CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Political Islam Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="zAR2QhXe4nP16jxPWW2cs/PDjlcpSavf0PVAipYcpPoN8VihLpEhAv+BQvI7yjpxz2aOrS35cg3x84FVXMCIOQ==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Political_Islam?after=50%2C9565283" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Political Islam Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1bbbda12a33dda6b7b03832db85b3e64a22beabd'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"113 million","monthly_visitor_count":113784677,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":113,"user_count":277499196,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732757388000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732757388000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-296162c7af6fd81dcdd76f1a94f1fad04fb5f647401337d136fe8b68742170b1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-7734a8b54dedb8fefe75ef934203d0ef41d066c1c5cfa6ba2a13dd7ec8bce449.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-9eaa790b1139e2d88eb4ac931dcbc6d7cea4403a763db5cc5a695dd2eaa34151.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Political Islam</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">56,124 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Political Islam</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Political_Islam">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71298871" data-work_id="71298871" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71298871/Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_Politics">Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71298871" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="28a0a2a48ec5f6deeb22c1287059ae89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80703313,"asset_id":71298871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80703313/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="338194" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosephKechichian">Joseph A Kechichian</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="338194" type="text/json">{"id":338194,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Kechichian","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JosephKechichian","display_name":"Joseph A Kechichian","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JosephKechichian?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/338194/3302095/7445541/s65_joseph.kechichian.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71298871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71298871"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71298871, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71298871", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_71298871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71298871; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_71298871"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_71298871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71298871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71298871; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71298871]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71298871").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71298871").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71298871"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3897" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Africa">Islam in Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3897" type="text/json">{"id":3897,"name":"Islam in Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Africa?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71298871]'), work: {"id":71298871,"title":"Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics","created_at":"2022-02-13T00:11:16.644-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71298871/Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Islam_and_Politics?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_71298871","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80703313,"asset_id":71298871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":338194,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Kechichian","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JosephKechichian","display_name":"Joseph A Kechichian","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JosephKechichian?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/338194/3302095/7445541/s65_joseph.kechichian.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":3897,"name":"Islam in Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Africa?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21318,"name":"Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":193176,"name":"Muslim Minority Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minority_Affairs?f_ri=33180"},{"id":324176,"name":"Definitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definitions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":523932,"name":"Post-Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Islamism?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68940514" data-work_id="68940514" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68940514/The_French_connection_political_Islam_from_the_Algerian_War_to_the_Iranian_Revolution">The French connection: political Islam from the Algerian War to the Iranian Revolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68940514" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="41de3842532f6aa9783466cdc408f01c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79232567,"asset_id":68940514,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79232567/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="555468" href="https://unibw.academia.edu/JakobKrais">Jakob Krais</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="555468" type="text/json">{"id":555468,"first_name":"Jakob","last_name":"Krais","domain_name":"unibw","page_name":"JakobKrais","display_name":"Jakob Krais","profile_url":"https://unibw.academia.edu/JakobKrais?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/555468/22826599/21982028/s65_jakob.krais.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68940514 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68940514"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68940514, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68940514", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68940514 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68940514; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68940514"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68940514 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68940514"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68940514; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68940514]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68940514").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68940514").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68940514"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16555" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_History">Iranian History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16555" type="text/json">{"id":16555,"name":"Iranian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/1960s">1960s</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52793" type="text/json">{"id":52793,"name":"1960s","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/1960s?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="110843" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria">French colonial Algeria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="110843" type="text/json">{"id":110843,"name":"French colonial Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68940514]'), work: {"id":68940514,"title":"The French connection: political Islam from the Algerian War to the Iranian Revolution","created_at":"2022-01-21T00:02:11.242-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68940514/The_French_connection_political_Islam_from_the_Algerian_War_to_the_Iranian_Revolution?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_68940514","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79232567,"asset_id":68940514,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":555468,"first_name":"Jakob","last_name":"Krais","domain_name":"unibw","page_name":"JakobKrais","display_name":"Jakob Krais","profile_url":"https://unibw.academia.edu/JakobKrais?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/555468/22826599/21982028/s65_jakob.krais.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16555,"name":"Iranian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":52793,"name":"1960s","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/1960s?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":110843,"name":"French colonial Algeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_colonial_Algeria?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26805716" data-work_id="26805716" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26805716/Theory_of_the_Border_Oxford_University_Press_2016_">Theory of the Border (Oxford University Press, 2016)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26805716" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life. <br /><br />Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26805716" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f4497358910d09a0cf0c8d6456fa141" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47350024,"asset_id":26805716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47350024/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="982124" href="https://udenver.academia.edu/ThomasNail">Thomas Nail</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="982124" type="text/json">{"id":982124,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Nail","domain_name":"udenver","page_name":"ThomasNail","display_name":"Thomas Nail","profile_url":"https://udenver.academia.edu/ThomasNail?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/982124/1055609/37232722/s65_thomas.nail.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26805716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26805716"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26805716, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26805716", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26805716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26805716; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26805716"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26805716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26805716"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26805716; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26805716]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26805716").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26805716").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26805716"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">246</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History">European History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="131" type="text/json">{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26805716]'), work: {"id":26805716,"title":"Theory of the Border (Oxford University Press, 2016)","created_at":"2016-07-07T05:50:33.607-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26805716/Theory_of_the_Border_Oxford_University_Press_2016_?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_26805716","summary":"There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life. \n\nRather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework \"kinopolitics\" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of \"critical limology,\" that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47350024,"asset_id":26805716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":982124,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Nail","domain_name":"udenver","page_name":"ThomasNail","display_name":"Thomas Nail","profile_url":"https://udenver.academia.edu/ThomasNail?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/982124/1055609/37232722/s65_thomas.nail.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":263,"name":"Cultural Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":266,"name":"Historical Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":272,"name":"Social Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":277,"name":"Urban Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":281,"name":"Physical Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":382,"name":"Eastern European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":728,"name":"Economic Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":934,"name":"Media and Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=33180"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":954,"name":"Social Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":957,"name":"Cultural Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1118,"name":"Political Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Participation?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1230,"name":"Social Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1233,"name":"Social Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networks?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1287,"name":"Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1306,"name":"European Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1452,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2064,"name":"Critical Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Geopolitics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2411,"name":"Migration mobilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_mobilities?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2431,"name":"Urban Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2490,"name":"Political Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2553,"name":"Social Networking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2595,"name":"Critical Disability Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Disability_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2817,"name":"Border Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2899,"name":"Critical Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Realism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3347,"name":"Latin American politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3392,"name":"Critical Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Pedagogy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3404,"name":"Critical Animal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Animal_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3472,"name":"Political Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3692,"name":"International Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Criminal_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3843,"name":"Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4123,"name":"Cross-border cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-border_cooperation?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4374,"name":"Immigration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4474,"name":"Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4614,"name":"Central America and Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_America_and_Mexico?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4822,"name":"Migration Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4823,"name":"Critical Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Legal_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5045,"name":"Critical Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5049,"name":"Critical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5349,"name":"Irregular Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5535,"name":"Critical Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Security_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5551,"name":"Immigration Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5559,"name":"Political Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Culture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5815,"name":"Identity politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6029,"name":"Critical Management Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Management_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6275,"name":"Tourism Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6327,"name":"Eastern European history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_history?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6357,"name":"Law and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6384,"name":"Critical Medical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Medical_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6564,"name":"Mexico History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mexico_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6749,"name":"Cultural Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7313,"name":"Labor Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7354,"name":"Early Modern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7535,"name":"Borderline Personality Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borderline_Personality_Disorder?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7860,"name":"Cultural Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Tourism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7888,"name":"Literary Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8009,"name":"Immigration And Integration In Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_And_Integration_In_Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8697,"name":"European Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9819,"name":"Realism (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Realism_Political_Science_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10311,"name":"European Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10346,"name":"Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10417,"name":"Critical Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10679,"name":"International Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Marketing?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11203,"name":"International Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11313,"name":"Border Crossing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Crossing?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11483,"name":"Cultural Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Memory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11665,"name":"International Humanitarian Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Humanitarian_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12179,"name":"Chinese Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Diaspora_Migration_and_Ethnicity_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12194,"name":"Critical Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12331,"name":"Immigration and Emmigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_and_Emmigration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12523,"name":"Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bronze_Age_Europe_Archaeology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12570,"name":"Undocumented Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undocumented_Immigration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12624,"name":"History of Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13006,"name":"Immigration History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13144,"name":"Indian Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Diaspora_Migration_and_Ethnicity_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13396,"name":"Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13674,"name":"European Immigration and Asylum Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Immigration_and_Asylum_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13739,"name":"Social Network Analysis (SNA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Network_Analysis_SNA_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14045,"name":"African Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14104,"name":"Political Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14436,"name":"Immigration an Citzenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_an_Citzenship?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14580,"name":"Forced Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15167,"name":"European Union Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15342,"name":"Aesthetics and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16069,"name":"Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory_and_Whiteness_theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16153,"name":"International Mangement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Mangement?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16287,"name":"Migration History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16471,"name":"Sociology of Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16472,"name":"Transnational migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16622,"name":"Contemporary International Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_International_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16623,"name":"Migration And Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_And_Health?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17178,"name":"Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17214,"name":"Return Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Return_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17433,"name":"Race And Ethnicity (in ) migration of indigenous people","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_And_Ethnicity_in_migration_of_indigenous_people?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18113,"name":"Anthropology of Borders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Borders?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18794,"name":"Critical international political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18852,"name":"History of Colonial Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Colonial_Mexico?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19030,"name":"Political Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19046,"name":"Migration (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Anthropology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19049,"name":"Mexico (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mexico_Anthropology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19051,"name":"Transnational Labour Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Labour_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19059,"name":"19th Century Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Mexico?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19326,"name":"20th Century Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/20th_Century_Mexico?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19405,"name":"Cultural Heritage Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Management?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19672,"name":"Indian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":22623,"name":"Geography of Mobility and Migrations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography_of_Mobility_and_Migrations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":22797,"name":"Critical Thinking and Creativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking_and_Creativity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":23631,"name":"Critical and Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_and_Cultural_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":23792,"name":"Border Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25101,"name":"US-Mexico Borderlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US-Mexico_Borderlands?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25870,"name":"Critical Prison Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Prison_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":27137,"name":"European Union Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":27949,"name":"Borderlands Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borderlands_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28299,"name":"Argumentation Theory and Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Argumentation_Theory_and_Critical_Thinking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":29398,"name":"immigration, migration, identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/immigration_migration_identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30089,"name":"Neoliberalisms and the Transformation of the Cultural Sphere","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalisms_and_the_Transformation_of_the_Cultural_Sphere?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30249,"name":"Immigration and identity (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_and_identity_Anthropology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43881,"name":"Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mexico?f_ri=33180"},{"id":44867,"name":"México","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/M%C3%A9xico?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45426,"name":"Central and Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_and_Eastern_Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":46391,"name":"Social movements in Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_movements_in_Mexico?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48036,"name":"International Migration and Immigration Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Migration_and_Immigration_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":49565,"name":"Filosofía Política","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filosof%C3%ADa_Pol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=33180"},{"id":49838,"name":"Política","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=33180"},{"id":50003,"name":"Indonesian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesian_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":51382,"name":"Borders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borders?f_ri=33180"},{"id":55082,"name":"Ciencia Politica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencia_Politica?f_ri=33180"},{"id":58588,"name":"Philippine government and politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippine_government_and_politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":59470,"name":"Borders and Frontiers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borders_and_Frontiers?f_ri=33180"},{"id":61208,"name":"Migrations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migrations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":65713,"name":"Políticas Públicas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ADticas_P%C3%BAblicas?f_ri=33180"},{"id":66218,"name":"Politic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politic?f_ri=33180"},{"id":67093,"name":"Migration Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":68297,"name":"Metodología y Teoría de la Investigación Social","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metodolog%C3%ADa_y_Teor%C3%ADa_de_la_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Social?f_ri=33180"},{"id":71918,"name":"Patrimonio Cultural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patrimonio_Cultural?f_ri=33180"},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":77109,"name":"Great Migration period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Migration_period?f_ri=33180"},{"id":78309,"name":"Critical Literacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Literacy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":80513,"name":"Political Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sciences?f_ri=33180"},{"id":87560,"name":"Critical Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Development_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":92776,"name":"Ciencias Sociales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencias_Sociales?f_ri=33180"},{"id":103324,"name":"Borderlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borderlands?f_ri=33180"},{"id":105962,"name":"Migration and Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_and_Diaspora?f_ri=33180"},{"id":130221,"name":"Economia Política","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economia_Pol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=33180"},{"id":133229,"name":"Labour migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":134693,"name":"Refugees and Forced Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_and_Forced_Migration_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":143715,"name":"Cross-Border Insolvency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Border_Insolvency?f_ri=33180"},{"id":153884,"name":"Multilingual Studies, Identity Studies, Border identities, hybridity, multilingualism, poetry, bilingual poetry, cultural studies, postcolonial studies, globalization studies, third culture kids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilingual_Studies_Identity_Studies_Border_identities_hybridity_multilingualism_poetry_bilin?f_ri=33180"},{"id":154588,"name":"Border Regions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Regions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":158475,"name":"Border Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":162659,"name":"Bird Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bird_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":167002,"name":"Spatial Migration Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Migration_Modelling?f_ri=33180"},{"id":168569,"name":"Migration and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_and_Development?f_ri=33180"},{"id":220464,"name":"Politics and International relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_International_relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":249304,"name":"Borders and Borderlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borders_and_Borderlands?f_ri=33180"},{"id":255252,"name":"Refugees, migration and immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_migration_and_immigration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":261331,"name":"Archaeology Of The Migration Period And The Early Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_Of_The_Migration_Period_And_The_Early_Middle_Ages?f_ri=33180"},{"id":265096,"name":"Facultad de ciencias politicas y sociales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Facultad_de_ciencias_politicas_y_sociales?f_ri=33180"},{"id":385234,"name":"Political Economy and History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":453278,"name":"Neoliberalism and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":475499,"name":"Immigration and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":524558,"name":"Comparative Social Policy. Welfare State Research. Sociology of Work. Migration and care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Social_Policy._Welfare_State_Research._Sociology_of_Work._Migration_and_care?f_ri=33180"},{"id":613505,"name":"Neoliberalismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalismo?f_ri=33180"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":649974,"name":"Polìtica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ACtica?f_ri=33180"},{"id":701341,"name":"Public Communication. Political Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Communication._Political_Communication?f_ri=33180"},{"id":781717,"name":"Critical Thinking Skills In Language Classess","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking_Skills_In_Language_Classess?f_ri=33180"},{"id":840224,"name":"Neoliberalizm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalizm?f_ri=33180"},{"id":879352,"name":"Socio-Economic Impact of Rural-Urban Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-Economic_Impact_of_Rural-Urban_Migration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":939074,"name":"Immigration Status \u0026 Nationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_Status_and_Nationality?f_ri=33180"},{"id":957247,"name":"Migration and Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_and_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":973268,"name":"Border Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Trade?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2566428" data-work_id="2566428" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2566428/Kitab_kuning_books_in_Arabic_script_used_in_the_pesantren_milieu">Kitab kuning: books in Arabic script used in the pesantren milieu</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2566428" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="daea6dc096324129f68df39e9535767e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30578291,"asset_id":2566428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30578291/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79931" href="https://universiteitutrecht.academia.edu/MartinvanBruinessen">Martin van Bruinessen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79931" type="text/json">{"id":79931,"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"van Bruinessen","domain_name":"universiteitutrecht","page_name":"MartinvanBruinessen","display_name":"Martin van Bruinessen","profile_url":"https://universiteitutrecht.academia.edu/MartinvanBruinessen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79931/57405/52979/s65_martin.van_bruinessen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2566428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2566428"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2566428, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2566428", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2566428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2566428; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2566428"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2566428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2566428"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2566428; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2566428]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2566428").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2566428").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2566428"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory">International Relations Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166" type="text/json">{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15866" type="text/json">{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2566428]'), work: {"id":2566428,"title":"Kitab kuning: books in Arabic script used in the pesantren milieu","created_at":"2013-02-13T00:25:29.833-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2566428/Kitab_kuning_books_in_Arabic_script_used_in_the_pesantren_milieu?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_2566428","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30578291,"asset_id":2566428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":79931,"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"van Bruinessen","domain_name":"universiteitutrecht","page_name":"MartinvanBruinessen","display_name":"Martin van Bruinessen","profile_url":"https://universiteitutrecht.academia.edu/MartinvanBruinessen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79931/57405/52979/s65_martin.van_bruinessen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":28771,"name":"Contemporary Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":32425,"name":"Madrasa education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Madrasa_education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":36121,"name":"Gender and Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":37193,"name":"Islam in Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Indonesia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":66420,"name":"Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":120722,"name":"Hadith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1222787,"name":"Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_South_Asia_and_Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223687,"name":"Quran and Tafsir Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran_and_Tafsir_Studies?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_53540362" data-work_id="53540362" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53540362/Ahrar_al_Shams_Politicisation_during_the_Syrian_Conflict">Ahrar al-Sham's Politicisation during the Syrian Conflict</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Syrian Salafi armed group Ahrar al-Sham epitomises the most prominent case of politicisation. By 2014, Ahrar al-Sham was the leading insurgent group in Syria, with the largest number of soldiers, presence throughout Syrian... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53540362" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Syrian Salafi armed group Ahrar al-Sham epitomises the most prominent case of politicisation. By 2014, Ahrar al-Sham was the leading insurgent group in Syria, with the largest number of soldiers, presence throughout Syrian opposition-held areas, and relatively strong ties with foreign countries including Turkey and Qatar. Ahrar al-Sham explicitly rejected al-Qaida’s legacy and developed a more inclusive approach to other groups and the population. This chapter traces the group’s emergence and development to demonstrate how pre-war developments and a de-centralised alliance-based expansion underpinned its politicisation over the years. This case study also contends that politicisation was sustained by the group’s internal institutionalisation, which ultimately explains its successes and failures during the conflict. This chapter is based on extensive field research interviews in Turkey and north-west Syria in 2019 with an array of leaders and members of Ahrar al-Sham, armed opposition groups, and independent Syrian Islamists.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53540362" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c7c136c28ec2fd4ca2e185706392d11" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74944230,"asset_id":53540362,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74944230/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="286639" href="https://graduateinstitute.academia.edu/JeromeDrevon">Jerome Drevon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="286639" type="text/json">{"id":286639,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Drevon","domain_name":"graduateinstitute","page_name":"JeromeDrevon","display_name":"Jerome Drevon","profile_url":"https://graduateinstitute.academia.edu/JeromeDrevon?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/286639/13816683/15089493/s65_jerome.drevon.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_53540362 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="53540362"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53540362, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_53540362", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_53540362 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53540362; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_53540362"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_53540362 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53540362"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53540362; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53540362]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_53540362").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_53540362").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="53540362"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences">Social Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237" type="text/json">{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5686" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism">Political Violence and Terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5686" type="text/json">{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=53540362]'), work: {"id":53540362,"title":"Ahrar al-Sham's Politicisation during the Syrian Conflict","created_at":"2021-09-27T09:49:04.111-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/53540362/Ahrar_al_Shams_Politicisation_during_the_Syrian_Conflict?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_53540362","summary":"The Syrian Salafi armed group Ahrar al-Sham epitomises the most prominent case of politicisation. By 2014, Ahrar al-Sham was the leading insurgent group in Syria, with the largest number of soldiers, presence throughout Syrian opposition-held areas, and relatively strong ties with foreign countries including Turkey and Qatar. Ahrar al-Sham explicitly rejected al-Qaida’s legacy and developed a more inclusive approach to other groups and the population. This chapter traces the group’s emergence and development to demonstrate how pre-war developments and a de-centralised alliance-based expansion underpinned its politicisation over the years. This case study also contends that politicisation was sustained by the group’s internal institutionalisation, which ultimately explains its successes and failures during the conflict. This chapter is based on extensive field research interviews in Turkey and north-west Syria in 2019 with an array of leaders and members of Ahrar al-Sham, armed opposition groups, and independent Syrian Islamists.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74944230,"asset_id":53540362,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":286639,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Drevon","domain_name":"graduateinstitute","page_name":"JeromeDrevon","display_name":"Jerome Drevon","profile_url":"https://graduateinstitute.academia.edu/JeromeDrevon?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/286639/13816683/15089493/s65_jerome.drevon.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":6225,"name":"Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_War?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":88513,"name":"Salafism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":131165,"name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Qaeda?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1059087,"name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Civil_War?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62044717" data-work_id="62044717" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62044717/If_Mecca_Did_Not_Exist_in_the_Time_of_Muhammad_then_Who_Was_Muhammad_and_Where_Did_He_Live">If Mecca Did Not Exist in the Time of Muhammad, then Who Was Muhammad and Where Did He Live</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Muslims claim that Muhammad was born in Mecca and the earliest parts of the Qur’an were revealed to him there. Indeed, without Mecca the whole story of Muhammad would have to be re-evaluated and the very foundations of Islam would have to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62044717" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Muslims claim that Muhammad was born in Mecca and the earliest parts of the Qur’an were revealed to him there. Indeed, without Mecca the whole story of Muhammad would have to be re-evaluated and the very foundations of Islam would have to be questioned. However, recent archaeological and historical research calls into question whether Mecca even existed in the traditional time of Muhammad (570-632 AD). There are no archaeological artifacts from Mecca until the 8th century AD, the first direct mention of Mecca in external literature occurs in 741 AD, and the first time Mecca is listed on a map of the Middle East was 900 AD.  Indeed, if Mecca did not exist in the early 7th century, then who was Muhammad and from where did he come?  <br />This paper will consider the Muslim evidence for the existence of Mecca in light of the research of a number of recent scholars who have suggested that Mecca was probably neither a center of trade nor a religious center or pilgrimage site in the 7th century. One issue for consideration is that the geographical descriptions of the city of the prophet in the Qur’an do not match up with the barren landscape of Mecca. Furthermore, the qiblas, or the direction of prayer in the mosques, did not point to Mecca until 727 AD. The evidence also may indicate that Muhammad probably did not have anything to do with Mecca, especially since it may not have even existed at that time. Finally, a mounting body of evidence suggests that the Nabataean kingdom of Petra in Northeast Arabia might have actually been the center of the origin of Islam, and Muhammad a much different religious leader than the one traditionally portrayed by Islam.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62044717" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7515e9edbe34b09d53732e7e7cc2a4d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74912862,"asset_id":62044717,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74912862/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12476727" href="https://ses.academia.edu/DanielJanosik">Daniel Janosik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12476727" type="text/json">{"id":12476727,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Janosik","domain_name":"ses","page_name":"DanielJanosik","display_name":"Daniel Janosik","profile_url":"https://ses.academia.edu/DanielJanosik?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12476727/3567906/56624447/s65_daniel.janosik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62044717 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62044717"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62044717, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62044717", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62044717 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62044717; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62044717"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62044717 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62044717"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62044717; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62044717]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62044717").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62044717").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62044717"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="397" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Archaeology">Near Eastern Archaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="397" type="text/json">{"id":397,"name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Archaeology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62044717]'), work: {"id":62044717,"title":"If Mecca Did Not Exist in the Time of Muhammad, then Who Was Muhammad and Where Did He Live","created_at":"2021-11-19T20:42:08.323-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62044717/If_Mecca_Did_Not_Exist_in_the_Time_of_Muhammad_then_Who_Was_Muhammad_and_Where_Did_He_Live?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_62044717","summary":"Muslims claim that Muhammad was born in Mecca and the earliest parts of the Qur’an were revealed to him there. Indeed, without Mecca the whole story of Muhammad would have to be re-evaluated and the very foundations of Islam would have to be questioned. However, recent archaeological and historical research calls into question whether Mecca even existed in the traditional time of Muhammad (570-632 AD). There are no archaeological artifacts from Mecca until the 8th century AD, the first direct mention of Mecca in external literature occurs in 741 AD, and the first time Mecca is listed on a map of the Middle East was 900 AD. Indeed, if Mecca did not exist in the early 7th century, then who was Muhammad and from where did he come? \nThis paper will consider the Muslim evidence for the existence of Mecca in light of the research of a number of recent scholars who have suggested that Mecca was probably neither a center of trade nor a religious center or pilgrimage site in the 7th century. One issue for consideration is that the geographical descriptions of the city of the prophet in the Qur’an do not match up with the barren landscape of Mecca. Furthermore, the qiblas, or the direction of prayer in the mosques, did not point to Mecca until 727 AD. The evidence also may indicate that Muhammad probably did not have anything to do with Mecca, especially since it may not have even existed at that time. Finally, a mounting body of evidence suggests that the Nabataean kingdom of Petra in Northeast Arabia might have actually been the center of the origin of Islam, and Muhammad a much different religious leader than the one traditionally portrayed by Islam.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74912862,"asset_id":62044717,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12476727,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Janosik","domain_name":"ses","page_name":"DanielJanosik","display_name":"Daniel Janosik","profile_url":"https://ses.academia.edu/DanielJanosik?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12476727/3567906/56624447/s65_daniel.janosik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":397,"name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Archaeology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5326,"name":"Early Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Christianity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7617,"name":"Medieval Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Church_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10091,"name":"Byzantine Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21659,"name":"Christian Apologetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Apologetics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25118,"name":"Medieval Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":32641,"name":"World Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Religions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":54796,"name":"Nabataean Petra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nabataean_Petra?f_ri=33180"},{"id":60289,"name":"Early Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Church_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":102475,"name":"Apologetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apologetics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":114733,"name":"Mecca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mecca?f_ri=33180"},{"id":982254,"name":"Polemics and Apologetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polemics_and_Apologetics?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9249597" data-work_id="9249597" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9249597/Women_Bodies_Between_The_Manipulation_and_Politicization_Of_Religion">Women Bodies: Between The Manipulation and Politicization Of Religion </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9249597" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4c8ec3661fb762889ecc6857e59cf45a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35518417,"asset_id":9249597,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35518417/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21181350" href="https://aucegpy.academia.edu/LaraMikhail">Lara Mikhail</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21181350" type="text/json">{"id":21181350,"first_name":"Lara","last_name":"Mikhail","domain_name":"aucegpy","page_name":"LaraMikhail","display_name":"Lara Mikhail","profile_url":"https://aucegpy.academia.edu/LaraMikhail?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21181350/12851295/14253132/s65_lara.mikhail.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9249597 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9249597"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9249597, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9249597", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9249597 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9249597; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9249597"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9249597 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9249597"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9249597; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9249597]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9249597").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9249597").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9249597"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9249597]'), work: {"id":9249597,"title":"Women Bodies: Between The Manipulation and Politicization Of Religion ","created_at":"2014-11-11T04:23:49.019-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9249597/Women_Bodies_Between_The_Manipulation_and_Politicization_Of_Religion?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_9249597","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35518417,"asset_id":9249597,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21181350,"first_name":"Lara","last_name":"Mikhail","domain_name":"aucegpy","page_name":"LaraMikhail","display_name":"Lara Mikhail","profile_url":"https://aucegpy.academia.edu/LaraMikhail?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21181350/12851295/14253132/s65_lara.mikhail.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7025305" data-work_id="7025305" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7025305/Islam_as_an_Ethical_Tradition_of_International_Relations">Islam as an Ethical Tradition of International Relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The paper discusses the role that Islamic values can play in articulating Islam as an ethical tradition that can shape the international relations.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7025305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ffc5319547ed19dc3cfbe05b42bdb5bd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33683063,"asset_id":7025305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33683063/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3388" href="https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan">Muqtedar Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3388" type="text/json">{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7025305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7025305"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7025305, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7025305", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7025305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7025305; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7025305"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7025305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7025305"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7025305; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7025305]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7025305").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7025305").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7025305"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">145</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics">Business Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46" type="text/json">{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements">New Religious Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="120" type="text/json">{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7025305]'), work: {"id":7025305,"title":"Islam as an Ethical Tradition of International Relations","created_at":"2014-05-12T14:08:31.459-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7025305/Islam_as_an_Ethical_Tradition_of_International_Relations?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_7025305","summary":"The paper discusses the role that Islamic values can play in articulating Islam as an ethical tradition that can shape the international relations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33683063,"asset_id":7025305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":211,"name":"Sociology of Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Culture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":378,"name":"Area Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":799,"name":"Public Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":904,"name":"Normative Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=33180"},{"id":972,"name":"Self and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_and_Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1271,"name":"Near Eastern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2016,"name":"Middle East \u0026 North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2397,"name":"Religious Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2504,"name":"Research Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2604,"name":"Israel Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3291,"name":"History and Classical tradition studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Classical_tradition_studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3468,"name":"Virtue Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtue_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4565,"name":"Law and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4568,"name":"Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4979,"name":"Islamic Contemporary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Contemporary_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5338,"name":"Liberation Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberation_Theology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5559,"name":"Political Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Culture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6184,"name":"Israel/Palestine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Palestine?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6248,"name":"Religious Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6394,"name":"Religious Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Pluralism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6546,"name":"Islamic Education \u0026 Islamic Schooling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education_and_Islamic_Schooling?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6693,"name":"Palestine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palestine?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6739,"name":"Medieval Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6749,"name":"Cultural Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7322,"name":"Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mysticism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7368,"name":"Science and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7540,"name":"Oral Traditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_Traditions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7983,"name":"Quranic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8356,"name":"Culture Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9688,"name":"Globalisation and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation_and_Development?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10099,"name":"History of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10104,"name":"Ancient Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10422,"name":"National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10810,"name":"Ethical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethical_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11665,"name":"International Humanitarian Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Humanitarian_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12349,"name":"Spirituality \u0026 Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality_and_Mysticism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12785,"name":"History of International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12809,"name":"Middle Eastern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12978,"name":"Muslim Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minorities?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13952,"name":"Global Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Leadership?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14648,"name":"Islamic Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14970,"name":"Muslims in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslims_in_Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16802,"name":"Islamic feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_feminism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18017,"name":"Ethics and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19335,"name":"Ancient myth and religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_myth_and_religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":20634,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relation?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21923,"name":"Islamic Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Banking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21928,"name":"Islamic Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25118,"name":"Medieval Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25719,"name":"Religious History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30571,"name":"Islamic Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Mysticism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33711,"name":"Islamic Banking And Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Banking_And_Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":39824,"name":"International Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":40114,"name":"Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Brotherhood?f_ri=33180"},{"id":42814,"name":"Ethics and economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180"},{"id":44006,"name":"Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45018,"name":"Islamic History and Muslim Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":68847,"name":"Liberal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberal_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":77767,"name":"Pengajian Al Quran Dan Al Sunnah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pengajian_Al_Quran_Dan_Al_Sunnah?f_ri=33180"},{"id":120722,"name":"Hadith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith?f_ri=33180"},{"id":127895,"name":"Non-Traditional Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Traditional_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":147142,"name":"Business \u0026 Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":193481,"name":"philosophical Sufism (school of Ibn 'Arabi)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/philosophical_Sufism_school_of_Ibn_Arabi_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":220464,"name":"Politics and International relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_International_relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":265632,"name":"Theology and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":329310,"name":"Ethical Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethical_Leadership?f_ri=33180"},{"id":403575,"name":"Pendidikan Agama Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pendidikan_Agama_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":483370,"name":"Political Science \u0026 International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science_and_International_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":578214,"name":"Impact of Social Sciences and Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact_of_Social_Sciences_and_Humanities?f_ri=33180"},{"id":604354,"name":"Relations Internationales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relations_Internationales?f_ri=33180"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1002997,"name":"Domestic and International State Policies That Counter Islamic Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_and_International_State_Policies_That_Counter_Islamic_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223709,"name":"Islamic law and jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_law_and_jurisprudence-1?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223710,"name":"Muslim philosophy and thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_philosophy_and_thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223711,"name":"Contemporary Muslim society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Muslim_society?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38189204" data-work_id="38189204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38189204/Patterns_of_Nationhood_and_Saving_the_State_in_Turkey_Ottomanism_Nationalism_and_Multiculturalism_Routledge_2019_">Patterns of Nationhood and Saving the State in Turkey: Ottomanism, Nationalism and Multiculturalism (Routledge 2019)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Patterns of Nationhood and Saving the State in Turkey tackles a theoretical puzzle in understanding the state policy changes toward minorities and nationhood, first by placing the state in the historical context of the international... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38189204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Patterns of Nationhood and Saving the State in Turkey tackles a  theoretical puzzle in understanding the state policy changes toward minorities and  nationhood, first by placing the state in the historical context of the international system and second by unpacking the state through analysis of intra-elite competition in relation to the counter-discourses by minority groups within the context of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. <br />What explains the persistence and change in state policies toward  minorities and nationhood? Under what conditions do states change their policies toward minorities? Why do the state elites reconsider the state- minority relations and change government policies toward nationhood? Adopting a comparative-historical analysis, the book unpacks these  research questions and builds a theoretical framework by looking at three paradigmatic policy changes: Ottomanism in the mid-19th century, Turkish nationalism in the early 1920s, and multiculturalism in Turkey in the early 2000s. While the book reveals the role of international context, intrastate elite competition, and non-state actors in such policy changes, it argues that state elites adopt either exclusionary or inclusionary policies based on the idea of “survival of the state.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38189204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c275d94a94ec9439c8c762f9d217a67e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58226331,"asset_id":38189204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58226331/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="120451" href="https://iue.academia.edu/SerhunAl">Serhun Al</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="120451" type="text/json">{"id":120451,"first_name":"Serhun","last_name":"Al","domain_name":"iue","page_name":"SerhunAl","display_name":"Serhun Al","profile_url":"https://iue.academia.edu/SerhunAl?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/120451/32344/104962071/s65_serhun.al.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38189204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38189204"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38189204, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38189204", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38189204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38189204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38189204"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38189204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38189204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38189204; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38189204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38189204").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38189204").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38189204"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="796" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics">Comparative Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="796" type="text/json">{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1187" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History">Ottoman History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1187" type="text/json">{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38189204]'), work: {"id":38189204,"title":"Patterns of Nationhood and Saving the State in Turkey: Ottomanism, Nationalism and Multiculturalism (Routledge 2019)","created_at":"2019-01-21T01:53:30.919-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38189204/Patterns_of_Nationhood_and_Saving_the_State_in_Turkey_Ottomanism_Nationalism_and_Multiculturalism_Routledge_2019_?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_38189204","summary":"Patterns of Nationhood and Saving the State in Turkey tackles a theoretical puzzle in understanding the state policy changes toward minorities and nationhood, first by placing the state in the historical context of the international system and second by unpacking the state through analysis of intra-elite competition in relation to the counter-discourses by minority groups within the context of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. \nWhat explains the persistence and change in state policies toward minorities and nationhood? Under what conditions do states change their policies toward minorities? Why do the state elites reconsider the state- minority relations and change government policies toward nationhood? Adopting a comparative-historical analysis, the book unpacks these research questions and builds a theoretical framework by looking at three paradigmatic policy changes: Ottomanism in the mid-19th century, Turkish nationalism in the early 1920s, and multiculturalism in Turkey in the early 2000s. While the book reveals the role of international context, intrastate elite competition, and non-state actors in such policy changes, it argues that state elites adopt either exclusionary or inclusionary policies based on the idea of “survival of the state.”","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58226331,"asset_id":38189204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":120451,"first_name":"Serhun","last_name":"Al","domain_name":"iue","page_name":"SerhunAl","display_name":"Serhun Al","profile_url":"https://iue.academia.edu/SerhunAl?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/120451/32344/104962071/s65_serhun.al.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5548,"name":"Kurdish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6610,"name":"Turkish Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Nationalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11208,"name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15899,"name":"Kurdish Question in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Question_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19675,"name":"Modern Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30160,"name":"Minority Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":116356,"name":"Milliyetçilik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milliyet%C3%A7ilik?f_ri=33180"},{"id":328831,"name":"Türk Siyasi Tarihi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turk_Siyasi_Tarihi?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32188905" data-work_id="32188905" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32188905/_%C4%B0ran_Devriminin_T%C3%BCrkiyede_Yans%C4%B1malar%C4%B1_%C4%B0ranc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_ve_%C4%B0ranc%C4%B1_%C4%B0slamc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_Turkish_Journal_of_Middle_Eastern_Studies_3_2_2016_28_57">"İran Devrimi'nin Türkiye'de Yansımaları: "İrancılık" ve "İrancı" İslamcılık", Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 3:2, 2016, 28-57.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32188905" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b960307cc08809bff3075dc8dd6a8a1c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52421905,"asset_id":32188905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52421905/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4222417" href="https://metu.academia.edu/nail">Nail Elhan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4222417" type="text/json">{"id":4222417,"first_name":"Nail","last_name":"Elhan","domain_name":"metu","page_name":"nail","display_name":"Nail Elhan","profile_url":"https://metu.academia.edu/nail?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4222417/1664206/161988175/s65_nail.elhan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32188905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32188905"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32188905, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32188905", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32188905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32188905; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32188905"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32188905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32188905"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32188905; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32188905]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32188905").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32188905").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32188905"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3742" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Diplomacy">Public Diplomacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3742" type="text/json">{"id":3742,"name":"Public Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Diplomacy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5218" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies">Iranian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5218" type="text/json">{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8700" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies">Turkish and Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8700" type="text/json">{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25399" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism">Islamism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25399" type="text/json">{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32188905]'), work: {"id":32188905,"title":"\"İran Devrimi'nin Türkiye'de Yansımaları: \"İrancılık\" ve \"İrancı\" İslamcılık\", Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 3:2, 2016, 28-57.","created_at":"2017-04-01T12:05:22.199-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32188905/_%C4%B0ran_Devriminin_T%C3%BCrkiyede_Yans%C4%B1malar%C4%B1_%C4%B0ranc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_ve_%C4%B0ranc%C4%B1_%C4%B0slamc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_Turkish_Journal_of_Middle_Eastern_Studies_3_2_2016_28_57?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_32188905","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52421905,"asset_id":32188905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4222417,"first_name":"Nail","last_name":"Elhan","domain_name":"metu","page_name":"nail","display_name":"Nail Elhan","profile_url":"https://metu.academia.edu/nail?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4222417/1664206/161988175/s65_nail.elhan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3742,"name":"Public Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Diplomacy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":42221,"name":"Türkiye - İran İlişkileri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkiye_-_Iran_Iliskileri?f_ri=33180"},{"id":42223,"name":"Siyasal İslam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Siyasal_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":42226,"name":"Ortadoğu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ortado%C4%9Fu?f_ri=33180"},{"id":105460,"name":"Iranian Islamic Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Islamic_Revolution?f_ri=33180"},{"id":131512,"name":"Türkiye","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T%C3%BCrkiye?f_ri=33180"},{"id":354628,"name":"Ortadoğu Tarihi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ortadogu_Tarihi?f_ri=33180"},{"id":358584,"name":"Islamcılık","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamcilik?f_ri=33180"},{"id":470436,"name":"Iran Devrimi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iran_Devrimi?f_ri=33180"},{"id":502494,"name":"1979 Iranian Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/1979_Iranian_Revolution?f_ri=33180"},{"id":691366,"name":"Islamism In Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism_In_Turkey?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65286055" data-work_id="65286055" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65286055/Azerbaijan_Iranian_Vector_of_Religious_Revival">Azerbaijan: Iranian Vector of Religious Revival</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65286055" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="66662f0c874dabbeffd2a3ad4f83ff8f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76952684,"asset_id":65286055,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76952684/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57379328" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElmirGuliyev">Elmir Guliyev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57379328" type="text/json">{"id":57379328,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Guliyev","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElmirGuliyev","display_name":"Elmir Guliyev","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElmirGuliyev?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57379328/15584080/16168478/s65_elmir.guliyev.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65286055 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65286055"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65286055, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65286055", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_65286055 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65286055; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_65286055"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_65286055 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="65286055"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65286055; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65286055]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65286055").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65286055").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="65286055"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33669" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33669" type="text/json">{"id":33669,"name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Azerbaijan?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="105460" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Islamic_Revolution">Iranian Islamic Revolution</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="105460" type="text/json">{"id":105460,"name":"Iranian Islamic Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Islamic_Revolution?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=65286055]'), work: {"id":65286055,"title":"Azerbaijan: Iranian Vector of Religious Revival","created_at":"2021-12-21T04:14:42.839-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/65286055/Azerbaijan_Iranian_Vector_of_Religious_Revival?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_65286055","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76952684,"asset_id":65286055,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57379328,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Guliyev","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElmirGuliyev","display_name":"Elmir Guliyev","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElmirGuliyev?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57379328/15584080/16168478/s65_elmir.guliyev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33669,"name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Azerbaijan?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":105460,"name":"Iranian Islamic Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Islamic_Revolution?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74574956" data-work_id="74574956" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74574956/Islamic_Revivalism_in_Indonesia_The_Caliphate_Sharia_NKRI_Democracy_and_the_Nation_State">Islamic Revivalism in Indonesia: The Caliphate, Sharia, NKRI, Democracy, and the Nation-State</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research examines Indonesian Islamic revivalist movements’ perspectives on the concepts of the nation-state and democracy. The Islamic revivalist movements studied in this research include Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Front Pembela... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74574956" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research examines Indonesian Islamic revivalist movements’ perspectives on the concepts of the nation-state and democracy. The Islamic revivalist movements studied in this research include Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Front Pembela Islam (FPI), Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), and Forum Umat Islam (FUI). Following the fall of the authoritarian Suharto’s regime in 1998, Indonesia witnessed an escalation of Islamic activism whose goals revolve around the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law) and, to a certain extent, the reestablishment of a caliphate (transnational Islamic state). To this end, revivalist movements have been staging frequent mass protests, mainly addressing Indonesian government policies that are deemed un-Islamic. Some of the protests have ended violently, which implies that their Sharia and Islamic state goals have become a source of conflict in Indonesian society. This research suggests that this violent activism stems from different versions of the conce...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74574956" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="11bcb323ddd52526eae087f94699374b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82678857,"asset_id":74574956,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82678857/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3407265" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuckyNurhadiyanto">Lucky Nurhadiyanto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3407265" type="text/json">{"id":3407265,"first_name":"Lucky","last_name":"Nurhadiyanto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LuckyNurhadiyanto","display_name":"Lucky Nurhadiyanto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LuckyNurhadiyanto?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3407265/1154374/1445745/s65_lucky.nurhadiyanto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74574956 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74574956"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74574956, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74574956", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74574956 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74574956; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74574956"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74574956 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74574956"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74574956; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74574956]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74574956").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74574956").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74574956"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4375" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movement">Social Movement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4375" type="text/json">{"id":4375,"name":"Social Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movement?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8783" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8783" type="text/json">{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15866" type="text/json">{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74574956]'), work: {"id":74574956,"title":"Islamic Revivalism in Indonesia: The Caliphate, Sharia, NKRI, Democracy, and the Nation-State","created_at":"2022-03-25T15:24:44.745-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74574956/Islamic_Revivalism_in_Indonesia_The_Caliphate_Sharia_NKRI_Democracy_and_the_Nation_State?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_74574956","summary":"This research examines Indonesian Islamic revivalist movements’ perspectives on the concepts of the nation-state and democracy. The Islamic revivalist movements studied in this research include Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Front Pembela Islam (FPI), Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), and Forum Umat Islam (FUI). Following the fall of the authoritarian Suharto’s regime in 1998, Indonesia witnessed an escalation of Islamic activism whose goals revolve around the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law) and, to a certain extent, the reestablishment of a caliphate (transnational Islamic state). To this end, revivalist movements have been staging frequent mass protests, mainly addressing Indonesian government policies that are deemed un-Islamic. Some of the protests have ended violently, which implies that their Sharia and Islamic state goals have become a source of conflict in Indonesian society. This research suggests that this violent activism stems from different versions of the conce...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82678857,"asset_id":74574956,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3407265,"first_name":"Lucky","last_name":"Nurhadiyanto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LuckyNurhadiyanto","display_name":"Lucky Nurhadiyanto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LuckyNurhadiyanto?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3407265/1154374/1445745/s65_lucky.nurhadiyanto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4375,"name":"Social Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movement?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":216856,"name":"Islamic Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":232698,"name":"Islamic revivalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_revivalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3408091,"name":"Security and Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_and_Strategic_Studies?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49090175" data-work_id="49090175" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49090175/Review_of_Noah_Salomon_For_Love_of_the_Prophet_an_Ethnography_of_Sudans_Islamic_State">Review of Noah Salomon, For Love of the Prophet: an Ethnography of Sudan's Islamic State</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49090175" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3576c7ec0268bf7d7fa679a8a03af5cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67485562,"asset_id":49090175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67485562/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2917959" href="https://brandeis.academia.edu/IanVanderMeulen">Ian VanderMeulen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2917959" type="text/json">{"id":2917959,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"VanderMeulen","domain_name":"brandeis","page_name":"IanVanderMeulen","display_name":"Ian VanderMeulen","profile_url":"https://brandeis.academia.edu/IanVanderMeulen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2917959/964677/114195648/s65_ian.vandermeulen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49090175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49090175"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49090175, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49090175", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49090175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49090175; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49090175"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49090175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49090175"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49090175; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49090175]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49090175").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49090175").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49090175"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11152" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism">Sufism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11152" type="text/json">{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15866" type="text/json">{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24103" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_the_State">Anthropology of the State</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24103" type="text/json">{"id":24103,"name":"Anthropology of the State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_the_State?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49090175]'), work: {"id":49090175,"title":"Review of Noah Salomon, For Love of the Prophet: an Ethnography of Sudan's Islamic State","created_at":"2021-06-01T12:41:53.351-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49090175/Review_of_Noah_Salomon_For_Love_of_the_Prophet_an_Ethnography_of_Sudans_Islamic_State?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_49090175","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67485562,"asset_id":49090175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2917959,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"VanderMeulen","domain_name":"brandeis","page_name":"IanVanderMeulen","display_name":"Ian VanderMeulen","profile_url":"https://brandeis.academia.edu/IanVanderMeulen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2917959/964677/114195648/s65_ian.vandermeulen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":24103,"name":"Anthropology of the State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_the_State?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":32572,"name":"Sudan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sudan?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":62751,"name":"Contemporary Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43855937" data-work_id="43855937" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43855937/Indonesian_Islamists_Activists_in_Search_of_an_Issue">Indonesian Islamists: Activists in Search of an Issue</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This report looks at what has happened to Indonesia's 212 Movement -- the alliance that brought down the Jakarta governor in 2016 -- in the wake of the re-election of President Jokowi and the onset of the Covid pandemic.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43855937" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3afa3cf06631d0e31162f7a8fb8deb9b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64179154,"asset_id":43855937,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64179154/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="163486388" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IhsaniAufannuha">Aufannuha Ihsani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="163486388" type="text/json">{"id":163486388,"first_name":"Aufannuha","last_name":"Ihsani","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IhsaniAufannuha","display_name":"Aufannuha Ihsani","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IhsaniAufannuha?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/163486388/46651455/35981938/s65_aufannuha.ihsani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43855937 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43855937"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43855937, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43855937", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43855937 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43855937; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43855937"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43855937 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43855937"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43855937; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43855937]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43855937").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43855937").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43855937"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7443" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism">Communism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7443" type="text/json">{"id":7443,"name":"Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10342" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence">Political Violence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10342" type="text/json">{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43855937]'), work: {"id":43855937,"title":"Indonesian Islamists: Activists in Search of an Issue","created_at":"2020-08-14T03:08:56.610-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43855937/Indonesian_Islamists_Activists_in_Search_of_an_Issue?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_43855937","summary":"This report looks at what has happened to Indonesia's 212 Movement -- the alliance that brought down the Jakarta governor in 2016 -- in the wake of the re-election of President Jokowi and the onset of the Covid pandemic.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64179154,"asset_id":43855937,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":163486388,"first_name":"Aufannuha","last_name":"Ihsani","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IhsaniAufannuha","display_name":"Aufannuha Ihsani","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IhsaniAufannuha?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/163486388/46651455/35981938/s65_aufannuha.ihsani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":7443,"name":"Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33002,"name":"Humanitarian Emergency Aid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Emergency_Aid?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":50003,"name":"Indonesian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesian_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":88513,"name":"Salafism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":244951,"name":"Demonstrations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demonstrations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":246533,"name":"Islam and Indonesian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Indonesian_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":251728,"name":"Pancasila","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pancasila?f_ri=33180"},{"id":397817,"name":"Islamist movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":582635,"name":"Nahdlatul Ulama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nahdlatul_Ulama?f_ri=33180"},{"id":582645,"name":"Muhammadiyah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muhammadiyah?f_ri=33180"},{"id":929021,"name":"Online Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Online_Social_Movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1188082,"name":"Hizbut Tahrir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hizbut_Tahrir?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1339712,"name":"Jokowi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jokowi?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42923692" data-work_id="42923692" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42923692/Brylov_D_2019_Ukrainian_Muslims_Between_Religion_and_Politics_in_Ukrainian_">Brylov, D. (2019). "Ukrainian Muslims Between Religion and Politics" [in Ukrainian]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The theme of politics and religion, its relationship and consequences, is perhaps one of the most popular topics in both public and scholarly discourse today. The factors that led to this state of affairs are not the subject o f my... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42923692" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The theme of politics and religion, its relationship and consequences, is perhaps one of the most popular topics in both public and scholarly discourse today. The factors that led to this state of affairs are not the subject o f my research, although they serve as a necessary context. Based on an analysis of official documents, interviews with leaders of the Ukrainian Ummah and their public statements and publications in the media, this article traces the evolving forms o f political activism among Muslims in Ukraine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42923692" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee3885b8b7212a0a0dc313357184612a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63175145,"asset_id":42923692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63175145/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2220705" href="https://krymskiy.academia.edu/DenysBrylov">Denys Brylov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2220705" type="text/json">{"id":2220705,"first_name":"Denys","last_name":"Brylov","domain_name":"krymskiy","page_name":"DenysBrylov","display_name":"Denys Brylov","profile_url":"https://krymskiy.academia.edu/DenysBrylov?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2220705/710296/882162/s65_denys.brylov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42923692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42923692"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42923692, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42923692", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42923692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42923692; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42923692"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42923692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42923692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42923692; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42923692]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42923692").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42923692").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42923692"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3472" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Anthropology">Political Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3472" type="text/json">{"id":3472,"name":"Political Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Anthropology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7419" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Europe">Islam in Europe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7419" type="text/json">{"id":7419,"name":"Islam in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Europe?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28457" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_movements_Anthropology_Of_Religion_">Islamic movements (Anthropology Of Religion)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28457" type="text/json">{"id":28457,"name":"Islamic movements (Anthropology Of Religion)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_movements_Anthropology_Of_Religion_?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42923692]'), work: {"id":42923692,"title":"Brylov, D. (2019). \"Ukrainian Muslims Between Religion and Politics\" [in Ukrainian]","created_at":"2020-05-02T12:49:01.425-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42923692/Brylov_D_2019_Ukrainian_Muslims_Between_Religion_and_Politics_in_Ukrainian_?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_42923692","summary":"The theme of politics and religion, its relationship and consequences, is perhaps one of the most popular topics in both public and scholarly discourse today. The factors that led to this state of affairs are not the subject o f my research, although they serve as a necessary context. Based on an analysis of official documents, interviews with leaders of the Ukrainian Ummah and their public statements and publications in the media, this article traces the evolving forms o f political activism among Muslims in Ukraine. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63175145,"asset_id":42923692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2220705,"first_name":"Denys","last_name":"Brylov","domain_name":"krymskiy","page_name":"DenysBrylov","display_name":"Denys Brylov","profile_url":"https://krymskiy.academia.edu/DenysBrylov?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2220705/710296/882162/s65_denys.brylov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3472,"name":"Political Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Anthropology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":7419,"name":"Islam in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Europe?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":28457,"name":"Islamic movements (Anthropology Of Religion)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_movements_Anthropology_Of_Religion_?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":138862,"name":"Islam and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60179130" data-work_id="60179130" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60179130/_Afghan_Women_Surviving_in_the_Land_of_Blue_Burqas_and_Spilled_Blood_Asia_Democracy_Research_Network_Year_Six_c">"Afghan Women: Surviving in the Land of Blue Burqas and Spilled Blood" Asia Democracy Research Network Year Six ⓒ</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Afghan women’s life expectancy increased, mortality during child decreased, and participation in social and political activities increased during the 20 year-long War on Terror as the rights of women were provided for during this time.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60179130" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Afghan women’s life expectancy increased, mortality during child decreased, and participation in social and political activities increased during the 20 year-long War on Terror as the rights of women were provided for during this time. However, despite the encouraging statistics, the idea that women are inferior and should not have the right to freedom remained within the country. Dr. Sanchita Bhattacharya, a Research Fellow at the Institute for Conflict Management, India points out that despite the absence of the Taliban, Afghan women still suffered due to male members of their family or tribe. Before the Taliban disbanded, violence against women was legalized in the country under the justification of preserving religion and the Taliban way of life. With the "come back” of the Taliban, the author states that violence against women will be normalized and it will be difficult to measure the degree of exploitation and harassment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60179130" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a4d4a696897a65f6e1e89f35dc4324f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73736046,"asset_id":60179130,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73736046/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1808468" href="https://satp.academia.edu/DrSanchitaBhattacharya">Sanchita Bhattacharya, Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1808468" type="text/json">{"id":1808468,"first_name":"Sanchita","last_name":"Bhattacharya, Ph.D.","domain_name":"satp","page_name":"DrSanchitaBhattacharya","display_name":"Sanchita Bhattacharya, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://satp.academia.edu/DrSanchitaBhattacharya?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1808468/617492/23082728/s65_dr._sanchita.bhattacharya.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60179130 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60179130"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60179130, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60179130", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_60179130 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60179130; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_60179130"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_60179130 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60179130"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60179130; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60179130]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_60179130").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_60179130").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="60179130"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="951" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities">Humanities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="951" type="text/json">{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences">Social Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237" type="text/json">{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=60179130]'), work: {"id":60179130,"title":"\"Afghan Women: Surviving in the Land of Blue Burqas and Spilled Blood\" Asia Democracy Research Network Year Six ⓒ","created_at":"2021-10-28T01:10:55.514-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/60179130/_Afghan_Women_Surviving_in_the_Land_of_Blue_Burqas_and_Spilled_Blood_Asia_Democracy_Research_Network_Year_Six_c?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_60179130","summary":"Afghan women’s life expectancy increased, mortality during child decreased, and participation in social and political activities increased during the 20 year-long War on Terror as the rights of women were provided for during this time. However, despite the encouraging statistics, the idea that women are inferior and should not have the right to freedom remained within the country. Dr. Sanchita Bhattacharya, a Research Fellow at the Institute for Conflict Management, India points out that despite the absence of the Taliban, Afghan women still suffered due to male members of their family or tribe. Before the Taliban disbanded, violence against women was legalized in the country under the justification of preserving religion and the Taliban way of life. With the \"come back” of the Taliban, the author states that violence against women will be normalized and it will be difficult to measure the degree of exploitation and harassment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73736046,"asset_id":60179130,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1808468,"first_name":"Sanchita","last_name":"Bhattacharya, Ph.D.","domain_name":"satp","page_name":"DrSanchitaBhattacharya","display_name":"Sanchita Bhattacharya, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://satp.academia.edu/DrSanchitaBhattacharya?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1808468/617492/23082728/s65_dr._sanchita.bhattacharya.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8882,"name":"Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11155,"name":"Women and Gender Issues in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Issues_in_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12471,"name":"Violence Against Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence_Against_Women?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":23930,"name":"Taliban","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taliban?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":51425,"name":"Conflictos Sociales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflictos_Sociales?f_ri=33180"},{"id":71829,"name":"Estudios sobre Violencia y Conflicto","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudios_sobre_Violencia_y_Conflicto?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4121989" data-work_id="4121989" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4121989/The_Need_to_Revive_Islamic_Philosophy">The Need to Revive Islamic Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4121989" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="713c12e81af0bb4032a3df986934319e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31638085,"asset_id":4121989,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31638085/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3388" href="https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan">Muqtedar Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3388" type="text/json">{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4121989 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4121989"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4121989, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4121989", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4121989 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4121989; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4121989"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4121989 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4121989"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4121989; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4121989]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4121989").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4121989").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4121989"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="540" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law">Islamic Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="540" type="text/json">{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="736" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics">Islamic Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="736" type="text/json">{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4121989]'), work: {"id":4121989,"title":"The Need to Revive Islamic Philosophy","created_at":"2013-07-28T11:44:35.533-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4121989/The_Need_to_Revive_Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_4121989","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31638085,"asset_id":4121989,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21923,"name":"Islamic Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Banking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":403575,"name":"Pendidikan Agama Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pendidikan_Agama_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223711,"name":"Contemporary Muslim society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Muslim_society?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69226313" data-work_id="69226313" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69226313/Significance_Islamic_Policies_and_Practices_towards_the_Refugees_and_Asylum_Seekers">Significance Islamic Policies and Practices towards the Refugees and Asylum Seekers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Displacement is a historical phenomenon, though it is more common nowadays. It further makes the displaced persons witness inhumane situations and extreme vulnerabilities before and after the forced movements. If one looks back to the era... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69226313" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Displacement is a historical phenomenon, though it is more common nowadays. It further makes the displaced persons witness inhumane situations and extreme vulnerabilities before and after the forced movements. If one looks back to the era of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the rebounded image will appear in front of humankind regarding the oversight of refugees. The article aims to unfold the strategies and policies taken to mitigate the refugee crises during the years of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It further discusses the present relevance of the policies developed in the light of the guidelines of the Quran.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69226313" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8527e321490006a7c0e38c93d88434a0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79402598,"asset_id":69226313,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79402598/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="131694202" href="https://chittagong.academia.edu/UmmeSayeda">Umme Sayeda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="131694202" type="text/json">{"id":131694202,"first_name":"Umme","last_name":"Sayeda","domain_name":"chittagong","page_name":"UmmeSayeda","display_name":"Umme Sayeda","profile_url":"https://chittagong.academia.edu/UmmeSayeda?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/131694202/39256292/92200260/s65_umme.sayeda.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69226313 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69226313"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69226313, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69226313", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69226313 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69226313; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69226313"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69226313 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69226313"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69226313; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69226313]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69226313").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69226313").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69226313"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45018" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization">Islamic History and Muslim Civilization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45018" type="text/json">{"id":45018,"name":"Islamic History and Muslim Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86671" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Integration">Refugee Integration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="86671" type="text/json">{"id":86671,"name":"Refugee Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Integration?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="255100" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asylum_and_refugees_studies_migration_and_integration">Asylum and refugees studies, migration and integration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="255100" type="text/json">{"id":255100,"name":"Asylum and refugees studies, migration and integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asylum_and_refugees_studies_migration_and_integration?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69226313]'), work: {"id":69226313,"title":"Significance Islamic Policies and Practices towards the Refugees and Asylum Seekers","created_at":"2022-01-23T00:19:56.401-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69226313/Significance_Islamic_Policies_and_Practices_towards_the_Refugees_and_Asylum_Seekers?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_69226313","summary":"Displacement is a historical phenomenon, though it is more common nowadays. It further makes the displaced persons witness inhumane situations and extreme vulnerabilities before and after the forced movements. If one looks back to the era of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the rebounded image will appear in front of humankind regarding the oversight of refugees. The article aims to unfold the strategies and policies taken to mitigate the refugee crises during the years of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It further discusses the present relevance of the policies developed in the light of the guidelines of the Quran.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79402598,"asset_id":69226313,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":131694202,"first_name":"Umme","last_name":"Sayeda","domain_name":"chittagong","page_name":"UmmeSayeda","display_name":"Umme Sayeda","profile_url":"https://chittagong.academia.edu/UmmeSayeda?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/131694202/39256292/92200260/s65_umme.sayeda.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":45018,"name":"Islamic History and Muslim Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":86671,"name":"Refugee Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Integration?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":255100,"name":"Asylum and refugees studies, migration and integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asylum_and_refugees_studies_migration_and_integration?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40143215" data-work_id="40143215" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40143215/DARI_ISLAM_POLITIK_KE_ACEHNOLOGI">DARI ISLAM POLITIK KE ACEHNOLOGI</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ABSTRAK Tulisan ini ingin mengulas biografi pemikiran seorang intelektual muda Aceh yaitu Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad. Pemilihan nama Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad (selanjutnya disebut KBA) dilakukan karena pertama, gagasan intelektualnya... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40143215" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ABSTRAK Tulisan ini ingin mengulas biografi pemikiran seorang intelektual muda Aceh yaitu Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad. Pemilihan nama Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad (selanjutnya disebut KBA) dilakukan karena pertama, gagasan intelektualnya yang berpengaruh di Aceh. Secara umum, mazhab Acehnologi yang dikembangkan dari wacana subaltern studies, telah menarik perhatian publik dan diperbincangkan secara nasional maupun internasional. Kedua, karena nama tersebut telah menjadi perhatian penulis sejak tahun 2013, dimana penulis kemudian banyak berinteraksi dengan KBA mengkoleksi hampir seluruh karya tulisnya, dan mempelajari pemikiran-pemikirannya. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah diskursus analisis, berupa analisa dan bedah terhadap karya dan pemikiran KBA. Dari studi pendahuluan, penulis mengetahui bahwa pada mulanya yakni sejak tahun 1996 KBA memilih konsentrasi Islam Politik perihal hubungan antara keislaman dan kebangsaan. Pada tahun 2015, KBA kemudian beralih pada studi kawasan khususnya studi Asia Tenggara meliputi studi pemikiran Islam, Jama'ah Tabligh dan Terorisme. Pada tahun 2009 bertepatan dengan saat ia kembali ke Aceh, KBA mengerucutkan kajian ke dalam studi keacehan, hingga melahirkan mazhab Acehnologi pada tahun 2011. Sejak saat itu, hingga selanjutnya, penulis mengasumsikan pemikiran KBA dalam kerangka Acehnologi. Bahkan ketika tahun 2017 KBA melibatkan diri dalam diskusi Masa Depan Dunia, Islam Nusantara dan Imajinasi Kebangsaan, penulis masih meletakkannya dalam kerangka Acehnologi. Artinya, ketiga tema terakhir tersebut dibedah oleh KBA melalui world-view Acehnologi.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40143215" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a26872ce00f538edc4f2c2a847c0342d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60360269,"asset_id":40143215,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60360269/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49602357" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CibroRamli">Ramli Cibro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49602357" type="text/json">{"id":49602357,"first_name":"Ramli","last_name":"Cibro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CibroRamli","display_name":"Ramli Cibro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CibroRamli?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49602357/13042917/17645459/s65_ramli.cibro.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40143215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40143215"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40143215, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40143215", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40143215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40143215; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40143215"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40143215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40143215"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40143215; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40143215]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40143215").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40143215").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40143215"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="993388" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acehnese_Studies">Acehnese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="993388" type="text/json">{"id":993388,"name":"Acehnese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acehnese_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1710141" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acehnologi">Acehnologi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1710141" type="text/json">{"id":1710141,"name":"Acehnologi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acehnologi?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40143215]'), work: {"id":40143215,"title":"DARI ISLAM POLITIK KE ACEHNOLOGI","created_at":"2019-08-21T20:36:50.526-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40143215/DARI_ISLAM_POLITIK_KE_ACEHNOLOGI?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_40143215","summary":"ABSTRAK Tulisan ini ingin mengulas biografi pemikiran seorang intelektual muda Aceh yaitu Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad. Pemilihan nama Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad (selanjutnya disebut KBA) dilakukan karena pertama, gagasan intelektualnya yang berpengaruh di Aceh. Secara umum, mazhab Acehnologi yang dikembangkan dari wacana subaltern studies, telah menarik perhatian publik dan diperbincangkan secara nasional maupun internasional. Kedua, karena nama tersebut telah menjadi perhatian penulis sejak tahun 2013, dimana penulis kemudian banyak berinteraksi dengan KBA mengkoleksi hampir seluruh karya tulisnya, dan mempelajari pemikiran-pemikirannya. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah diskursus analisis, berupa analisa dan bedah terhadap karya dan pemikiran KBA. Dari studi pendahuluan, penulis mengetahui bahwa pada mulanya yakni sejak tahun 1996 KBA memilih konsentrasi Islam Politik perihal hubungan antara keislaman dan kebangsaan. Pada tahun 2015, KBA kemudian beralih pada studi kawasan khususnya studi Asia Tenggara meliputi studi pemikiran Islam, Jama'ah Tabligh dan Terorisme. Pada tahun 2009 bertepatan dengan saat ia kembali ke Aceh, KBA mengerucutkan kajian ke dalam studi keacehan, hingga melahirkan mazhab Acehnologi pada tahun 2011. Sejak saat itu, hingga selanjutnya, penulis mengasumsikan pemikiran KBA dalam kerangka Acehnologi. Bahkan ketika tahun 2017 KBA melibatkan diri dalam diskusi Masa Depan Dunia, Islam Nusantara dan Imajinasi Kebangsaan, penulis masih meletakkannya dalam kerangka Acehnologi. Artinya, ketiga tema terakhir tersebut dibedah oleh KBA melalui world-view Acehnologi.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60360269,"asset_id":40143215,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49602357,"first_name":"Ramli","last_name":"Cibro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CibroRamli","display_name":"Ramli Cibro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CibroRamli?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49602357/13042917/17645459/s65_ramli.cibro.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":993388,"name":"Acehnese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acehnese_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1710141,"name":"Acehnologi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acehnologi?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31845097" data-work_id="31845097" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31845097/Recensie_Nicolas_Cheviron_en_Jean_Francois_Perouse_Erdogan_De_nieuwe_vader_van_Turkije_Prometheus_2016_in_Kleio_Historia_nr_5_2017_">Recensie Nicolas Cheviron en Jean Francois Perouse, Erdogan De nieuwe vader van Turkije (Prometheus 2016) in: Kleio-Historia, nr. 5. (2017)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31845097" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7c27e4c607452024e75051af1ff38ef2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52136965,"asset_id":31845097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52136965/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="481038" href="https://cuni.academia.edu/MarkBeumer">Mark Beumer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="481038" type="text/json">{"id":481038,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beumer","domain_name":"cuni","page_name":"MarkBeumer","display_name":"Mark Beumer","profile_url":"https://cuni.academia.edu/MarkBeumer?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/481038/162494/120914779/s65_mark.beumer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31845097 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31845097"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31845097, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31845097", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31845097 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31845097; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31845097"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31845097 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31845097"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31845097; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31845097]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31845097").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31845097").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31845097"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History">European History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="131" type="text/json">{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2603" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History">Middle East History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2603" type="text/json">{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31845097]'), work: {"id":31845097,"title":"Recensie Nicolas Cheviron en Jean Francois Perouse, Erdogan De nieuwe vader van Turkije (Prometheus 2016) in: Kleio-Historia, nr. 5. (2017)","created_at":"2017-03-13T08:13:19.291-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31845097/Recensie_Nicolas_Cheviron_en_Jean_Francois_Perouse_Erdogan_De_nieuwe_vader_van_Turkije_Prometheus_2016_in_Kleio_Historia_nr_5_2017_?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_31845097","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52136965,"asset_id":31845097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":481038,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beumer","domain_name":"cuni","page_name":"MarkBeumer","display_name":"Mark Beumer","profile_url":"https://cuni.academia.edu/MarkBeumer?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/481038/162494/120914779/s65_mark.beumer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10966,"name":"Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12029,"name":"Modern Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12809,"name":"Middle Eastern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14361,"name":"Turkey And Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey_And_Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14974,"name":"Islam in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18598,"name":"History of Turkey and Middle east","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Turkey_and_Middle_east?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19675,"name":"Modern Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":26754,"name":"History of Modern Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Modern_Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28723,"name":"Turkey in World Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey_in_World_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":38824,"name":"Modern European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_European_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180"},{"id":80616,"name":"Islamic radicalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_radicalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":315712,"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan?f_ri=33180"},{"id":356604,"name":"AKP, Tayyip Erdogan, Judith Butler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AKP_Tayyip_Erdogan_Judith_Butler?f_ri=33180"},{"id":446761,"name":"Mark Beumer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mark_Beumer?f_ri=33180"},{"id":469642,"name":"Jihadism and Radical Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihadism_and_Radical_Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":507124,"name":"Geschiedenis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geschiedenis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":665543,"name":"Turkije","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkije?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2001575,"name":"Kleio-Historia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kleio-Historia?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10114181" data-work_id="10114181" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10114181/Religious_Experience_in_the_Formation_of_the_Ummah_in_the_Philippines">Religious Experience in the Formation of the Ummah in the Philippines</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Religious experience is a dimension of human experience which deals with the interpretation of concrete events according to evaluative categories. This is rooted in the essence of religion itself whose task is to provide an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10114181" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Religious experience  is a dimension of human experience which deals with the interpretation of concrete events according to evaluative categories. This is rooted in the essence of religion itself whose task is to provide an explanation of nature comprehensible to an individual or a collectivity in terms of the meaning it provides. Thus, religious experience is distinguishable from scientific experience in that, while both depart from and interpret concrete events, their purposes vary. The former aims to reach a higher mystic state the attainment of which symbolically unites  the individual or the collectivity with the environment whereas the latter bifurcates the two by regarding mind and matter separate. <br />          The task of the following discussion is to elaborate on this religious perception. Accordingly, an effort shall be made to define the categories of knowledge and method in Islam, those in Philippine Islam in particular. In this regard, the nature of religious experience shall be explored and defined in the context of contemporary efforts by Filipino Muslims (or Moros) to search for a "national" identity and, in addition, the experience of the Ummah in Philippine history shall be traced. <br />          This discussion should particularly be surprising and  insightful to those who tend to regard Islam as rigid or unyielding particularly with regard to the commonly misused and misunderstood concept of jihad, which means also intellectual exertion, not simply physical. If one were to engage in a play in words and reversed the title of this piece to read "Secular Experience in the Formation of the United States Empire", and examine the role of force and violence -- including torture -- in this process from the beginning to this day, one might have a more somber view towards Islam.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10114181" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="701147044e4c8f13846850c63a0b47c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36232113,"asset_id":10114181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36232113/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2874182" href="https://sjcny.academia.edu/KennethBauzon">Kenneth Bauzon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2874182" type="text/json">{"id":2874182,"first_name":"Kenneth","last_name":"Bauzon","domain_name":"sjcny","page_name":"KennethBauzon","display_name":"Kenneth Bauzon","profile_url":"https://sjcny.academia.edu/KennethBauzon?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2874182/2135185/2506801/s65_kenneth.bauzon.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10114181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10114181"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10114181, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10114181", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10114181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10114181; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10114181"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10114181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10114181"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10114181; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10114181]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10114181").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10114181").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10114181"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="540" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law">Islamic Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="540" type="text/json">{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law">Comparative Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="546" type="text/json">{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10114181]'), work: {"id":10114181,"title":"Religious Experience in the Formation of the Ummah in the Philippines","created_at":"2015-01-11T12:01:06.226-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10114181/Religious_Experience_in_the_Formation_of_the_Ummah_in_the_Philippines?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_10114181","summary":" Religious experience is a dimension of human experience which deals with the interpretation of concrete events according to evaluative categories. This is rooted in the essence of religion itself whose task is to provide an explanation of nature comprehensible to an individual or a collectivity in terms of the meaning it provides. Thus, religious experience is distinguishable from scientific experience in that, while both depart from and interpret concrete events, their purposes vary. The former aims to reach a higher mystic state the attainment of which symbolically unites the individual or the collectivity with the environment whereas the latter bifurcates the two by regarding mind and matter separate. \n The task of the following discussion is to elaborate on this religious perception. Accordingly, an effort shall be made to define the categories of knowledge and method in Islam, those in Philippine Islam in particular. In this regard, the nature of religious experience shall be explored and defined in the context of contemporary efforts by Filipino Muslims (or Moros) to search for a \"national\" identity and, in addition, the experience of the Ummah in Philippine history shall be traced. \n This discussion should particularly be surprising and insightful to those who tend to regard Islam as rigid or unyielding particularly with regard to the commonly misused and misunderstood concept of jihad, which means also intellectual exertion, not simply physical. If one were to engage in a play in words and reversed the title of this piece to read \"Secular Experience in the Formation of the United States Empire\", and examine the role of force and violence -- including torture -- in this process from the beginning to this day, one might have a more somber view towards Islam. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36232113,"asset_id":10114181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2874182,"first_name":"Kenneth","last_name":"Bauzon","domain_name":"sjcny","page_name":"KennethBauzon","display_name":"Kenneth Bauzon","profile_url":"https://sjcny.academia.edu/KennethBauzon?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2874182/2135185/2506801/s65_kenneth.bauzon.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4979,"name":"Islamic Contemporary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Contemporary_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5035,"name":"Comparative \u0026 International Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_and_International_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6739,"name":"Medieval Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13099,"name":"Islam in the Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_the_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":250859,"name":"ii.\tPolitical Change in Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ii._Political_Change_in_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":259437,"name":"Regional Security in Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Security_in_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":407181,"name":"Southeast Asia Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia_Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":952327,"name":"Southeast Asian Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1032333,"name":"Education and Development In Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_Development_In_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1222787,"name":"Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_South_Asia_and_Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3891700" data-work_id="3891700" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3891700/Tuma%C4%8Denja_o_odnosu_islama_i_demokratije_dometi_arapskog_prole%C4%87a">Tumačenja o odnosu islama i demokratije: dometi arapskog proleća</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3891700" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29a7befdddbdb4b9a11d6dffcf4673c6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31516016,"asset_id":3891700,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31516016/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1028564" href="https://petkovska.academia.edu/NikolaLakic">Nikola Lakic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1028564" type="text/json">{"id":1028564,"first_name":"Nikola","last_name":"Lakic","domain_name":"petkovska","page_name":"NikolaLakic","display_name":"Nikola Lakic","profile_url":"https://petkovska.academia.edu/NikolaLakic?f_ri=33180","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3891700 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3891700"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3891700, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3891700", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3891700 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3891700; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3891700"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3891700 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3891700"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3891700; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3891700]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3891700").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3891700").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3891700"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2603" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History">Middle East History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2603" type="text/json">{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historicism">Historicism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5180" type="text/json">{"id":5180,"name":"Historicism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historicism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economies_of_Capitalism_Imperialism_Colonialism_Racism_and_Patriarchy">Political Economies of Capitalism, Imperialism/Colonialism, Racism, and Patriarchy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14426" type="text/json">{"id":14426,"name":"Political Economies of Capitalism, Imperialism/Colonialism, Racism, and Patriarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economies_of_Capitalism_Imperialism_Colonialism_Racism_and_Patriarchy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3891700]'), work: {"id":3891700,"title":"Tumačenja o odnosu islama i demokratije: dometi arapskog proleća","created_at":"2013-07-08T00:38:45.046-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3891700/Tuma%C4%8Denja_o_odnosu_islama_i_demokratije_dometi_arapskog_prole%C4%87a?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_3891700","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31516016,"asset_id":3891700,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1028564,"first_name":"Nikola","last_name":"Lakic","domain_name":"petkovska","page_name":"NikolaLakic","display_name":"Nikola Lakic","profile_url":"https://petkovska.academia.edu/NikolaLakic?f_ri=33180","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5180,"name":"Historicism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historicism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":14426,"name":"Political Economies of Capitalism, Imperialism/Colonialism, Racism, and Patriarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economies_of_Capitalism_Imperialism_Colonialism_Racism_and_Patriarchy?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19160,"name":"New Institutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Institutionalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30840,"name":"Security sector Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_sector_Reform?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180"},{"id":47698,"name":"Quranic Exegesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Exegesis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":136152,"name":"Rent Seeking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rent_Seeking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":169938,"name":"Arab Spring (Arab Revolts)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Arab_Revolts_?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20324420" data-work_id="20324420" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20324420/Rising_Political_Islam_and_Feminism_in_Turkey">Rising Political Islam and Feminism in Turkey</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20324420" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c397007dfb707852de1d46935c82b060" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41285066,"asset_id":20324420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41285066/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36285817" href="https://bahcesehir.academia.edu/EdizCitak">Ediz Citak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36285817" type="text/json">{"id":36285817,"first_name":"Ediz","last_name":"Citak","domain_name":"bahcesehir","page_name":"EdizCitak","display_name":"Ediz Citak","profile_url":"https://bahcesehir.academia.edu/EdizCitak?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36285817/10605966/11838300/s65_ediz.citak.jpg_oh_194f98424d08d913329f2ae348430f06_oe_56c8ae1a"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20324420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20324420"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20324420, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20324420", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20324420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20324420; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20324420"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20324420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20324420"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20324420; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20324420]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20324420").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20324420").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20324420"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism">Feminism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10453" type="text/json">{"id":10453,"name":"Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20324420]'), work: {"id":20324420,"title":"Rising Political Islam and Feminism in Turkey","created_at":"2016-01-17T03:55:25.656-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20324420/Rising_Political_Islam_and_Feminism_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_20324420","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41285066,"asset_id":20324420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36285817,"first_name":"Ediz","last_name":"Citak","domain_name":"bahcesehir","page_name":"EdizCitak","display_name":"Ediz Citak","profile_url":"https://bahcesehir.academia.edu/EdizCitak?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36285817/10605966/11838300/s65_ediz.citak.jpg_oh_194f98424d08d913329f2ae348430f06_oe_56c8ae1a"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10453,"name":"Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3236360" data-work_id="3236360" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3236360/Economics_in_Ennahdas_Tunisia_neoliberal_continuity_or_redistribution_liberal_individualism_or_nomocentric_communalism">Economics in Ennahda's Tunisia: neoliberal continuity or redistribution; liberal individualism or nomocentric communalism?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">First step in new project on economics in post-revolutionary Tunisia.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3236360" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ee1d4fe84559eb28ca9a8f5818aeb1b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31098024,"asset_id":3236360,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31098024/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3763" href="https://dickinson.academia.edu/EdWebb">Ed Webb</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3763" type="text/json">{"id":3763,"first_name":"Ed","last_name":"Webb","domain_name":"dickinson","page_name":"EdWebb","display_name":"Ed Webb","profile_url":"https://dickinson.academia.edu/EdWebb?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3763/1521/1601/s65_ed.webb.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3236360 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3236360"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3236360, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3236360", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3236360 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3236360; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3236360"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3236360 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3236360"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3236360; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3236360]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3236360").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3236360").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3236360"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75837" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tunisia">Tunisia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="75837" type="text/json">{"id":75837,"name":"Tunisia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tunisia?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3236360]'), work: {"id":3236360,"title":"Economics in Ennahda's Tunisia: neoliberal continuity or redistribution; liberal individualism or nomocentric communalism?","created_at":"2013-04-07T13:45:11.772-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3236360/Economics_in_Ennahdas_Tunisia_neoliberal_continuity_or_redistribution_liberal_individualism_or_nomocentric_communalism?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_3236360","summary":"First step in new project on economics in post-revolutionary Tunisia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31098024,"asset_id":3236360,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3763,"first_name":"Ed","last_name":"Webb","domain_name":"dickinson","page_name":"EdWebb","display_name":"Ed Webb","profile_url":"https://dickinson.academia.edu/EdWebb?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3763/1521/1601/s65_ed.webb.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":75837,"name":"Tunisia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tunisia?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49571796" data-work_id="49571796" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49571796/Introduction_of_Jihad_in_the_City_Militant_Islam_and_Contentious_Politics_in_Tripoli">Introduction of 'Jihad in the City: Militant Islam and Contentious Politics in Tripoli'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49571796" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb94c465660e4904291dbf31e9ca5d12" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67894707,"asset_id":49571796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67894707/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3147783" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/RaphaelLefevre">Raphael Lefevre</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3147783" type="text/json">{"id":3147783,"first_name":"Raphael","last_name":"Lefevre","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"RaphaelLefevre","display_name":"Raphael Lefevre","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/RaphaelLefevre?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3147783/1469373/48362397/s65_raphael.lefevre.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49571796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49571796"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49571796, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49571796", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49571796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49571796; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49571796"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49571796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49571796"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49571796; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49571796]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49571796").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49571796").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49571796"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2603" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History">Middle East History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2603" type="text/json">{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5686" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism">Political Violence and Terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5686" type="text/json">{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49571796]'), work: {"id":49571796,"title":"Introduction of 'Jihad in the City: Militant Islam and Contentious Politics in Tripoli'","created_at":"2021-07-06T07:11:59.352-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49571796/Introduction_of_Jihad_in_the_City_Militant_Islam_and_Contentious_Politics_in_Tripoli?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_49571796","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67894707,"asset_id":49571796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3147783,"first_name":"Raphael","last_name":"Lefevre","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"RaphaelLefevre","display_name":"Raphael Lefevre","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/RaphaelLefevre?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3147783/1469373/48362397/s65_raphael.lefevre.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":6507,"name":"Lebanese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanese_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6914,"name":"Syrian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10314,"name":"Social Movements (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements_Political_Science_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16742,"name":"Urban Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":397817,"name":"Islamist movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":469642,"name":"Jihadism and Radical Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihadism_and_Radical_Islamism?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42175888" data-work_id="42175888" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42175888/T%C3%BCrkiyede_%C4%B0slami_Muhafazakar_Modernle%C5%9Fme_ve_T%C3%BCketim_S%C3%BCreklilik_ve_De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fim">Türkiye'de İslami Muhafazakar Modernleşme ve Tüketim: Süreklilik ve Değişim</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42175888" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c1c03a0b9eb2ce97a2dbd987758f3f0a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62317514,"asset_id":42175888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62317514/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3208541" href="https://artvin.academia.edu/Kerem%C3%96zbey">Kerem Özbey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3208541" type="text/json">{"id":3208541,"first_name":"Kerem","last_name":"Özbey","domain_name":"artvin","page_name":"KeremÖzbey","display_name":"Kerem Özbey","profile_url":"https://artvin.academia.edu/Kerem%C3%96zbey?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3208541/1055125/152135463/s65_kerem._zbey.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42175888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42175888"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42175888, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42175888", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42175888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42175888; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42175888"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42175888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42175888"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42175888; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42175888]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42175888").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42175888").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42175888"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation">Conservation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2809" type="text/json">{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism">Conservatism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5890" type="text/json">{"id":5890,"name":"Conservatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6095" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption">Consumption</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6095" type="text/json">{"id":6095,"name":"Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6940" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption_Studies">Consumption Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6940" type="text/json">{"id":6940,"name":"Consumption Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42175888]'), work: {"id":42175888,"title":"Türkiye'de İslami Muhafazakar Modernleşme ve Tüketim: Süreklilik ve Değişim","created_at":"2020-03-09T06:27:24.205-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42175888/T%C3%BCrkiyede_%C4%B0slami_Muhafazakar_Modernle%C5%9Fme_ve_T%C3%BCketim_S%C3%BCreklilik_ve_De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fim?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_42175888","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62317514,"asset_id":42175888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3208541,"first_name":"Kerem","last_name":"Özbey","domain_name":"artvin","page_name":"KeremÖzbey","display_name":"Kerem Özbey","profile_url":"https://artvin.academia.edu/Kerem%C3%96zbey?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3208541/1055125/152135463/s65_kerem._zbey.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5890,"name":"Conservatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":6095,"name":"Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":6940,"name":"Consumption Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":7442,"name":"Conservatism (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism_Political_Science_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9538,"name":"Consumer Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Behavior?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13666,"name":"Consumer Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Culture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16830,"name":"Conservatism in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":24536,"name":"Consumer Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumer_Research?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":358584,"name":"Islamcılık","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamcilik?f_ri=33180"},{"id":409358,"name":"Tüketici Davranışları","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tuketici_Davranislari?f_ri=33180"},{"id":456208,"name":"Tüketim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T%C3%BCketim?f_ri=33180"},{"id":511009,"name":"Consumption Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption_Culture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":882366,"name":"Muhafazakarlık","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muhafazakarlik?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35132932" data-work_id="35132932" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35132932/Islam_pol%C3%ADtico_Enfoques_y_problemas_conceptuales_para_una_mejor_comprensi%C3%B3n_Political_Islam_Conceptual_approaches_and_issues_for_a_better_understanding">Islam político. Enfoques y problemas conceptuales para una mejor comprensión Political Islam. Conceptual approaches and issues for a better understanding</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Resumen Desde el último cuarto del siglo XX hizo irrupción en Medio Oriente primero, y en Occidente después, una nueva forma de participación política que legitimaba sus acciones y recusaba la de sus adversarios con el lenguaje del islam.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35132932" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Resumen Desde el último cuarto del siglo XX hizo irrupción en Medio Oriente primero, y en Occidente después, una nueva forma de participación política que legitimaba sus acciones y recusaba la de sus adversarios con el lenguaje del islam. Esta movilización, identificada aún en algunos círculos como formas de fundamentalismo o integrismo, o expresiones de fanatismo e irracionalidad, generó múltiples interpretaciones y explicaciones. En la actualidad, siguen surgiendo nuevas expresiones de este fenómeno, siendo el más reciente el conocido como Estado Islámico, que se relaciona no sólo con los conflictos geopolíticos del Medio Oriente, sino también con las contradicciones propias de las sociedades occidentales, sobre todo en Europa y los Estados Unidos. El presente artículo aborda las diferentes formas de concebir, explicar e interpretar al islam político, junto a sus implicancias conceptuales, epistemológicas y políticas. Es parte de una tesis más amplia que analiza particularmente la mirada del PTS sobre este fenómeno.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35132932" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d49ee0fe0e5fe58da08beacbd2ff7cf8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54994198,"asset_id":35132932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54994198/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4958007" href="https://independent.academia.edu/enriqueherszkowich">enrique herszkowich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4958007" type="text/json">{"id":4958007,"first_name":"enrique","last_name":"herszkowich","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"enriqueherszkowich","display_name":"enrique herszkowich","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/enriqueherszkowich?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4958007/21149980/20612865/s65_enrique.herszkowich.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35132932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35132932"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35132932, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35132932", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35132932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35132932; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35132932"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35132932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35132932"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35132932; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35132932]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35132932").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35132932").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35132932"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15866" type="text/json">{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35132932]'), work: {"id":35132932,"title":"Islam político. Enfoques y problemas conceptuales para una mejor comprensión Political Islam. Conceptual approaches and issues for a better understanding","created_at":"2017-11-13T05:20:04.627-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35132932/Islam_pol%C3%ADtico_Enfoques_y_problemas_conceptuales_para_una_mejor_comprensi%C3%B3n_Political_Islam_Conceptual_approaches_and_issues_for_a_better_understanding?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_35132932","summary":"Resumen Desde el último cuarto del siglo XX hizo irrupción en Medio Oriente primero, y en Occidente después, una nueva forma de participación política que legitimaba sus acciones y recusaba la de sus adversarios con el lenguaje del islam. Esta movilización, identificada aún en algunos círculos como formas de fundamentalismo o integrismo, o expresiones de fanatismo e irracionalidad, generó múltiples interpretaciones y explicaciones. En la actualidad, siguen surgiendo nuevas expresiones de este fenómeno, siendo el más reciente el conocido como Estado Islámico, que se relaciona no sólo con los conflictos geopolíticos del Medio Oriente, sino también con las contradicciones propias de las sociedades occidentales, sobre todo en Europa y los Estados Unidos. El presente artículo aborda las diferentes formas de concebir, explicar e interpretar al islam político, junto a sus implicancias conceptuales, epistemológicas y políticas. Es parte de una tesis más amplia que analiza particularmente la mirada del PTS sobre este fenómeno.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54994198,"asset_id":35132932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4958007,"first_name":"enrique","last_name":"herszkowich","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"enriqueherszkowich","display_name":"enrique herszkowich","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/enriqueherszkowich?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4958007/21149980/20612865/s65_enrique.herszkowich.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31307814" data-work_id="31307814" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31307814/EL_Juego_estrat%C3%A9gico_de_Los_Hermanos_MusuLmanes_en_La_Primavera_%C3%81rabe">EL Juego estratégico de Los Hermanos MusuLmanes en La Primavera Árabe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Doctor en Relaciones Internacionales resuMen: La primavera Árabe representó el escenario perfecto para que, después de décadas de ostra-cismo, los Hermanos Musulmanes recuperaran su actividad pública y se erigieran como clara alterna-tiva... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31307814" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Doctor en Relaciones Internacionales resuMen: La primavera Árabe representó el escenario perfecto para que, después de décadas de ostra-cismo, los Hermanos Musulmanes recuperaran su actividad pública y se erigieran como clara alterna-tiva de cambio. Si bien en el caso de Egipto, las circunstancias permitieron que la actividad política de la organización islamista situara a sus representantes en el poder hasta el golpe de estado militar, en el caso de Siria, el inicio de una cruenta guerra ha restado protagonismo a los integrantes de los Her-manos Musulmanes. No obstante, en ambos casos se observan elementos que indican un modo de actuación común destinado a cambiar de modo moderado, que en principio rechaza los planteamien-tos del islamismo yihadista, las estructuras sociales, políticas y económicas, y el deseo de avanzar hacia un nuevo sistema en el que el Islam regule todos los aspectos de la vida. ABstrACt: The Arab Spring meant the suitable scenario for the Muslim Brotherhood to recover its public activity after decades of ostracism. General circumstances in Egypt in 2011 favoured the Muslim Brotherhood representatives to achieve political control of the country until military coup d'etat. However, warlike atmosphere in Syria and the subsequent civil war have reduced the Muslim Brotherhood importance. Beyond the facts, in both cases it is possible to observe certain elements showing a similar way of action addressed to change social, political and economic structures from a moderate stance that rejects jihadist approaches. The common goal is move towards a new global system where Islam regulates all aspects of life.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31307814" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37c1a05905524f8eee8360b1644e61f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51701423,"asset_id":31307814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51701423/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1199194" href="https://uva-es.academia.edu/SergioCasta%C3%B1oRia%C3%B1o">Sergio Castaño Riaño</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1199194" type="text/json">{"id":1199194,"first_name":"Sergio","last_name":"Castaño Riaño","domain_name":"uva-es","page_name":"SergioCastañoRiaño","display_name":"Sergio Castaño Riaño","profile_url":"https://uva-es.academia.edu/SergioCasta%C3%B1oRia%C3%B1o?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1199194/430205/130630435/s65_sergio.casta_o_ria_o.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31307814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31307814"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31307814, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31307814", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31307814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31307814; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31307814"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31307814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31307814"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31307814; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31307814]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31307814").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31307814").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31307814"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="169938" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Arab_Revolts_">Arab Spring (Arab Revolts)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="169938" type="text/json">{"id":169938,"name":"Arab Spring (Arab Revolts)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Arab_Revolts_?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31307814]'), work: {"id":31307814,"title":"EL Juego estratégico de Los Hermanos MusuLmanes en La Primavera Árabe","created_at":"2017-02-08T09:02:49.506-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31307814/EL_Juego_estrat%C3%A9gico_de_Los_Hermanos_MusuLmanes_en_La_Primavera_%C3%81rabe?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_31307814","summary":"Doctor en Relaciones Internacionales resuMen: La primavera Árabe representó el escenario perfecto para que, después de décadas de ostra-cismo, los Hermanos Musulmanes recuperaran su actividad pública y se erigieran como clara alterna-tiva de cambio. Si bien en el caso de Egipto, las circunstancias permitieron que la actividad política de la organización islamista situara a sus representantes en el poder hasta el golpe de estado militar, en el caso de Siria, el inicio de una cruenta guerra ha restado protagonismo a los integrantes de los Her-manos Musulmanes. No obstante, en ambos casos se observan elementos que indican un modo de actuación común destinado a cambiar de modo moderado, que en principio rechaza los planteamien-tos del islamismo yihadista, las estructuras sociales, políticas y económicas, y el deseo de avanzar hacia un nuevo sistema en el que el Islam regule todos los aspectos de la vida. ABstrACt: The Arab Spring meant the suitable scenario for the Muslim Brotherhood to recover its public activity after decades of ostracism. General circumstances in Egypt in 2011 favoured the Muslim Brotherhood representatives to achieve political control of the country until military coup d'etat. However, warlike atmosphere in Syria and the subsequent civil war have reduced the Muslim Brotherhood importance. Beyond the facts, in both cases it is possible to observe certain elements showing a similar way of action addressed to change social, political and economic structures from a moderate stance that rejects jihadist approaches. The common goal is move towards a new global system where Islam regulates all aspects of life.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51701423,"asset_id":31307814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1199194,"first_name":"Sergio","last_name":"Castaño Riaño","domain_name":"uva-es","page_name":"SergioCastañoRiaño","display_name":"Sergio Castaño Riaño","profile_url":"https://uva-es.academia.edu/SergioCasta%C3%B1oRia%C3%B1o?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1199194/430205/130630435/s65_sergio.casta_o_ria_o.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":169938,"name":"Arab Spring (Arab Revolts)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Arab_Revolts_?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5617380" data-work_id="5617380" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5617380/The_PATRIOT_Act_Opening_Pandora_s_Box">The PATRIOT Act—Opening Pandora’s Box</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The PATRIOT Act</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5617380" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c9b62d22f25c01d14e1294b507958f7e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33237280,"asset_id":5617380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33237280/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5650308" href="https://liverpool.academia.edu/MarvinRowe">Marvin Rowe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5650308" type="text/json">{"id":5650308,"first_name":"Marvin","last_name":"Rowe","domain_name":"liverpool","page_name":"MarvinRowe","display_name":"Marvin Rowe","profile_url":"https://liverpool.academia.edu/MarvinRowe?f_ri=33180","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5617380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5617380"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5617380, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5617380", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5617380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5617380; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5617380"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5617380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5617380"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5617380; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5617380]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5617380").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5617380").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5617380"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">188</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature">American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10" type="text/json">{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration">Business Administration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="45" type="text/json">{"id":45,"name":"Business Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5617380]'), work: {"id":5617380,"title":"The PATRIOT Act—Opening Pandora’s Box","created_at":"2014-01-05T23:52:05.634-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5617380/The_PATRIOT_Act_Opening_Pandora_s_Box?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_5617380","summary":"The PATRIOT Act","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33237280,"asset_id":5617380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5650308,"first_name":"Marvin","last_name":"Rowe","domain_name":"liverpool","page_name":"MarvinRowe","display_name":"Marvin Rowe","profile_url":"https://liverpool.academia.edu/MarvinRowe?f_ri=33180","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":45,"name":"Business Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=33180"},{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=33180"},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=33180"},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":671,"name":"Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music?f_ri=33180"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=33180"},{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=33180"},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":933,"name":"New Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Media?f_ri=33180"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1060,"name":"Legal Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1306,"name":"European Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1454,"name":"Tax Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2095,"name":"Corporate Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2553,"name":"Social Networking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2709,"name":"Competition Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competition_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2864,"name":"U.S. history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._history?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2965,"name":"Sociology of Crime and Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3183,"name":"Landscape Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Architecture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3687,"name":"Family Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3688,"name":"Property Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3772,"name":"Legal History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3836,"name":"Maritime Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4134,"name":"Roman Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4296,"name":"Natural Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4566,"name":"First Amendment Law (USA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_Amendment_Law_USA_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4823,"name":"Critical Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Legal_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5248,"name":"Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5323,"name":"Islam and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5576,"name":"Terrorism (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_Anthropology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6014,"name":"Construction Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Construction_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6015,"name":"Arbitration Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arbitration_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6324,"name":"History of American Foreign Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_American_Foreign_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6739,"name":"Medieval Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8284,"name":"History of Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8285,"name":"History of international terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_international_terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8697,"name":"European Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8916,"name":"Islamic Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Art?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10318,"name":"British Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11155,"name":"Women and Gender Issues in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Issues_in_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11336,"name":"Cyber Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12281,"name":"Business Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13258,"name":"Marketing Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing_Research?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13972,"name":"Commercial Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commercial_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14015,"name":"American Presidentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Presidentialism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14084,"name":"Energy and Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_and_Environment?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14661,"name":"Armenian Diaspora in the USA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_USA?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14974,"name":"Islam in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15181,"name":"Anti-money laundering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-money_laundering?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15196,"name":"Private law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15318,"name":"Terrorism And The Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_And_The_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15419,"name":"Rule of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rule_of_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17965,"name":"Philosophy Of Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19527,"name":"Global Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":20224,"name":"EU Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":20715,"name":"Legal Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21923,"name":"Islamic Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Banking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21928,"name":"Islamic Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":27560,"name":"Company Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Company_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":29195,"name":"Use of Force \u0026 Counter-terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_Force_and_Counter-terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30457,"name":"George W Bush adminstration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W_Bush_adminstration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":31010,"name":"Presidential Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Presidential_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":32920,"name":"Tort Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tort_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33115,"name":"Conflict Resolution, Islam, Violence, Terrorism, Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution_Islam_Violence_Terrorism_Peace?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33174,"name":"Conflict of Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_of_Laws?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":41234,"name":"Administrative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administrative_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":41275,"name":"USA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA?f_ri=33180"},{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":51429,"name":"Public Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":54493,"name":"EU Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":55840,"name":"Business Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Management?f_ri=33180"},{"id":56742,"name":"Patriotism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patriotism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":61508,"name":"Terrorism, Religious Extremism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_Religious_Extremism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":68265,"name":"American Presidential Elections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Presidential_Elections?f_ri=33180"},{"id":73069,"name":"Legal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal?f_ri=33180"},{"id":76752,"name":"Suicide Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":78875,"name":"Counter-terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter-terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":79256,"name":"Theory of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":86622,"name":"US Foreign Policy, US-Russian relations, Geopolitics of South Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Foreign_Policy_US-Russian_relations_Geopolitics_of_South_Caucasus?f_ri=33180"},{"id":91469,"name":"Criminology, Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Terrorism, Human Rights, and the Death Penalty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Terrorism_Human_Rights_and_the_Death?f_ri=33180"},{"id":92542,"name":"Terrorism and Counter-terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counter-terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":95854,"name":"Critical Terrorism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Terrorism_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=33180"},{"id":99054,"name":"Islmic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islmic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":129741,"name":"Controversy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Controversy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":129936,"name":"Terrorist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorist_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":144092,"name":"Presidential rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Presidential_rhetoric?f_ri=33180"},{"id":162582,"name":"American Presidential History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Presidential_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":173843,"name":"USA History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":191169,"name":"Anti money laundering and Terrorist Financing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_money_laundering_and_Terrorist_Financing?f_ri=33180"},{"id":203695,"name":"Terrorist network analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorist_network_analysis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":215388,"name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W._Bush?f_ri=33180"},{"id":231167,"name":"George W. Bush Presidency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W._Bush_Presidency?f_ri=33180"},{"id":237417,"name":"Declaration of Unconstitutionality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Declaration_of_Unconstitutionality?f_ri=33180"},{"id":249643,"name":"Tyranny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tyranny?f_ri=33180"},{"id":258743,"name":"USA Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":295596,"name":"Presidential Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Presidential_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":309968,"name":"Soft Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":322141,"name":"Consitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consitutional_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":365731,"name":"False Flag Operations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/False_Flag_Operations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":403575,"name":"Pendidikan Agama Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pendidikan_Agama_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":454042,"name":"Terrorist Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorist_Organizations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":535176,"name":"Unconstitutional changes of Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconstitutional_changes_of_Government?f_ri=33180"},{"id":542128,"name":"PATRIOT ACT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PATRIOT_ACT?f_ri=33180"},{"id":542131,"name":"THE CONTROVERSY OVER THE USA PATRIOT ACT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/THE_CONTROVERSY_OVER_THE_USA_PATRIOT_ACT?f_ri=33180"},{"id":561713,"name":"Terrorist Radicalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorist_Radicalization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":591874,"name":"Terrorist","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorist?f_ri=33180"},{"id":620062,"name":"Aml and Fraud Detection in Bank Transactions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aml_and_Fraud_Detection_in_Bank_Transactions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":634974,"name":"Roman Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Archaeology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":709366,"name":"Bill of Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bill_of_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":717488,"name":"Cybercrime-Terrorusm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cybercrime-Terrorusm?f_ri=33180"},{"id":761870,"name":"Terrorism and Counterterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counterterrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":838136,"name":"The Great Controversy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Great_Controversy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":965590,"name":"Mindset of a Terrorist","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindset_of_a_Terrorist?f_ri=33180"},{"id":980575,"name":"President Bush","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/President_Bush?f_ri=33180"},{"id":996948,"name":"Terrorism and Anti Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Anti_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1000490,"name":"Unjust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unjust?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1133729,"name":"Unjust Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unjust_Laws?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1235844,"name":"Marvin Rowe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marvin_Rowe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1237973,"name":"United States Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1290678,"name":"USA Patriot Act","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA_Patriot_Act?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34784164" data-work_id="34784164" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34784164/Review_of_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Fabiani_Le_Guide_Th%C3%A9ologie_et_politique_en_Iran_depuis_1979">Review of Jérôme Fabiani, Le Guide. Théologie et politique en Iran depuis 1979</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Les Clés du Moyen-Orient (2017)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34784164" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b9397c0fa392ed247a8439becd0deea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64023637,"asset_id":34784164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64023637/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35398212" href="https://univ-lyon2.academia.edu/EnkiBAPTISTE">Enki Baptiste</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35398212" type="text/json">{"id":35398212,"first_name":"Enki","last_name":"Baptiste","domain_name":"univ-lyon2","page_name":"EnkiBAPTISTE","display_name":"Enki Baptiste","profile_url":"https://univ-lyon2.academia.edu/EnkiBAPTISTE?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35398212/10285378/71177814/s65_enki.baptiste.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34784164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34784164"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34784164, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34784164", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34784164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34784164; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34784164"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34784164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34784164"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34784164; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34784164]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34784164").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34784164").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34784164"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5218" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies">Iranian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5218" type="text/json">{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6117" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Iran">History of Iran</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6117" type="text/json">{"id":6117,"name":"History of Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Iran?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34784164]'), work: {"id":34784164,"title":"Review of Jérôme Fabiani, Le Guide. Théologie et politique en Iran depuis 1979","created_at":"2017-10-06T10:35:34.173-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34784164/Review_of_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Fabiani_Le_Guide_Th%C3%A9ologie_et_politique_en_Iran_depuis_1979?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_34784164","summary":"Les Clés du Moyen-Orient (2017)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64023637,"asset_id":34784164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35398212,"first_name":"Enki","last_name":"Baptiste","domain_name":"univ-lyon2","page_name":"EnkiBAPTISTE","display_name":"Enki Baptiste","profile_url":"https://univ-lyon2.academia.edu/EnkiBAPTISTE?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35398212/10285378/71177814/s65_enki.baptiste.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":6117,"name":"History of Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Iran?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":12809,"name":"Middle Eastern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":143447,"name":"Shiism, Shiite Islam, Shii Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shiism_Shiite_Islam_Shii_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":476900,"name":"Iran and Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iran_and_Middle_East?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33662274" data-work_id="33662274" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33662274/ISLAM_AND_ISLAMISM_AFTER_ORIENTALISM">ISLAM AND ISLAMISM AFTER ORIENTALISM</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">My point of departure is Edward Said’s brilliant masterpiece ‘Orientalism’ (Said, 2003). I will summarise, although precisely, Said’s critique of Orientalism and will focus on the consequences of his conclusions about the fate of Islam... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33662274" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">My point of departure is Edward Said’s brilliant masterpiece ‘Orientalism’ (Said, 2003). I will summarise, although precisely, Said’s critique of Orientalism and will focus on the consequences of his conclusions about the fate of Islam after Orientalism that have compelled me to re-tell the story of Islam and Muslim subjectivity in a different manner. I will map the important anti-orientalist attempts influenced by Said’s work, in terms of conceptual schemas by picking up one or two representative figures that represent a particular conceptual scheme, and will then go on to offer an alternative narrative. I will try to show how Islam as Master<br />Signifier' (Sayyid, 1997) retroactively constitutes subjectivity, through political action of Islamists. The account will end by looking at the link between Islam and Islamism by employing the categories of ‘Availability’ and ‘Reliability’ developed by Laclau (1990).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33662274" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b0bc0b98fc2bb79a8c6b4c43ba09f58" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":91981296,"asset_id":33662274,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91981296/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37620275" href="https://mah.academia.edu/SheikhJamalAbdulNasir">Sheikh Jamal Abdul Nasir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37620275" type="text/json">{"id":37620275,"first_name":"Sheikh Jamal","last_name":"Abdul Nasir","domain_name":"mah","page_name":"SheikhJamalAbdulNasir","display_name":"Sheikh Jamal Abdul Nasir","profile_url":"https://mah.academia.edu/SheikhJamalAbdulNasir?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37620275/17173073/17316382/s65_sheikh_jamal.abdul_nasir.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33662274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33662274"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33662274, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33662274", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33662274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33662274; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33662274"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33662274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33662274"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33662274; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33662274]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33662274").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33662274").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33662274"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13995" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Theory">Postcolonial Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13995" type="text/json">{"id":13995,"name":"Postcolonial Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15482" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structuralism_Post-Structuralism">Structuralism/Post-Structuralism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15482" type="text/json">{"id":15482,"name":"Structuralism/Post-Structuralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structuralism_Post-Structuralism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25025" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Extremism">Religious Extremism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25025" type="text/json">{"id":25025,"name":"Religious Extremism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Extremism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33662274]'), work: {"id":33662274,"title":"ISLAM AND ISLAMISM AFTER ORIENTALISM","created_at":"2017-06-26T11:20:58.095-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33662274/ISLAM_AND_ISLAMISM_AFTER_ORIENTALISM?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_33662274","summary":"My point of departure is Edward Said’s brilliant masterpiece ‘Orientalism’ (Said, 2003). I will summarise, although precisely, Said’s critique of Orientalism and will focus on the consequences of his conclusions about the fate of Islam after Orientalism that have compelled me to re-tell the story of Islam and Muslim subjectivity in a different manner. I will map the important anti-orientalist attempts influenced by Said’s work, in terms of conceptual schemas by picking up one or two representative figures that represent a particular conceptual scheme, and will then go on to offer an alternative narrative. I will try to show how Islam as Master\nSignifier' (Sayyid, 1997) retroactively constitutes subjectivity, through political action of Islamists. The account will end by looking at the link between Islam and Islamism by employing the categories of ‘Availability’ and ‘Reliability’ developed by Laclau (1990).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":91981296,"asset_id":33662274,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37620275,"first_name":"Sheikh Jamal","last_name":"Abdul Nasir","domain_name":"mah","page_name":"SheikhJamalAbdulNasir","display_name":"Sheikh Jamal Abdul Nasir","profile_url":"https://mah.academia.edu/SheikhJamalAbdulNasir?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37620275/17173073/17316382/s65_sheikh_jamal.abdul_nasir.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13995,"name":"Postcolonial Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Theory?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":15482,"name":"Structuralism/Post-Structuralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structuralism_Post-Structuralism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":25025,"name":"Religious Extremism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Extremism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":53233,"name":"Post-modernism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-modernism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":54312,"name":"Islam and Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Democracy?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20318762" data-work_id="20318762" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20318762/Social_Capital_Islam_and_the_Arab_Spring_in_the_Middle_East">Social Capital, Islam, and the Arab Spring in the Middle East</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20318762" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1920ed963a76dd2a041e7ce55953905a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41278570,"asset_id":20318762,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41278570/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41592542" href="https://umassd.academia.edu/DilshodAchilov">Dilshod Achilov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41592542" type="text/json">{"id":41592542,"first_name":"Dilshod","last_name":"Achilov","domain_name":"umassd","page_name":"DilshodAchilov","display_name":"Dilshod Achilov","profile_url":"https://umassd.academia.edu/DilshodAchilov?f_ri=33180","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20318762 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20318762"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20318762, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20318762", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20318762 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20318762; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20318762"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20318762 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20318762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20318762; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20318762]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20318762").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20318762").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20318762"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="796" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics">Comparative Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="796" type="text/json">{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3059" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics">Religion and Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3059" type="text/json">{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43520" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East">Middle East</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43520" type="text/json">{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20318762]'), work: {"id":20318762,"title":"Social Capital, Islam, and the Arab Spring in the Middle East","created_at":"2016-01-16T18:53:43.550-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20318762/Social_Capital_Islam_and_the_Arab_Spring_in_the_Middle_East?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_20318762","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41278570,"asset_id":20318762,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41592542,"first_name":"Dilshod","last_name":"Achilov","domain_name":"umassd","page_name":"DilshodAchilov","display_name":"Dilshod Achilov","profile_url":"https://umassd.academia.edu/DilshodAchilov?f_ri=33180","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":70659,"name":"Contentious Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contentious_Politics?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45654122" data-work_id="45654122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45654122/_Islam_and_Islamism_A3_">"Islam and Islamism" (A3)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper explores the difference between Islamism and Islam, and the manner in which the former evolved from the latter. It argues that the flouting of a key principle, as well as the craving to use Islam to achieve political aims, were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45654122" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper explores the difference between Islamism and Islam, and the manner in which the former evolved from the latter. It argues that the flouting of a key principle, as well as the craving to use Islam to achieve political aims, were instrumental in the transmutation of Islam into Islamism. Restoring Islam will require its de-politicization as well as a restructuring of exegesis. (3 pages)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45654122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0b026f4e36cd11244ac811a5cbc50224" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66773768,"asset_id":45654122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66773768/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2644808" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy">Leslie Terebessy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2644808" type="text/json">{"id":2644808,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Terebessy","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"LeslieTerebessy","display_name":"Leslie Terebessy","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2644808/842515/35075059/s65_leslie.terebessy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45654122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45654122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45654122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45654122", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45654122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45654122; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45654122"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45654122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45654122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45654122; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45654122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45654122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45654122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45654122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45654122]'), work: {"id":45654122,"title":"\"Islam and Islamism\" (A3)","created_at":"2021-03-31T16:23:29.956-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45654122/_Islam_and_Islamism_A3_?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_45654122","summary":"This paper explores the difference between Islamism and Islam, and the manner in which the former evolved from the latter. It argues that the flouting of a key principle, as well as the craving to use Islam to achieve political aims, were instrumental in the transmutation of Islam into Islamism. Restoring Islam will require its de-politicization as well as a restructuring of exegesis. (3 pages)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66773768,"asset_id":45654122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2644808,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Terebessy","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"LeslieTerebessy","display_name":"Leslie Terebessy","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2644808/842515/35075059/s65_leslie.terebessy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":27669,"name":"Quran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":61201,"name":"Qur'anic Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Hermeneutics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223710,"name":"Muslim philosophy and thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_philosophy_and_thought?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37604684" data-work_id="37604684" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37604684/Political_Islam_in_Turkey">Political Islam in Turkey</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this interview, Gülay Türkmen discusses the trajectory of political Islam in Turkey with Hayri Kırbaşoğlu, professor of theology at Ankara University's Divinity School. One of the main figures of the " Ankara school " in theology,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37604684" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this interview, Gülay Türkmen discusses the trajectory of political Islam in Turkey with Hayri Kırbaşoğlu, professor of theology at Ankara University's Divinity School. One of the main figures of the " Ankara school " in theology, known for their liberal interpretation of Islam, Kırbaşoğlu was among the founders of HAS Parti (The People's Voice Party), a religiously oriented party that was later coopted by the ruling Justice and Government Party (AKP). Coming from an Islamic background, he remains staunchly critical of the dominant interpretation and implementation of Islam in today's Turkey. In what follows, Kırbaşoğlu provides a detailed look at " Islam's crisis", both in Turkey and in the world, and offers ways out of it. (Pp. 93-106 in Authoritarianism and Resistance in Turkey: Conversations on Democratic and Social Challenges, edited by Esra Ozyurek, Emrah Altindis, Gaye Ozpinar. Switzerland: Springer International.)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37604684" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d42dd14aff6c6fe33fdb0477d208059" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57586581,"asset_id":37604684,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57586581/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="583955" href="https://wzb.academia.edu/G%C3%BClayT%C3%BCrkmen">Gülay Türkmen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="583955" type="text/json">{"id":583955,"first_name":"Gülay","last_name":"Türkmen","domain_name":"wzb","page_name":"GülayTürkmen","display_name":"Gülay Türkmen","profile_url":"https://wzb.academia.edu/G%C3%BClayT%C3%BCrkmen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/583955/206964/23858544/s65_g_lay.t_rkmen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37604684 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37604684"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37604684, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37604684", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37604684 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37604684; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37604684"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37604684 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37604684"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37604684; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37604684]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37604684").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37604684").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37604684"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8700" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies">Turkish and Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8700" type="text/json">{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16171" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought">Islamic Political Thought</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16171" type="text/json">{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24585" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam_in_Turkey">Political Islam in Turkey</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24585" type="text/json">{"id":24585,"name":"Political Islam in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37604684]'), work: {"id":37604684,"title":"Political Islam in Turkey","created_at":"2018-10-18T02:00:24.283-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37604684/Political_Islam_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_37604684","summary":"In this interview, Gülay Türkmen discusses the trajectory of political Islam in Turkey with Hayri Kırbaşoğlu, professor of theology at Ankara University's Divinity School. One of the main figures of the \" Ankara school \" in theology, known for their liberal interpretation of Islam, Kırbaşoğlu was among the founders of HAS Parti (The People's Voice Party), a religiously oriented party that was later coopted by the ruling Justice and Government Party (AKP). Coming from an Islamic background, he remains staunchly critical of the dominant interpretation and implementation of Islam in today's Turkey. In what follows, Kırbaşoğlu provides a detailed look at \" Islam's crisis\", both in Turkey and in the world, and offers ways out of it. (Pp. 93-106 in Authoritarianism and Resistance in Turkey: Conversations on Democratic and Social Challenges, edited by Esra Ozyurek, Emrah Altindis, Gaye Ozpinar. Switzerland: Springer International.)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57586581,"asset_id":37604684,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":583955,"first_name":"Gülay","last_name":"Türkmen","domain_name":"wzb","page_name":"GülayTürkmen","display_name":"Gülay Türkmen","profile_url":"https://wzb.academia.edu/G%C3%BClayT%C3%BCrkmen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/583955/206964/23858544/s65_g_lay.t_rkmen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":24585,"name":"Political Islam in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":41592,"name":"Turkish politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_politics-1?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223711,"name":"Contemporary Muslim society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Muslim_society?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34327978" data-work_id="34327978" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34327978/Rise_And_Alleged_Fall_Of_Islamism_The_Case_of_Ennahda_Movement_Party">Rise And Alleged Fall Of Islamism The Case of Ennahda Movement Party</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">At its tenth national congress, Ennahda Movement Party declared that it will separate politics from preaching and transform itself into a national democratic party. This decision was perceived as an indication of the downfall of Islamism.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34327978" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">At its tenth national congress, Ennahda Movement Party declared that it will separate politics from preaching and transform itself into a national democratic party. This decision was perceived as an indication of the downfall of Islamism. However, tracing the ideological and organizational evolution of the Tunisian Islamist movement shows that it is highly dynamic and adaptable. Therefore, the latest developments should be perceived as a new metamorphosis of Islamism and an organizational remodeling of its movement in response to the opportunities and challenges it has faced since the Arab Spring.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34327978" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fdcf946c9902f10c452bcd2bc5c6b138" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54224853,"asset_id":34327978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54224853/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33216714" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/AffanM">Mohammad Affan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33216714" type="text/json">{"id":33216714,"first_name":"Mohammad","last_name":"Affan","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"AffanM","display_name":"Mohammad Affan","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/AffanM?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33216714/9850961/124058697/s65_mohammad.affan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34327978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34327978"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34327978, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34327978", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34327978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34327978; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34327978"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34327978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34327978"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34327978; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34327978]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34327978").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34327978").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34327978"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25399" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism">Islamism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25399" type="text/json">{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40114" type="text/json">{"id":40114,"name":"Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Brotherhood?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45019" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam">Islamic Movements and Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="45019" type="text/json">{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34327978]'), work: {"id":34327978,"title":"Rise And Alleged Fall Of Islamism The Case of Ennahda Movement Party","created_at":"2017-08-23T11:48:30.630-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34327978/Rise_And_Alleged_Fall_Of_Islamism_The_Case_of_Ennahda_Movement_Party?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_34327978","summary":"At its tenth national congress, Ennahda Movement Party declared that it will separate politics from preaching and transform itself into a national democratic party. This decision was perceived as an indication of the downfall of Islamism. However, tracing the ideological and organizational evolution of the Tunisian Islamist movement shows that it is highly dynamic and adaptable. Therefore, the latest developments should be perceived as a new metamorphosis of Islamism and an organizational remodeling of its movement in response to the opportunities and challenges it has faced since the Arab Spring.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54224853,"asset_id":34327978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33216714,"first_name":"Mohammad","last_name":"Affan","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"AffanM","display_name":"Mohammad Affan","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/AffanM?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33216714/9850961/124058697/s65_mohammad.affan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":40114,"name":"Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Brotherhood?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2177493" data-work_id="2177493" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2177493/El_avance_del_islam_pol%C3%ADtico_%C3%A1rabe_en_Europa_y_su_impacto_en_los_procesos_de_democratizaci%C3%B3n">El avance del islam político árabe en Europa y su impacto en los procesos de democratización</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The absent of a hierarchical structure within Islam and the heterogeneity that characterizes Muslim community located in the EU, gave the opportunity to the most important international Islamic trends to appear as major players in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2177493" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The absent of a hierarchical structure within Islam and the heterogeneity that characterizes Muslim community located in the EU, gave the opportunity to the most important international Islamic trends to appear as major players in the institutionalization processes developed in Europe. Among those, we have to emphasize the role adopted by the groups close to the ideological current of political Islam, and specially by those linked to the informal network of Muslim Brotherhood whose constant activity allowed them establish supranational structures which in recent years have showed a pragmatic discourse committed with democratic values. As consequence of this position, the political Islam formations have reached an important institutional acknowledgment. In the other hand, we must highlight that together with the presence of Islamic groups in Europe focused in the strengthen of European Islam, we observe the existence of Arab political forces that, due to the restrictions found in their own countries, saw in the EU the appropriate place to extend their ideology and to design the democratic discourse that permitted them appear as a political force to the international community and to the local population. So, during these years they have been working abroad with the aim of delegitimize the totalitarian regimes and emerge as the most important democratic alternative, leaving their print in the democratization process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2177493" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="704d92c8408afa934c1ce184d3cd2a8e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30230402,"asset_id":2177493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30230402/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1199194" href="https://uva-es.academia.edu/SergioCasta%C3%B1oRia%C3%B1o">Sergio Castaño Riaño</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1199194" type="text/json">{"id":1199194,"first_name":"Sergio","last_name":"Castaño Riaño","domain_name":"uva-es","page_name":"SergioCastañoRiaño","display_name":"Sergio Castaño Riaño","profile_url":"https://uva-es.academia.edu/SergioCasta%C3%B1oRia%C3%B1o?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1199194/430205/130630435/s65_sergio.casta_o_ria_o.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2177493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2177493"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2177493, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2177493", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2177493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2177493; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2177493"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2177493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2177493"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2177493; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2177493]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2177493").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2177493").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2177493"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7419" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Europe">Islam in Europe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7419" type="text/json">{"id":7419,"name":"Islam in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Europe?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2177493]'), work: {"id":2177493,"title":"El avance del islam político árabe en Europa y su impacto en los procesos de democratización","created_at":"2012-11-21T18:08:22.585-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2177493/El_avance_del_islam_pol%C3%ADtico_%C3%A1rabe_en_Europa_y_su_impacto_en_los_procesos_de_democratizaci%C3%B3n?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_2177493","summary":"The absent of a hierarchical structure within Islam and the heterogeneity that characterizes Muslim community located in the EU, gave the opportunity to the most important international Islamic trends to appear as major players in the institutionalization processes developed in Europe. Among those, we have to emphasize the role adopted by the groups close to the ideological current of political Islam, and specially by those linked to the informal network of Muslim Brotherhood whose constant activity allowed them establish supranational structures which in recent years have showed a pragmatic discourse committed with democratic values. As consequence of this position, the political Islam formations have reached an important institutional acknowledgment. In the other hand, we must highlight that together with the presence of Islamic groups in Europe focused in the strengthen of European Islam, we observe the existence of Arab political forces that, due to the restrictions found in their own countries, saw in the EU the appropriate place to extend their ideology and to design the democratic discourse that permitted them appear as a political force to the international community and to the local population. So, during these years they have been working abroad with the aim of delegitimize the totalitarian regimes and emerge as the most important democratic alternative, leaving their print in the democratization process. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30230402,"asset_id":2177493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1199194,"first_name":"Sergio","last_name":"Castaño Riaño","domain_name":"uva-es","page_name":"SergioCastañoRiaño","display_name":"Sergio Castaño Riaño","profile_url":"https://uva-es.academia.edu/SergioCasta%C3%B1oRia%C3%B1o?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1199194/430205/130630435/s65_sergio.casta_o_ria_o.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7419,"name":"Islam in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Europe?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34787413" data-work_id="34787413" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34787413/Al_Shabab_in_Somalia_The_Resilience_of_Al_Qaeda_s_East_African_Affiliate">Al-Shabab in Somalia: The Resilience of Al-Qaeda’s East African Affiliate</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34787413" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f600bdbeb2b5ebe749bae5756b55807e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54646323,"asset_id":34787413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54646323/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4258" href="https://usmcu.academia.edu/ChristopherAnzalone">Christopher Anzalone</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4258" type="text/json">{"id":4258,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Anzalone","domain_name":"usmcu","page_name":"ChristopherAnzalone","display_name":"Christopher Anzalone","profile_url":"https://usmcu.academia.edu/ChristopherAnzalone?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4258/1691/35479242/s65_christopher.anzalone.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34787413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34787413"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34787413, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34787413", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34787413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34787413; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34787413"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34787413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34787413"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34787413; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34787413]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34787413").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34787413").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34787413"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">59</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1720" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism">International Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1720" type="text/json">{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34787413]'), work: {"id":34787413,"title":"Al-Shabab in Somalia: The Resilience of Al-Qaeda’s East African Affiliate","created_at":"2017-10-06T21:36:23.319-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34787413/Al_Shabab_in_Somalia_The_Resilience_of_Al_Qaeda_s_East_African_Affiliate?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_34787413","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54646323,"asset_id":34787413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4258,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Anzalone","domain_name":"usmcu","page_name":"ChristopherAnzalone","display_name":"Christopher Anzalone","profile_url":"https://usmcu.academia.edu/ChristopherAnzalone?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4258/1691/35479242/s65_christopher.anzalone.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4979,"name":"Islamic Contemporary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Contemporary_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7980,"name":"History of Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Violence?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8284,"name":"History of Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8827,"name":"East Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11336,"name":"Cyber Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12809,"name":"Middle Eastern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14045,"name":"African Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14060,"name":"Security isses in Horn of Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_isses_in_Horn_of_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18892,"name":"Kenya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kenya?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21360,"name":"Somalia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somalia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=33180"},{"id":32571,"name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horn_of_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45146,"name":"Insurgency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency?f_ri=33180"},{"id":58717,"name":"Rebellion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebellion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":75977,"name":"Al Qaeda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Qaeda?f_ri=33180"},{"id":80195,"name":"Salafi-jihadist groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafi-jihadist_groups?f_ri=33180"},{"id":89401,"name":"Jihad, War, and Peace in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihad_War_and_Peace_in_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":92542,"name":"Terrorism and Counter-terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counter-terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":95854,"name":"Critical Terrorism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Terrorism_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":105458,"name":"al-Qa’ida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Qa_ida?f_ri=33180"},{"id":110283,"name":"Horn of Africa Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horn_of_Africa_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":125423,"name":"Jihadism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihadism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":131165,"name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Qaeda?f_ri=33180"},{"id":149472,"name":"East African Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_African_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":169060,"name":"Salafi-Jihadi Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafi-Jihadi_Ideology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":179270,"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence?f_ri=33180"},{"id":284416,"name":"Al-Shabab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al-Shabab?f_ri=33180"},{"id":337953,"name":"CONFLICT IN SOMALIA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CONFLICT_IN_SOMALIA?f_ri=33180"},{"id":341804,"name":"Al-Shabaab: History and Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al-Shabaab_History_and_Ideology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":353591,"name":"Al Shabaab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Shabaab?f_ri=33180"},{"id":469642,"name":"Jihadism and Radical Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihadism_and_Radical_Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":534284,"name":"Jihadist Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihadist_Networks?f_ri=33180"},{"id":597977,"name":"Religion and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":761870,"name":"Terrorism and Counterterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counterterrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":835103,"name":"Religius and Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religius_and_Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":960598,"name":"Religious and Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_and_Political_Violence?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1002993,"name":"Islamic Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1002996,"name":"The Quran and Violent Jihad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Quran_and_Violent_Jihad?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1699467,"name":"Influence of AL-Shabaab on Kenyan Coast","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Influence_of_AL-Shabaab_on_Kenyan_Coast?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2177626,"name":"Rebel Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rebel_Governance?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43288198" data-work_id="43288198" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43288198/Politischer_Islam_Eine_historisch_aktuelle_Betrachtung_eines_Nicht_Begriffes">Politischer Islam: Eine historisch aktuelle Betrachtung eines Nicht-Begriffes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43288198" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="09adce9a0cd355f9ac79a713890bc0f8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63564493,"asset_id":43288198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63564493/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="125425" href="https://univie.academia.edu/R%C3%BCdigerLohlker">Rüdiger Lohlker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="125425" type="text/json">{"id":125425,"first_name":"Rüdiger","last_name":"Lohlker","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"RüdigerLohlker","display_name":"Rüdiger Lohlker","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/R%C3%BCdigerLohlker?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/125425/33507/1273045/s65_r_diger.lohlker.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43288198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43288198"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43288198, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43288198", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43288198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43288198; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43288198"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43288198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43288198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43288198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43288198]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43288198").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43288198").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43288198"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3287311" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politischer_Islam">Politischer Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3287311" type="text/json">{"id":3287311,"name":"Politischer Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politischer_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43288198]'), work: {"id":43288198,"title":"Politischer Islam: Eine historisch aktuelle Betrachtung eines Nicht-Begriffes","created_at":"2020-06-08T07:49:38.344-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43288198/Politischer_Islam_Eine_historisch_aktuelle_Betrachtung_eines_Nicht_Begriffes?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_43288198","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63564493,"asset_id":43288198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":125425,"first_name":"Rüdiger","last_name":"Lohlker","domain_name":"univie","page_name":"RüdigerLohlker","display_name":"Rüdiger Lohlker","profile_url":"https://univie.academia.edu/R%C3%BCdigerLohlker?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/125425/33507/1273045/s65_r_diger.lohlker.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":3287311,"name":"Politischer Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politischer_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42844683" data-work_id="42844683" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42844683/Persaingan_Ideologi_Parti_Islam_Se_Malaysia_PAS_and_Parti_Amanah_Negara_AMANAH_Dalam_Politik_and_Pilihan_Raya">Persaingan Ideologi Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) & Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH): Dalam Politik & Pilihan Raya</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research make comparison between two Islamic party in Malaysia; Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH). The author argues these two political party had different Islamic ideology, which then create different... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42844683" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research make comparison between two Islamic party in Malaysia; Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH). The author argues these two political party had different Islamic ideology, which then create different understanding on how Islam should be implemented in Malaysia. PAS and AMANAH then compete to gain voters support and power during Malaysia 14th Grand Election. Surprisingly, both Islamic parties did a significant gain in the electoral. Kindly contact the authors or publisher to get full version.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42844683" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="25a11884205e990cef7ee624ce5f7896" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63080383,"asset_id":42844683,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63080383/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30889377" href="https://uthm.academia.edu/MuhamadHelmySabtu">Muhamad Helmy Sabtu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30889377" type="text/json">{"id":30889377,"first_name":"Muhamad Helmy","last_name":"Sabtu","domain_name":"uthm","page_name":"MuhamadHelmySabtu","display_name":"Muhamad Helmy Sabtu","profile_url":"https://uthm.academia.edu/MuhamadHelmySabtu?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30889377/9030683/19104748/s65_muhamad_helmy.sabtu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42844683 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42844683"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42844683, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42844683", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42844683 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42844683; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42844683"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42844683 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42844683"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42844683; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42844683]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42844683").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42844683").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42844683"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5890" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism">Conservatism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5890" type="text/json">{"id":5890,"name":"Conservatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16171" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought">Islamic Political Thought</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16171" type="text/json">{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25399" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism">Islamism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25399" type="text/json">{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42844683]'), work: {"id":42844683,"title":"Persaingan Ideologi Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) \u0026 Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH): Dalam Politik \u0026 Pilihan Raya","created_at":"2020-04-24T16:03:48.075-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42844683/Persaingan_Ideologi_Parti_Islam_Se_Malaysia_PAS_and_Parti_Amanah_Negara_AMANAH_Dalam_Politik_and_Pilihan_Raya?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_42844683","summary":"This research make comparison between two Islamic party in Malaysia; Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH). The author argues these two political party had different Islamic ideology, which then create different understanding on how Islam should be implemented in Malaysia. PAS and AMANAH then compete to gain voters support and power during Malaysia 14th Grand Election. Surprisingly, both Islamic parties did a significant gain in the electoral. Kindly contact the authors or publisher to get full version.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63080383,"asset_id":42844683,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30889377,"first_name":"Muhamad Helmy","last_name":"Sabtu","domain_name":"uthm","page_name":"MuhamadHelmySabtu","display_name":"Muhamad Helmy Sabtu","profile_url":"https://uthm.academia.edu/MuhamadHelmySabtu?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30889377/9030683/19104748/s65_muhamad_helmy.sabtu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5890,"name":"Conservatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservatism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43965,"name":"Malaysian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysian_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":47768,"name":"Malaysian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysian_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":61737,"name":"Malaysia History and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia_History_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":523932,"name":"Post-Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":979141,"name":"Malaysian General Elections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysian_General_Elections?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24529604" data-work_id="24529604" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24529604/Faith_Fatherland_or_Both_Accommodationist_and_Neo_Fundamentalist_Islamic_Discourses_in_Albania_Excerpt_from_book_The_Revival_of_Islam_in_the_Balkans_Eds_A_Elbasani_and_O_Roy_">Faith, Fatherland or Both? Accommodationist and Neo-Fundamentalist Islamic Discourses in Albania (Excerpt from book: The Revival of Islam in the Balkans. Eds.: A. Elbasani and O. Roy)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How do ‘new’ and ’old’ Islamic actors in contemporary Albania define religious legitimacy, the nation and religious otherness? This chapter uses Olivier Roy’s analytical distinction between accommodationism and neo-fundamentalism as a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24529604" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How do ‘new’ and ’old’ Islamic actors in contemporary Albania define religious legitimacy, the nation and religious otherness? This chapter uses Olivier Roy’s analytical distinction between accommodationism and neo-fundamentalism as a compass to navigate through Albania’s complex religious landscape by exploring different sets of beliefs promulgated by a selection of Islamic groups (2010).  These are the Muslim Community of Albania, which represents ‘official Islam’ , and ‘mainstream’ Sunni Muslims, who are typically accommodationist. I also analyse a Sufi subgroup thereof, which is equally accommodationist, but in a slightly different manner. As a neo-fundamentalist counterpoint, I explore the ideas of a competing organisation composed of Salafi imams.<br /><br />Accommodationism means that the bond between religion and a specific territory and culture of origin is tight. In this context, ‘culture’ refers to Albanian historical tradition and the language-based, secular nation-building project engineered by modernising state elites since the early 20th century. Neo-fundamentalism, conversely, is a globalised form of religion that emphasises the gap between faith and culture. As such, it represents a reformatted, exportable form of religiosity, which stands in contrast to cultural ethno-national ways of being Muslim. Neo-fundamentalist religious identity is faith-based, and seeks to ground itself solely upon explicit religious norms, at least in principle. Accordingly, these believers make their religiosity visible through a global uniform of religious markers detached from the surrounding culture. <br /><br />In the Albanian Islamic context, the theoretically informed labels, neo-fundamentalist and accommodationist, roughly correspond to the ‘Albanianist’ versus the ‘Salafi’ forms of Islam. To some extent, this resonates with mainstream distinctions adopted in Albania and in the Balkans. A popular Albanian term for Muslims associated with neo-fundamentalist forms of Islam is ‘fanatic’ (fanatik). Accommodationism is commonly related to ‘old’ forms of Islam, which many be deemed as local, rooted, and European as well as tolerant and moderate. Neo-fundamentalism, conversely, refers to certain ‘new’ forms of Islam, i.e. those perceived to be imported, transnational, alien, ‘fanatic’ and a threat to local religious customs. This cultural distinction between what are deemed acceptable and unacceptable forms of Islam is often politicised and securitised. As I will show, the association between neo-fundamentalism and violence is not necessarily correct, and the Salafi community under scrutiny here can be defined as pacifist and purist (Wiktorowicz 2006). These two formats, moreover, clash and merge together as different local actors seek to recast and legitimize their respective positions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24529604" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="51eedd60c09eb36db127a9be90c10634" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44890328,"asset_id":24529604,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44890328/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2938012" href="https://uio.academia.edu/CecilieEndresen">Cecilie Endresen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2938012" type="text/json">{"id":2938012,"first_name":"Cecilie","last_name":"Endresen","domain_name":"uio","page_name":"CecilieEndresen","display_name":"Cecilie Endresen","profile_url":"https://uio.academia.edu/CecilieEndresen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2938012/970832/11232944/s65_cecilie.endresen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24529604 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24529604"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24529604, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24529604", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24529604 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24529604; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24529604"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24529604 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24529604"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24529604; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24529604]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24529604").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24529604").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24529604"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">66</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements">New Religious Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="120" type="text/json">{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24529604]'), work: {"id":24529604,"title":"Faith, Fatherland or Both? Accommodationist and Neo-Fundamentalist Islamic Discourses in Albania (Excerpt from book: The Revival of Islam in the Balkans. Eds.: A. Elbasani and O. Roy)","created_at":"2016-04-18T09:46:08.921-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24529604/Faith_Fatherland_or_Both_Accommodationist_and_Neo_Fundamentalist_Islamic_Discourses_in_Albania_Excerpt_from_book_The_Revival_of_Islam_in_the_Balkans_Eds_A_Elbasani_and_O_Roy_?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_24529604","summary":"How do ‘new’ and ’old’ Islamic actors in contemporary Albania define religious legitimacy, the nation and religious otherness? This chapter uses Olivier Roy’s analytical distinction between accommodationism and neo-fundamentalism as a compass to navigate through Albania’s complex religious landscape by exploring different sets of beliefs promulgated by a selection of Islamic groups (2010). These are the Muslim Community of Albania, which represents ‘official Islam’ , and ‘mainstream’ Sunni Muslims, who are typically accommodationist. I also analyse a Sufi subgroup thereof, which is equally accommodationist, but in a slightly different manner. As a neo-fundamentalist counterpoint, I explore the ideas of a competing organisation composed of Salafi imams.\n\nAccommodationism means that the bond between religion and a specific territory and culture of origin is tight. In this context, ‘culture’ refers to Albanian historical tradition and the language-based, secular nation-building project engineered by modernising state elites since the early 20th century. Neo-fundamentalism, conversely, is a globalised form of religion that emphasises the gap between faith and culture. As such, it represents a reformatted, exportable form of religiosity, which stands in contrast to cultural ethno-national ways of being Muslim. Neo-fundamentalist religious identity is faith-based, and seeks to ground itself solely upon explicit religious norms, at least in principle. Accordingly, these believers make their religiosity visible through a global uniform of religious markers detached from the surrounding culture. \n\nIn the Albanian Islamic context, the theoretically informed labels, neo-fundamentalist and accommodationist, roughly correspond to the ‘Albanianist’ versus the ‘Salafi’ forms of Islam. To some extent, this resonates with mainstream distinctions adopted in Albania and in the Balkans. A popular Albanian term for Muslims associated with neo-fundamentalist forms of Islam is ‘fanatic’ (fanatik). Accommodationism is commonly related to ‘old’ forms of Islam, which many be deemed as local, rooted, and European as well as tolerant and moderate. Neo-fundamentalism, conversely, refers to certain ‘new’ forms of Islam, i.e. those perceived to be imported, transnational, alien, ‘fanatic’ and a threat to local religious customs. This cultural distinction between what are deemed acceptable and unacceptable forms of Islam is often politicised and securitised. As I will show, the association between neo-fundamentalism and violence is not necessarily correct, and the Salafi community under scrutiny here can be defined as pacifist and purist (Wiktorowicz 2006). These two formats, moreover, clash and merge together as different local actors seek to recast and legitimize their respective positions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44890328,"asset_id":24529604,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2938012,"first_name":"Cecilie","last_name":"Endresen","domain_name":"uio","page_name":"CecilieEndresen","display_name":"Cecilie Endresen","profile_url":"https://uio.academia.edu/CecilieEndresen?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2938012/970832/11232944/s65_cecilie.endresen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=33180"},{"id":954,"name":"Social Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1712,"name":"Globalisation and cultural change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation_and_cultural_change?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3030,"name":"Glocalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glocalization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3066,"name":"Albanian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Albanian_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3337,"name":"Balkan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balkan_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4946,"name":"Theory of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4979,"name":"Islamic Contemporary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Contemporary_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6394,"name":"Religious Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Pluralism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8356,"name":"Culture Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10099,"name":"History of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10422,"name":"National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12978,"name":"Muslim Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minorities?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13094,"name":"Contemporary Movements and Trends in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Movements_and_Trends_in_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14429,"name":"Religion and Social Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Social_Change?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14578,"name":"Method and Theory in the Study of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Method_and_Theory_in_the_Study_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14970,"name":"Muslims in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslims_in_Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17240,"name":"Contemporary Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Sufism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18374,"name":"Religious Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Epistemology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19283,"name":"Secularisms and Secularities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularisms_and_Secularities?f_ri=33180"},{"id":20634,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relation?f_ri=33180"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25719,"name":"Religious History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28459,"name":"Tariqa Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tariqa_Sufism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":32938,"name":"Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluralism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":42734,"name":"Albania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Albania?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43521,"name":"Religious Fundamentalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Fundamentalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":44393,"name":"Postcommunism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcommunism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45018,"name":"Islamic History and Muslim Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":66015,"name":"Shariah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shariah?f_ri=33180"},{"id":70603,"name":"Secularism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":72581,"name":"Islam and Secularism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Secularism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":75000,"name":"Philosophy and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":88513,"name":"Salafism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":120972,"name":"Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslims?f_ri=33180"},{"id":265632,"name":"Theology and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":307587,"name":"Sufisme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufisme?f_ri=33180"},{"id":373163,"name":"Ritual Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Practices?f_ri=33180"},{"id":453437,"name":"Halveti","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Halveti?f_ri=33180"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":974358,"name":"Representations of Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Representations_of_Muslims?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223711,"name":"Contemporary Muslim society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Muslim_society?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10425966" data-work_id="10425966" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10425966/The_Rise_of_Houthism_in_the_Happy_Yemen_">The Rise of Houthism in the "Happy Yemen"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Yemen, is the birth place and hub for a number of monotheistic religious convictions . In its North West region, just 243 kilometers away from San'aa, the official capital of the Republic of Yemen , lies a spiritual center, a holy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10425966" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Yemen, is the birth place and hub for a number of monotheistic religious convictions . In its North West region, just 243 kilometers away from San'aa, the official capital of the Republic of Yemen , lies a spiritual center, a holy metropolis known as Saa'da  . <br />It is to Zaidi Islam as Qum is to Shia Islam and Mecca is to Sunni Islam. It is where the scholars dwell, to read, learn and teach their disciples to carry on the doctrine and preserve the faith throughout history. <br />It is here that the Houthi phenomenon first appeared. <br />This study focuses on the very beginnings of Houthism as a phenomenon, it's source and affiliations. It is but the first part of a series of papers that will delve into the movement as it expands over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10425966" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2a182c7df8515de3905a279968ae879a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36471016,"asset_id":10425966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36471016/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9915108" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NancyJamal">Nancy Jamal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9915108" type="text/json">{"id":9915108,"first_name":"Nancy","last_name":"Jamal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NancyJamal","display_name":"Nancy Jamal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NancyJamal?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9915108/3080009/3623430/s65_nancy.jamal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10425966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10425966"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10425966, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10425966", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10425966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10425966; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10425966"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10425966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10425966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10425966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10425966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10425966").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10425966").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10425966"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">61</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="983" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies">Jewish Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="983" type="text/json">{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2089" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity">Social Identity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2089" type="text/json">{"id":2089,"name":"Social Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10425966]'), work: {"id":10425966,"title":"The Rise of Houthism in the \"Happy Yemen\"","created_at":"2015-02-01T00:38:12.202-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10425966/The_Rise_of_Houthism_in_the_Happy_Yemen_?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_10425966","summary":"The Yemen, is the birth place and hub for a number of monotheistic religious convictions . In its North West region, just 243 kilometers away from San'aa, the official capital of the Republic of Yemen , lies a spiritual center, a holy metropolis known as Saa'da . \r\nIt is to Zaidi Islam as Qum is to Shia Islam and Mecca is to Sunni Islam. It is where the scholars dwell, to read, learn and teach their disciples to carry on the doctrine and preserve the faith throughout history. \r\nIt is here that the Houthi phenomenon first appeared.\r\nThis study focuses on the very beginnings of Houthism as a phenomenon, it's source and affiliations. It is but the first part of a series of papers that will delve into the movement as it expands over time. \r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36471016,"asset_id":10425966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9915108,"first_name":"Nancy","last_name":"Jamal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NancyJamal","display_name":"Nancy Jamal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NancyJamal?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9915108/3080009/3623430/s65_nancy.jamal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2089,"name":"Social Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":2714,"name":"Gulf Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gulf_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5347,"name":"The Persian Gulf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Persian_Gulf?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5815,"name":"Identity politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6117,"name":"History of Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Iran?f_ri=33180"},{"id":9569,"name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saudi_Arabia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10422,"name":"National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10495,"name":"Nationalism And State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_And_State_Building?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13954,"name":"History of the Jews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Jews?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14861,"name":"Arabian Gulf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabian_Gulf?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15231,"name":"Yemen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16555,"name":"Iranian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21111,"name":"Saudi Arabia, Yemen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saudi_Arabia_Yemen?f_ri=33180"},{"id":26445,"name":"Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28247,"name":"Modern Jewish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Jewish_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":36310,"name":"Safavid Persia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safavid_Persia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":36585,"name":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":41274,"name":"Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iran?f_ri=33180"},{"id":41658,"name":"Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_of_Saudi_Arabia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":44006,"name":"Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":50694,"name":"Gulf Arab States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gulf_Arab_States?f_ri=33180"},{"id":52629,"name":"Political Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":55325,"name":"Jewish-Christian-Muslim relations in the Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish-Christian-Muslim_relations_in_the_Middle_Ages?f_ri=33180"},{"id":61620,"name":"National Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":70824,"name":"Mutazila","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutazila?f_ri=33180"},{"id":71025,"name":"Yemen Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen_Ethnography?f_ri=33180"},{"id":71033,"name":"Yemen Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen_Development?f_ri=33180"},{"id":71039,"name":"Yemen History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":79241,"name":"Advanced Persistent Threats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advanced_Persistent_Threats?f_ri=33180"},{"id":81285,"name":"Zaydism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaydism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":81298,"name":"Zaydites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaydites?f_ri=33180"},{"id":81303,"name":"Zaydiyya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaydiyya?f_ri=33180"},{"id":83981,"name":"Arabian/Persian Gulf Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabian_Persian_Gulf_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":121508,"name":"Jews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jews?f_ri=33180"},{"id":124225,"name":"Iran nuclear program","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iran_nuclear_program?f_ri=33180"},{"id":126977,"name":"Middle-Eastern Politics \u0026 History, War Studies, Intelligence and Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle-Eastern_Politics_and_History_War_Studies_Intelligence_and_Security_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":137745,"name":"Yemen War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen_War?f_ri=33180"},{"id":151110,"name":"History of Shia Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Shia_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":301528,"name":"Zaidi Shiite History, Pre-Islamic Arabia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaidi_Shiite_History_Pre-Islamic_Arabia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":307802,"name":"Saudi Arabian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saudi_Arabian_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":321024,"name":"Houthi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Houthi?f_ri=33180"},{"id":380240,"name":"Shi`a, Zaydis in Yemen, Zaydi leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shia_Zaydis_in_Yemen_Zaydi_leadership?f_ri=33180"},{"id":391715,"name":"Ethnicity and National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity_and_National_Identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":597180,"name":"Yemen politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen_politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":648628,"name":"Yemenite Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemenite_Judaism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":967903,"name":"History of Religous Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religous_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":979535,"name":"Arab Gulf Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Gulf_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1002654,"name":"Jews In Islamic Lands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jews_In_Islamic_Lands?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1795545,"name":"Zaidi Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zaidi_Thought?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29056379" data-work_id="29056379" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29056379/POLITICAL_ISLAM_IN_TUNISIA_THE_HISTORY_OF_ENNAHDA">POLITICAL ISLAM IN TUNISIA: THE HISTORY OF ENNAHDA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="http://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/political-islam-tunisia/" rel="nofollow">http://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/political-islam-tunisia/</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29056379" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a195e1fe6e1b2b70d20fad050b9ebf00" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52862157,"asset_id":29056379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52862157/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4047817" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/AnneWolf">Anne Wolf</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4047817" type="text/json">{"id":4047817,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"AnneWolf","display_name":"Anne Wolf","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/AnneWolf?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4047817/2488723/15356198/s65_anne.wolf.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29056379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29056379"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29056379, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29056379", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29056379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29056379; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29056379"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29056379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29056379"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29056379; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29056379]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29056379").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29056379").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29056379"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">61</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion">Philosophy Of Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="902" type="text/json">{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29056379]'), work: {"id":29056379,"title":"POLITICAL ISLAM IN TUNISIA: THE HISTORY OF ENNAHDA","created_at":"2016-10-10T11:35:10.170-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29056379/POLITICAL_ISLAM_IN_TUNISIA_THE_HISTORY_OF_ENNAHDA?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_29056379","summary":"http://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/political-islam-tunisia/","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52862157,"asset_id":29056379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4047817,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Wolf","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"AnneWolf","display_name":"Anne Wolf","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/AnneWolf?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4047817/2488723/15356198/s65_anne.wolf.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2016,"name":"Middle East \u0026 North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2223,"name":"North Africa Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7757,"name":"Middle Eastern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10374,"name":"Middle Eastern Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12029,"name":"Modern Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12809,"name":"Middle Eastern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":20370,"name":"Development in the Middle East and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":23398,"name":"Maghreb studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb_studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28722,"name":"International Relations of Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_of_Middle_East?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33043,"name":"Mediterranean and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_and_North_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45019,"name":"Islamic Movements and Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Movements_and_Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":49550,"name":"Arab world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_world?f_ri=33180"},{"id":65061,"name":"İslamist Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_Movement?f_ri=33180"},{"id":66622,"name":"North African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_African_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":69463,"name":"Maghreb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maghreb?f_ri=33180"},{"id":70249,"name":"Islamisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamisation?f_ri=33180"},{"id":75837,"name":"Tunisia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tunisia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":82924,"name":"North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":169938,"name":"Arab Spring (Arab Revolts)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Arab_Revolts_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":187062,"name":"Middle East and North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa-1?f_ri=33180"},{"id":201769,"name":"Islamist politics and national identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_politics_and_national_identity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":221196,"name":"Tunisian Revolution-Arab Spring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tunisian_Revolution-Arab_Spring?f_ri=33180"},{"id":397817,"name":"Islamist movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":469642,"name":"Jihadism and Radical Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihadism_and_Radical_Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":523932,"name":"Post-Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":571509,"name":"Arabic and Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_and_Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":632928,"name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring?f_ri=33180"},{"id":638772,"name":"Islamist Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_Political_Parties?f_ri=33180"},{"id":639849,"name":"Democracy In the Arab World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy_In_the_Arab_World?f_ri=33180"},{"id":734186,"name":"Islamism \u0026 Post-Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism_and_Post-Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":822271,"name":"Islamist radicalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_radicalization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":865888,"name":"Radical Islamist Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical_Islamist_Movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":924862,"name":"Post-Islamist Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Islamist_Politics?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3668805" data-work_id="3668805" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3668805/Islam_di_Amerika_Sebuah_Keajaiban_Bernama_9_11">Islam di Amerika: Sebuah Keajaiban Bernama 9/11</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3668805" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cd51c4b87a322c15b1dab8c0225b27b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31359449,"asset_id":3668805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31359449/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4164848" href="https://uinsgd.academia.edu/MoefHasbullah">Moeflich Hasbullah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4164848" type="text/json">{"id":4164848,"first_name":"Moeflich","last_name":"Hasbullah","domain_name":"uinsgd","page_name":"MoefHasbullah","display_name":"Moeflich Hasbullah","profile_url":"https://uinsgd.academia.edu/MoefHasbullah?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4164848/1625787/37319533/s65_moeflich.hasbullah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3668805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3668805"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3668805, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3668805", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3668805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3668805; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3668805"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3668805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3668805"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3668805; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3668805]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3668805").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3668805").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3668805"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5686" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism">Political Violence and Terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5686" type="text/json">{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3668805]'), work: {"id":3668805,"title":"Islam di Amerika: Sebuah Keajaiban Bernama 9/11","created_at":"2013-06-07T02:19:06.378-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3668805/Islam_di_Amerika_Sebuah_Keajaiban_Bernama_9_11?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_3668805","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31359449,"asset_id":3668805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4164848,"first_name":"Moeflich","last_name":"Hasbullah","domain_name":"uinsgd","page_name":"MoefHasbullah","display_name":"Moeflich Hasbullah","profile_url":"https://uinsgd.academia.edu/MoefHasbullah?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4164848/1625787/37319533/s65_moeflich.hasbullah.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":6913,"name":"Sociology of islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":20109,"name":"Religion and Modernity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Modernity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30610,"name":"Sociology of Islam (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Islam_Sociology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":37114,"name":"Islam and the West","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_the_West-1?f_ri=33180"},{"id":44462,"name":"Islam and Modernity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Modernity?f_ri=33180"},{"id":70603,"name":"Secularism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":125639,"name":"Terorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":420035,"name":"Security, Terrorism and Counter-Terorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Terrorism_and_Counter-Terorism?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27946298" data-work_id="27946298" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27946298/Political_Muslims_in_America_From_Islamism_to_Exceptionalism">Political Muslims in America: From Islamism to Exceptionalism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The article argues that several American Muslim organizations that had roots in political Islam are now moving away from their roots and embracing American Exceptionalism.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27946298" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="39998f50ebb0df3fd99e5827e4f84d3e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48241013,"asset_id":27946298,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48241013/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3388" href="https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan">Muqtedar Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3388" type="text/json">{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27946298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27946298"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27946298, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27946298", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27946298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27946298; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27946298"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27946298 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27946298"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27946298; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27946298]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27946298").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27946298").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27946298"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">95</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements">New Religious Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="120" type="text/json">{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27946298]'), work: {"id":27946298,"title":"Political Muslims in America: From Islamism to Exceptionalism","created_at":"2016-08-22T16:51:33.844-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27946298/Political_Muslims_in_America_From_Islamism_to_Exceptionalism?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_27946298","summary":"The article argues that several American Muslim organizations that had roots in political Islam are now moving away from their roots and embracing American Exceptionalism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48241013,"asset_id":27946298,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":799,"name":"Public Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration?f_ri=33180"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1118,"name":"Political Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Participation?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2397,"name":"Religious Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2490,"name":"Political Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3472,"name":"Political Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Anthropology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4691,"name":"Psychology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4979,"name":"Islamic Contemporary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Contemporary_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5323,"name":"Islam and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5327,"name":"Roman Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5559,"name":"Political Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Culture?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5675,"name":"Kalam (Islamic Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalam_Islamic_Theology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6394,"name":"Religious Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Pluralism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=33180"},{"id":6739,"name":"Medieval Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7368,"name":"Science and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7520,"name":"Popular Culture and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7869,"name":"Faith Based Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faith_Based_Organizations?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10099,"name":"History of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religions?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11155,"name":"Women and Gender Issues in Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Issues_in_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12624,"name":"History of Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12978,"name":"Muslim Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minorities?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13099,"name":"Islam in the Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_the_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13287,"name":"American Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14844,"name":"Faith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faith?f_ri=33180"},{"id":14970,"name":"Muslims in Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslims_in_Europe?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19335,"name":"Ancient myth and religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_myth_and_religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":20634,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relation?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21923,"name":"Islamic Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Banking?f_ri=33180"},{"id":21928,"name":"Islamic Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25329,"name":"Islamic Economics and Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics_and_Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":25399,"name":"Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":27137,"name":"European Union Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":28723,"name":"Turkey in World Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey_in_World_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30160,"name":"Minority Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Rights?f_ri=33180"},{"id":32938,"name":"Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluralism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33711,"name":"Islamic Banking And Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Banking_And_Finance?f_ri=33180"},{"id":37193,"name":"Islam in Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Indonesia?f_ri=33180"},{"id":40114,"name":"Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Brotherhood?f_ri=33180"},{"id":45018,"name":"Islamic History and Muslim Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History_and_Muslim_Civilization?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":51278,"name":"Maqasid al-Sharia (Purposes of Islamic Law)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maqasid_al-Sharia_Purposes_of_Islamic_Law_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":57332,"name":"Indian Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Muslims?f_ri=33180"},{"id":72593,"name":"Islam in America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_America?f_ri=33180"},{"id":76465,"name":"Faith and Reason","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faith_and_Reason?f_ri=33180"},{"id":96585,"name":"Pendidikan Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pendidikan_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":120972,"name":"Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslims?f_ri=33180"},{"id":363899,"name":"Islam in the West","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_the_West?f_ri=33180"},{"id":369045,"name":"African-American Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African-American_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":397817,"name":"Islamist movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_movements?f_ri=33180"},{"id":403575,"name":"Pendidikan Agama Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pendidikan_Agama_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":469642,"name":"Jihadism and Radical Islamism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jihadism_and_Radical_Islamism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223709,"name":"Islamic law and jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_law_and_jurisprudence-1?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223710,"name":"Muslim philosophy and thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_philosophy_and_thought?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1223711,"name":"Contemporary Muslim society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Muslim_society?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1017060" data-work_id="1017060" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1017060/Military_orientalism_and_the_occupation_of_Iraq">Military orientalism and the occupation of Iraq</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is now more than 30 years since the publication of Edward W. Said’s seminal text Orientalism. With his discourse analysis of an astounding number of academic, bureaucratic and literary texts from the colonial period, Said was able to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1017060" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is now more than 30 years since the publication of Edward W. Said’s seminal text Orientalism. With his discourse analysis of an astounding number of academic, bureaucratic and literary texts from the colonial period, Said was able to demonstrate that the western colonial project was premised on a matrix of interdependent discourses, institutions and practices, which he termed ‘orientalism’. The net output of such orientalism was an ideological fantasy, a fantasy that bore no relation to the reality and complexity of non-european society with its myriad cultures, religions, peoples, customs and histories. Instead, orientalism has served to homogenize, demonize and stereotype the non-european world according to fairly reductive and negative terms, so that the oriental was viewed as the ‘other’. Clearly the unquestioned tendency to view the people of the orient as eficient and inferior ‘others’ served the colonial agenda of continuing to dominate and control sections of the East. <br /> <br />One cannot overstate the significance and impact of orientalism. Indeed, in the years that followed, Said’s work was both contested and applied by a whole range of different disciplines including middle-east studies, media analyses, international relations and history. It has also spawned an entirely new sub-discipline known as postcolonial studies. What has long been missing in the field of research is a sustained engagement with Said’s work from the perspective of defence studies and military history.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1017060" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4dd6f237d03e48be64512df2edb00a75" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56064647,"asset_id":1017060,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56064647/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51183" href="https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan">Benjamin Isakhan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51183" type="text/json">{"id":51183,"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Isakhan","domain_name":"deakin","page_name":"BenjaminIsakhan","display_name":"Benjamin Isakhan","profile_url":"https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51183/15567/18712076/s65_benjamin.isakhan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1017060 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1017060"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1017060, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1017060", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1017060 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1017060; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1017060"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1017060 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1017060"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1017060; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1017060]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1017060").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1017060").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1017060"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">50</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1017060]'), work: {"id":1017060,"title":"Military orientalism and the occupation of Iraq","created_at":"2011-10-16T09:04:42.071-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1017060/Military_orientalism_and_the_occupation_of_Iraq?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_1017060","summary":"It is now more than 30 years since the publication of Edward W. Said’s seminal text Orientalism. With his discourse analysis of an astounding number of academic, bureaucratic and literary texts from the colonial period, Said was able to demonstrate that the western colonial project was premised on a matrix of interdependent discourses, institutions and practices, which he termed ‘orientalism’. The net output of such orientalism was an ideological fantasy, a fantasy that bore no relation to the reality and complexity of non-european society with its myriad cultures, religions, peoples, customs and histories. Instead, orientalism has served to homogenize, demonize and stereotype the non-european world according to fairly reductive and negative terms, so that the oriental was viewed as the ‘other’. Clearly the unquestioned tendency to view the people of the orient as eficient and inferior ‘others’ served the colonial agenda of continuing to dominate and control sections of the East.\r\n\r\nOne cannot overstate the significance and impact of orientalism. Indeed, in the years that followed, Said’s work was both contested and applied by a whole range of different disciplines including middle-east studies, media analyses, international relations and history. It has also spawned an entirely new sub-discipline known as postcolonial studies. What has long been missing in the field of research is a sustained engagement with Said’s work from the perspective of defence studies and military history.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56064647,"asset_id":1017060,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51183,"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Isakhan","domain_name":"deakin","page_name":"BenjaminIsakhan","display_name":"Benjamin Isakhan","profile_url":"https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51183/15567/18712076/s65_benjamin.isakhan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":934,"name":"Media and Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2016,"name":"Middle East \u0026 North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2608,"name":"Iraqi History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraqi_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5538,"name":"Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse?f_ri=33180"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication?f_ri=33180"},{"id":7757,"name":"Middle Eastern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10374,"name":"Middle Eastern Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":10771,"name":"United States In The World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_In_The_World?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12029,"name":"Modern Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Middle_East_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":12809,"name":"Middle Eastern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":16376,"name":"Cultural Studies (Communication)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies_Communication_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18384,"name":"Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":18640,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":19089,"name":"United States History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_History?f_ri=33180"},{"id":22248,"name":"Media/ News Print Analysis: War in Iraq reporting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_News_Print_Analysis_War_in_Iraq_reporting?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30359,"name":"Discourse Analysis (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=33180"},{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=33180"},{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=33180"},{"id":52197,"name":"Colonial Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Discourse?f_ri=33180"},{"id":61781,"name":"Orientalism and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism_and_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War?f_ri=33180"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=33180"},{"id":101708,"name":"Political Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse?f_ri=33180"},{"id":167342,"name":"Islamic and Middle Eastern studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_and_Middle_Eastern_studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":177568,"name":"2003 Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/2003_Iraq_War?f_ri=33180"},{"id":987607,"name":"Discourse Analysis (DA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_DA_?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38498011" data-work_id="38498011" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38498011/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A8_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_1971_2001_Islam_in_the_Socio_Political_Life_of_Turkey_1971_2001">Իսլամը Թուրքիայի հասարակական-քաղաքական կյանքում, 1971-2001/Islam in the Socio-Political Life of Turkey, 1971-2001</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Contrary to the Kemalists' aspirations, religion preserved its role in Turkish society. Furthermore, because of unbalanced and far from clearly defined religious policies, Islam reemerged in Turkish politics. During the last three... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38498011" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Contrary to the Kemalists' aspirations,  religion preserved its role in Turkish society. Furthermore, because of unbalanced and far from clearly defined religious policies, Islam reemerged in Turkish politics. During the last three decades of the 20th century the continous  presence  and frequent outlawing of pro-Islamic political parties such as the National Order Party (1970 – 1971), the National Salvation Party (1972 – 1981), the Welfare Party (1983 – 1998), the Virtue Party (1997 – 2001), the Felicity Party (est. in 2001) and the Justice and Development Party  (est.  in  2001) demonstrate that religion still represents distinct interests, intentions, and aspirations of Turkish society and that it is rather misleading to assume that these parties represent  (represented)  only  a  small  and  marginalized  portion  of  the  Turkish  society  where  over  98  percent  of  the  population  declares  itself  to  be  Muslim. Throughout the Republican period various parties which have adopted Islamic symbols in their political agendas, have been presented incorrectly by Kemal Atatürk’s faithful adherents. This book looks into various aspects of political transformations of Islam in Turkish politics and seeks answers to the following question: how to explain the underlying reasons behind the rise of the Millî Görüş (National Outlook) movement?.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38498011" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a4f1f32412c33b617a71c88be7f00d83" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58564914,"asset_id":38498011,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58564914/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2431561" href="https://aua.academia.edu/VahramTerMatevosyan">Vahram Ter-Matevosyan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2431561" type="text/json">{"id":2431561,"first_name":"Vahram","last_name":"Ter-Matevosyan","domain_name":"aua","page_name":"VahramTerMatevosyan","display_name":"Vahram Ter-Matevosyan","profile_url":"https://aua.academia.edu/VahramTerMatevosyan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2431561/764333/17608900/s65_vahram.ter-matevosyan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38498011 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38498011"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38498011, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38498011", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38498011 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38498011; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38498011"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38498011 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38498011"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38498011; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38498011]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38498011").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38498011").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38498011"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8700" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies">Turkish and Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8700" type="text/json">{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14974" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14974" type="text/json">{"id":14974,"name":"Islam in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="315712" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="315712" type="text/json">{"id":315712,"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38498011]'), work: {"id":38498011,"title":"Իսլամը Թուրքիայի հասարակական-քաղաքական կյանքում, 1971-2001/Islam in the Socio-Political Life of Turkey, 1971-2001","created_at":"2019-03-06T00:12:16.159-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38498011/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A8_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_1971_2001_Islam_in_the_Socio_Political_Life_of_Turkey_1971_2001?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_38498011","summary":"Contrary to the Kemalists' aspirations, religion preserved its role in Turkish society. Furthermore, because of unbalanced and far from clearly defined religious policies, Islam reemerged in Turkish politics. During the last three decades of the 20th century the continous presence and frequent outlawing of pro-Islamic political parties such as the National Order Party (1970 – 1971), the National Salvation Party (1972 – 1981), the Welfare Party (1983 – 1998), the Virtue Party (1997 – 2001), the Felicity Party (est. in 2001) and the Justice and Development Party (est. in 2001) demonstrate that religion still represents distinct interests, intentions, and aspirations of Turkish society and that it is rather misleading to assume that these parties represent (represented) only a small and marginalized portion of the Turkish society where over 98 percent of the population declares itself to be Muslim. Throughout the Republican period various parties which have adopted Islamic symbols in their political agendas, have been presented incorrectly by Kemal Atatürk’s faithful adherents. This book looks into various aspects of political transformations of Islam in Turkish politics and seeks answers to the following question: how to explain the underlying reasons behind the rise of the Millî Görüş (National Outlook) movement?.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58564914,"asset_id":38498011,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2431561,"first_name":"Vahram","last_name":"Ter-Matevosyan","domain_name":"aua","page_name":"VahramTerMatevosyan","display_name":"Vahram Ter-Matevosyan","profile_url":"https://aua.academia.edu/VahramTerMatevosyan?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2431561/764333/17608900/s65_vahram.ter-matevosyan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":14974,"name":"Islam in Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_Turkey?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":315712,"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":1220344,"name":"Necmettin Erbakan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Necmettin_Erbakan?f_ri=33180"},{"id":1782273,"name":"Milli Görüş","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milli_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32582638" data-work_id="32582638" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32582638/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB_%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8B_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99">หลักเจตนารมณ์แห่งกฏหมายอิสลามและการแสวงฉันทามติที่ทับซ้อน</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">บทความชิ้นนี้เรียกร้องไปสู่การแสวงหาฉันทมติที่ทับซ้อนกัน การเข้าใจบริบทใหม่ (new WE and new reality) ภายใต้ความเข้าใจ “หลักเจตนารมณ์” แห่งกฏหมายอิสลาม สิ่งหนึ่งที่น่าจะเป็นจุดเด่นของข้อเรียกร้องนี้คือ การตระหนักถึงความเป็นสากลของ... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32582638" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">บทความชิ้นนี้เรียกร้องไปสู่การแสวงหาฉันทมติที่ทับซ้อนกัน การเข้าใจบริบทใหม่ (new WE and new reality) ภายใต้ความเข้าใจ “หลักเจตนารมณ์” แห่งกฏหมายอิสลาม สิ่งหนึ่งที่น่าจะเป็นจุดเด่นของข้อเรียกร้องนี้คือ การตระหนักถึงความเป็นสากลของ “หลักเจตนารมณ์” ที่อยู่เหนือความแตกต่างทางความเชื่อ อุดมการณ์ โลกทัศน์และแหล่งที่มาของความรู้ <br /><br />ดังนั้น การดำรงอยู่ร่วมกันภายใต้การเข้าใจ “หลักเจตนารมณ์” แห่งกฏหมายอิสลาม (Maqasid al-Shariah) น่าจะเป็นประเด็นที่สำคัญและน่าถกเถียงในวงวิชาการเมืองไทยเป็นอย่างยิ่ง เนื่องจากแนวทางหลักเจตนารมณ์ฯ ให้ความสำคัญไปสู่การถกเถียงทางด้านปรัชญา คุณธรรมจริยธรรม การแสวงหาฉันทมติร่วมกัน และยอมรับในความหลากหลายของคุณค่าที่มีที่มาต่างกัน อันถือเป็นพื้นฐานของกฎหมายและหลักปฎิบัติในสังคมของทุกสังคม</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32582638" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b15725ebe692635326d3a621eb1673a7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52759739,"asset_id":32582638,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52759739/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="781227" href="https://mahapanya.academia.edu/AnwarKoma">Anwar Koma</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="781227" type="text/json">{"id":781227,"first_name":"Anwar","last_name":"Koma","domain_name":"mahapanya","page_name":"AnwarKoma","display_name":"Anwar Koma","profile_url":"https://mahapanya.academia.edu/AnwarKoma?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/781227/264379/120757486/s65_anwar.koma.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32582638 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32582638"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32582638, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32582638", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32582638 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32582638; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32582638"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32582638 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32582638"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32582638; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32582638]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32582638").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32582638").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32582638"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="540" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law">Islamic Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="540" type="text/json">{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16171" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought">Islamic Political Thought</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16171" type="text/json">{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32582638]'), work: {"id":32582638,"title":"หลักเจตนารมณ์แห่งกฏหมายอิสลามและการแสวงฉันทามติที่ทับซ้อน","created_at":"2017-04-22T04:24:54.340-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32582638/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB_%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8B_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_32582638","summary":"บทความชิ้นนี้เรียกร้องไปสู่การแสวงหาฉันทมติที่ทับซ้อนกัน การเข้าใจบริบทใหม่ (new WE and new reality) ภายใต้ความเข้าใจ “หลักเจตนารมณ์” แห่งกฏหมายอิสลาม สิ่งหนึ่งที่น่าจะเป็นจุดเด่นของข้อเรียกร้องนี้คือ การตระหนักถึงความเป็นสากลของ “หลักเจตนารมณ์” ที่อยู่เหนือความแตกต่างทางความเชื่อ อุดมการณ์ โลกทัศน์และแหล่งที่มาของความรู้ \n\nดังนั้น การดำรงอยู่ร่วมกันภายใต้การเข้าใจ “หลักเจตนารมณ์” แห่งกฏหมายอิสลาม (Maqasid al-Shariah) น่าจะเป็นประเด็นที่สำคัญและน่าถกเถียงในวงวิชาการเมืองไทยเป็นอย่างยิ่ง เนื่องจากแนวทางหลักเจตนารมณ์ฯ ให้ความสำคัญไปสู่การถกเถียงทางด้านปรัชญา คุณธรรมจริยธรรม การแสวงหาฉันทมติร่วมกัน และยอมรับในความหลากหลายของคุณค่าที่มีที่มาต่างกัน อันถือเป็นพื้นฐานของกฎหมายและหลักปฎิบัติในสังคมของทุกสังคม ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52759739,"asset_id":32582638,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":781227,"first_name":"Anwar","last_name":"Koma","domain_name":"mahapanya","page_name":"AnwarKoma","display_name":"Anwar Koma","profile_url":"https://mahapanya.academia.edu/AnwarKoma?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/781227/264379/120757486/s65_anwar.koma.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":16171,"name":"Islamic Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":51278,"name":"Maqasid al-Sharia (Purposes of Islamic Law)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maqasid_al-Sharia_Purposes_of_Islamic_Law_?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2685908,"name":"อิสลามการเมือง","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42063129" data-work_id="42063129" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42063129/Socialism_Capitalism_and_Islamic_Economics">Socialism, Capitalism and Islamic Economics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Socialism, Catipalism, Islamic Economics, State, Citizen, Interest, Private Property, Lenin, Pig, Bear, Camel, Germany, Russia, Zakat, Borrowing, Alms.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42063129" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7fa615836c3da7fce3de011fbdb07b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62190205,"asset_id":42063129,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62190205/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="98033183" href="https://marmaraedu.academia.edu/ErdemAk%C3%A7a">Erdem Akça</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="98033183" type="text/json">{"id":98033183,"first_name":"Erdem","last_name":"Akça","domain_name":"marmaraedu","page_name":"ErdemAkça","display_name":"Erdem Akça","profile_url":"https://marmaraedu.academia.edu/ErdemAk%C3%A7a?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98033183/21376694/20853011/s65_erdem.ak_a.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42063129 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42063129"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42063129, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42063129", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42063129 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42063129; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42063129"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42063129 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42063129"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42063129; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42063129]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42063129").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42063129").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42063129"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42063129]'), work: {"id":42063129,"title":"Socialism, Capitalism and Islamic Economics","created_at":"2020-02-25T00:18:55.394-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42063129/Socialism_Capitalism_and_Islamic_Economics?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_42063129","summary":"Socialism, Catipalism, Islamic Economics, State, Citizen, Interest, Private Property, Lenin, Pig, Bear, Camel, Germany, Russia, Zakat, Borrowing, Alms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62190205,"asset_id":42063129,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":98033183,"first_name":"Erdem","last_name":"Akça","domain_name":"marmaraedu","page_name":"ErdemAkça","display_name":"Erdem Akça","profile_url":"https://marmaraedu.academia.edu/ErdemAk%C3%A7a?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98033183/21376694/20853011/s65_erdem.ak_a.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":244,"name":"Psychoanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychoanalysis?f_ri=33180"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=33180"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=33180"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=33180"},{"id":13805,"name":"Behavioral Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioral_Economics?f_ri=33180"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=33180"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9565283" data-work_id="9565283" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9565283/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9">المرجعيات الفكرية للجماعات الإسلامية </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9565283" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa34058f896d51d165809b5da4b1778e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35781798,"asset_id":9565283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35781798/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzM4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14607873" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZaghloulA">Ahmed Zaghloul Shalata</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14607873" type="text/json">{"id":14607873,"first_name":"Ahmed","last_name":"Zaghloul Shalata","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZaghloulA","display_name":"Ahmed Zaghloul Shalata","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZaghloulA?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14607873/3981656/12296905/s65_ahmed.zaghloul.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9565283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9565283"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9565283, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9565283", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9565283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9565283; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9565283"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9565283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9565283"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9565283; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9565283]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9565283").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9565283").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9565283"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam">Political Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33180" type="text/json">{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9565283]'), work: {"id":9565283,"title":"المرجعيات الفكرية للجماعات الإسلامية ","created_at":"2014-11-30T07:15:20.380-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9565283/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9?f_ri=33180","dom_id":"work_9565283","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35781798,"asset_id":9565283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14607873,"first_name":"Ahmed","last_name":"Zaghloul Shalata","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZaghloulA","display_name":"Ahmed Zaghloul Shalata","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZaghloulA?f_ri=33180","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14607873/3981656/12296905/s65_ahmed.zaghloul.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":33180,"name":"Political Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam?f_ri=33180","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Political_Islam?after=50%2C9565283" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Political_Islam?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2015">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2015">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics">Middle East Politics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="18623">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="18623">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamism">Islamism</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="25399">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="25399">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Thought">Islamic Political Thought</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="16171">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="16171">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Arab_Revolts_">Arab Spring (Arab Revolts)</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="169938">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="169938">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="11150">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="11150">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East & North Africa</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2016">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2016">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafism">Salafism</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="88513">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="88513">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="15866">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="15866">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Eastern_Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="12809">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="12809">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "fffbb519f5469539681a166bfe3e0600cbbc004365eb48e0b524e8a3f9eaa4cb", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="ouGp1KixAmlQobsiytSS0d7K4RXan2tu/WncP8Imfy5jFIc3k/7BGFrKxZ+oczQT4m/h794vsrzcbx3gCPpT7Q==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Islam" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="hevHgX6Kof3cKa8+Ew7NEjKx7f4+s9RIo2rf3rYrJPNEHuliRcVijNZC0YNxqWvQDhTtBDoDDZqCbB4BfPcIMA==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>