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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Monarchic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 United Monarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Kingdoms of Israel and Judah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Later history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Israelites</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliten" title="Israeliten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Israeliten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بنو إسرائيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنو إسرائيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%9D_%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A0" title="ܒܢܝ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܢܝ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Israelites" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail_%C3%B6vladlar%C4%B1" title="İsrail övladları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsrail övladları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="ইস্রায়েলীয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্রায়েলীয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Израилтяни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Израилтяни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synov%C3%A9_Izraele" title="Synové Izraele – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Synové Izraele" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelitter" title="Israelitter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Israelitter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliten" title="Israeliten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Israeliten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisraeliidid" title="Iisraeliidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iisraeliidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ισραηλίτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισραηλίτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelita" title="Israelita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Israelita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelidoj" title="Izraelidoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Izraelidoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeldar_(antzinako_herria)" title="Israeldar (antzinako herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Israeldar (antzinako herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بنی‌اسرائیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنی‌اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A9lites" title="Israélites – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Israélites" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliten" title="Israeliten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Israeliten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1" title="이스라엘 민족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스라엘 민족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Israil" title="Bani Israil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bani Israil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliti" title="Israeliti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Israeliti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="שנים עשר שבטי ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנים עשר שבטי ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Израиль ұрпақтары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Израиль ұрпақтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanaisraeli" title="Wanaisraeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wanaisraeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABlitae" title="Israëlitae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Israëlitae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelitai" title="Izraelitai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Izraelitai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelita" title="Israelita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Israelita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="ഇസ്രായേൽ ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്രായേൽ ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Israel" title="Bani Israel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bani Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Israil" title="Bani Israil – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bani Israil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABlieten" title="Israëlieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Israëlieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB_(%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F)" title="イスラエル (民族) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラエル (民族)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Исраилхой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исраилхой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelitter" title="Israelitter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Israelitter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelittar" title="Israelittar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Israelittar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بنی اسرائیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنی اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelitas" title="Israelitas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Israelitas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%C8%9Bi" title="Israeliți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Israeliți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Израэлиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Израэлиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelit%C3%ABt_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Izraelitët e lashtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Izraelitët e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Israelites" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بني اسرائيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بني اسرائيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraeliti" title="Izraeliti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Izraeliti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بەنی ئیسرائیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەنی ئیسرائیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Израелити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Израелити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraeliti" title="Izraeliti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izraeliti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelin_heimot" title="Israelin heimot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Israelin heimot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliter" title="Israeliter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Israeliter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaunang_Israelita" title="Sinaunang Israelita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinaunang Israelita" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iron Age Hebrew tribal people in Canaan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the citizens of the modern State of Israel, see <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a>. For other uses of "Israelite", see <a href="/wiki/Israelite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Israelite (disambiguation)">Israelite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"House of Israel" redirects here. For for other uses, see <a href="/wiki/House_of_Israel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="House of Israel (disambiguation)">House of Israel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg/220px-12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg/330px-12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg/440px-12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">twelve tribes of Israel</a> before the move of Dan to the north, based on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Division_of_the_land_.28chapters_13.E2.80.9321.29" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a></figcaption></figure> The Israelites<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> were a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> consisting of tribes that inhabited much of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faust23-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-8">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:auto;background:#f7f8ff"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:120%;background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Tribes of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg/120px-1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg/180px-1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg/240px-1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="809" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">The Tribes of Israel</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben" title="Tribe of Reuben">Reuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Naphtali" title="Tribe of Naphtali">Naphtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad" title="Tribe of Gad">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher" title="Tribe of Asher">Asher</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar" title="Tribe of Issachar">Issachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Zebulun" title="Tribe of Zebulun">Zebulun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Joseph" title="Tribe of Joseph">Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other tribes</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleb" title="Caleb">Caleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Keni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechabites" title="Rechabites">Rechab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel" title="Jerahmeel">Jerahmeel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of the tribes of Israel">Leaders</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tribes_of_Israel" title="Template:Tribes of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tribes_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Tribes of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The name of Israel first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, dated to about 1200 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[8]</a> Modern scholarship considers that the Israelites emerged from groups of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a> and other peoples.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faust23-7">[6]</a> They spoke an archaic form of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, which was a regional variety of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite language">Canaanite languages</a>, known today as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a> emerged. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, fell to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> around 720 BCE;<a href="#cite_note-Broshi_2001_174-13">[12]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destroyed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> in 586 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Some of the Judean population <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">was exiled to Babylon</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">returned to Israel</a> after <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> conquered the region.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the Israelites are the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical patriarch">patriarch</a> who was later renamed as Israel. Following a severe drought in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, Jacob and his twelve sons fled to Egypt, where they eventually formed the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a>. The Israelites were later <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">led out of slavery in Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">conquered Canaan</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>'s leadership, who was Moses's successor. Most modern scholars agree that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> does not provide an authentic account of the Israelites' origins, and instead view it as constituting their <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national myth</a>. However, it is supposed that there may be a "historical core" to the narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaust2015p.476:_"While_there_is_a_consensus_among_scholars_that_the_Exodus_did_not_take_place_in_the_manner_described_in_the_Bible,_surprisingly_most_scholars_agree_that_the_narrative_has_a_historical_core_and_that_some_of_the_highland_settlers_came,_one_way_or_another,_from_Egypt&nbsp;..."_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2015p.476:_"While_there_is_a_consensus_among_scholars_that_the_Exodus_did_not_take_place_in_the_manner_described_in_the_Bible,_surprisingly_most_scholars_agree_that_the_narrative_has_a_historical_core_and_that_some_of_the_highland_settlers_came,_one_way_or_another,_from_Egypt&nbsp;..."-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedmount200161-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a> The Bible also portrays the kingdoms of Israel and Judah as the successors of an earlier <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Kingdom of Israel</a>, though the historicity of the latter is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Zachary-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-lipschits-21">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> both trace their ancestry to the ancient Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Jews trace their ancestry to tribes that inhabited the Kingdom of Judah, including <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a> and partially <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Levi</a>, while the Samaritans claim their lineage from the remaining members of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Manasseh</a>, and Levi who were not deported in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a> after the fall of Israel. Other groups have also <a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">claimed affiliation with the Israelites</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel" title="Category:History of Israel">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Western Wall, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/245px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/368px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/490px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1120" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistoric Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Iron Age I <ul><li><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12th–10th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–720 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–587 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 587–538 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Persian Yehud</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538–333 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 333–164 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 164–37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BCE–6 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judaea</a> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 6 CE–136 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 70–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 136–395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Byzantine Palaestina</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 395–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilad_a-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad a-Sham">Early Islamic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Urdunn</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1291</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1174–1260</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1260–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Modern history (1517–1948) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">State of Israel</a> (1948–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">Jewish leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Israel" title="Template talk:History of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The first reference to Israel in non-biblical sources is found in the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1209 BCE. The inscription is very brief and says: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not". The inscription refers to a <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">people</a>, not an individual or <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Greenspahn2008-26">[25]</a> who are located in central <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a><a href="#cite_note-Toorn-27">[26]</a> or the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200875-28">[27]</a> Some Egyptologists suggest that Israel appeared in earlier topographical reliefs, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a> (i.e. reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-29">[28]</a> but this reading remains controversial.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[30]</a> In the Hebrew Bible, Israel first appears in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2032:29&version=nrsv">Genesis 32:29</a>, where an angel gives the name to <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">latter fought with him</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scherman,_Rabbi_Nosson_2006,_pages_176-77-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan,_Aryeh_1985,_page_125-34">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> given in the text derives Israel from yisra, "to prevail over" or "to struggle with", and <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, a Canaanite-<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creator god</a> that is tenuously identified with Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1973-36">[35]</a> However, modern scholarship interprets El as the subject, "El rules/struggles",<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> from sarar (שָׂרַר) 'to rule'<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> (cognate with sar (שַׂר) 'ruler',<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> šarru 'ruler, king'<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a>), which is likely cognate with the similar root sara (שׂרה) "fought, strove, contended".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Afterwards, Israel referred to the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">direct descendants of Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">resident aliens</a>) who assimilated in the Israelite community.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew</a> is a similar ethnonym but it is usually applied whenever Israelites are economically disadvantaged or migrants. It might also refer to their descent from <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> During the period of the divided monarchy, "Israelites" referred to the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">northern Kingdom of Israel</a>, but eventually, included the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">post-exilic</a> usage.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In literature of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, "Israel" included the members of the united monarchy, the northern kingdom, and eschatological Israel. "<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jew</a>" (or "<a href="/wiki/Ioudaios" title="Ioudaios">Judean</a>") was another popular ethnonym but it might refer to a geographically restricted sub-group or to the inhabitants of the southern kingdom of Judah.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-53">[52]</a> In addition, works such as <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</a> pioneered the idea of an "impermeable" distinction between Israel and gentiles, on a genealogical basis.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[45]</a> Other scholars argue that the distinction is based on religion.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> For example, Troy W. Martin argues that biblical Jewishness is based on adherence to 'covenantal circumcision', regardless of ancestry (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2017:9–14&version=nrsv">Genesis 17:9–14</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:14-55">[54]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, "Israelite", broadly speaking, refers to a <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> member of the Jewish ethnoreligious group, as opposed to the priestly orders of <a href="/wiki/Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">Kohanim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a>. In legal texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>, ישראלי (Yisraeli), or Israelite, is used to describe Jews instead of יהודי (Yehudi), or Jew. In <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, Samaritans are not Jews יהודים (Yehudim). Instead, they are Israelites, which includes their Jewish brethren, or Israelite Samaritans.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_Tribes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mosaic_Tribes.jpg/220px-Mosaic_Tribes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mosaic_Tribes.jpg/330px-Mosaic_Tribes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mosaic_Tribes.jpg/440px-Mosaic_Tribes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Mid-20th century mosaic of the 12 Tribes of Israel, from the Etz Yosef synagogue wall in <a href="/wiki/Givat_Mordechai" title="Givat Mordechai">Givat Mordechai</a>, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure>The history of the Israelite people can be divided into these categories, according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>:<a href="#cite_note-:2-59">[58]</a> <dl><dt>Pre-Monarchic Period (unknown to c. 1050 BCE)</dt> <dd>The Israelites were named after their ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>/Israel, who was the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. They were organized into 12 tribes: <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben" title="Tribe of Reuben">Reuben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">Simeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Naphtali" title="Tribe of Naphtali">Naphtali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad" title="Tribe of Gad">Gad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher" title="Tribe of Asher">Asher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar" title="Tribe of Issachar">Issachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Zebulun" title="Tribe of Zebulun">Zebulun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Joseph" title="Tribe of Joseph">Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Tribe of Ephraim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Tribe of Manasseh</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a>. Originally, they went to Egypt after a famine in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> but were enslaved by the Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> They <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">escaped</a> and organized themselves as a <a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">kritarchy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> where they followed laws given by Moses. Afterwards, the Israelites <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">conquered Canaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">fought with several neighbors</a> until they established a monarchic state. <ul><li>This period is covered by <a href="/wiki/Genesis_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 12">Genesis 12</a> to <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_8" title="1 Samuel 8">1 Samuel 8</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>United Monarchy (c. 1050–930 BCE)</dt> <dd>As a monarchic state, the Israelite tribes were united by the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. The reigns of Saul and David were marked by military victories and Israel's transition to a mini-empire with <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Solomon's reign was relatively more peaceful and oversaw the construction of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETetley2005105-64">[63]</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> allies.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> This Temple was where the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> was stored; its former location was the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">City of David</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <ul><li>This period is covered by <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_8" title="1 Samuel 8">1 Samuel 8</a> to <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_11" title="1 Kings 11">1 Kings 11</a> or alternatively, <a href="/wiki/1_Chronicles_10" title="1 Chronicles 10">1 Chronicles 10</a> to <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles_9" title="2 Chronicles 9">2 Chronicles 9</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Divided Monarchy (c. 930–597 BCE)</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_map_of_the_Holy_Land_by_Marino_Sanudo_(drawn_in_1320).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_map_of_the_Holy_Land_by_Marino_Sanudo_%28drawn_in_1320%29.jpg/250px-The_map_of_the_Holy_Land_by_Marino_Sanudo_%28drawn_in_1320%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_map_of_the_Holy_Land_by_Marino_Sanudo_%28drawn_in_1320%29.jpg/375px-The_map_of_the_Holy_Land_by_Marino_Sanudo_%28drawn_in_1320%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_map_of_the_Holy_Land_by_Marino_Sanudo_%28drawn_in_1320%29.jpg/500px-The_map_of_the_Holy_Land_by_Marino_Sanudo_%28drawn_in_1320%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Vesconte" title="Pietro Vesconte">Pietro Vesconte</a>, 1321, showing the allotments of the tribes of Israel. Described by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld</a> as "the first non-Ptolemaic map of a definite country"<a href="#cite_note-Nordenskiöld1889-67">[66]</a></figcaption></figure>The monarchic state was divided into two states, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, due to civil and religious disputes. Eventually, Israel and Judah met their demise after the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian invasions</a> respectively. According to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophet">Biblical prophets</a>, these invasions were divine judgments for religious apostasy and corrupt leadership. <ul><li>This period is covered by <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_12" title="1 Kings 12">1 Kings 12</a> to <a href="/wiki/2_Kings_25" title="2 Kings 25">2 Kings 25</a> or alternatively, <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles_10" title="2 Chronicles 10">2 Chronicles 10</a> to <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles_36" title="2 Chronicles 36">2 Chronicles 36</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> narrates the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> going to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> to deliver a divine message.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Exilic Period (c. 597–538 BCE)</dt> <dd>After the Babylonians invaded Judah, they deported most of its citizens to Babylon, where they lived as "exiles". <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> conquered Babylon and established the <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Persian Empire">First Persian Empire</a> in 539 BCE. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004209–216,_267,_271–276-68">[67]</a> One year later, according to traditional dating, Cyrus <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">permitted</a> the Judahites to return to their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004209–216,_267,_271–276-68">[67]</a> This homeland was re-named as the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Province of Yehud</a>, which eventually became a satrapy of <a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004209–216,_267,_271–276-68">[67]</a> <ul><li>This period is covered by the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Persian Period (c. 539–331 BCE)</dt> <dd>In 537–520 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a> became Yehud's governor and started work on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, which was stopped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004278–285-69">[68]</a> In 520–516 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a> goaded the Judahites to resume work on the Temple. Upon completion, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua</a> became its high priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004278–285-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004278–285-69">[68]</a> In 458–433 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> led another group of Judahites to Yehud, with <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes</a>'s permission. Nehemiah rebuilt the temple after some unspecified disaster and removed foreign influence from the Judahite community.<a href="#cite_note-myers-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004292–310,_356–357-71">[70]</a> That said, some Judahites elected to stay in Persia, where they <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">almost faced annihilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-73">[72]</a> <ul><li>This period is covered by the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-59">[58]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Book of Haggai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Book of Malachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200485–90-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200485–106-75">[74]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stiftshuette_Modell_Timnapark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stiftshuette_Modell_Timnapark.jpg/250px-Stiftshuette_Modell_Timnapark.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stiftshuette_Modell_Timnapark.jpg/375px-Stiftshuette_Modell_Timnapark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stiftshuette_Modell_Timnapark.jpg/500px-Stiftshuette_Modell_Timnapark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Model of the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> constructed under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Timna_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Timna Park">Timna Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Israelites">Historical Israelites</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a></div>Efforts to confirm the biblical ethnogenesis of Israel through <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">archaeology</a> have largely been abandoned as unproductive.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a> Many scholars see the traditional narratives as <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national myths</a> with little historical value, but some posit that a small group of exiled Egyptians contributed to the Exodus narrative.<a href="#cite_note-77">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a> cautiously identifies this group with the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Joseph" title="Tribe of Joseph">Tribe of Joseph</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Richard Elliott Friedman</a> identifies it with the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003231-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Friedman2-79">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> quoting <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> identifies them with the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Other scholars believe that the Exodus narrative was a "<a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a>" of several events from the Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman201162–69-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-83">[81]</a> In addition, it is unlikely that the Israelites overtook the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> by force, according to archaeological evidence. Instead, they branched out of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite peoples</a> that long inhabited the region, which included <a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria#Classical_Antiquity" title="History of Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Israel">ancient Israel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETubb199813–14-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199947-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Their culture was <a href="/wiki/Monolatristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatristic">monolatristic</a>, with a primary focus on Yahweh (or El) worship,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1973-36">[35]</a> but after the Babylonian exile, it became <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>, with partial influence from <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. The latter decisively separated the Israelites from other Canaanites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETubb199813–14-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The Israelites used the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite script">Canaanite script</a> and communicated in a Canaanite language known as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>. The language's <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern descendant</a> is today the only surviving dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Rendsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Rendsburg">Gary Rendsburg</a> argues that some archaic biblical traditions and other circumstantial evidence point to the Israelites emerging from the <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> and other seminomadic peoples from the desert regions south of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, later settling in the highlands of Canaan.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection;_By_Niv_Lugassi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png/150px-Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png/225px-Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png/300px-Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III_prisoner_tiles" title="Ramesses III prisoner tiles">Ramesses III prisoner tiles</a> depicting precursors of the Israelites in Canaan: Canaanites from <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> and a Shasu leader.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> Several theories exist for the origins of historical Israelites. Some believe they descended from raiding groups, itinerant nomads such as <a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> or impoverished Canaanites, who were forced to leave wealthy urban areas and live in the highlands.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toorn-27">[26]</a> The prevailing academic opinion is that the Israelites were a mixture of peoples predominately indigenous to Canaan, with additional input from an Egyptian matrix of peoples, which most likely inspired the Exodus narrative.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gottwald-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Israel's demographics were similar to the demographics of <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gottwald-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETubb1998-97">[95]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Besides their focus on Yahweh worship, Israelite cultural markers were defined by body, food, and time, including <a href="/wiki/Male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Male circumcision">male circumcision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork taboo">avoidance of pork consumption</a> and marking time based on the Exodus, the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Israelite kings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath observance</a>. The first two markers were observed by neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">west Semites</a> besides the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, who were of <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greek</a> origin. As a result, intermarriage with other Semites was common.<a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[96]</a> But what distinguished Israelite circumcision from non-Israelite circumcision was its emphasis on 'correct' timing.<a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-100">[98]</a> Israelite circumcision also served as a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> sign for the circumcised, where their 'unnatural' erect circumcised penis would remind them to behave differently in sexual matters.<a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yom-Tov_Lipmann-Muhlhausen" title="Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen">Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen</a> suggests that Israelite identity was based on faith and adherence to sex-appropriate commandments. For men, it was circumcision. For women, it was ritual sacrifice after childbirth (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2012:6&version=nrsv">Leviticus 12:6</a>).<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IHM_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/IHM_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C.jpeg/220px-IHM_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/IHM_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C.jpeg/330px-IHM_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/IHM_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C.jpeg/440px-IHM_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ebal_site" title="Mount Ebal site">Mount Ebal structure</a>, seen by many archeologists as an early Israelite cultic site</figcaption></figure>Genealogy was another ethnic marker. It was a matter of cultural self-identity rather than biological descent. For example, foreign clans could adopt the identity of other clans, which subsequently changed their status from "outsider" to "insider". This applied to Israelites from different tribes and gentiles.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[96]</a> Saul Oylan argued that foreigners automatically became Israelite if they lived in their territory, according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2047:21–23&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 47:21–23</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> That said, Israelites used genealogy to engage in <a href="/wiki/Narcissism_of_small_differences" title="Narcissism of small differences">narcissism of small differences</a> but also, <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">self-criticism</a> since their ancestors included morally questionable characters such as Jacob. Both these traits represented the "complexities of the Jewish soul".<a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[96]</a> Names were significant in Israelite culture and indicated one's destiny and inherent character. Thus, a name change indicated a 'divine transformation' in one's 'destines, characters and natures'. These beliefs aligned with the Near Eastern cultural milieu, where names were 'intimately bound up with the very essence of being and inextricably intertwined with personality'.<a href="#cite_note-:17-100">[98]</a> In terms of appearance, rabbis described the Biblical Jews as being "midway between black and white" and having the "color of the boxwood tree".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldenberg200995-103">[101]</a> Assuming <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Yurco" title="Frank J. Yurco">Yurco</a>'s debated claim that the Israelites are depicted in reliefs from <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a>'s temple at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> is correct,<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> the early Israelites may have wore the same attire and hairstyles as non-Israelite Canaanites.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Dissenting from this, <a href="/wiki/Anson_Rainey" title="Anson Rainey">Anson Rainey</a> argued that the Israelites in the reliefs looked more similar to the Shasu.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Based on biblical literature, it is implied that the Israelites distinguished themselves from peoples like the Babylonians and Egyptians by not having long beards and chin tufts. However, these fashion practices were upper class customs.<a href="#cite_note-:15-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Israelite_settlements">Early Israelite settlements</h4></div> In the 12th century BCE, many Israelite settlements appeared in the central hill country of Canaan, which was formerly an open terrain. These settlements lacked evidence of pork consumption, compared to Philistine settlements, had <a href="/wiki/Four-room_house" title="Four-room house">four-room houses</a> and lived by an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian ethos</a>, which was exemplified by the absence of elaborate tombs, governor's mansions, certain houses being bigger than others etc. They followed a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy#Mix_of_markets_and_economic_planning" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, which prioritized <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency economy">self-sufficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop farming">cultivation of crops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small-scale</a> <a href="/wiki/Craft_production" title="Craft production">craft production</a>. New technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Terrace_Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace Farming">terraced farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silos</a> for grain storage and <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> for rainwater collection were simultaneously introduced.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> These settlements were built by inhabitants of the "general Southland" (i.e. modern <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> and the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>), who abandoned their pastoral-nomadic ways. Canaanites who lived outside the central hill country were tenuously identified as Danites, Asherites, Zebulunites, Issacharites, Naphtalites and Gadites. These inhabitants do not have a significant history of migration besides the Danites, who allegedly originate from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Danaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Danaoi">Dan(an)u</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Nonetheless, they intermingled with the former nomads, due to socioeconomic and military factors. Their interest in Yahwism and its concern for the underprivileged was another factor. Possible allusions to this historical reality in the Hebrew Bible include the aforementioned tribes, except for Issachar and Zebulun, descending from <a href="/wiki/Bilhah" title="Bilhah">Bilhah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zilpah" title="Zilpah">Zilpah</a>, who were viewed as "secondary additions" to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[107]</a> El worship was central to early Israelite culture but currently, the number of El worshippers in Israel is unknown. It is more likely that different Israelite locales held different views about El and had 'small-scale' <a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">sacred spaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1973-36">[35]</a> Himbaza et al. (2012) states that Israelite households were typically ill-equipped to handle conflicts between family members, which may explain the harsh sexual taboos enforced against acts like <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> etc. in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2018–20&version=nrsv">Leviticus 18–20</a>. Whilst the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty in the Bible">death penalty</a> was legislated for these 'secret crimes', they functioned as a warning, where offenders would confess out of fear and make appropriate reparations.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchic_period">Monarchic period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Monarchy">United Monarchy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Obelisk_side_4_Jewish_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Black_Obelisk_side_4_Jewish_delegation.jpg/220px-Black_Obelisk_side_4_Jewish_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Black_Obelisk_side_4_Jewish_delegation.jpg/330px-Black_Obelisk_side_4_Jewish_delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Black_Obelisk_side_4_Jewish_delegation.jpg/440px-Black_Obelisk_side_4_Jewish_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Part of the gift-bearing Israelite delegation of King Jehu, <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Obelisk">Black Obelisk</a>, 841–840 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> The historicity of the United Monarchy is heavily debated among archaeologists and biblical scholars: biblical maximalists and centrists (<a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amihai_Mazar" title="Amihai Mazar">Amihai Mazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Halpern" title="Baruch Halpern">Baruch Halpern</a> and others) argue that the biblical account is more or less accurate, while biblical minimalists (<a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Herzog" title="Ze'ev Herzog">Ze'ev Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a> and others) argue that Israel and Judah never split from a singular state. The debate has not been resolved, but recent archaeological discoveries by <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Mazar" title="Eilat Mazar">Eilat Mazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a> show some support for the existence of the United Monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Zachary-20">[19]</a> From 850 BCE onwards, a series of inscriptions mention the "<a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a>". They came from Israel's neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoffe2002450-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah">Kingdoms of Israel and Judah</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/220px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/330px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>"To <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a>, king of Judah" – <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">royal seal</a> found at the <a href="/wiki/Ophel" title="Ophel">Ophel</a> excavations in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses of Jews</a></div> Compared to the United Monarchy, the historicity of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah is widely accepted by historians and archaeologists.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-115">[113]</a>: 169–195 <a href="#cite_note-Wright2-116">[114]</a> Their destruction by the Assyrians and Babylonians respectively is also confirmed by archaeological evidence and extrabiblical sources.<a href="#cite_note-Broshi_2001_174-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-BabylonianChronicles-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atiqot98-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-115">[113]</a>: 306  Christian Frevel argues that Yahwism was rooted in the culture of the Kingdom of Israel, who introduced it to the Kingdom of Judah via <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a>'s expansions and sociopolitical cooperation, which was prompted by <a href="/wiki/Hazael" title="Hazael">Hazael</a>'s conquests.<a href="#cite_note-:11-121">[119]</a> Frevel has also argued that Judah was a 'vassal-like' state to Israel, under the <a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">Omrides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-121">[119]</a> This theory has been rejected by other scholars, who argue that the archaeological evidence seems to indicate that Judah was an independent socio-political entity for most of the 9th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Avraham Faust argues that there was continued adherence to the 'ethos of egalitarianism and simplicity' in the Iron Age II (10th-6th century BCE). For example, there is minimal evidence of temples and complex tomb burials, despite Israel and Judah being more densely populated than the Late Bronze Age. Four-room houses remained the norm. In addition, royal inscriptions were scarce, along with imported and decorated pottery.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> around 720 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawaLevinRadner201855-124">[122]</a> The records of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> indicate that he deported part of the population to Assyria. This deportation became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> idea of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes of Israel</a>. Some Israelites migrated to the southern kingdom of Judah,<a href="#cite_note-:23-125">[123]</a> while those Israelites that remained in Samaria, concentrated mainly around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>, came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenLaviKivisildChou2004-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-127">[125]</a> Foreign groups were also settled by the Assyrians in the territories of the conquered kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-:13-127">[125]</a> The exiled Israelites from non-Judean regions faced assimilation into the Assyrian population, unlike their counterparts from Judea.<a href="#cite_note-:12-128">[126]</a> While historical records indicate the disappearance of Israelite tribes from Galilee and Transjordan, it's plausible that many Israelites from Samaria survived and remained in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:08-129">[127]</a> These survivors, contrary to Jewish tradition,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> are believed to have become the ancestors of the Samaritans, who followed <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>. Research indicates that only a portion of this population intermarried with Mesopotamians settlers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> In their native <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan Hebrew</a>, the Samaritans identify as "Israel", "B'nai Israel" or "Shamerim/Shomerim" (i.e. "Guardians/Keepers/Watchers").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManzur1979-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Towards the end of the same century, the Neo-Babylonian Empire emerged victorious over the Assyrians, leading to Judah's subjugation as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>. In the early 6th century BC, a series of <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">revolts in Judah</a> prompted the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> to lay <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">siege to and destroy Jerusalem</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First Temple</a>, marking the kingdom's demise. Subsequently, a segment of the Judahite populace was <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled to Babylon</a> in several waves.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Judeans were progenitors of the Jews,<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> who practiced <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cory2015-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benko1984-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish History">Jewish History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans#History" title="Samaritans">Samaritans § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></div> With the fall of Babylon to the rising <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a>, king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> issued a proclamation known as the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">Edict of Cyrus</a>, encouraging the exiles to <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return to their homeland</a> after the Persians raised it as an autonomous Jewish-governed province named <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud</a>. Under the Persians (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 539–332 BCE), the returned Jewish population restored the city and rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem. The <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a> is controversially cited as evidence for Cyrus allowing the Judeans to return.<a href="#cite_note-MaryJ1-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becking-142">[140]</a> The returnees showed a "heightened sense" of their ethnic identity and shunned <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a>, which was treated as a "permissive reality" in Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-Southward-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Circumcision was no longer a significant ethnic marker, with increased emphasis on genealogical descent or faith in Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-:33-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In 332 BCE, the Achaemenid Empire fell to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, and the region was later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 301–200 BCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200–167 BCE). The <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> against Seleucid rule ushered in a period of nominal independence for the Jewish people under the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> (140–37 BCE). Initially operating semi-autonomously within the Seleucid sphere, the Hasmoneans gradually asserted full independence through military conquest and diplomacy, establishing themselves as the final sovereign Jewish rulers before a prolonged hiatus in Jewish sovereignty in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:032-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto12-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-150">[148]</a> Some scholars argue that Jews also engaged in active missionary efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>, which led to conversions.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Several scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Scot_McKnight" title="Scot McKnight">Scot McKnight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Martin Goodman</a>, reject this view while holding that conversions occasionally occurred.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> A similar diaspora existed for Samaritans but their existence is poorly documented.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> In 63 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> conquered the kingdom. In 37 BCE, the Romans appointed <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> as king of <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom of Judea">a vassal Judea</a>. In 6 CE, Judea was fully incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">province of Judaea</a>. During this period, the main areas of Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel were Judea, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>, while the Samaritans had their demographic center in <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>. Growing dissatisfaction with Roman rule and civil disturbances eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73 CE), resulting in the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. This event marked a cataclysmic moment in Jewish history,<a href="#cite_note-:52-157">[155]</a> prompting a reconfiguration of Jewish identity and practice to ensure continuity. The cessation of Temple worship and disappearance of Temple-based sects<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> facilitated the rise of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, which stemmed from the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic</a> school of Second Temple Judaism, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">communal synagogue worship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>, eventually becoming the predominant expression of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-:42-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">began to diverge</a> from Judaism, evolving into a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> religion.<a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-162">[160]</a> Decades later, the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–135 CE) further diminished the Jewish presence in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, leading to a geographical shift of Jewish life to Galilee and <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Babylonia</a>, with smaller communities scattered across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. Jews and Samaritans share a connection with the biblical <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Other groups claim continuity with the Israelites, including <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Pashtun_origin#Israelite_theory" title="Theories of Pashtun origin">Pashtuns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Houtsma-150-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jewish-library-167">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-168">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lee2019-169">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbos</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">evangelical Christians</a> that subscribe to <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">covenant theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Some argue that some <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> descend from Israelites who were not exiled by the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-:72-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hider-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaan#Genetic_studies" title="Canaan">Canaan § Genetic studies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies on Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans#Genetic_studies" title="Samaritans">Samaritans § Genetic studies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Samaritan_Elder_in_Passover_Prayer_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Samaritan_Elder_in_Passover_Prayer_Service.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Samaritan_Elder_in_Passover_Prayer_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Samaritan_Elder_in_Passover_Prayer_Service.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Samaritan_Elder_in_Passover_Prayer_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Samaritan_Elder_in_Passover_Prayer_Service.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Samaritan_Elder_in_Passover_Prayer_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A Samaritan elder participates in Passover prayer services held on Mount Gerizim</figcaption></figure> As of 2024, only one study has directly examined ancient Israelite genetic material. The analysis examined <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First Temple</a>-era skeletal remains excavated in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghosh" title="Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a>, and showed one male individual belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a> <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> haplogroup, a set of closely-related DNA sequences thought to have originated in the Caucasus or Eastern Anatolia, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T1a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H87</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mitochondrial DNA</a> haplogroups, the former of which has also been detected among Canaanites, and the latter in Basques, Tunisian Arabs, and Iraqis, suggesting a Mediterranean, Near Eastern, or perhaps Arabian origin.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> A 2004 study (by Shen et al.) comparing <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> to several <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> populations (including <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jews">Iraqi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Jews">Libyan Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>) found that "the principal components analysis suggested a common ancestry of Samaritan and Jewish patrilineages. Most of the former may be traced back to a common ancestor in what is today identified as the paternally inherited Israelite high priesthood (<a href="/wiki/Cohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohanim">Cohanim</a>), with a common ancestor projected to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian conquest of the kingdom of Israel</a>."<a href="#cite_note-evolutsioon.ut.ee-176">[174]</a> A 2020 study (by Agranat-Tamr et al.) stated that there was genetic continuity between the Bronze Age and Iron Age southern Levantines, which included the Israelites and Judahites. They could be "modeled as a mixture of local earlier <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> populations and populations from the northeastern part of the Near East (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Armenians</a> and possibly, <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>)". Reasons for the continuity include resilience from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>, which was mostly true for inland cities such as <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abel-beth-maachah" title="Abel-beth-maachah">Tel Abel Beth Maacah</a>. Elsewhere, <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">European</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a>-related components were added to the population, from a north-south and south-north gradient respectively. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe#Genetics" title="Neolithic Europe">Late Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> were used as representatives.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographic history of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Jacob in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentary_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmentary society">Segmentary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪzrəlaɪts, -riə-/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל‎, romanized: Bənēy Yīsrāʾēl, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> 'Children of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Israel</a>' </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt ..." "Archaeology does not really contribute to the debate over the historicity or even historical background of the Exodus itself, but if there was indeed such a group, it contributed the Exodus story to that of all Israel. While I agree that it is most likely that there was such a group, I must stress that this is based on an overall understanding of the development of collective memory and of the authorship of the texts (and their editorial process). Archaeology, unfortunately, cannot directly contribute (yet?) to the study of this specific group of Israel's ancestors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2015476-76">[75]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123190920/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Israelite">"Israelite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Israelite">the original</a> on 23 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israelite&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FIsraelite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Israelite">"Israelite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Israelite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIsraelite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks1998" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KztVonFGqcsC&q=ethno+religious+israelites&pg=PA146">Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible</a>. Eisenbrauns. pp. 146–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-033-0"><bdi>978-1-57506-033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Israel%3A+Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+Ethnic+Sentiments+and+Their+Expression+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=146-148&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-033-0&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Kenton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKztVonFGqcsC%26q%3Dethno%2Breligious%2Bisraelites%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1937" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Salo W. (1937). Social and Religious History of the Jews. Vol. 1. p. 338.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Religious+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=338&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Salo+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA313">"Israel, Israelites"</a>. In Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (eds.). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Wiley Blackwell. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23583-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel%2C+Israelites&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmvNogJO2ZgC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faust23-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faust23_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faust23_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2023" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyG3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">"The Birth of Israel"</a>. In Hoyland, Robert G.; Williamson, H. G. M. (eds.). The Oxford History of the Holy Land. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288687-3"><bdi>978-0-19-288687-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=5-33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288687-3&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyG3EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBienkowskiMillard2000" class="citation book cs1">Bienkowski, Piotr; Millard, Alan (2000). British Museum Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. British Museum Press. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714111414" title="Special:BookSources/9780714111414"><bdi>9780714111414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Museum+Dictionary+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780714111414&rft.aulast=Bienkowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Millard%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">^</a> Rendsburg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press. pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-1">b</a> Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture ... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Frevel, Christian. History of Ancient Israel. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. <a href="/wiki/SBL_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="SBL Press">SBL Press</a>. 2023. p. 33. ISBN 9781628375138. "Israel developed in the land and not outside of it (in Egypt, in the desert, etc.)." </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Steiner, Richard C. (1997). "Ancient Hebrew". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.). The Semitic Languages. Routledge. pp. 145–173. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05767-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05767-7">978-0-415-05767-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Broshi_2001_174-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broshi_2001_174_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broshi_2001_174_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroshi2001" class="citation book cs1">Broshi, Magen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrvUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-201-6"><bdi>978-1-84127-201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bread%2C+Wine%2C+Walls+and+Scrolls&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-201-6&rft.aulast=Broshi&rft.aufirst=Magen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrvUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2012" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (29 August 2012). Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjz28">10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-641-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-641-9"><bdi>978-1-58983-641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judah+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjz28&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-641-9&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöklWaerzegger2015" class="citation book cs1">Stökl, Jonathan; Waerzegger, Caroline (2015). Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 7–11, 30, 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+and+Return%3A+The+Babylonian+Context&rft.pages=7-11%2C+30%2C+226&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6kl&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Waerzegger%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2015p.476:_"While_there_is_a_consensus_among_scholars_that_the_Exodus_did_not_take_place_in_the_manner_described_in_the_Bible,_surprisingly_most_scholars_agree_that_the_narrative_has_a_historical_core_and_that_some_of_the_highland_settlers_came,_one_way_or_another,_from_Egypt&nbsp;..."-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaust2015p.476:_"While_there_is_a_consensus_among_scholars_that_the_Exodus_did_not_take_place_in_the_manner_described_in_the_Bible,_surprisingly_most_scholars_agree_that_the_narrative_has_a_historical_core_and_that_some_of_the_highland_settlers_came,_one_way_or_another,_from_Egypt&nbsp;..."_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaust2015">Faust 2015</a>, p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt ...". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedmount200161-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedmount200161_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedmount2001">Redmount 2001</a>, p. 61: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative." </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2001" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC">What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?</a>. Eerdmans. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927120-37-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-927120-37-5"><bdi>3-927120-37-5</bdi></a>. <q>After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible 'historical figures' ... archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know%2C+and+When+Did+They+Know+It%3F&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-927120-37-5&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-VxwC5rQtwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zachary-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zachary_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zachary_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Zachary (22 April 2016). "Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 46 (2): 59–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146107916639208">10.1177/0146107916639208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1079">0146-1079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147053561">147053561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Debating+the+United+Monarchy%3A+Let%27s+See+How+Far+We%27ve+Come&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-69&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147053561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0146-1079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146107916639208&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipschits-21"><a href="#cite_ref-lipschits_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2014" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The history of Israel in the biblical period". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ">The Jewish Study Bible</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 2107–2119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5"><bdi>978-0-19-997846-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160917/https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2022. <q>As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archaeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of 'united monarchy' is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. ... Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called 'Israel'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Israel+in+the+biblical+period&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pages=2107-2119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997846-5&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Hannah1840" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Hannah (1840). The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time. Duncan and Malcolm and Wertheim. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894671497">894671497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Jews%3A+from+the+destruction+of+Jerusalem+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=Duncan+and+Malcolm+and+Wertheim&rft.date=1840&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894671497&rft.au=Adams%2C+Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2010" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Michael (2010). A short history of the Jews. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14351-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14351-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14351-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463855870">463855870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463855870&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14351-4&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrer2012" class="citation book cs1">Ostrer, Harry (2012). Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-280-87519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-280-87519-9"><bdi>978-1-280-87519-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/798209542">798209542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+A+Genetic+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F798209542&rft.isbn=978-1-280-87519-9&rft.aulast=Ostrer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartveit2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kartveit, Magnar (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2014.v14.r25">"Review of Knoppers, Gary N., Jews and Samaritans: The Origins and History of Their Early Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hebrew_Scriptures" title="Journal of Hebrew Scriptures">Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</a>. 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2014.v14.r25">10.5508/jhs.2014.v14.r25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1203-1542">1203-1542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Review+of+Knoppers%2C+Gary+N.%2C+Jews+and+Samaritans%3A+The+Origins+and+History+of+Their+Early+Relations+%28Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press+2013%29&rft.volume=14&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs.2014.v14.r25&rft.issn=1203-1542&rft.aulast=Kartveit&rft.aufirst=Magnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5508%252Fjhs.2014.v14.r25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenspahn2008-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenspahn2008_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspahn2008" class="citation book cs1">Greenspahn, Frederick E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inRKaf_To5sC&pg=PA12">The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship</a>. NYU Press. pp. 12ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3187-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-3187-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701135714/https://books.google.com/books?id=inRKaf_To5sC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+New+Insights+and+Scholarship&rft.pages=12ff&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3187-1&rft.aulast=Greenspahn&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinRKaf_To5sC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toorn-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toorn_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toorn_27-1">b</a> Van der Toorn, K. (196). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&pg=PA282">Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life</a>. Brill. pp. 181, 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200875-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200875_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2008">Grabbe 2008</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-29"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-0">^</a> Van der Veern, Peter, et al. "Israel in Canaan (Long) Before Pharaoh Merenptah? A Fresh Look at Berlin Statue Pedestal Relief 21687". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. pp. 15–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-30"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-0">^</a> Romer, Thomas (2015). The Invention of God, Harvard. p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-31"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_31-0">^</a> Dijkstra, Meindert (2017). "Canaan in the Transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age from an Egyptian Perspective". In Grabbe, Lester, ed. The Land of Canaan in the Late Bronze Age. Bloomsbury. p. 62, n. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0132.htm#29">Genesis 32:29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scherman,_Rabbi_Nosson_2006,_pages_176-77-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Scherman,_Rabbi_Nosson_2006,_pages_176-77_33-0">^</a> Scherman, Rabbi Nosson, ed. (2006). The Chumash. The Artscroll Series. Mesorah. pp. 176–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan,_Aryeh_1985,_page_125-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan,_Aryeh_1985,_page_125_34-0">^</a> Kaplan, Aryeh (1985). "Jewish Meditation". New York: Schocken. p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Theodore J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-erqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190072544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190072544"><bdi>978-0190072544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Character+of+God%3A+Ancient+Israelite+Religion+through+the+Lens+of+Divinity&rft.pages=73-118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190072544&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-erqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross1973-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1973_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1973_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross1973_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1973">Cross 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1995" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Victor (1995). The Book of Genesis, Chapters 18–50. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2521-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2521-4"><bdi>0-8028-2521-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Genesis%2C+Chapters+18%E2%80%9350&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8028-2521-4&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wenham, Gordon (1994). Word Biblical Commentary. Vol. 2: Genesis 16–50. Dallas, Texas: Word Books. pp. 296–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Biblical+Commentary&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.pages=296-97&rft.pub=Word+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinBrettler2004" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc (2004). The Jewish Study Bible: Jewish Publication Society Tanakh Translation. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible%3A+Jewish+Publication+Society+Tanakh+Translation&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft.au=Brettler%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%A8">"שׂרר"</a>. Sefaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921140616/https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary,_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%A8">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%A8&rft.pub=Sefaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKlein_Dictionary%252C_%25D7%25A9%25D7%2582%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A9%D6%B7%D7%82%D7%A8">"Klein Dictionary, שַׂר"</a>. www.sefaria.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921114549/https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary,_%D7%A9%D6%B7%D7%82%D7%A8">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Klein+Dictionary%2C+%D7%A9%D6%B7%D7%82%D7%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKlein_Dictionary%252C_%25D7%25A9%25D6%25B7%25D7%2582%25D7%25A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=64&language=id">"šarru"</a>. Akkadian Dictionary. Association Assyrophile de France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029214640/http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=64&language=id">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akkadian+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%C5%A1arru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianlanguages.org%2Fakkadian%2Fdosearch.php%3Fsearchkey%3D64%26language%3Did&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%94">"שׂרה"</a>. Sefaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921140355/https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary,_%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%94">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%94&rft.pub=Sefaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKlein_Dictionary%252C_%25D7%25A9%25D7%2582%25D7%25A8%25D7%2594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEven-Shoshan" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Even-Shoshan, Avraham. "שׂרה". Even-Shoshan Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%A8%D7%94&rft.btitle=Even-Shoshan+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Even-Shoshan&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#35:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 35:22–26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2002" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Christine E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGZ0_PUBLVcC&pg=PA19">Gentile Impurities and Jewish Identities: Intermarriage and Conversion from the Bible to the Talmud</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803446-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentile+Impurities+and+Jewish+Identities%3A+Intermarriage+and+Conversion+from+the+Bible+to+the+Talmud&rft.pages=19-44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803446-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGZ0_PUBLVcC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> William David. Reyburn, Euan McG. Fry. A Handbook on Genesis. New York: United Bible Societies. 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-48"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Friedberg2017" class="citation web cs1">D. Friedberg, Albert (22 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128014216/https://www.thetorah.com/article/who-were-the-hebrews">"Who Were the Hebrews?"</a>. The Torah.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/who-were-the-hebrews#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20Hebrew%2C%E2%80%9D%20a%20member,the%20original%20language%20of%20man.">the original</a> on 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Torah.com&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+Hebrews%3F&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=D.+Friedberg&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwho-were-the-hebrews%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E2%2580%259CThe%2520Hebrew%252C%25E2%2580%259D%2520a%2520member%2Cthe%2520original%2520language%2520of%2520man.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208035016/https://biblehub.com/commentaries/maclaren/genesis/14.htm">"Genesis 14 MacLaren Expositions Of Holy Scripture"</a>. Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/maclaren/genesis/14.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Genesis+14+MacLaren+Expositions+Of+Holy+Scripture&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fmaclaren%2Fgenesis%2F14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Flavius Josephus - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0526.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.4">Antiquities of The Jews, Book I, Chapter VI, Paragraph 4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἀρφαξάδου δὲ παῖς γίνεται Σάλης, τοῦ δὲ Ἕβερος, ἀφ᾽ οὗ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους Ἑβραίους ἀρχῆθεν ἐκάλουν: Ἕβερος δὲ Ἰούκταν καὶ Φάλεγον ἐγέννησεν: ἐκλήθη δὲ Φάλεγος, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸν ἀποδασμὸν τῶν οἰκήσεων τίκτεται: φαλὲκ γὰρ τὸν μερισμὸν Ἑβραῖοι καλοῦσιν., <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Sala was the son of Arphaxad; and his son was Heber, from whom they originally called the Jews Hebrews. Heber begat Joetan and Phaleg: he was called Phaleg, because he was born at the dispersion of the nations to their several countries; for Phaleg among the Hebrews signifies division.' </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Cate, Robert L. (1990). "Israelite". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA420">Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Mercer University Press. p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Maaren2022" class="citation book cs1">Van Maaren, John (23 May 2022). "The Ethnic Boundary Making Model: Preliminary Marks". The Boundaries of Jewishness in the Southern Levant 200 BCE – 132 CE. De Gruyter. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ethnic+Boundary+Making+Model%3A+Preliminary+Marks&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Jewishness+in+the+Southern+Levant+200+BCE+%E2%80%93+132+CE&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft.aulast=Van+Maaren&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-53"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_53-0">^</a> Danker, Frederick W. "Ioudaios", in A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. third edition University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03933-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03933-6">978-0-226-03933-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Venter, Pieter M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0259-94222018000400001">"The dissolving of marriages in Ezra 9-10 and Nehemiah 13 revisited"</a>. HTS Theological Studies. 74 (4) – via Scielo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+dissolving+of+marriages+in+Ezra+9-10+and+Nehemiah+13+revisited&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Venter&rft.aufirst=Pieter+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0259-94222018000400001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-55"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Troy W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268093">"The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational Antitheses in Galatians 3:28"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 122 (1): 111–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3268093">10.2307/3268093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268093">3268093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+Circumcision+%28Genesis+17%3A9-14%29+and+the+Situational+Antitheses+in+Galatians+3%3A28&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-125&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3268093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Troy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Ben 'Aamraam, Yesaahq (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781482770810/Samaritan-Exegesis-Compilation-Writings-Samaritans-1482770814/plp">Samaritan Exegesis: A Compilation of Writings from the Samaritans</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4827-7081-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4827-7081-4">1-4827-7081-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8WsR5lpUyE">Benyamim Tsedaka, at 1:24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525180604/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8WsR5lpUyE">Archived</a> 25 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> John Bowman (1977). Samaritan Documents Relating to Their History, Religion and Life. Pittsburgh Original Texts and Translations Series No. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915138-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-915138-27-1">0-915138-27-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearman2018" class="citation book cs1">Dearman, J. Andrew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTdtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">Reading Hebrew Bible Narratives</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024648-8"><bdi>978-0-19-024648-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Hebrew+Bible+Narratives&rft.pages=113-129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-024648-8&rft.aulast=Dearman&rft.aufirst=J.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTdtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Bereshith, Genesis </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2018:13–26&version=nrsv">Exodus 18:13–26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-62"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123041504/https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/mhm/1-samuel-14.html#verses-47">"1 Samuel 14: Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible"</a>. StudyLight.org. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/mhm/1-samuel-14.html#verses-47">the original</a> on 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudyLight.org&rft.atitle=1+Samuel+14%3A+Henry%27s+Complete+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcommentaries%2Feng%2Fmhm%2F1-samuel-14.html%23verses-47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:1–14&version=nrsv">2 Sam 8:1–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETetley2005105-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetley2005105_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTetley2005">Tetley 2005</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2005">Dever 2005</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFMendels1987">Mendels 1987</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFBrandMitchell2015">Brand & Mitchell 2015</a>, p. 1538 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Barnes, W. E. (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/2_chronicles/5.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a> on 2 Chronicles 5, accessed 17 April 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordenskiöld1889-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Nordenskiöld1889_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolf_Erik_Nordenskiöld1889" class="citation book cs1">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-IMSQAACAAJ">Facsimile-atlas to the Early History of Cartography: With Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries</a>. Kraus. pp. 51, 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facsimile-atlas+to+the+Early+History+of+Cartography%3A+With+Reproductions+of+the+Most+Important+Maps+Printed+in+the+XV+and+XVI+Centuries&rft.pages=51%2C+64&rft.pub=Kraus&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Adolf+Erik+Nordenski%C3%B6ld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-IMSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004209–216,_267,_271–276-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004209–216,_267,_271–276_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004209–216,_267,_271–276_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004209–216,_267,_271–276_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2004">Grabbe 2004</a>, pp. 209–216, 267, 271–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004278–285-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004278–285_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004278–285_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004278–285_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2004">Grabbe 2004</a>, pp. 278–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-myers-70"><a href="#cite_ref-myers_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Myers" title="Jacob M. Myers">Myers, Jacob M.</a> (1964). Ezra, Nehemiah. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Series</a> 14. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. XXXVI–XXXVII, LXX. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65-23788">65-23788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra%2C+Nehemiah&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=Anchor+Bible+Series+14&rft.pages=XXXVI-XXXVII%2C+LXX&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65-23788&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004292–310,_356–357-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004292–310,_356–357_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2004">Grabbe 2004</a>, pp. 292–310, 356–357. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213005602/https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/esther/3.htm">"Esther 3 Barnes' Notes"</a>. Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/esther/3.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Esther+3+Barnes%27+Notes&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fbarnes%2Festher%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212110948/https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-deliberately-flawed-divine-torah">"Esther 9 Barnes' Notes"</a>. TheTorah.com. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/esther/9.htm">the original</a> on 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Esther+9+Barnes%27+Notes&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fbarnes%2Festher%2F9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200485–90-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200485–90_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2004">Grabbe 2004</a>, pp. 85–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200485–106-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200485–106_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2004">Grabbe 2004</a>, pp. 85–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2015476-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaust2015476_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaust2015">Faust 2015</a>, p. 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003231-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever2003231_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2003">Dever 2003</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman2-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman2_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2017" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Richard Elliott (12 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sbADQAAQBAJ">The Exodus</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-256526-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-256526-6"><bdi>978-0-06-256526-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701135632/https://books.google.com/books?id=_sbADQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exodus&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-06-256526-6&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_sbADQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Assmann, Jan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMadfTi_U4C&q=Osarsiph&pg=PA227">The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01211-0"><bdi>978-0-674-01211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Egypt%3A+History+and+Meaning+in+the+Time+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01211-0&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEMadfTi_U4C%26q%3DOsarsiph%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/L186JosephusILifeAgainstApion">L 186 Josephus I Life Against Apion</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L+186+Josephus+I+Life+Against+Apion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FL186JosephusILifeAgainstApion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman201162–69-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman201162–69_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNa'aman2011">Na'aman 2011</a>, pp. 62–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-83"><a href="#cite_ref-:04_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2017" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43737298">""Out of the Land of Egypt, Out of the House of Slavery..." (Exodus 20:2): Forced Migration, Slavery and the Emergence of Israel"</a>. In Lipschits, Oded; Gadot, Yuval; Adams, Matthew Joel (eds.). Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 151–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-787-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Out+of+the+Land+of+Egypt%2C+Out+of+the+House+of+Slavery...%22+%28Exodus+20%3A2%29%3A+Forced+Migration%2C+Slavery+and+the+Emergence+of+Israel&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Israel%3A+Studies+in+the+History+and+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Israel+in+Honor+of+Israel+Finkelstein&rft.pages=151-158&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-787-2&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43737298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETubb199813–14-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETubb199813–14_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETubb199813–14_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTubb1998">Tubb 1998</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199947-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199947_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNutt1999">McNutt 1999</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> K. L. Noll (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rnyjxLHy-QC&pg=PA164">Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140145/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rnyjxLHy-QC&pg=PA164">Archived</a> 1 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A&C Black. p. 164: "It would seem that, in the eyes of Merneptah's artisans, Israel was a Canaanite group indistinguishable from all other Canaanite groups." "It is likely that Merneptah's Israel was a group of Canaanites located in the Jezreel Valley." </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore_Cross1997" class="citation book cs1">Moore Cross, Frank (1997). Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in History of the Religion of Israel. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-09176-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-09176-0"><bdi>0-674-09176-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Myth+and+Hebrew+Epic%3A+Essays+in+History+of+the+Religion+of+Israel&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-674-09176-0&rft.aulast=Moore+Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzar2001" class="citation book cs1">Kuzar, Ron (2001). Hebrew and Zionism: a discourse analytic cultural study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016993-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016993-2"><bdi>3-11-016993-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+and+Zionism%3A+a+discourse+analytic+cultural+study&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-016993-2&rft.aulast=Kuzar&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg2020" class="citation book cs1">Rendsburg, Gary A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishstudies.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/845-israelite-origins-hoffmeier-fs-1">"Israelite Origins"</a>. In Averbeck, Richard E.; Younger (Jr.), K. Lawson (eds.). "An Excellent Fortress for His Armies, a Refuge for the People": Egyptological, Archaeological, and Biblical Studies in Honor of James K. Hoffmeier. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 327–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-994-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-994-4"><bdi>978-1-57506-994-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israelite+Origins&rft.btitle=%22An+Excellent+Fortress+for+His+Armies%2C+a+Refuge+for+the+People%22%3A+Egyptological%2C+Archaeological%2C+and+Biblical+Studies+in+Honor+of+James+K.+Hoffmeier&rft.pages=327-339&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-994-4&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishstudies.rutgers.edu%2Fdocman%2Frendsburg%2F845-israelite-origins-hoffmeier-fs-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/34/6/9">"Shasu or Habiru: Who Were the Early Israelites?"</a>. The BAS Library. 24 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016114617/https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/34/6/9">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&rft.atitle=Shasu+or+Habiru%3A+Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites%3F&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F34%2F6%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch04-2.htm">"Israelites as Canaanites"</a>. Macrohistory: World History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103145513/http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch04-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macrohistory%3A+World+History&rft.atitle=Israelites+as+Canaanites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsmitha.com%2Fh1%2Fch04-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/34/6/8">"Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?"</a>. The BAS Library. 24 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016114612/https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/34/6/8">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&rft.atitle=Inside%2C+Outside%3A+Where+Did+the+Early+Israelites+Come+From%3F&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F34%2F6%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2020" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">"Early Israel's Origins, Settlement, and Ethnogenesis"</a>. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0"><bdi>978-0-19-026116-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331202929/https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Israel%27s+Origins%2C+Settlement%2C+and+Ethnogenesis&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=79-93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7y4DEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Mittleman, Alan (2010). "Judaism: Covenant, Pluralism and Piety". In Turner, Bryan S., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RheC7rG9u6gC&pg=PA345">The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 340–363, 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gottwald-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gottwald_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottwald_95-1">b</a> Gottwald, Norman (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_dIEeMj2EYC&pg=PA455">Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250–1050 BCE</a>. A&C Black. p. 433. cf. 455–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Gabriel" title="Richard A. Gabriel">Gabriel, Richard A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72ZR9KCh9lUC&pg=PA63">The Military History of Ancient Israel</a>. Greenwood. p. 63: "The ethnically mixed character of the Israelites is reflected even more clearly in the foreign names of the group's leadership. Moses himself, of course, has an Egyptian name. But so do Hophni, Phinehas, Hur, and Merari, the son of Levi." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETubb1998-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETubb1998_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTubb1998">Tubb 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hendel, Ronald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=An08DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Remembering Abraham: Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517796-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517796-1"><bdi>978-0-19-517796-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Abraham%3A+Culture%2C+Memory%2C+and+History+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=3-30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517796-1&rft.aulast=Hendel&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAn08DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleishman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fleishman, Joseph (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janes.scholasticahq.com/article/2434-on-the-significance-of-a-name-change-and-circumcision-in-genesis-17">"On the Significance of a Name Change and Circumcision in Genesis 17"</a>. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society. 28 (1) – via JTS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Significance+of+a+Name+Change+and+Circumcision+in+Genesis+17&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fleishman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjanes.scholasticahq.com%2Farticle%2F2434-on-the-significance-of-a-name-change-and-circumcision-in-genesis-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2011" class="citation book cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/5287/chapter/148014788">Contesting Conversion: Genealogy, Circumcision, and Identity in Ancient Judaism and Christianity</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199914456" title="Special:BookSources/9780199914456"><bdi>9780199914456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+Conversion%3A+Genealogy%2C+Circumcision%2C+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=43-64&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199914456&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F5287%2Fchapter%2F148014788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2005" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J.D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.pub/why-arent-jewish-women-circumcised-gender-and-covenant-in-judaism-9780520920491.html">Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism</a>. 978-0520212503. pp. 180–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520212503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520212503"><bdi>978-0520212503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Aren%27t+Jewish+Women+Circumcised%3F%3A+Gender+and+Covenant+in+Judaism&rft.pages=180-190&rft.pub=978-0520212503&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0520212503&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.pub%2Fwhy-arent-jewish-women-circumcised-gender-and-covenant-in-judaism-9780520920491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlyan2000" class="citation book cs1">Olyan, Saul (2000). Rites and Rank: Hierarchy in Biblical Representations of Cult. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02948-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02948-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02948-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rites+and+Rank%3A+Hierarchy+in+Biblical+Representations+of+Cult&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02948-1&rft.aulast=Olyan&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldenberg200995-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldenberg200995_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldenberg2009">Goldenberg 2009</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurco1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Yurco" title="Frank J. Yurco">Yurco, Frank J.</a> (1986). "Merenptah's Canaanite Campaign". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 23: 195, 207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40001099">10.2307/40001099</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40001099">40001099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Merenptah%27s+Canaanite+Campaign&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=195%2C+207&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40001099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40001099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yurco&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (2003). Nakhai, Beth Alpert (ed.). "Merenptah's Inscription and Reliefs and the Origin of Israel (The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever)". Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 58. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research: 27–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89757-065-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89757-065-0"><bdi>0-89757-065-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768554">3768554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Merenptah%27s+Inscription+and+Reliefs+and+the+Origin+of+Israel+%28The+Near+East+in+the+Southwest%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+William+G.+Dever%29&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=27-36&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3768554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=0-89757-065-0&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStager2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Stager, Lawrence E.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA92">"Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel"</a>. In Coogan, Michael (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2"><bdi>0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forging+an+Identity%3A+The+Emergence+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rainey, Anson F. (2001). 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Springer Nature. pp. 771–786. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-27330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-27330-8"><bdi>978-3-031-27330-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Interconnections+Between+Jerusalem+and+Samaria+in+the+Ninth+to+Eighth+Centuries+BCE%3A+Material+Culture%2C+Connectivity+and+Politics&rft.btitle=%22And+in+Length+of+Days+Understanding%22+%28Job+12%3A12%29%3A+Essays+on+Archaeology+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+and+Beyond+in+Honor+of+Thomas+E.+Levy&rft.pages=771-786&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-27330-8&rft.aulast=Gadot&rft.aufirst=Yuval&rft.au=Kleiman%2C+Assaf&rft.au=Uziel%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcPOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2019" class="citation journal cs1">Faust, Avraham (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10020106">"Israelite Temples: Where Was Israelite Cult Not Practiced, and Why"</a>. Religions. 10 (2): 106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10020106">10.3390/rel10020106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Israelite+Temples%3A+Where+Was+Israelite+Cult+Not+Practiced%2C+and+Why&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10020106&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10020106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawaLevinRadner201855-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasegawaLevinRadner201855_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasegawaLevinRadner2018">Hasegawa, Levin & Radner 2018</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-125"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2015" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (28 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/zaw-2015-0011">"Migration of Israelites into Judah after 720 BCE: An Answer and an Update"</a>. Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 127 (2): 188–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzaw-2015-0011">10.1515/zaw-2015-0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0103">1613-0103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171178702">171178702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=Migration+of+Israelites+into+Judah+after+720+BCE%3A+An+Answer+and+an+Update&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-206&rft.date=2015-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171178702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzaw-2015-0011&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2Fzaw-2015-0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenLaviKivisildChou2004-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenLaviKivisildChou2004_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShenLaviKivisildChou2004">Shen et al. 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2013" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/949151323">The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel</a>. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-910-6"><bdi>978-1-58983-910-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949151323">949151323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+forgotten+kingdom+%3A+the+archaeology+and+history+of+Northern+Israel&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949151323&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-910-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F949151323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-128"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lyman, Stanford M. (1998). "The Lost Tribes of Israel as a Problem in History and Sociology". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 12 (1): 7–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025902603291">10.1023/A:1025902603291</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20019954">20019954</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141243508">141243508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Tribes+of+Israel+as+a+Problem+in+History+and+Sociology&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-42&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141243508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20019954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1025902603291&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Stanford+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:08-129"><a href="#cite_ref-:08_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobolowsky2022" class="citation cs2">Tobolowsky, Andrew (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBhdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">"The Tribes That Were Not Lost: The Samaritans"</a>, The Myth of the Twelve Tribes of Israel: New Identities Across Time and Space, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 69, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009091435.003">10.1017/9781009091435.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51494-8"><bdi>978-1-316-51494-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 4 May 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Myth+of+the+Twelve+Tribes+of+Israel%3A+New+Identities+Across+Time+and+Space&rft.atitle=The+Tribes+That+Were+Not+Lost%3A+The+Samaritans&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009091435.003&rft.isbn=978-1-316-51494-8&rft.aulast=Tobolowsky&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBhdEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPummer2016" class="citation book cs1">Pummer, Reinhard (2016). The Samaritans: A Profile. Eerdmans. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6768-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-6768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samaritans%3A+A+Profile&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6768-1&rft.aulast=Pummer&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2008" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2008). From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible. National Geographic (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0208-7"><bdi>978-1-4262-0208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Eden+to+Exile%3A+Unraveling+Mysteries+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=National+Geographic+%28US%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0208-7&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenLaviKivisildChou2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation". Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20077">10.1002/humu.20077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-7794">1059-7794</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300852">15300852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1571356">1571356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Mutation&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+patrilineages+and+matrilineages+of+Samaritans+and+other+Israeli+populations+from+Y-Chromosome+and+mitochondrial+DNA+sequence+Variation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248-260&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1059-7794&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1571356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15300852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhumu.20077&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Peidong&rft.au=Lavi%2C+Tal&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Chou%2C+Vivian&rft.au=Sengun%2C+Deniz&rft.au=Gefel%2C+Dov&rft.au=Shpirer%2C+Issac&rft.au=Woolf%2C+Eilon&rft.au=Hillel%2C+Jossi&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marcus+W.&rft.au=Oefner%2C+Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManzur1979-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManzur1979_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManzur1979">Manzur 1979</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, John (8 February 1963). "BANŪ ISRĀ'ĪL IN THE QUR'ĀN". Islamic Studies. 2 (4). Islamic Research Institute: 447–455. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832712">20832712</a>. <q>This tiny community called by the Jews and the Christians, the Samaritans, call themselves Israel or Shomerim, the Keepers (of the Torah, i.e., Tawr?t).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=BAN%C5%AA+ISR%C4%80%27%C4%AAL+IN+THE+QUR%27%C4%80N&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-455&rft.date=1963-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-samaritans.net/">"The Samaritan Identity"</a>. The Israelite Samaritan Community in Israel. Retrieved 15 September 2023. <q>Our real name is, 'Bene- Yisrael Ha -Shamerem (D'nU- -D'7nU) - in Hebrew , which means 'The Keepers', or to be precise, the Israelite - Keepers, as we observe the ancient Israelite tradition, since the time of our prophet Moses and the people of Israel. The modern terms, 'Samaritans' and 'Jews', given by the Assyrians, indicate the settlement of the Samaritans in the area of Samaria, and the Jews in the area of Judah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Samaritan+Identity&rft.pub=The+Israelite+Samaritan+Community+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-samaritans.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/history/keepers-israelite-samaritan-identity/">"The Keepers: Israelite Samaritan Identity"</a>. Israelite Samaritan Information Institute. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2023. <q>We are not Samaritans; this is what the Assyrians called the people of Samaria. We, The Keepers, Sons of Israel, Keepers of the Word of the Torah, never adopted the name Samaritans. Our forefathers only used the name when speaking to outsiders about our community. Through the ages we have referred to ourselves as The Keepers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Keepers%3A+Israelite+Samaritan+Identity&rft.pub=Israelite+Samaritan+Information+Institute&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelite-samaritans.com%2Fhistory%2Fkeepers-israelite-samaritan-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2017" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Luke (3 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203">"Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ancient+tablets+reveal+life+of+Jews+in+Nebuchadnezzar%27s+Babylon&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2008" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50288-3"><bdi>978-0-495-50288-3</bdi></a>. <q>The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Volume+A%3A+To+1500&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50288-3&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cory2015-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Cory2015_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Cory2015" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Cory (13 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsZcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Christian Theological Tradition</a>. Routledge. p. 20 and forwards. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34958-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34958-7"><bdi>978-1-317-34958-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theological+Tradition&rft.pages=p.+20+and+forwards&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34958-7&rft.au=Catherine+Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsZcCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benko1984-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Benko1984_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Benko1984" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Benko (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHHxkapsiEgC&pg=PA22">Pagan Rome and the Early Christians</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 22 and forwards. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34286-7"><bdi>978-0-253-34286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Rome+and+the+Early+Christians&rft.pages=p.+22+and+forwards&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34286-7&rft.au=Stephen+Benko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHHxkapsiEgC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaryJ1-141"><a href="#cite_ref-MaryJ1_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn_Leith2001" class="citation book cs1">Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World">"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period"</a>. In Michael David Coogan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World">The Oxford History of the Biblical World</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2"><bdi>0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98016042">98016042</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44650958">44650958</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+among+the+Nations%3A+The+Persian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44650958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98016042&rft.isbn=0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Winn+Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBiblical%2BWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becking-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Becking_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecking2006" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zi2i_C1aNkC&q=%22Cyrus+cylinder%22+Jerusalem&pg=PA8">""We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return"</a>. In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22We+All+Returned+as+One%21%22%3A+Critical+Notes+on+the+Myth+of+the+Mass+Return&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Persian+Period&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-104-7&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zi2i_C1aNkC%26q%3D%2522Cyrus%2Bcylinder%2522%2BJerusalem%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southward-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Southward_143-0">^</a> Katherine ER. Southward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbo5h0BYOrIC&pg=PA193">Ethnicity and the Mixed Marriage Crisis in Ezra, 9–10: An Anthropological Approach,</a> Oxford University Press 2012 pp.103–203, esp. p.193. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2022" class="citation web cs1">Pearce, Laurie (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412043706/https://www.thetorah.com/article/jews-intermarried-not-only-in-judea-but-also-in-babylonia">"Jews Intermarried Not Only in Judea but Also in Babylonia"</a>. TheTorah.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/jews-intermarried-not-only-in-judea-but-also-in-babylonia">the original</a> on 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Jews+Intermarried+Not+Only+in+Judea+but+Also+in+Babylonia&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fjews-intermarried-not-only-in-judea-but-also-in-babylonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-145"><a href="#cite_ref-:33_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2011" class="citation book cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/5287/chapter/148016316?login=true#273599969">Contesting Conversion: Genealogy, Circumcision, and Identity in Ancient Judaism and Christianity</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991445-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991445-6"><bdi>978-0-19-991445-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+Conversion%3A+Genealogy%2C+Circumcision%2C+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=87-110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991445-6&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F5287%2Fchapter%2F148016316%3Flogin%3Dtrue%23273599969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lau, Peter H.W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42614919">"Gentile Incorporation into Israel in Ezra - Nehemiah?"</a>. Peeters Publishers. 90 (3): 356–373. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42614919">42614919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peeters+Publishers&rft.atitle=Gentile+Incorporation+into+Israel+in+Ezra+-+Nehemiah%3F&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-373&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42614919%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42614919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-147"><a href="#cite_ref-:032_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelyerMcDonald2013" class="citation book cs1">Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). "The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era". In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/961153992">The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts</a>. Baker Academic. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-9861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-9861-1"><bdi>978-0-8010-9861-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961153992">961153992</a>. <q>The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hasmoneans+and+the+Hasmonean+Era&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Historical+Contexts&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961153992&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-9861-1&rft.aulast=Helyer&rft.aufirst=Larry+R.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Lee+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F961153992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-148"><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2"><bdi>0-674-39731-2</bdi></a>. <q>The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain... The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus... it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea, Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border... and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-674-39731-2&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-149"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation cs2">Smith, Morton (1999), Sturdy, John; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/gentiles-in-judaism-125-bcece-66/1AC78E99125BFE8E215AC8137DD8FE32">"The Gentiles in Judaism 125 BCE - 66 CE"</a>, The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3: The Early Roman Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 192–249, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521243773.008">10.1017/chol9780521243773.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3"><bdi>978-0-521-24377-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 20 March 2023, <q>These changes accompanied and were partially caused by the great extension of the Judaeans' contacts with the peoples around them. Many historians have chronicled the Hasmonaeans' territorial acquisitions. In sum, it took them twenty-five years to win control of the tiny territory of Judaea and get rid of the Seleucid colony of royalist Jews (with, presumably, gentile officials and garrison) in Jerusalem. [...] However, in the last years before its fall, the Hasmonaeans were already strong enough to acquire, partly by negotiation, partly by conquest, a little territory north and south of Judaea and a corridor on the west to the coast at Jaffa/Joppa. This was briefly taken from them by Antiochus Sidetes, but soon regained, and in the half-century from Sidetes' death in 129 to Alexander Jannaeus' death in 76 they overran most of Palestine and much of western and northern Transjordan. First John Hyrcanus took over the hills of southern and central Palestine (Idumaea and the territories of Shechem, Samaria and Scythopolis) in 128–104; then his son, Aristobulus I, took Galilee in 104–103, and Aristobulus' brother and successor, Jannaeus, in about eighteen years of warfare (103–96, 86–76) conquered and reconquered the coastal plain, the northern Negev, and western edge of Transjordan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+Period&rft.atitle=The+Gentiles+in+Judaism+125+BCE+-+66+CE&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=192-249&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521243773.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24377-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-judaism%2Fgentiles-in-judaism-125-bcece-66%2F1AC78E99125BFE8E215AC8137DD8FE32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-150"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Eliyahu2019" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1103519319">Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity</a>. Univ of California Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29360-1"><bdi>978-0-520-29360-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1103519319">1103519319</a>. <q>From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Territory%3A+Jewish+Perceptions+of+Space+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1103519319&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29360-1&rft.aulast=Ben-Eliyahu&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1103519319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_151-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis H. Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/louis-h-feldman-omnipresence-god-fearers-biblical-archaeology-review-12-5-1986/">"The Omnipresence of the God-Fearers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024145011/http://cojs.org/louis-h-feldman-omnipresence-god-fearers-biblical-archaeology-review-12-5-1986/">Archived</a> 24 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a> 12, 5 (1986), Center for Online Judaic Studies. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_152-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah (1989), pp. 55–59, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25017-1">978-0-664-25017-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> A. T. Kraabel, J. Andrew Overman, Robert S. MacLennan, Diaspora Jews and Judaism: essays in honor of, and in dialogue with, A. Thomas Kraabel (1992), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholars_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scholars Press (page does not exist)">Scholars Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-15-55406-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-15-55406-96-7">978-15-55406-96-7</a>. "As pious gentiles, the God-fearers stood somewhere between Greco-Roman piety and Jewish piety in the synagogue. In his classic but now somewhat outdated study titled Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, Harvard scholar George Foot Moore argued that the existence of the God-fearers provides evidence for the synagogue's own missionary work outside of Palestine during the first century C.E. The God-fearers were the result of this Jewish missionary movement." </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/12543?language=en">Judaism in the Roman World</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-47-41061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-47-41061-4"><bdi>978-90-47-41061-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-47-41061-4&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F12543%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregerman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gregerman, Adam (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/scjr/article/view/1513">"The Lack of Evidence for a Jewish Christian Countermission in Galatia"</a>. Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations. 4 (1): 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6017%2Fscjr.v4i1.1513">10.6017/scjr.v4i1.1513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-3777">1930-3777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Christian-Jewish+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Lack+of+Evidence+for+a+Jewish+Christian+Countermission+in+Galatia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6017%2Fscjr.v4i1.1513&rft.issn=1930-3777&rft.aulast=Gregerman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Findex.php%2Fscjr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsengeller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zsengeller, Jozsef (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA509729366&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00445975&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E311d56ca&aty=open-web-entry">"THE Samaritan Diaspora in Antiquity"</a>. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 56 (2): 157–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F068.2016.56.2.2">10.1556/068.2016.56.2.2</a> – via Gale Academic Onefile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=THE+Samaritan+Diaspora+in+Antiquity&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-175&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F068.2016.56.2.2&rft.aulast=Zsengeller&rft.aufirst=Jozsef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA509729366%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D00445975%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26userGroupName%3Danon%257E311d56ca%26aty%3Dopen-web-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaresh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">Encyclopedia of Judaism</a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-78785-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-78785-171-0"><bdi>1-78785-171-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">1162305378</a>. <q>Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162305378&rft.isbn=1-78785-171-0&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162305378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlföldy1995" class="citation journal cs1">Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum". <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Papyrologie_und_Epigraphik" title="Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik">Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</a>. 109: 195–226. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189648">20189648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Eine+Bauinschrift+aus+dem+Colosseum&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=195-226&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20189648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alf%C3%B6ldy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-159"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Westwood, Ursula (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18647/3311/jjs-2017">"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74"</a>. Journal of Jewish Studies. 68 (1): 189–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017">10.18647/3311/jjs-2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2097">0022-2097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+War%2C+AD+66%E2%80%9374&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-193&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017&rft.issn=0022-2097&rft.aulast=Westwood&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-160"><a href="#cite_ref-:82_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean_Rogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1294393934">For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26256-8"><bdi>978-0-300-26256-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1294393934">1294393934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+The+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66-74+CE&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1294393934&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26256-8&rft.aulast=Maclean+Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1294393934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg1977" class="citation journal cs1">Goldenberg, Robert (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353">"The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XLV (3): 353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fxlv.3.353">10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Broken+Axis%3A+Rabbinic+Judaism+and+the+Fall+of+Jerusalem&rft.volume=XLV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fxlv.3.353&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fxlv.3.353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klutz_2002-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlutz2002" class="citation book cs1">Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"</a>. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 178–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032199344" title="Special:BookSources/9781032199344"><bdi>9781032199344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Christian+Origins+and+Development+%E2%80%93+Paul+and+the+Development+of+Gentile+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=178-190&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781032199344&rft.aulast=Klutz&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> p.xxxv, R. Yisrael Meir haKohen (<a href="/wiki/Chofetz_Chayim" class="mw-redirect" title="Chofetz Chayim">Chofetz Chayim</a>), The Concise Book of Mitzvoth. This version of the list was prepared in 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Ramban</a>'s addition to the <a href="/wiki/Rambam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambam">Rambam</a>'s Sefer HaMitzvot. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412092211/https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/">"ABOUT ISRAELITE SAMARITANS"</a>. Israelite Samaritan Information Institute. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/">the original</a> on 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israelite+Samaritan+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=ABOUT+ISRAELITE+SAMARITANS&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelite-samaritans.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houtsma-150-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma-150_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1987" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA150">E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</a>. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4"><bdi>90-04-08265-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08265-4&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=Martijn+Theodoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEl6N2tQeawC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish-library-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Jewish-library_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreck" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oreck, Alden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Afghanistan.html">"The Virtual Jewish History Tour, Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour%2C+Afghanistan&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.aulast=Oreck&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FAfghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brackney_2012-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackney2012" class="citation book cs1">Brackney, William H. (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhUvxfkWW2oC&pg=PA61">Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7365-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7365-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Radical+Christianity&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7365-0&rft.aulast=Brackney&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhUvxfkWW2oC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2019-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2019_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Morgan (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2019/january-web-only/hebrew-israelites-urban-apologetics-covington-march-life.html">"The Hebrew Israelites in That March for Life Viral Video, Explained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Israelites+in+That+March+for+Life+Viral+Video%2C+Explained&rft.pub=Christianity+Today&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2019%2Fjanuary-web-only%2Fhebrew-israelites-urban-apologetics-covington-march-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2022" class="citation news cs1">Subramanian, Samanth (26 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/26/lost-jews-of-nigeria-igbo-judaism-israel">"The lost Jews of Nigeria"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+lost+Jews+of+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=Samanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fapr%2F26%2Flost-jews-of-nigeria-igbo-judaism-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation web cs1">Davies, W.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412091018/https://rsc.byu.edu/reflections-mormonism/israel-mormons-land">"Israel, the Mormons and the Land"</a>. Religious Studies Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsc.byu.edu/reflections-mormonism/israel-mormons-land">the original</a> on 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religious+Studies+Center&rft.atitle=Israel%2C+the+Mormons+and+the+Land&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsc.byu.edu%2Freflections-mormonism%2Fisrael-mormons-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellum2023" class="citation web cs1">Wellum, Stephen (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412091335/https://christoverall.com/article/concise/dispensational-and-covenant-theology/">"Dispensational and Covenant Theology"</a>. Christ Over All. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christoverall.com/article/concise/dispensational-and-covenant-theology/#:~:text=Covenant%20theology%20argues%20that%20there,signify%20the%20same%20spiritual%20reality%2C">the original</a> on 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christ+Over+All&rft.atitle=Dispensational+and+Covenant+Theology&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Wellum&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristoverall.com%2Farticle%2Fconcise%2Fdispensational-and-covenant-theology%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCovenant%2520theology%2520argues%2520that%2520there%2Csignify%2520the%2520same%2520spiritual%2520reality%252C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-173"><a href="#cite_ref-:72_173-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a>. [1983] 1997. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–3: "<a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a> claimed that the population at the time of the Arab conquest was mainly Christian, of Jewish origins, which underwent conversion to avoid a tax burden, basing their argument on 'the fact that at the time of the Arab conquest, the population of Palestine was mainly Christian and that during the Crusaders' conquest some four hundred years later, it was mainly Muslim. As neither the Byzantines nor the Muslims carried out any large-scale population resettlement projects, the Christians were the offspring of the Jewish and Samaritan farmers who converted to Christianity in the Byzantine period; while the Muslim fellaheen in Palestine in modern times are descendants of those Christians who were the descendants of Jews, and had turned to Islam before the Crusaders' conquest." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hider-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Hider_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/article1855384.ece">A tragic misunderstanding</a> – Times online, 13 January 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2023" class="citation web cs1">David, Ariel (9 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-10-09/ty-article/in-first-archaeologists-extract-dna-of-ancient-israelites/0000018b-138a-d2fc-a59f-d39b21fd0000">"DNA of Ancient Israelites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+of+Ancient+Israelites&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F2023-10-09%2Fty-article%2Fin-first-archaeologists-extract-dna-of-ancient-israelites%2F0000018b-138a-d2fc-a59f-d39b21fd0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolutsioon.ut.ee-176"><a href="#cite_ref-evolutsioon.ut.ee_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf">"Reconstruction of Patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508024921/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+of+Patrilineages+and+matrilineages+of+Samaritans+and+Other+Israeli+Populations+From+Y-Chromosome+and+Mitochondrial+DNA+Sequence+Variation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolutsioon.ut.ee%2Fpublications%2FShen2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> (855 KB), Hum Mutat 24:248–260, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgranat-TamirWaldman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Agranat-Tamir, Lily; et al. (28 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212583">"The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant"</a>. Cell. 181 (5): 1146–1157.e11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024">10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212583">10212583</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470400">32470400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219105441">219105441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+Genomic+History+of+the+Bronze+Age+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1146-1157.e11&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10212583%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219105441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32470400&rft.aulast=Agranat-Tamir&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Shamam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10212583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandMitchell2015" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgxCDwAAQBAJ">Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary</a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-9935-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holman+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9935-3&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgxCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Cross, Frank Moore</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eOycxXAoHMC">Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-09176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-09176-4"><bdi>978-0-674-09176-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72076564">72076564</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185400934">185400934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Myth+and+Hebrew+Epic&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185400934&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F72076564&rft.isbn=978-0-674-09176-4&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eOycxXAoHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2003" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC">Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0975-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140935/https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+From%3F&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WkbUkKeqcoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William G.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGR7-OSz7bUC&pg=PA97">Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2852-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+God+Have+a+Wife%3F%3A+Archaeology+and+Folk+Religion+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2852-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGR7-OSz7bUC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2015" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11906343">"The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus"</a>. In Levy, Thomas E.; Schneider, Thomas; Propp, William H. C. (eds.). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Springer. pp. 467–482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3"><bdi>978-3-319-04768-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021124507/https://www.academia.edu/11906343">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Iron+Age+Israel%3A+On+Origins+and+Habitus&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Exodus+in+Transdisciplinary+Perspective%3A+Text%2C+Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+and+Geoscience&rft.pages=467-482&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04768-3&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11906343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlusser2009" class="citation book cs1">Flusser, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0HRhUDKrlwC&pg=PA6">Judaism of the Second Temple Period</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2458-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2458-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2458-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+of+the+Second+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2458-5&rft.aulast=Flusser&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0HRhUDKrlwC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldenberg, David M. (11 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MS9AiZ74MoC">The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2854-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-2854-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162398032">1162398032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curse+of+Ham%3A+Race+and+Slavery+in+Early+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162398032&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2854-8&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MS9AiZ74MoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C">A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period</a>. T&T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04352-8"><bdi>978-0-567-04352-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141234/https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04352-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVK2fEzruIn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2008" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tR0Qpz2zRogC">Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)</a>. T&T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02726-9"><bdi>978-0-567-02726-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Transition%3A+From+Late+Bronze+II+to+Iron+IIa+%28c.+1250%E2%80%93850+B.C.E.%29&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-567-02726-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtR0Qpz2zRogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasegawaLevinRadner2018" class="citation book cs1">Hasegawa, Shuichi; Levin, Christoph; Radner, Karen, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwh2DwAAQBAJ">The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-056660-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-056660-4"><bdi>978-3-11-056660-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+Kingdom+of+Israel&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-056660-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwh2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoffe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Joffe, Alexander H. (2002). "The Rise of Secondary States in the Iron Age Levant". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 45 (4): 425–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852002320939311">10.1163/156852002320939311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632872">3632872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Secondary+States+in+the+Iron+Age+Levant&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-467&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852002320939311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3632872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joffe&rft.aufirst=Alexander+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoppers2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_N._Knoppers" title="Gary N. Knoppers">Knoppers, Gary N.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAgZUPT6CusC&pg=PA11">Jews and Samaritans: The Origins and History of Their Early Relations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP USA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-32954-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-32954-4"><bdi>978-0-195-32954-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Samaritans%3A+The+Origins+and+History+of+Their+Early+Relations&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-195-32954-4&rft.aulast=Knoppers&rft.aufirst=Gary+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAgZUPT6CusC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt1999" class="citation book cs1">McNutt, Paula (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33">Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9"><bdi>978-0-664-22265-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141503/https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. 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Al-dar al-Misriya li-l-talif wa-l-taryamar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-866-85541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-866-85541-9"><bdi>978-0-866-85541-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SMR&rft.btitle=Lisan+al+Arab&rft.pub=Al-dar+al-Misriya+li-l-talif+wa-l-taryamar&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-866-85541-9&rft.aulast=Manzur&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEY5QAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendels1987" class="citation book cs1">Mendels, D. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnAWwn7HOvwC&pg=PA131">The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land</a>. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. J.C.B. Mohr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145147-8"><bdi>978-3-16-145147-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Israel+as+a+Political+Concept+in+Hasmonean+Literature%3A+Recourse+to+History+in+Second+Century+B.C.+Claims+to+the+Holy+Land&rft.series=Texte+und+Studien+zum+antiken+Judentum&rft.pub=J.C.B.+Mohr&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145147-8&rft.aulast=Mendels&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgnAWwn7HOvwC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&q=%22difficulties+in+locating+the+egyptian+sojourn%2C+exodus%2C+and+wilderness+wanderings+chronologically%22&pg=PA81">Biblical History and Israel's Past</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26q%3D%2522difficulties%2Bin%2Blocating%2Bthe%2Begyptian%2Bsojourn%252C%2Bexodus%252C%2Band%2Bwilderness%2Bwanderings%2Bchronologically%2522%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNa'aman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Na'aman, Nadav (2011). "The Exodus Story: Between Historical Memory and Historiographical Composition". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Religions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions (page does not exist)">Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</a>. 11: 39–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921211X579579">10.1163/156921211X579579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Exodus+Story%3A+Between+Historical+Memory+and+Historiographical+Composition&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=39-69&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921211X579579&rft.aulast=Na%27aman&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPummer2016" class="citation book cs1">Pummer, Reinhard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RVACwAAQBAJ">The Samaritans: A Profile</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6768-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-6768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samaritans%3A+A+Profile&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6768-1&rft.aulast=Pummer&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RVACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmount2001" class="citation book cs1">Redmount, Carol A. (2001) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA58">"Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael D.</a> (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 58–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224918/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. 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Eisenbrauns. pp. 105–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-072-9"><bdi>978-1-57506-072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstructed+Chronology+of+the+Divided+Kingdom&rft.pages=105-&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-072-9&rft.aulast=Tetley&rft.aufirst=M.+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2lE-TlXv1gC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThavapalan2019" class="citation book cs1">Thavapalan, Shiyanthi (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MB24DwAAQBAJ">The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. BRILL. pp. 69–70, 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41541-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41541-6"><bdi>978-90-04-41541-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1114270506">1114270506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Color+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=69-70%2C+74&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1114270506&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41541-6&rft.aulast=Thavapalan&rft.aufirst=Shiyanthi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMB24DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubb1998" class="citation book cs1">Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb">Canaanites</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3108-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3108-X"><bdi>0-8061-3108-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanites&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8061-3108-X&rft.aulast=Tubb&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanaanites00tubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&q=History+of+Israelite+Religion,+Volume+1++Albertz&pg=RA1-PA145">A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22719-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140140/https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&q=History+of+Israelite+Religion,+Volume+1++Albertz&pg=RA1-PA145">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+End+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22719-7&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvZUWbTftSgC%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2BIsraelite%2BReligion%2C%2BVolume%2B1%2B%2BAlbertz%26pg%3DRA1-PA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=exjyhvRy7YUC&q=Albertz+a+history+of+israelite+religion">A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22720-3"><bdi>978-0-664-22720-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140141/https://books.google.com/books?id=exjyhvRy7YUC&q=Albertz+a+history+of+israelite+religion">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+II%3A+From+the+Exile+to+the+Maccabees&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22720-3&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexjyhvRy7YUC%26q%3DAlbertz%2Ba%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bisraelite%2Breligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz2003a" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (2003a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&q=Rainer+Albertz,+%22Israel+in+exile%22">Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.</a> Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-055-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140432/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&q=Rainer+Albertz,+%22Israel+in+exile%22">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Exile%3A+The+History+and+Literature+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-055-4&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx9YzJq2B9wC%26q%3DRainer%2BAlbertz%2C%2B%2522Israel%2Bin%2Bexile%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertzBecking2003b" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer; Becking, Bob, eds. (2003b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwExATCqwvwC&q=Yahwism+after+the+exile:+perspectives+on+Israelite+religion+in+the+Persian+era">Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era</a>. Koninklijke Van Gorcum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3880-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3880-5"><bdi>978-90-232-3880-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140446/https://books.google.com/books?id=hwExATCqwvwC&q=Yahwism+after+the+exile:+perspectives+on+Israelite+religion+in+the+Persian+era">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahwism+After+the+Exile%3A+Perspectives+on+Israelite+Religion+in+the+Persian+Era&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-232-3880-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwExATCqwvwC%26q%3DYahwism%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bexile%3A%2Bperspectives%2Bon%2BIsraelite%2Breligion%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPersian%2Bera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmit2006" class="citation book cs1">Amit, Yaira; et al., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&q=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+Context%3A+A+Tribute+to+Nadav+Na%27aman&pg=PA467">Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-128-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140433/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&q=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+Context%3A+A+Tribute+to+Nadav+Na%27aman&pg=PA467">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+Context%3A+A+Tribute+to+Nadav+Na%27aman&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-128-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu4OKVrEd4MC%26q%3DEssays%2Bon%2BAncient%2BIsrael%2Bin%2Bits%2BNear%2BEastern%2BContext%253A%2BA%2BTribute%2Bto%2BNadav%2BNa%2527aman%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery-Peck2003" class="citation book cs1">Avery-Peck, Alan; et al., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&q=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism++By+Jacob+Neusner,+Alan+Avery-Peck&pg=PA230">The Blackwell Companion to Judaism</a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-059-3"><bdi>978-1-57718-059-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140648/https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&q=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism++By+Jacob+Neusner,+Alan+Avery-Peck&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-059-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DasYoIwz9z2UC%26q%3DThe%2BBlackwell%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BJudaism%2B%2BBy%2BJacob%2BNeusner%2C%2BAlan%2BAvery-Peck%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarstad2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Barstad, Hans M.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqJxkKy-cMMC">History and the Hebrew Bible</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149809-1"><bdi>978-3-16-149809-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149809-1&rft.aulast=Barstad&rft.aufirst=Hans+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqJxkKy-cMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecking2001" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC">Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah</a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-199-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-199-6"><bdi>978-1-84127-199-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140648/https://books.google.com/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Only+One+God%3F+Monotheism+in+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Veneration+of+the+Goddess+Asherah&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-199-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz72KmReV-bIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckingKorpel1999" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC&q=The+crisis+of+Israelite+religion:+transformation+of+religious+tradition">The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11496-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11496-8"><bdi>978-90-04-11496-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140649/https://books.google.com/books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC&q=The+crisis+of+Israelite+religion:+transformation+of+religious+tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Israelite+Religion%3A+Transformation+of+Religious+Tradition+in+Exilic+and+Post-Exilic+Times&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11496-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlak_YWjCjDMC%26q%3DThe%2Bcrisis%2Bof%2BIsraelite%2Breligion%3A%2Btransformation%2Bof%2Breligious%2Btradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford2001" class="citation book cs1">Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOd320e710IC&q=Osarsiph">Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11509-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temple+Restoration+in+Early+Achaemenid+Judah&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11509-5&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOd320e710IC%26q%3DOsarsiph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2"><bdi>0-674-39731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-674-39731-2&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp1988" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PvirfZkfvQC">Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22186-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22186-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140649/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PvirfZkfvQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra-Nehemiah%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22186-7&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PvirfZkfvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2003" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2003). "Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period". In Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R65fhpcUFcgC">Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bethel+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-073-6&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR65fhpcUFcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2009" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C">Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6450-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-6450-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140649/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%2C+the+First+Phase%3A+The+Place+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah+in+the+Origins+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6450-5&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1V1DeBS6P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2002" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Mark G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA45">Ethnicity and the Bible</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4"><bdi>978-0-391-04126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+the+Bible&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04126-4&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Mark+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfFRhC4FpZkC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2000" class="citation book cs1">Bright, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&q=Bright+History+of+Israel">A History of Israel</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22068-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22068-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140650/https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&q=Bright+History+of+Israel">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22068-6&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VG67yLs-LAC%26q%3DBright%2BHistory%2Bof%2BIsrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill1992" class="citation book cs1">Cahill, Jane M. (1992). "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". In Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C">Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period</a>. Sheffield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-066-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140948/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+at+the+Time+of+the+United+Monarchy&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+Archaeology%3A+The+First+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Sheffield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-066-0&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYS4VEu08h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1998" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World">The Oxford History of the Biblical World</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140956/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBiblical%2BWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ">A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533272-8"><bdi>978-0-19-533272-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141003/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533272-8&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rxBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooteWhitelam1986" class="citation journal cs1">Coote, Robert B.; Whitelam, Keith W. (1986). "The Emergence of Israel: Social Transformation and State Formation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade". <a href="/wiki/Semeia" title="Semeia">Semeia</a> (37): 107–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semeia&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Israel%3A+Social+Transformation+and+State+Formation+Following+the+Decline+in+Late+Bronze+Age+Trade&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=107-47&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Coote&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.au=Whitelam%2C+Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Davies" title="Philip R. Davies">Davies, Philip R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95EzCgAAQBAJ">In Search of 'Ancient Israel': A Study in Biblical Origins</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56766-299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56766-299-6"><bdi>978-0-56766-299-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140933/https://books.google.com/books?id=95EzCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+%27Ancient+Israel%27%3A+A+Study+in+Biblical+Origins&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-56766-299-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95EzCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA467">"The Origin of Biblical Israel"</a>. In Amit, Yaira; et al. (eds.). Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Biblical+Israel&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+Context%3A+A+Tribute+to+Nadav+Na%27aman&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-128-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu4OKVrEd4MC%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2002" class="citation book cs1">Day, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC">Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan</a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-6830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6830-7&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-gfwlltlRwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2012" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcksD2_amqgC">The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: Where Archaeology and the Bible Intersect</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6701-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-6701-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224917/https://books.google.com/books?id=tcksD2_amqgC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Ordinary+People+in+Ancient+Israel%3A+Where+Archaeology+and+the+Bible+Intersect&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6701-8&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcksD2_amqgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2017" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mog6DwAAQBAJ">Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah</a>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1"><bdi>978-0-88414-217-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140935/https://books.google.com/books?id=mog6DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Texts%3A+An+Archaeological+Portrait+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-217-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmog6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=John+W.+Rogerson+Deuteronomy&pg=PA153">Eerdmans commentary on the Bible</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141233/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=John+W.+Rogerson+Deuteronomy&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DJohn%2BW.%2BRogerson%2BDeuteronomy%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2002" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Diana (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA45">"Ethnicity and Early Israel"</a>. In Brett, Mark G. (ed.). Ethnicity and the Bible. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4"><bdi>978-0-391-04126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Early+Israel&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+the+Bible&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04126-4&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfFRhC4FpZkC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2016" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGneCwAAQBAJ">Israel's Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and Resistance</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94208-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94208-4"><bdi>978-1-134-94208-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141233/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGneCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Ethnogenesis%3A+Settlement%2C+Interaction%2C+Expansion+and+Resistance&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-134-94208-4&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGneCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Neil Asher; Silberman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC">The Bible Unearthed</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141233/https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Neil+Asher&rft.au=Silberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrevel2023" class="citation book cs1">Frevel, Christian (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ">History of Ancient Israel</a>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-514-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-514-5"><bdi>978-1-62837-514-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501133544/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-514-5&rft.aulast=Frevel&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvy6EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kf1ZwDifdAC">No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel</a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6"><bdi>978-1-85075-657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods%3A+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-657-6&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Kf1ZwDifdAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2004a" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC">Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3"><bdi>978-0-19-537985-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537985-3&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEResmS5wOnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2004b" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&pg=PA62">Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-897-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-897-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-897-6&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTMzJAKowyEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeimerPierce2022" class="citation book cs1">Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A., eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ">The Ancient Israelite World</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8"><bdi>978-1-000-77324-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516053101/https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Israelite+World&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-77324-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4beREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleStrawn2020" class="citation book cs1">Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A., eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0"><bdi>978-0-19-026116-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513091548/https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7y4DEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&q=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological">Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.</a> Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-097-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141247/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&q=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Peoples+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Archaeological+Study+of+Egyptians%2C+Canaanites%2C+and+Early+Israel%2C+1300%E2%80%931100+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-097-4&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtAmmwapfVAC%26q%3DBiblical%2Bpeoples%2Band%2Bethnicity%3A%2Ban%2Barchaeological&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingStager2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeinbiblicalis0000king">Life in Biblical Israel</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22148-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22148-3"><bdi>0-664-22148-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Biblical+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-664-22148-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeinbiblicalis0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnaufNiemann2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knauf, Ernst Axel; Niemann, Hermann Michael (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/73668469">Geschichte Israels und Judas im Altertum</a> (in German). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-041168-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-041168-3"><bdi>978-3-11-041168-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426212616/https://www.academia.edu/73668469">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+Israels+und+Judas+im+Altertum&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-11-041168-3&rft.aulast=Knauf&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Axel&rft.au=Niemann%2C+Hermann+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F73668469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC">The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 C</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16763-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East+c.+3000%E2%80%93330+C&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16763-5&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_sfMzRPTgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehman1992" class="citation book cs1">Lehman, Gunnar (1992). "The United Monarchy in the Countryside". In Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C">Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period</a>. Sheffield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-066-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140948/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+Monarchy+in+the+Countryside&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+Archaeology%3A+The+First+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Sheffield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-066-0&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYS4VEu08h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaire2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">Lemaire, André</a> (2023). "Israel and Judah (c.931–587 BCE)". In Hoyland, Robert G.; Williamson, H. G. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyG3EAAAQBAJ">The Oxford History of the Holy Land</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288687-3"><bdi>978-0-19-288687-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141234/https://books.google.com/books?id=pyG3EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+and+Judah+%28c.931%E2%80%93587+BCE%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288687-3&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyG3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemche1998" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC">The Israelites in History and Tradition</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israelites+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22727-2&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIoY7PagAOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1998" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Thomas E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-etsKv-4V2oC&q=The+archaeology+of+society+in+the+Holy+Land++Thomas+E.+Levy">The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land</a>. Continuum International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6996-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6996-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-6996-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141458/https://books.google.com/books?id=-etsKv-4V2oC&q=The+archaeology+of+society+in+the+Holy+Land++Thomas+E.+Levy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6996-0&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-etsKv-4V2oC%26q%3DThe%2Barchaeology%2Bof%2Bsociety%2Bin%2Bthe%2BHoly%2BLand%2B%2BThomas%2BE.%2BLevy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2005" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&q=Lipschitz,+Oded+fall+and+rise">The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-095-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141500/https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&q=Lipschitz,+Oded+fall+and+rise">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-095-8&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78nRWgb-rp8C%26q%3DLipschitz%2C%2BOded%2Bfall%2Band%2Brise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschitsVanderhooft2006" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded; Vanderhooft, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA75">"Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E."</a>. In Lipschits, Oded; et al. (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-130-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yehud+Stamp+Impressions+in+the+Fourth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Fourth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-130-6&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft.au=Vanderhooft%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NsxZRnxE70C%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2007" class="citation book cs1">Mazar, Amihay (2007). "The Divided Monarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues". In Schmidt, Brian B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC">The Quest for the Historical Israel</a>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-277-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141608/https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Divided+Monarchy%3A+Comments+on+Some+Archaeological+Issues&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Israel&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-277-0&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpbngoKHg8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMays1995" class="citation book cs1">Mays, James Luther; et al., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C">Old Testament Interpretation</a>. T&T Clarke. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29289-6"><bdi>978-0-567-29289-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Interpretation&rft.pub=T%26T+Clarke&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-567-29289-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNLN1nEEys0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1995" class="citation journal cs1">Merrill, Eugene H. (1995). "The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel". Bibliotheca Sacra. 152 (606): 145–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bibliotheca+Sacra&rft.atitle=The+Late+Bronze%2FEarly+Iron+Age+Transition+and+the+Emergence+of+Israel&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=606&rft.pages=145-62&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Eugene+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2013" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Carol (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq1X6wNpxSQC">Rediscovering Eve: Ancient Israelite Women in Context</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991078-6"><bdi>978-0-19-991078-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141520/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq1X6wNpxSQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Eve%3A+Ancient+Israelite+Women+in+Context&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991078-6&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAq1X6wNpxSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlemas2005" class="citation book cs1">Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC">The Troubles of Templeless Judah</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928386-6"><bdi>978-0-19-928386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubles+of+Templeless+Judah&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928386-6&rft.aulast=Middlemas&rft.aufirst=Jill+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrpx-op_-XkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerHayes1986" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C">A History of Ancient Israel and Judah</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21262-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21262-X"><bdi>0-664-21262-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141455/https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-664-21262-X&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft.au=Hayes%2C+John+Haralson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDijjc_D5P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC&q=Chieftains+of+the+highland+clans">Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.</a> Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0988-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0988-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142155/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC&q=Chieftains+of+the+highland+clans">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chieftains+of+the+Highland+Clans%3A+A+History+of+Israel+in+the+12th+and+11th+Centuries+B.C.&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0988-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtm7NtK87poC%26q%3DChieftains%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhighland%2Bclans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiditch2016" class="citation book cs1">Niditch, Susan, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMACgAAQBAJ">The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8"><bdi>978-0-470-65677-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601224551/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMACgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65677-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMACgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1999" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1999). "Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period". In Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC">The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11496-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11496-8"><bdi>978-90-04-11496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religio-Historical+Aspects+of+the+Early+Post-Exilic+Period&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Israelite+Religion%3A+Transformation+of+Religious+Tradition+in+Exilic+and+Post-Exilic+Times&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11496-8&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlak_YWjCjDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNodet1999" class="citation book cs1">Nodet, Étienne (1999) [Editions du Cerf 1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE49wYHz5YUC">A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah</a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-445-9"><bdi>978-1-85075-445-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142225/https://books.google.com/books?id=rE49wYHz5YUC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Judaism%3A+From+Joshua+to+the+Mishnah&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-445-9&rft.aulast=Nodet&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrE49wYHz5YUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitkänen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pitkänen, Pekka (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717120935/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_2004_55_2_01_Pitkanen_EthnicityIsraelSettlement.pdf">"Ethnicity, Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bulletin" title="Tyndale Bulletin">Tyndale Bulletin</a>. 55 (2): 161–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53751%2F001c.29171">10.53751/001c.29171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204222638">204222638</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_2004_55_2_01_Pitkanen_EthnicityIsraelSettlement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyndale+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Ethnicity%2C+Assimilation+and+the+Israelite+Settlement&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-82&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53751%2F001c.29171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204222638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pitk%C3%A4nen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyndalehouse.com%2Ftynbul%2Flibrary%2FTynBull_2004_55_2_01_Pitkanen_EthnicityIsraelSettlement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbermanSmall1997" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qX7r2lAQdFkC&q=hesse+wapnish&pg=PA238">The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present</a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-650-7"><bdi>978-1-85075-650-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142155/https://books.google.com/books?id=qX7r2lAQdFkC&q=hesse+wapnish&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Israel%3A+Constructing+the+Past%2C+Interpreting+the+Present&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-650-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqX7r2lAQdFkC%26q%3Dhesse%2Bwapnish%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2001). Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century. Hendrickson Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untold+Stories%3A+The+Bible+and+Ugaritic+Studies+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002) [Harper & Row 1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&q=Smith+Early+History+of+God">The Early History of God</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3972-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142159/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&q=Smith+Early+History+of+God">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26q%3DSmith%2BEarly%2BHistory%2Bof%2BGod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoggin1998" class="citation book cs1">Soggin, Michael J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC&q=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+Israel+and+Judah++By+J.+Alberto+Soggin">An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah</a>. Paideia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02788-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02788-1"><bdi>978-0-334-02788-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142230/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC&q=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+Israel+and+Judah++By+J.+Alberto+Soggin">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Paideia&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02788-1&rft.aulast=Soggin&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzw_H5GhkfYC%26q%3DAn%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2BIsrael%2Band%2BJudah%2B%2BBy%2BJ.%2BAlberto%2BSoggin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStager1998" class="citation book cs1">Stager, Lawrence E. (1998). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C">The Oxford History of the Biblical World</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142202/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forging+an+Identity%3A+The+Emergence+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1992" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofis00thom">Early History of the Israelite People</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09483-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+the+Israelite+People&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09483-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryofis00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderkam2022" class="citation book cs1">Vanderkam, James (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cuAEAAAQBAJ">An introduction to early Judaism</a> (2nd ed.). Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-6405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-6405-5"><bdi>978-1-4674-6405-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325210637/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cuAEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+early+Judaism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-6405-5&rft.aulast=Vanderkam&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cuAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996" class="citation book cs1">Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&q=Family+religion+in+Babylonia,+Syria,+and+Israel">Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10410-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142204/https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&q=Family+religion+in+Babylonia,+Syria,+and+Israel">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Religion+in+Babylonia%2C+Syria%2C+and+Israel&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10410-5&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSJWkrXfbLQC%26q%3DFamily%2Breligion%2Bin%2BBabylonia%2C%2BSyria%2C%2Band%2BIsrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_ToornBeckingVan_der_Horst1999" class="citation book cs1">Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Dictionary+of+Deities">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a> (2d ed.). Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6"><bdi>978-90-04-11119-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142705/https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Dictionary+of+Deities">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11119-6&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=Van+der+Horst%2C+Pieter+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DDictionary%2Bof%2BDeities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylen1996" class="citation book cs1">Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsintimeofjesu0000wyle">The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0"><bdi>978-0-8091-3610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Jesus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3610-0&rft.aulast=Wylen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsintimeofjesu0000wyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZevit2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ziony_Zevit" title="Ziony Zevit">Zevit, Ziony</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=db4hr55j0yYC&pg=PA1">The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6339-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6339-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427124936/https://books.google.com/books?id=db4hr55j0yYC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+A+Synthesis+of+Parallactic+Approaches&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6339-5&rft.aulast=Zevit&rft.aufirst=Ziony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddb4hr55j0yYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelites" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Exodus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template talk:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Exodus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chapters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">1–6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">6–9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">10–13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">13–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">18–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">21–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">25–27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">27–30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">30–34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">35–38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">38–40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#The_son_of_Moses" title="Eliezer">Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_(place)" title="Elim (place)">Elim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom" title="Gershom">Gershom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithamar" title="Ithamar">Ithamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marah_(Bible)" title="Marah (Bible)">Marah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_and_Abihu" title="Nadab and Abihu">Nadab and Abihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiphrah_and_Puah" title="Shiphrah and Puah">Shiphrah and Puah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah_pole" title="Asherah pole">Asherah pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_laver" title="Bronze laver">Bronze laver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_offering" title="Incense offering">Incense offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_fire_and_cloud" title="Pillars of fire and cloud">Pillars of fire and cloud</a></li> <li>Priestly clothing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate" title="Priestly breastplate">breastplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate" title="Priestly golden head plate">golden head plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)" title="Priestly robe (Judaism)">robe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_sash" title="Priestly sash">sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_tunic" title="Priestly tunic">tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_turban" title="Priestly turban">turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_undergarments" title="Priestly undergarments">undergarments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">Showbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massah_and_Meribah" title="Massah and Meribah">Massah and Meribah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus" title="Stations of the Exodus">Stations of the Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-HaHiroth" title="Pi-HaHiroth">Pi-HaHiroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Refidim" title="Battle of Refidim">Battle of Refidim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin" title="Wilderness of Sin">Wilderness of Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph (Reed Sea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">Shemot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">Va'eira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">Beshalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">Yitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">Mishpatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">Terumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">Tetzaveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">Vayakhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">Pekudei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textual analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus" title="Textual variants in the Book of Exodus">Textual variations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Code" title="Covenant Code">Covenant Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_ben_Yochai" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea" title="Song of the Sea">Song of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_narrative_in_Antebellum_America" title="Exodus narrative in Antebellum America">In Antebellum America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Papyrus" title="Nash Papyrus">Nash Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baal-zephon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm" title="With a strong hand and an outstretched arm">With a strong hand and an outstretched arm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah_at_the_inn" title="Zipporah at the inn">Zipporah at the inn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51669#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51669#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51669#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4277305-2">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013329">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelites&oldid=1258164670">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelites&oldid=1258164670</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israelites" title="Category:Israelites">Israelites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Jewish_history" title="Category:Ancient Jewish history">Ancient Jewish history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_the_Near_East" title="Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East">Ancient peoples of the Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canaanite_people" title="Category:Canaanite people">Canaanite people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnonyms" title="Category:Ethnonyms">Ethnonyms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_of_Israel" title="Category:Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samaritan_culture_and_history" title="Category:Samaritan culture and history">Samaritan culture and history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Category:Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic-speaking peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnoreligious_groups" title="Category:Ethnoreligious groups">Ethnoreligious groups</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from March 2022">Use Oxford spelling from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from March 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from May 2024">Articles with failed verification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 13:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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[\"CITEREFBen-Eliyahu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Sasson1976\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBerlinBrettler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBienkowskiMillard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlenkinsopp1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlenkinsopp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlenkinsopp2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrackney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandMitchell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBright2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroshi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahill1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatherine_Cory2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooteWhitelam1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._Friedberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelitzschMcCormackCarruthRobinson1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnRogerson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEven-Shoshan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaust2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFaust2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaust2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaust2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaust2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFleishman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlusser2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrevel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrevel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadotKleimanUziel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnuse1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenberg1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenspahn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregerman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasegawaLevinRadner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelyerMcDonald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimbazaSchenkerEdart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoutsma1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoffe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaresh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKartveit2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeimerPierce2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelleStrawn2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrew2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrew2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrew2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingStager2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlutz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnaufNiemann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnoppers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhrt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLau2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemaire2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemche1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipschits2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipschits2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipschitsVanderhooft2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean_Rogers2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManzur1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMays1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNutt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendels1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrill1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddlemas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerHayes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreKelle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore_Cross1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNa\u0026#039;aman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiditch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiehr1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNodet1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlyan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOreck\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitkänen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPummer2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRainey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedmount2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendsburg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendsburg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenLaviKivisildChou2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbermanSmall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoggin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielvogel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStager1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStager2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Benko1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStöklWaerzegger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTetley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThavapalan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiessen2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobolowsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTubb1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Maaren2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_ToornBeckingVan_der_Horst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderkam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellum2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenham1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestwood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinn_Leith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWylen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYardenna_Alexandre2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYurco1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZevit2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZsengeller2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 9,\n [\"Book of Exodus navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 145,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Israelites\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish history\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"MW\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses of\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 28,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Tribes of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","17.5"],["?","240","15.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.0"],["recursiveClone 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