz200548_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipschitz2005">Lipschitz 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#22">2 Kings 25:22–24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1140.htm#6">Jeremiah 40:6–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2010" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgvsheE1xFEC&q=Gedaliah+return&pg=PT124"><i>The Prophetic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts Series</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-3003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-3003-0"><bdi>978-1-4267-3003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophetic+Literature%3A+Interpreting+Biblical+Texts+Series&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-3003-0&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Marvin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgvsheE1xFEC%26q%3DGedaliah%2Breturn%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#26">2 Kings 25:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1143.htm#5">Jeremiah 43:5–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1144.htm#1">Jeremiah 44:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a06.htm#15">Ezra 6:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People</i>. Harry Ostrer. Oxford University Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-280-87519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-280-87519-9"><bdi>978-1-280-87519-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+a+Genetic+History+of+the+Jewish+People.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-280-87519-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1840" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Hannah (1840). <i>The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time</i>. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894671497">894671497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Jews%3A+from+the+destruction+of+Jerusalem+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=Sold+at+the+London+Society+House+and+by+Duncan+and+Malcom%2C+and+Wertheim&rft.date=1840&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894671497&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2008" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). <i>Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500</i>. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50288-3"><bdi>978-0-495-50288-3</bdi></a>. <q>The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Volume+A%3A+To+1500&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50288-3&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borowski-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borowski_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowski" class="citation web cs1">Borowski, Oded. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970723115326/http://scholar.cc.emory.edu/scripts/ASOR/BA/Borowski.html">"<i>Hezekiah's Reforms and the Revolt against Assyria</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.cc.emory.edu/scripts/ASOR/BA/Borowski.html">the original</a> on 23 July 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hezekiah%27s+Reforms+and+the+Revolt+against+Assyria&rft.aulast=Borowski&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.cc.emory.edu%2Fscripts%2FASOR%2FBA%2FBorowski.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span>, Emory University, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy1995" class="citation book cs1">Handy, Lowell K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofelohimf00edel/page/26">"The Appearance of Pantheon in Judah"</a>. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). <i>The Triumph of Elohim</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W. B. Eerdmans. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4161-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4161-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4161-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>It is fairly well established by now that the narrative of the book of Kings cannot be taken as an accurate reflection of the religious world of the nations of Judah and Israel.1{...}1 The historicity of certain sections of the narrative has been questioned for a long time within scholarly circles, even though the majority of the text is accepted to be historically trustworthy; this is particularly true of aspects of the depiction of the northern kingdom, Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Appearance+of+Pantheon+in+Judah&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4161-2&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=Lowell+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofelohimf00edel%2Fpage%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Alan_Montgomery1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Alan_Montgomery" title="James Alan Montgomery">James Alan Montgomery</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalexegetic10montuoft/page/41"><i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary of the Book of Kings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T. & T. Clark</a>. p. 41 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>The remaining Prophetical Stories of the North are midrash in the current sense of the word, of dubious historical value.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+of+the+Book+of+Kings&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1951&rft.au=James+Alan+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalexegetic10montuoft%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemaire202444–46-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemaire202444–46_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemaire2024">Lemaire 2024</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arad-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arad_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEran_ArieBaruch_RosenDvory_Namdar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Eran Arie; Baruch Rosen; Dvory Namdar (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03344355.2020.1732046">"Cannabis and Frankincense at the Judahite Shrine of Arad"</a>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 5–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03344355.2020.1732046">10.1080/03344355.2020.1732046</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=Cannabis+and+Frankincense+at+the+Judahite+Shrine+of+Arad&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-28&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03344355.2020.1732046&rft.au=Eran+Arie&rft.au=Baruch+Rosen&rft.au=Dvory+Namdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03344355.2020.1732046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=PA145"><i>A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22719-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+End+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22719-7&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvZUWbTftSgC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=exjyhvRy7YUC"><i>A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22720-3"><bdi>978-0-664-22720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+II%3A+From+the+Exile+to+the+Maccabees&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22720-3&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexjyhvRy7YUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz2003" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC"><i>Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.</i></a> Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Exile%3A+The+History+and+Literature+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-055-4&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx9YzJq2B9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmitZvi2006" class="citation book cs1">Amit, Yaira; et al., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA467"><i>Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+Context%3A+A+Tribute+to+Nadav+Na%27aman&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-128-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu4OKVrEd4MC%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarstad2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Barstad, Hans M.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqJxkKy-cMMC"><i>History and the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149809-1"><bdi>978-3-16-149809-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149809-1&rft.aulast=Barstad&rft.aufirst=Hans+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqJxkKy-cMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsoppLipschits2003" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R65fhpcUFcgC"><i>Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-073-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR65fhpcUFcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2009" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C"><i>Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6450-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-6450-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%2C+the+First+Phase%3A+The+Place+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah+in+the+Origins+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6450-5&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1V1DeBS6P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2002" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Mark G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA45"><i>Ethnicity and the Bible</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4"><bdi>978-0-391-04126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+the+Bible&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04126-4&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Mark+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfFRhC4FpZkC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC"><i>A History of Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22068-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22068-6&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VG67yLs-LAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1998" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cook, Stanley Arthur (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Judah" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Judah">Judah</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=535&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1992" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMcM8GGO_n8C"><i>In Search of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Sheffield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-737-5"><bdi>978-1-85075-737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Sheffield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-737-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpMcM8GGO_n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Philip R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528230034/http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm">"The Origin of Biblical Israel"</a>. <i>Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</i>. <b>9</b> (47). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Biblical+Israel&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=47&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.ualberta.ca%2FJHS%2FArticles%2Farticle_47.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2001" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC"><i>What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know%2C+and+When+Did+They+Know+It%3F&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-VxwC5rQtwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2003" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC"><i>Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+From%3F&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WkbUkKeqcoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2017" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mog6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah</i></a>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1"><bdi>978-0-88414-217-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Texts%3A+An+Archaeological+Portrait+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-217-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmog6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John W., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA153"><i>Eerdmans commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman1995" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Diana, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C"><i>The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms</i></a>. Kok Pharos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-390-0124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-390-0124-0"><bdi>978-90-390-0124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.pub=Kok+Pharos&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-390-0124-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Paul S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">"The Later Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography"</a>. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0"><bdi>978-0-19-026116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Later+Monarchy+in+History+and+Biblical+Historiography&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=109-129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7y4DEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2018" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42380972">"A Social Archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah: Tenth–Sixth Centuries BCE"</a>. In Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Cline, Eric H.; Rowan, Yorke (eds.). <i>The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-66824-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-66824-8"><bdi>978-1-108-66824-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Social+Archaeology+of+the+Kingdom+of+Judah%3A+Tenth%E2%80%93Sixth+Centuries+BCE&rft.btitle=The+Social+Archaeology+of+the+Levant%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.pages=337-353&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-66824-8&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42380972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC"><i>The Bible Unearthed</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinMazarSchmidt2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC"><i>The Quest for the Historical Israel</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Israel&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-277-0&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Mazar%2C+Amihay&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Brian+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpbngoKHg8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2004a" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC"><i>Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3"><bdi>978-0-19-537985-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537985-3&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEResmS5wOnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2004b" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&pg=PA62"><i>Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-897-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-897-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-897-6&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTMzJAKowyEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardin2014" class="citation book cs1">Hardin, James W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B29oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA768">"Judah During the Iron Age II Period"</a>. In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 743–756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166254-6"><bdi>978-0-19-166254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judah+During+the+Iron+Age+II+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Levant%3A+c.+8000-332+BCE&rft.pages=743-756&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166254-6&rft.aulast=Hardin&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB29oAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2015" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Reinhard Gregor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSXYCgAAQBAJ"><i>Historical and Biblical Israel</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872877-1"><bdi>978-0-19-872877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+and+Biblical+Israel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872877-1&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Reinhard+Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsSXYCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC"><i>Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.</i></a> Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Peoples+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Archaeological+Study+of+Egyptians%2C+Canaanites%2C+and+Early+Israel%2C+1300%E2%80%931100+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-097-4&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtAmmwapfVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingStager2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. 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Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22148-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Biblical+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22148-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtOhypZz_pEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC"><i>The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16763-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East+c.+3000%E2%80%93330+BC&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16763-5&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_sfMzRPTgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaire2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lemaire, André (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00007.3">"Judahite Hebrew Epigraphy and Cult"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>7</b>: 43–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00007.3">10.52486/01.00007.3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2788-8819">2788-8819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Judahite+Hebrew+Epigraphy+and+Cult&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=43-72&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52486%2F01.00007.3&rft.issn=2788-8819&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.52486%252F01.00007.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemche1998" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC"><i>The Israelites in History and Tradition</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israelites+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22727-2&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIoY7PagAOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1998" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Thomas E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-etsKv-4V2oC"><i>The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6996-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6996-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-6996-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6996-0&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-etsKv-4V2oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2020" class="citation book cs1">Lipiński, Edward (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGy6zQEACAAJ"><i>A History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Judah</i></a>. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 287. Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-4212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-4212-7"><bdi>978-90-429-4212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+Judah&rft.series=Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-429-4212-7&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGy6zQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Lipschitz, Oded (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C"><i>The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-095-8&rft.aulast=Lipschitz&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78nRWgb-rp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt1999" class="citation book cs1">McNutt, Paula (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33"><i>Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9"><bdi>978-0-664-22265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22265-9&rft.aulast=McNutt&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhd28MdGNyTYC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlemas2005" class="citation book cs1">Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC&q=lester+grabbe+1995"><i>The Troubles of Templeless Judah</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928386-6"><bdi>978-0-19-928386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubles+of+Templeless+Judah&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928386-6&rft.aulast=Middlemas&rft.aufirst=Jill+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrpx-op_-XkC%26q%3Dlester%2Bgrabbe%2B1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerHayes1986" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C"><i>A History of Ancient Israel and Judah</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9"><bdi>978-0-664-21262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21262-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft.au=Hayes%2C+John+Haralson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDijjc_D5P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC"><i>Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.</i></a> Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0988-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0988-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chieftains+of+the+Highland+Clans%3A+A+History+of+Israel+in+the+12th+and+11th+Centuries+B.C.&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0988-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtm7NtK87poC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. 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Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichelle2024" class="citation journal cs1">Richelle, Matthieu (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00007.6">"Literacy in the Kingdom of Judah: A Typology of Approaches and a Criticism of Quantitative Perspectives"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>7</b>: 100–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00007.6">10.52486/01.00007.6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2788-8819">2788-8819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Literacy+in+the+Kingdom+of+Judah%3A+A+Typology+of+Approaches+and+a+Criticism+of+Quantitative+Perspectives&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=100-126&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52486%2F01.00007.6&rft.issn=2788-8819&rft.aulast=Richelle&rft.aufirst=Matthieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.52486%252F01.00007.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J. J. M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">"The Divided Monarchy"</a>. In Niditch, Susan (ed.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 197–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8"><bdi>978-0-470-65677-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Divided+Monarchy&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=197-212&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65677-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMACgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergi2023" class="citation book cs1">Sergi, Omer (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nLMEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity</i></a>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-345-5"><bdi>978-1-62837-345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Houses+of+Israel%3A+State+Formation+and+the+Origins+of+Pan-Israelite+Identity&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-345-5&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nLMEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbermanSmall1997" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qX7r2lAQdFkC&pg=PA238"><i>The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-650-7"><bdi>978-1-85075-650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Israel%3A+Constructing+the+Past%2C+Interpreting+the+Present&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-650-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqX7r2lAQdFkC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoggin1999" class="citation book cs1">Soggin, Alberto J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC"><i>An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah</i></a>. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02788-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02788-1"><bdi>978-0-334-02788-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Hymns+Ancient+and+Modern+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02788-1&rft.aulast=Soggin&rft.aufirst=Alberto+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzw_H5GhkfYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996" class="citation book cs1">Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC"><i>Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Religion+in+Babylonia%2C+Syria%2C+and+Israel&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10410-5&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSJWkrXfbLQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZevit2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ziony_Zevit" title="Ziony Zevit">Zevit, Ziony</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=db4hr55j0yYC"><i>The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6339-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+A+Synthesis+of+Parallactic+Approaches&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6339-5&rft.aulast=Zevit&rft.aufirst=Ziony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddb4hr55j0yYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Judah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy (Kingdom of Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Northern Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Kingdom (Kingdom of Judah)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea<br />(Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48685#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48685#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48685#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122422250">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=290953">Greece</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03115090X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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