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id="toc-Important_key_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_key_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Important key points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_key_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"turn_to_technology"_(and_beyond)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"turn_to_technology"_(and_beyond)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The "turn to technology" (and beyond)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"turn_to_technology"_(and_beyond)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Important concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Important_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Important concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Important_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_construction(s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_construction(s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social construction(s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_construction(s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_semiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_semiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Material semiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_semiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociotechnical_imaginaries_(STIs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociotechnical_imaginaries_(STIs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sociotechnical imaginaries (STIs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociotechnical_imaginaries_(STIs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociotechnical_systems_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociotechnical_systems_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sociotechnical systems theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociotechnical_systems_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technoscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technoscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Technoscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technoscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technosocial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technosocial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Technosocial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technosocial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliberative_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliberative_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Deliberative democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliberative_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>In practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tragedy_of_the_commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tragedy_of_the_commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Tragedy of the commons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tragedy_of_the_commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Alternative modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pace_of_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pace_of_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Pace of innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pace_of_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_innovation_without_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_innovation_without_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>No innovation without representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_innovation_without_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Legacy thinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.1</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.2</span> <span>Classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academic programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Professional associations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional associations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journals_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies" title="Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="دراسات العلوم والتقانة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسات العلوم والتقانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudios_de_ciencia,_teunolox%C3%ADa_y_socied%C3%A1" title="Estudios de ciencia, teunoloxía y sociedá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estudios de ciencia, teunoloxía y sociedá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_v%C9%99_texnologiya_t%C9%99dqiqatlar%C4%B1" title="Elm və texnologiya tədqiqatları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elm və texnologiya tədqiqatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcci%C3%B3_social_de_la_ci%C3%A8ncia_i_la_tecnologia" title="Construcció social de la ciència i la tecnologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Construcció social de la ciència i la tecnologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Studies" title="Science and Technology Studies – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Science and Technology Studies" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudios_de_ciencia,_tecnolog%C3%ADa_y_sociedad" title="Estudios de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estudios de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientzia,_teknologia_eta_gizarteari_buruzko_azterlanak" title="Zientzia, teknologia eta gizarteari buruzko azterlanak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientzia, teknologia eta gizarteari buruzko azterlanak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مطالعات علم و فناوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مطالعات علم و فناوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tudes_des_sciences_et_des_techniques" title="Études des sciences et des techniques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Études des sciences et des techniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia,_Tecnolox%C3%ADa_e_Sociedade" title="Ciencia, Tecnoloxía e Sociedade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencia, Tecnoloxía e Sociedade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%ED%95%99" title="과학기술학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과학기술학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और समाज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी और समाज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsinda-_og_t%C3%A6kniranns%C3%B3knir" title="Vísinda- og tæknirannsóknir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísinda- og tæknirannsóknir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studi_su_scienza_e_tecnologia" title="Studi su scienza e tecnologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Studi su scienza e tecnologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2,_%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מדע, טכנולוגיה וחברה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדע, טכנולוגיה וחברה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschapsdynamica" title="Wetenschapsdynamica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschapsdynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AB%96" title="科学技術社会論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="科学技術社会論" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_Museum_20190311_144126_(49362160668).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A communications artefact at the Science Museum, London, UK." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Science_Museum_20190311_144126_%2849362160668%29.jpg/350px-Science_Museum_20190311_144126_%2849362160668%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Science_Museum_20190311_144126_%2849362160668%29.jpg/525px-Science_Museum_20190311_144126_%2849362160668%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Science_Museum_20190311_144126_%2849362160668%29.jpg/700px-Science_Museum_20190311_144126_%2849362160668%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A communications artifact (Rugby Aerial Tuning Inductor) at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a>, London, UK </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Science and technology studies</b> (<b>STS</b>) or <b>science, technology, and society</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> in their historical, cultural, and social contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> fields of study, STS emerged from the confluence of a variety of disciplines and disciplinary subfields, all of which had developed an interest—typically, during the 1960s or 1970s—in viewing science and technology as socially embedded enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key disciplinary components of STS took shape independently, beginning in the 1960s, and developed in isolation from each other well into the 1980s, although <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Fleck" title="Ludwik Fleck">Ludwik Fleck</a>'s (1935) monograph <i>Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact</i> anticipated many of STS's key themes. In the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Elting_E._Morison" title="Elting E. Morison">Elting E. Morison</a> founded the STS program at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), which served as a model. By 2011, 111 STS research centers and academic programs were counted worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Important_key_points">Important key points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Important key points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Science and technology studies">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Science+and+technology+studies%22">"Science and technology studies"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Science+and+technology+studies%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Science+and+technology+studies%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Science+and+technology+studies%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Science+and+technology+studies%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Science+and+technology+studies%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a>, that examines technology in its social and historical context. Starting in the 1960s, some historians questioned <a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">technological determinism</a>, a doctrine that can induce public passivity to technologic and scientific "natural" development. At the same time, some historians began to develop similarly contextual approaches to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">history of medicine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a> (1960s). After the publication of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>'s well-known <i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></i> (1962), which attributed changes in scientific theories to changes in underlying intellectual <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigms</a>, programs were founded at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> and elsewhere that brought <a href="/wiki/Historians_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians of science">historians of science</a> and philosophers together in unified programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Science, technology, and society</a>. In the mid-to-late-1960s, student and faculty social movements in the U.S., UK, and European universities helped to launch a range of new interdisciplinary fields (such as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a>) that were seen to address relevant topics that the traditional curriculum ignored. One such development was the rise of "science, technology, and society" programs, which are also—confusingly—known by the STS acronym. Drawn from a variety of disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, scholars in these programs created undergraduate curricula devoted to exploring the issues raised by <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. Feminist scholars in this and other emerging STS areas addressed themselves to the exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">women</a> from science and engineering, focusing instead on critiquing gendered power dynamics in prior STS research.<sup id="cite_ref-:3b_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Science, engineering, and public <a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">policy studies</a> emerged in the 1970s from the same concerns that motivated the founders of the science, technology, and society movement: A sense that science and technology were developing in ways that were increasingly at odds with the public's best interests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2013)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> The science, technology, and society movement tried to humanize those who would make tomorrow's science and technology, but this discipline took a different approach: It would train students with the professional skills needed to become players in science and technology policy. Some programs came to emphasize quantitative methodologies, and most of these were eventually absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>. Others emphasized sociological and qualitative approaches, and found that their closest kin could be found among scholars in science, technology, and society departments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>During the 1970s and 1980s, universities in the US, UK, and Europe began drawing these various components together in new, interdisciplinary programs. For example, in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> developed a new program that united <a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a> and policy-oriented scholars with historians and philosophers of science and technology. Each of these programs developed unique identities due to variations in the components that were drawn together, as well as their location within the various universities. For example, the University of Virginia's STS program united scholars drawn from a variety of fields (with particular strength in the history of technology); however, the program's teaching responsibilities—it is located within an engineering school and teaches ethics to undergraduate engineering students—means that all of its faculty share a strong interest in <a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">engineering ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"turn_to_technology"_(and_beyond)"><span id="The_.22turn_to_technology.22_.28and_beyond.29"></span>The "turn to technology" (and beyond)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The "turn to technology" (and beyond)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Social construction of technology</a></div> <p>A decisive moment in the development of STS was the mid-1980s addition of technology studies to the range of interests reflected in science. During that decade, two works appeared <i>en seriatim</i> that signaled what <a href="/wiki/Steve_Woolgar" title="Steve Woolgar">Steve Woolgar</a> was to call the "turn to technology".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a seminal 1984 article, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinch" title="Trevor Pinch">Trevor Pinch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiebe_Bijker" title="Wiebe Bijker">Wiebe Bijker</a> showed how the sociology of technology could proceed along the theoretical and methodological lines established by the sociology of scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the intellectual foundation of the field they called the social construction of technology. Donald MacKenzie and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Wajcman" title="Judy Wajcman">Judy Wajcman</a> primed the pump by publishing a collection of articles attesting to the influence of society on technological design (<i>Social Shaping of Technology</i>, 1985).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social science research continued to interrogate STS research from this point onward as researchers moved from post-modern to post-structural frameworks of thought, Bijker and Pinch contributing to SCOT knowledge and Wajcman providing boundary work through a feminist lens.<sup id="cite_ref-:1b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "turn to technology" helped to cement an already growing awareness of underlying unity among the various emerging STS programs. More recently, there has been an associated turn to ecology, nature, and materiality in general, whereby the socio-technical and natural/material co-produce each other. This is especially evident in work in STS analyses of biomedicine (such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_May" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl May">Carl May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Mol" title="Annemarie Mol">Annemarie Mol</a>) and ecological interventions (such as <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff" title="Sheila Jasanoff">Sheila Jasanoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Gross" title="Matthias Gross">Matthias Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sara_B._Pritchard" title="Sara B. Pritchard">Sara B. Pritchard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S._Lochlann_Jain" title="S. Lochlann Jain">S. Lochlann Jain</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_concepts">Important concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Important concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_construction(s)"><span id="Social_construction.28s.29"></span>Social construction(s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social construction(s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Social construction of technology</a></div> <p>Social constructions are human-created ideas, objects, or events created by a series of choices and interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Technology_and_Society_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Technology_and_Society-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These interactions have consequences that change the perception that different groups of people have on these constructs. Some examples of social construction include class, race, money, and citizenship. </p><p>The following also alludes to the notion that not everything is set, a circumstance or result could potentially be one way or the other. According to the article "What is Social Construction?" by Ian Hacking, "Social construction work is critical of the status quo. Social constructionists about X tend to hold that: </p> <ol><li>X need not have existed, or need not be at all as it is. X, or X as it is at present, is not determined by the nature of things; it is not inevitable</li></ol> <p>Very often they go further, and urge that: </p> <ol><li>X is quite as bad as it is.</li> <li>We would be much better off if X were done away with, or at least radically transformed."</li></ol> <p>In the past, there have been viewpoints that were widely regarded as fact until being called to question due to the introduction of new knowledge. Such viewpoints include the past concept of a correlation between intelligence and the nature of a human's ethnicity or race (X may not be at all as it is).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Social_Construction_of_What_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Social_Construction_of_What-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of the evolution and interaction of various social constructions within science and technology can be found in the development of both the high-wheel bicycle, or <a href="/wiki/Velocipede" title="Velocipede">velocipede</a>, and then of the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>. The velocipede was widely used in the latter half of the 19th century. In the latter half of the 19th century, a social need was first recognized for a more efficient and rapid means of transportation. Consequently, the velocipede was first developed, which was able to reach higher translational velocities than the smaller non-geared bicycles of the day, by replacing the front wheel with a larger radius wheel. One notable trade-off was a certain decreased stability leading to a greater risk of falling. This trade-off resulted in many riders getting into accidents by losing balance while riding the bicycle or being thrown over the handlebars. </p><p>The first "social construction" or progress of the velocipede caused the need for a newer "social construction" to be recognized and developed into a safer bicycle design. Consequently, the velocipede was then developed into what is now commonly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>" to fit within society's newer "social construction," the newer standards of higher vehicle safety. Thus the popularity of the modern geared bicycle design came as a response to the first social construction, the original need for greater speed, which had caused the high-wheel bicycle to be designed in the first place. The popularity of the modern geared bicycle design ultimately ended the widespread use of the velocipede itself, as eventually it was found to best accomplish the social needs/social constructions of both greater speed and of greater safety.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_Press_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_Press-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_semiotics">Material semiotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Material semiotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_and_technology_studies" title="Feminist science and technology studies">Feminist science and technology studies</a></div> <p>With methodology from ANT, feminist STS theorists built upon SCOT's theory of co-construction to explore the relationship between gender and technology, proposing one cannot exist separately from the other.<sup id="cite_ref-:1b_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach suggests the material and social are not separate, reality being produced through interactions and studied through representations of those realities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1b_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on <a href="/wiki/Steve_Woolgar" title="Steve Woolgar">Steve Woolgar</a>'s boundary work on user configuration,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feminist critiques shifted the focus away from users of technology and science towards whether technology and science represent a fixed, unified reality.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this approach, identity could no longer be treated as causal in human interactions with technology as it cannot exist prior to that interaction, feminist STS researchers proposing a "double-constructivist" approach to account for this contradiction.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Law_(sociologist)" title="John Law (sociologist)">John Law</a> credits feminist STS scholars for contributing material-semiotic approaches to the broader discipline of STS, stating that research not only attempts to describe reality, but enacts it through the research process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1b_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociotechnical_imaginaries_(STIs)"><span id="Sociotechnical_imaginaries_.28STIs.29"></span>Sociotechnical imaginaries (STIs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sociotechnical imaginaries (STIs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sociotechnical imaginaries are what certain communities, societies, and nations envision as achievable through the combination of scientific innovation and social changes. These visions can be based on what is possible to achieve for a certain society, and can also show what a certain state or nation desires.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> STIs are often bound with ideologies and ambitions of those who create and circulate them. Sociotechnical imaginaries can be created by states and policymakers, smaller groups within society, or can be a result of the interaction of both.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was coined in 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff" title="Sheila Jasanoff">Sheila Jasanoff</a> and Sang-Hyun Kim who compared and contrasted sociotechnical imaginaries of nuclear energy in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> with those of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> over the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jasanoff and Kim analyzed the discourse of government representatives, national policies, and civil society organizations, looked at the technological and infrastructural developments, and social protests, and conducted interviews with experts. They concluded that in South Korea nuclear energy was imagined mostly as the means of national development, while in the US the dominant sociotechnical imaginary framed nuclear energy as risky and in need of containment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept has been applied to several objects of study including biomedical research,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nanotechnology development<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and energy systems and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within energy systems, research has focused on nuclear energy,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fossil fuels,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renewables<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as broader topics of energy transitions,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of new technologies to address climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociotechnical_systems_theory">Sociotechnical systems theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sociotechnical systems theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></div> <p>Social technical systems are an interplay between technologies and humans, this is clearly expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">sociotechnical systems theory</a>. To expound on this interplay, humans fulfill and define tasks, then humans in companies use IT and IT supports people, and finally, IT processes tasks and new IT generates new tasks. This IT redefines work practices. This is what we call the sociotechnical systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In socio-technical systems, there are two principles to internalize, that is joint optimization and complementarity. Joint optimization puts an emphasis on developing both systems in parallel and it is only in the interaction of both systems that the success of an organization arises.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of complementarity means that both systems have to be optimized.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If you focus on one system and have bias over the other it will likely lead to the failure of the organization or jeopardize the success of a system. Although the above socio-technical system theory is focused on an organization, it is undoubtedly imperative to correlate this theory and its principles to society today and in science and technology studies. </p><p>According to Barley and Bailey, there is a  tendency for AI designers and scholars of design studies to privilege the technical over the social, focusing more on taking "humans out of the loop" paradigm than the "augmented intelligence" paradigm.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent work on <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> considers large sociotechnical systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">online marketplaces</a>, as agents whose behavior can be purposeful and adaptive. The behavior of <a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">recommender systems</a> can therefore be analyzed in the language and framework of sociotechnical systems, leading also to a new perspective for their legal regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-socialmachine1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialmachine1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-socialmachine_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialmachine-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technoscience">Technoscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Technoscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a></div> <p>Technoscience is a subset of Science, Technology, and Society studies that focuses on the inseparable connection between science and technology. It states that fields are linked and grow together, and scientific knowledge requires an infrastructure of technology in order to remain stationary or move forward. Both technological development and scientific discovery drive one another towards more advancement. Technoscience excels at shaping human thoughts and behavior by opening up new possibilities that gradually or quickly come to be perceived as necessities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technosocial">Technosocial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technosocial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Technological action is a social process."<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman,_1992_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman,_1992-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social factors and technology are intertwined so that they are dependent upon each other. This includes the aspect that social, political, and economic factors are inherent in technology and that social structure influences what technologies are pursued. In other words, "technoscientific phenomena combined inextricably with social/political/economic/psychological phenomena, so 'technology' includes a spectrum of artifacts, techniques, organizations, and systems."<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winner expands on this idea by saying "in the late twentieth-century technology and society, technology and culture, technology and politics are by no means separate."<sup id="cite_ref-Winner,_1993_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winner,_1993-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Pinto" title="Ford Pinto">Ford Pinto</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dowie,_1997_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowie,_1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> sold and produced the Pinto during the 1970s. A flaw in the automobile design of the rear gas tank caused a fiery explosion upon impact. The exploding fuel tank killed and injured hundreds of people. Internal documents of test results proved Ford CEO <a href="/wiki/Lee_Iacocca" title="Lee Iacocca">Lee Iacocca</a> and engineers were aware of the flaw. The company decided to ignore improving its technology because of profit-driven motives, strict internal control, and competition from foreign competitors such as <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>. Ford Motor Company conducted a cost-benefit analysis to determine if altering the Ford Pinto model was feasible. An analysis conducted by Ford employees argued against a new design because of increased cost. Employees were also under tight control by the CEO who rushed the Pinto through production lines to increase profits. Ford finally changed after public scrutiny. Safety organizations later influenced this technology by requiring stricter safety standards for motor vehicles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>/toxins<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2013_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – DDT was a common and highly effective insecticide used during the 1940s until its ban in the early 1970s. It was utilized during World War 2 to combat insect-borne human diseases that plagued military members and civilian populations. People and companies soon realized other benefits of DDT for agricultural purposes. <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> became worried about widespread use on public health and the environment. Rachel Carson's book <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i> left an imprint on the industry by claiming the linkage of DDT to many serious illnesses such as cancer. Carson's book drew criticism from chemical companies who felt their reputation and business threatened by such claims. DDT was eventually banned by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) after a long and arduous process of research on the chemical substance. The main cause for the removal of DDT was the public deciding that any benefits were outweighed by the potential health risk.</li> <li>Autopilots/computer-aided tasks (CATs)<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2013_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – From a security point of view the effects of making a task more computer-driven is in the favor of technological advance because there is less reaction time required and computational error than a human pilot. Due to reduced error and reaction times flights on average, using autopilot, have been shown to be safer. Thus technology has a direct impact on people by increasing their safety, and society affects technology because people want to be safer so they are constantly trying to improve the autopilot systems.</li> <li>Cell phones<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2013_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Cell phone technology emerged in the early 1920s after advancements were made in radio technology. Engineers at Bell Laboratories, the research, and development division of AT&T discovered that cell towers can transmit and receive signals to and from many directions. The discovery by Bell Labs revolutionized the capabilities and outcomes of cellular technology. Technology only improved once mobile phone users could communicate outside of a designated area. First-generation mobile phones were first created and sold by <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>. Their phone was only intended for use in cars. Second-generation mobile phone capabilities continued to improve because of the switch to digital. Phones were faster which enhanced the communication capabilities of customers. They were also sleeker and weighed less than bulky first-generation technology. Technological advances boosted customer satisfaction and broadened cell phone companies' customer base. Third-generation technology changed the way people interact with others. Now customers had access to Wi-Fi, texting and other applications. Mobile phones are now entering into the fourth generation. Cellular and mobile phones revolutionized the way people socialize and communicate in order to establish a modern social structure. People have affected the development of this technology by demanding features such as larger screens, touch capabilities, and internet accessibility.</li> <li>Internet<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2013_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The internet arose because of extensive research on ARPANET between various universities, corporations, and ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency), an agency of the Department of Defense. Scientists theorized a network of computers connected to each other. Computing capabilities contributed to developments and the creation of the modern-day computer or laptop. The internet has become a normal part of life and business, to such a degree that the United Nations views it as a basic human right. The internet is becoming larger, one way is that more things are being moved into the digital world due to demand, for example, online banking. It has drastically changed the way most people go about daily habits.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deliberative_democracy">Deliberative democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deliberative democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative democracy</a> is a reform of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct</a> democracies which mandates discussion and debate of popular topics which affect society. Deliberative democracy is a tool for making decisions. Deliberative democracy can be traced back all the way to <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Aristotelicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Aristotelicum">Aristotle's writings</a>. More recently, the term was coined by Joseph Bessette in his 1980 work <i>Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government</i>, where he uses the idea in opposition to the elitist interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> with emphasis on public discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deliberative democracy can lead to more legitimate, credible, and trustworthy outcomes. Deliberative democracy allows for "a wider range of public knowledge", and it has been argued that this can lead to "more socially intelligent and robust" science. One major shortcoming of deliberative democracy is that many models insufficiently ensure critical interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Chilvers_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilvers-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ryfe, there are five mechanisms that stand out as critical to the successful design of deliberative democracy: </p> <ul><li>Rules of equality, civility, and inclusivity may prompt deliberation even when our first impulse is to avoid it.</li> <li>Stories anchor reality by organizing experience and instilling a normative commitment to civic identities and values, and function as a medium for framing discussions.</li> <li>Leadership provides important cues to individuals in deliberative settings and can keep groups on a deliberative track when their members slip into routine and habit.</li> <li>Individuals are more likely to sustain deliberative reasoning when they have a stake in the outcomes.</li> <li>Apprenticeship teaches citizens to deliberate well. We might do well to imagine education as a form of apprenticeship learning, in which individuals learn to deliberate by doing it in concert with others more skilled in the activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryfe_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryfe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Importance">Importance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> there has been a movement towards greater transparency in the fields of policy and technology. Jasanoff comes to the conclusion that there is no longer a question of if there needs to be increased public participation in making decisions about science and technology, but now there need to be ways to make a more meaningful conversation between the public and those developing the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Jasanoff_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jasanoff-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_practice">In practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ackerman" title="Bruce Ackerman">Bruce Ackerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_S._Fishkin" title="James S. Fishkin">James S. Fishkin</a> offered an example of a reform in their paper "Deliberation Day." The deliberation is to enhance public understanding of popular, complex and controversial issues through devices such as Fishkin's <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_polling" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliberative polling">deliberative polling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though implementation of these reforms is unlikely in a large government such as that of the United States. However, things similar to this have been implemented in small, local governments like <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> towns and villages. New England town hall meetings are a good example of <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a> in a realistic setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohman_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ideal deliberative democracy balances the voice and influence of all participants. While the main aim is to reach consensus, deliberative democracy should encourage the voices of those with opposing viewpoints, concerns due to uncertainties, and questions about assumptions made by other participants. It should take its time and ensure that those participating understand the topics on which they debate. Independent managers of debates should also have a substantial grasp of the concepts discussed, but must "[remain] independent and impartial as to the outcomes of the process."<sup id="cite_ref-Chilvers_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilvers-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tragedy_of_the_commons">Tragedy of the commons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tragedy of the commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></div> <p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a> popularised the phrase "tragedy of the commons." It is an economic theory where rational people act against the best interest of the group by consuming a common resource. Since then, the tragedy of the commons has been used to symbolize the degradation of the environment whenever many individuals use a common resource. Although Garrett Hardin was not an STS scholar, the concept of the tragedy of the commons still applies to science, technology, and society.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a contemporary setting, the Internet acts as an example of the tragedy of the commons through the exploitation of digital resources and private information. Data and internet passwords can be stolen much more easily than physical documents. Virtual spying is almost free compared to the costs of physical spying.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> can be seen as an example of tragedy of the commons in an STS context. The movement for net neutrality argues that the Internet should not be a resource that is dominated by one particular group, specifically those with more money to spend on Internet access. </p><p>A counterexample to the tragedy of the commons is offered by Andrew Kahrl. Privatization can be a way to deal with the tragedy of the commons. However, Kahrl suggests that the privatization of beaches on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, in an attempt to combat the overuse of Long Island beaches, made the residents of Long Island more susceptible to flood damage from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a>. The privatization of these beaches took away from the protection offered by the natural landscape. Tidal lands that offer natural protection were drained and developed. This attempt to combat the tragedy of the commons by privatization was counter-productive. Privatization actually destroyed the public good of natural protection from the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_modernity">Alternative modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alternative modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a conceptual tool conventionally used to represent the state of present western society. Modernity represents the political and social structures of society, the sum of interpersonal discourse, and ultimately a snapshot of society's direction at a point in time. Unfortunately, conventional modernity is incapable of modeling alternative directions for further growth within our society. Also, this concept is ineffective at analyzing similar but unique modern societies such as those found in the diverse cultures of the developing world. Problems can be summarized into two elements: inward failure to analyze the growth potentials of a given society, and outward failure to model different cultures and social structures and predict their growth potentials. </p><p>Previously, modernity carried a connotation of the current state of being modern, and its evolution through European colonialism. The process of becoming "modern" is believed to occur in a linear, pre-determined way, and is seen by Philip Brey as a way to interpret and evaluate social and cultural formations. This thought ties in with <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization theory</a>, the thought that societies progress from "pre-modern" to "modern" societies. </p><p>Within the field of science and technology, there are two main lenses with which to view modernity. The first is as a way for society to quantify what it wants to move towards. In effect, we can discuss the notion of "alternative modernity" (as described by Andrew Feenberg) and which of these we would like to move towards. Alternatively, modernity can be used to analyze the differences in interactions between cultures and individuals. From this perspective, alternative modernities exist simultaneously, based on differing cultural and societal expectations of how a society (or an individual within society) should function. Because of different types of interactions across different cultures, each culture will have a different modernity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pace_of_innovation">Pace of innovation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pace of innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pace_of_innovation" title="Pace of innovation">Pace of innovation</a></div> <p>The pace of innovation is the speed at which technological innovation or advancement is occurring, with the most apparent instances being too slow or too rapid. Both these rates of innovation are extreme and therefore have effects on the people that get to use this technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_innovation_without_representation">No innovation without representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: No innovation without representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Talk:Science and technology studies">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/No_innovation_without_representation" title="No innovation without representation">No innovation without representation</a></div> <p>"No innovation without representation" is a democratic ideal of ensuring that everyone involved gets a chance to be represented fairly in technological developments. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Winner" title="Langdon Winner">Langdon Winner</a> states that groups and social interests likely to be affected by a particular kind of technological change ought to be represented at an early stage in defining exactly what that technology will be. It is the idea that relevant parties have a say in technological developments and are not left in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spoken about<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (May 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> by <a href="/wiki/Massimiano_Bucchi" title="Massimiano Bucchi">Massimiano Bucchi</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>This ideal does not require the public to become experts on the topics of science and engineering, it only asks that the opinions and ideas be heard before making drastic decisions, as talked about by <a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Goldman" title="Steven L. Goldman">Steven L. Goldman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_thinking">Legacy thinking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy thinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legacy thinking is defined as an inherited method of thinking imposed from an external source without objection by the individual because it is already widely accepted by society. </p><p>Legacy thinking can impair the ability to drive technology for the betterment of society by blinding people to innovations that do not fit into their accepted model of how society works. By accepting ideas without questioning them, people often see all solutions that contradict these accepted ideas as impossible or impractical. Legacy thinking tends to advantage the wealthy, who have the means to project their ideas on the public. It may be used by the wealthy as a vehicle to drive technology in their favor rather than for the greater good. Examining the role of citizen participation and representation in politics provides an excellent example of legacy thinking in society. The belief that one can spend money freely to gain influence has been popularized, leading to public acceptance of corporate <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>. As a result, a self-established role in politics has been cemented where the public does not exercise the power ensured to them by the Constitution to the fullest extent. This can become a barrier to political progress as corporations who have the capital to spend have the potential to wield great influence over policy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legacy thinking, however, keeps the population from acting to change this, despite polls from Harris Interactive that report over 80% of Americans to feel that big business holds too much power in government.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Americans are beginning to try to steer away from this line of thought, rejecting legacy thinking, and demanding less corporate, and more public, participation in political decision-making. </p><p>Additionally, an examination of <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> functions as a separate example of legacy thinking. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a>, the internet has always been viewed as a private luxury good.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet today is a vital part of modern-day society members. They use it in and out of life every day.<sup id="cite_ref-Net_Neutrality_2015_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Net_Neutrality_2015-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporations are able to mislabel and greatly overcharge for their internet resources. Since the American public is so dependent upon the internet there is little for them to do. Legacy thinking has kept this pattern on track despite growing movements arguing that the internet should be considered a utility. Legacy thinking prevents progress because it was widely accepted by others before us through advertising that the internet is a luxury and not a utility. Due to pressure from grassroots movements the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) has redefined the requirements for broadband and internet in general as a utility.<sup id="cite_ref-Net_Neutrality_2015_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Net_Neutrality_2015-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now AT&T and other major internet providers are lobbying against this action and are in large able to delay the onset of this movement due to legacy thinking's grip on American<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This article & legacy thinking relates to the global population not just the American (January 2020)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> culture and politics. </p><p>For example, those who cannot overcome the barrier of legacy thinking may not consider the <a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">privatization of clean drinking water</a> as an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is partial because access to water has become such a given fact of the matter to them. For a person living in such circumstances, it may be widely accepted to not concern themselves with drinking water because they have not needed to be concerned with it in the past. Additionally, a person living within an area that does not need to worry about their water supply or the sanitation of their water supply is less likely to be concerned with the privatization of water. </p><p>This notion can be examined through the thought experiment of "<a href="/wiki/Veil_of_ignorance" class="mw-redirect" title="Veil of ignorance">veil of ignorance</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legacy thinking causes people to be particularly ignorant about the implications behind the "you get what you pay for" mentality applied to a life necessity. By utilizing the "veil of ignorance", one can overcome the barrier of legacy thinking as it requires a person to imagine that they are unaware of their own circumstances, allowing them to free themselves from externally imposed thoughts or widely accepted ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a><sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2013_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The perception that science and technology are intertwined and depend on each other.</li> <li>Technosociety<sup id="cite_ref-Technosociety,_n.d._54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technosociety,_n.d.-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – An industrially developed society with a reliance on technology.</li> <li>Technological utopianism – A positive outlook on the effect technology has on social welfare. Includes the perception that technology will one day enable society to reach a utopian state.</li> <li>Technosocial systems<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2004_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – people and technologies that combine to work as heterogeneous but functional wholes.</li> <li>Critical Technical Practice<sup id="cite_ref-Agre,_1997_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agre,_1997-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the practice of technological creation while simultaneously critiquing and maintaining awareness of the inherent biases and value systems which become embedded in those technologies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classifications">Classifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_optimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological optimism">Technological optimism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild,_2012_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild,_2012-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The opinion that technology has positive effects on society and should be used in order to improve the welfare of people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia#Science_and_technology" title="Dystopia">Technological pessimism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild,_2012_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild,_2012-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The opinion that technology has negative effects on society and should be discouraged from use.</li> <li>Technological neutrality<sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2004_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – "maintains that a given technology has no systematic effects on society: individuals are perceived as ultimately responsible, for better or worse, because technologies are merely tools people use for their own ends."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Woodhouse,_2004_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodhouse,_2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – "maintains that technologies are understood as simply and directly causing particular societal outcomes."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kleinman,_2005_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinman,_2005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The belief in the total separation of facts and values.</li> <li>Technological progressivism<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinman,_2005_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinman,_2005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – technology is a means to an end itself and an inherently positive pursuit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_programs">Academic programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Academic programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>STS is taught in several countries. According to the STS wiki, STS programs can be found in twenty countries, including 45 programs in the United States, three programs in India, and eleven programs in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> STS programs can be found in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-YorkGrad_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YorkGrad-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of institutions offering STS programs are <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YorkGrad_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YorkGrad-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe the European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology (<a href="/wiki/ESST" class="mw-redirect" title="ESST">ESST</a>) offers an MA degree in STS through study programs and student exchanges with over a dozen specializations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_associations">Professional associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Professional associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field has professional associations in regions and countries around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <b>European Association for the Study of Science and Technology</b> (EASST) was founded in 1981 to "improve scholarly communication and exchange in the field", "increase the visibility of the subject to policy-makers and to the general public", and "stimulate and support teaching on the subject at all levels".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/European_Inter-University_Association_on_Society,_Science_and_Technology" title="European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology">European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology</a> (ESST) researches and studies science and technology in society, in both historical and contemporary perspectives.</li> <li>In European nation states and language communities, a range of STS associations exist, including in the UK, Spain, Germany, Austria, Turkey. In some states, several formal associations exist. <ul><li>For instance, in 2015, the UK-based Association for Studies in Innovation, Science and Technology (AsSIST-UK) was established, chaired by Andrew Webster (York) and Robin Williams (Edinburgh) principally to foster stronger integration between the innovation studies and STS fields.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 it had a membership of 380.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It holds annual conferences and has built strong links to policy practitioners in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Italy, STS Italia – The Italian Society for Social Studies of Science and Technology was founded in 2005. Its mission is "to build up an Italian network of researchers oriented to study Science and Technology starting from the social dynamics which characterize and interweave science and technology themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Sweden, the Swedish Network for Science and Technology Studies was founded in 2006, at the first national Swedish Conference for STS, <i>STS Dagarna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Germany several STS associations exist, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschafts-_und_Technikforschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft für Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung (page does not exist)">Gesellschaft für Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung</a>, founded in 1987<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stsing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stsing (page does not exist)">stsing</a> network, labelled "Doing Science and Technology Studies in and through Germany", founded 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a early career research network called INSIST and various STS-related sub-groups of the larger disciplinary associations (like <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Asia Pacific Science Technology & Society Network (APSTSN) primarily had members from Australasia, Southeast and East Asia and Oceania. APSTSN is not currently active.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the Japanese Society for Science and Technology Studies (JSSTS)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded in 2001.</li> <li>The Australasian Science and Technology Studies Network (AusSTS)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded in 2017 based at <a href="/wiki/Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a>. AusSTS now has several nodes in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand and holds an annual workshop.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stsin.org/">Science and Technology Studies-India Network (STS-IN)</a> was formed in December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inaugural workshop was held on December 14 and 15, 2023, at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Hyderabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad">Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Latin_America">In Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (ESOCITE) is the biggest association of Science and Technology studies. The study of STS (CyT in Spanish, CTS in Portuguese) here was shaped by authors like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C3%ADlcar_Herrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amílcar Herrera (page does not exist)">Amílcar Herrera</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Herrera" class="extiw" title="es:Amílcar Herrera">es</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sabato" title="Jorge Sabato">Jorge Sabato</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Varsavsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Varsavsky (page does not exist)">Oscar Varsavsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Varsavsky" class="extiw" title="es:Oscar Varsavsky">es</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leite_Lopes" title="José Leite Lopes">José Leite Lopes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, Miguel Wionczek in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Francisco Sagasti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, Máximo Halty Carrere in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Roche" title="Marcel Roche">Marcel Roche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_North_America">In North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Founded in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Social_Studies_of_Science" title="Society for Social Studies of Science">Society for Social Studies of Science</a> initially provided scholarly communication facilities, including a journal (<i>Science, Technology, and Human Values</i>) and annual meetings that were mainly attended by science studies scholars. The society has since grown into the most important professional association of science and technology studies scholars worldwide. The Society for Social Studies of Science members also include government and industry officials concerned with research and development as well as science and technology policy; scientists and engineers who wish to better understand the social embeddedness of their professional practice; and citizens concerned about the impact of science and technology in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founded in 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_History_of_Technology" title="Society for the History of Technology">Society for the History of Technology</a> initially attracted members from the history profession who had interests in the contextual history of technology. After the "turn to technology" in the mid-1980s, the society's well-regarded journal (<i>Technology and Culture</i>) and its annual meetings began to attract considerable interest from non-historians with technology studies interests.</li> <li>Less identified with STS, but also of importance to many STS scholars, are the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Science_Association" title="Philosophy of Science Association">Philosophy of Science Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_History_of_Medicine" title="American Association for the History of Medicine">American Association for the History of Medicine</a>.</li> <li>Additionally, within the US there are significant STS-oriented special interest groups within major disciplinary associations, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Studies_Association" title="National Women's Studies Association">National Women's Studies Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable peer-reviewed journals in STS include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science" title="Social Studies of Science">Social Studies of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science,_Technology,_%26_Human_Values" title="Science, Technology, & Human Values">Science, Technology, & Human Values</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_%26_Technology_Studies_(Journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science & Technology Studies (Journal) (page does not exist)">Science & Technology Studies (Journal)</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engaging_Science,_Technology,_and_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engaging Science, Technology, and Society (page does not exist)">Engaging Science, Technology, and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalyst:_Feminism,_Theory,_Technoscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience (page does not exist)">Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience</a></i></li> <li><i>Technology in Society</i>; <i>Research Policy</i></li> <li><i>Minerva: A Journal of Science, Learning and Policy</i></li> <li><i>Science, Technology and Society</i><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Science as Culture</i></li> <li><i>Research Policy</i><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Revue d'Anthropologie des Connaissances</i><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Technology_and_Society_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE Technology and Society Magazine (page does not exist)">IEEE Technology and Society Magazine</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Transactions_on_Technology_and_Society_(IEEE-TTS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE-TTS) (page does not exist)">IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE-TTS)</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_Culture" title="Technology and Culture">Technology and Culture</a></i></li> <li><i>Science and Public Policy</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapuya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapuya">Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Technoethics" title="International Journal of Technoethics">International Journal of Technoethics</a></i></li></ul></div> <p>Student journals in STS include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><i>Intersect: the Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society</i> at Stanford</li> <li><i>DEMESCI: International Journal of Deliberative Mechanisms in Science</i></li> <li><i>The Science In Society Review: A Production of the Triple Helix</i> at Cornell</li> <li><i>Synthesis: An Undergraduate Journal of the History of Science</i> at Harvard</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_scholars">Notable scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Barad" title="Karen Barad">Karen Barad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Barry_Barnes" title="S. Barry Barnes">S. Barry Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiebe_Bijker" title="Wiebe Bijker">Wiebe Bijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bloor" title="David Bloor">David Bloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bozeman" title="Barry Bozeman">Barry Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimiano_Bucchi" title="Massimiano Bucchi">Massimiano Bucchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Callon" title="Michel Callon">Michel Callon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Collins" title="Harry Collins">Harry Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feenberg" title="Andrew Feenberg">Andrew Feenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Felt" title="Ulrike Felt">Ulrike Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Fleck" title="Ludwik Fleck">Ludwik Fleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller_(sociologist)" title="Steve Fuller (sociologist)">Steve Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Goldman" title="Steven L. Goldman">Steven L. Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Gross" title="Matthias Gross">Matthias Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Lochlann_Jain" title="S. Lochlann Jain">S. Lochlann Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff" title="Sheila Jasanoff">Sheila Jasanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kowal" title="Emma Kowal">Emma Kowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Law_(sociologist)" title="John Law (sociologist)">John Law (sociologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Angus_MacKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Angus MacKenzie">Donald Angus MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_May" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl May">Carl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Mol" title="Annemarie Mol">Annemarie Mol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elting_E._Morison" title="Elting E. Morison">Elting E. Morison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Murphy" title="Michelle Murphy">Michelle Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">David F. Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobita_Parthasarathy" title="Shobita Parthasarathy">Shobita Parthasarathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinch" title="Trevor Pinch">Trevor Pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_Restivo" title="Sal Restivo">Sal Restivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Rip" title="Arie Rip">Arie Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schaffer" title="Simon Schaffer">Simon Schaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Schot" title="Johan Schot">Johan Schot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Suchman" title="Lucy Suchman">Lucy Suchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Verran" title="Helen Verran">Helen Verran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Wajcman" title="Judy Wajcman">Judy Wajcman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams_(academic)" title="Robin Williams (academic)">Robin Williams (academic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Winner" title="Langdon Winner">Langdon Winner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Woolgar" title="Steve Woolgar">Steve Woolgar</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_studies" title="Engineering studies">Engineering studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_system" title="Innovation system">Innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_production_modes" title="Knowledge production modes">Mode 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_process_theory" title="Normalization process theory">Normalization process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_awareness_of_science" title="Public awareness of science">Public awareness of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_team_science" title="Science of team science">Science of team science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Science and technology in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies_in_India" title="Science and technology studies in India">Science and technology studies in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_shaping_of_technology" title="Social shaping of technology">Social shaping of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHackettClarkeAmsterdamskaLynch2007" class="citation book cs1">Hackett, Edward J.; Clarke, Adele E.; Amsterdamska, Olga; Lynch, Michael E.; Wajcman, Judy; Sismondo, Sergio; Bijker, Wiebe E.; Turner, Stephen; Thorpe, Charles; Latour, Bruno (2007). <i>The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262274685" title="Special:BookSources/9780262274685"><bdi>9780262274685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780262274685&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Adele+E.&rft.au=Amsterdamska%2C+Olga&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Wajcman%2C+Judy&rft.au=Sismondo%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Bijker%2C+Wiebe+E.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Charles&rft.au=Latour%2C+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., Pinch, T. and Douglas, D. G., <i>The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology</i>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, Cambridge, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stswiki.org/index.php?title=Worldwide_directory_of_STS_programs">The STS Wiki</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3b-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3b_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWajcman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wajcman, Judy (1995). "Feminist Theories of Technology". <i>Handbook of Science and Technology Studies</i>. SAGE Publications Inc: <span class="nowrap">189–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412990127.n9">10.4135/9781412990127.n9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761924982" title="Special:BookSources/9780761924982"><bdi>9780761924982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft.atitle=Feminist+Theories+of+Technology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412990127.n9&rft.isbn=9780761924982&rft.aulast=Wajcman&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormanHertzLouisMagpili2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gorman, Michael; Hertz, Michael; Louis, Garrick; Magpili, Luna; Mauss, Mark; Mehalik, Matthew; Tuttle, J.B. (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2000.tb00552.x">"Integrating Ethics & Engineering: A Graduate Option in Systems Engineering, Ethics, and Technology Studies"</a>. <i>Journal of Engineering Education</i>. <b>89</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">461–</span>469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2168-9830.2000.tb00552.x">10.1002/j.2168-9830.2000.tb00552.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109724698">109724698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Engineering+Education&rft.atitle=Integrating+Ethics+%26+Engineering%3A+A+Graduate+Option+in+Systems+Engineering%2C+Ethics%2C+and+Technology+Studies&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2168-9830.2000.tb00552.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109724698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hertz%2C+Michael&rft.au=Louis%2C+Garrick&rft.au=Magpili%2C+Luna&rft.au=Mauss%2C+Mark&rft.au=Mehalik%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+J.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2Fj.2168-9830.2000.tb00552.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolgar1991" class="citation journal cs1">Woolgar, Steve (January 1991). "The turn to technology in social studies of science". <i><a href="/wiki/Science,_Technology,_%26_Human_Values" title="Science, Technology, & Human Values">Science, Technology, & Human Values</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F016224399101600102">10.1177/016224399101600102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/690038">690038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145470661">145470661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+%26+Human+Values&rft.atitle=The+turn+to+technology+in+social+studies+of+science&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1991-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145470661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F690038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F016224399101600102&rft.aulast=Woolgar&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinchBijker1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pinch, Trevor J.; Bijker, Wiebe E. (August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/the-social-construction-of-facts-and-artefacts-or-how-the-sociology-of-science-and-the-sociology-of-technology-might-benefit-each-other(9370d395-f64e-418e-922e-bfbc59fb9250).html">"The social construction of facts and artefacts: or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science" title="Social Studies of Science">Social Studies of Science</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030631284014003004">10.1177/030631284014003004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/285355">285355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19157599">19157599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Studies+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+social+construction+of+facts+and+artefacts%3A+or+how+the+sociology+of+science+and+the+sociology+of+technology+might+benefit+each+other&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E441&rft.date=1984-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19157599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F285355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030631284014003004&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Trevor+J.&rft.au=Bijker%2C+Wiebe+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.utwente.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthe-social-construction-of-facts-and-artefacts-or-how-the-sociology-of-science-and-the-sociology-of-technology-might-benefit-each-other%289370d395-f64e-418e-922e-bfbc59fb9250%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBijkerHughesPinch2012" class="citation book cs1">Bijker, Wiebe E.; Hughes, Thomas Parke; Pinch, Trevor J., eds. (2012) [1987]. <i>The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the sociology and history of technology</i> (Anniversary ed.). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262517607" title="Special:BookSources/9780262517607"><bdi>9780262517607</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759491749">759491749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+social+construction+of+technological+systems%3A+new+directions+in+the+sociology+and+history+of+technology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=Anniversary&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759491749&rft.isbn=9780262517607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzieWajcman1999" class="citation book cs1">MacKenzie, Donald A.; Wajcman, Judy, eds. (1999) [1985]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialshapingoft0000unse"><i>The social shaping of technology</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). 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Société d'anthropologie des connaissances.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revue+d%27anthropologie+des+connaissances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Frac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technologyandsociety.org/technology-and-society-magazine/">"Technology and Society Magazine - IEEE Technology and Society"</a>. <i>Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+on+Social+Implications+of+Technology+%28SSIT%29&rft.atitle=Technology+and+Society+Magazine+-+IEEE+Technology+and+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnologyandsociety.org%2Ftechnology-and-society-magazine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technologyandsociety.org/transactions/">"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE-TTS)"</a>. <i>Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+on+Social+Implications+of+Technology+%28SSIT%29&rft.atitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Technology+and+Society+%28IEEE-TTS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnologyandsociety.org%2Ftransactions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ttap20/current">"Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society Homepage"</a>. <i>Taylor & Francis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.atitle=Tapuya%3A+Latin+American+Science%2C+Technology+and+Society+Homepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Ftoc%2Fttap20%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauchspiesCroissantRestivo2005" class="citation book cs1">Bauchspies, Wenda; Croissant, Jennifer; Restivo, Sal (2005). <i>Science, Technology, and Society: A Sociological Approach</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631232100" title="Special:BookSources/9780631232100"><bdi>9780631232100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society%3A+A+Sociological+Approach&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780631232100&rft.aulast=Bauchspies&rft.aufirst=Wenda&rft.au=Croissant%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Restivo%2C+Sal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBijkerHughesPinch1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wiebe_Bijker" title="Wiebe Bijker">Bijker, Wiebe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Hughes" title="Thomas P. Hughes">Hughes, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinch" title="Trevor Pinch">Pinch, Trevor</a>, eds. (1987). <i>The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262022620" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262022620"><bdi>978-0262022620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Construction+of+Technological+Systems%3A+New+Directions+in+the+Sociology+and+History+of+Technology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0262022620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltFouchéMillerSmith-Doerr2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Felt" title="Ulrike Felt">Felt, Ulrike</a>; Fouché, Rayvon; Miller, Clark A.; Smith-Doerr, Laruel, eds. (2017). <i>The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262035682" title="Special:BookSources/9780262035682"><bdi>9780262035682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780262035682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller_(sociologist)" title="Steve Fuller (sociologist)">Fuller, Steve</a> (1993). <i>Philosophy, Rhetoric, and the End of Knowledge: The Coming of Science and Technology Studies</i>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy%2C+Rhetoric%2C+and+the+End+of+Knowledge%3A+The+Coming+of+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span> (2nd edition, with James H. Collier, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1997" class="citation book cs1">Hess, David J. (1997). <i>Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction</i>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814735640" title="Special:BookSources/9780814735640"><bdi>9780814735640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Studies%3A+An+Advanced+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780814735640&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasanoffMarklePetersenPinch1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff" title="Sheila Jasanoff">Jasanoff, Sheila</a>; Markle, Gerald; Petersen, James; <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinch" title="Trevor Pinch">Pinch, Trevor</a>, eds. (1994). <i>Handbook of Science and Technology Studies</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803940215" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803940215"><bdi>978-0803940215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0803940215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Kuhn, Thomas</a> (1962). <i>The structure of scientific revolutions</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+structure+of+scientific+revolutions&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatour1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour, Bruno</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Action_(book)" title="Science in Action (book)"><i>Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+action%3A+How+to+follow+scientists+and+engineers+through+society&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Latour&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestivo2005" class="citation book cs1">Restivo, Sal, ed. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog0000unse_m5y0"><i>Science, Technology, and Society: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195141931" title="Special:BookSources/9780195141931"><bdi>9780195141931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195141931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencetechnolog0000unse_m5y0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+and+technology+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guglielmo Rinzivillo (2020), <i>Raccontare la tecnoscienza. Storia di macchine, strumenti e idee per fare funzionare il mondo</i>, Roma, Edizioni Nuova Cultura; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-3365-349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-3365-349-5">978-88-3365-349-5</a>; ISSN 2284-0567).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escyt.org/">Argentinean Network for Science and Technology Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iesct.unq.edu.ar">Instituto de Estudios sobre la Ciencia y la Tecnología - Universidad Nacional de Quilmes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/">Science and Technology Studies Department - University College London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals_2">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sss.sagepub.com">Social Studies of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sth.sagepub.com">Science, Technology, & Human Values</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.estsjournal.org">Engaging Science, Technology, and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencetechnologystudies.journal.fi/">Science & Technology Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/technology-in-society/">Technology in Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/locate/respol">Research Policy</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-anthropologie-des-connaissances.htm">Revue d'Anthropologie des Connaissances</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/journal/11024">Minerva: A Journal of Science, Learning and Policy</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sts.sagepub.com/">Science Technology and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/CSAC">Science as Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/">Technology and Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405101059/http://spp.oxfordjournals.org/">Science and Public Policy</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/test20/current">Engineering studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tecnoscienza.net/index.php/tsj/">Tecnoscienza. Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeessit.org/technology_and_society/">IEEE Technology and Society Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/njsts/index">Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udgvirtual.udg.mx/paakat/index.php/paakat">Paakat: Revista de Tecnología y Sociedad</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intersect.stanford.edu">Intersect: the Journal of Science, Technology, and Society</a>,</i> Stanford University</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demesci.hipatiapress.com">DEMESCI: International Journal of Deliberative Mechanisms in Science</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Template:Science and technology studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Template talk:Science and technology studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_and_technology_studies704" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science and technology studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_science" title="Economics of science">Economics of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Economics of scientific knowledge">Economics of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" title="History of science and technology">and technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">Fuzzy logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li>Social <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">construction of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_shaping_of_technology" title="Social shaping of technology">shaping of technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Sociology of knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">Sociology of the history of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnology" title="Sociotechnology">Sociotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_programme" title="Strong programme">Strong programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary-work" title="Boundary-work">Boundary-work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" title="Double hermeneutic">Double hermeneutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logology_(science)" title="Logology (science)">Logology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_controversies" title="Mapping controversies">Mapping controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Black swan events">black swan events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_science" title="Psychology of science">Psychology of science</a></li> <li>Science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_science" title="Normal science">normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-colonial_science" title="Neo-colonial science">Neo-colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-normal_science" title="Post-normal science">post-normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">wars</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scientific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_controversy" title="Scientific controversy">controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_dissent" title="Scientific dissent">dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_enterprise" title="Scientific enterprise">enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">priority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientocracy" title="Scientocracy">Scientocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_team_science" title="Science of team science">Team science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Women in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">STEM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-production_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-production (society)">Co-production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">Design studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_adopter" title="Early adopter">Early adopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_studies" title="Engineering studies">Engineering studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hype_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_model_of_innovation" title="Linear model of innovation">linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">user</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging" title="Leapfrogging">Leapfrogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_process_theory" title="Normalization process theory">Normalization process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_salient" title="Reverse salient">Reverse salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunkworks_project" title="Skunkworks project">Skunkworks project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_change" title="Technical change">Technical change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">transitions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">criticism of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">theories of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Women in engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">Evidence-based policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_10" title="Factor 10">Factor 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science" title="Funding of science">Funding of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">Politicization of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_science" title="Regulation of science">Regulation of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_policy" title="History of science policy">history of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_science_policy" title="Science of science policy">science of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_management_(governance)" title="Transition management (governance)">Transition management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Category:Science and technology studies">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_associations" title="Category:Science and technology studies associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_journals" title="Category:Science and technology studies journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_scholars" title="Category:Science and technology studies scholars">Scholars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences710" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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