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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Descrizione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descrizione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Descrizione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cromosomi_umani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cromosomi_umani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cromosomi umani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cromosomi_umani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patologie_cromosomiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patologie_cromosomiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Patologie cromosomiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patologie_cromosomiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cromosoma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 116 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoom" title="Chromosoom - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chromosoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%89%A5%E1%88%88%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%82" title="ሃብለበራሂ - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃብለበራሂ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="صبغي - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صبغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="كروموزوم - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كروموزوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xromosom" title="Xromosom - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xromosom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="کوروموزوم - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوروموزوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Храмасома - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Храмасома" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромозома - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хромозома" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခရိုမိုသိုမ်း - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခရိုမိုသိုမ်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্রোমোজোম - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রোমোজোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom" title="Kromozom - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kromozom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromozom" title="Hromozom - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hromozom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%93ng-s%C3%A1ik-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Niēng-sáik-tā̤ - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niēng-sáik-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85" title="کرۆمۆسۆم - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کرۆمۆسۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromozom" title="Chromozom - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chromozom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cromosom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Χρωμόσωμα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρωμόσωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomo" title="Kromosomo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kromosomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoom" title="Kromosoom - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kromosoom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموزوم - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروموزوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomi" title="Kromosomi - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kromosomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoom" title="Kromosoom - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kromosoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromosoom" title="Gromosoom - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gromosoom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3mas%C3%B3m" title="Crómasóm - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crómasóm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiam-set-th%C3%AD" title="Ngiam-set-thí - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngiam-set-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9D" title="כרומוזום - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרומוזום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गुणसूत्र - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुणसूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomi" title="Kromosomi - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kromosomi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwomoz%C3%B2m" title="Kwomozòm - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwomozòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosz%C3%B3ma" title="Kromoszóma - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kromoszóma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Քրոմոսոմ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրոմոսոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома - ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomo" title="Kromosomo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kromosomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litningur" title="Litningur - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Litningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="染色体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქრომოსომა - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრომოსომა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xromosomalar" title="Xromosomalar - kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Xromosomalar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хромосомалар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хромосомалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D)" title="ವರ್ಣತಂತು (ಕ್ರೋಮೋಸೋಮ್) - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಣತಂತು (ಕ್ರೋಮೋಸೋಮ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4" title="염색체 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염색체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom" title="Kromozom - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kromozom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoma" title="Chromosoma - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chromosoma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ກະໂລໂມຊົມ - lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະໂລໂມຊົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoma" title="Chromosoma - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chromosoma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromosoma" title="Hromosoma - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hromosoma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромосом - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Хромосом" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромозом - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хромозом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രോമസോം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രോമസോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромосом - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хромосом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गुणसूत्र - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुणसूत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခရိုမိုဆုမ်း - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရိုမိုဆုမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गुणसूत्र - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुणसूत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="चिंपुतु - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिंपुतु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoom" title="Chromosoom - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chromosoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromos%C3%B2ma" title="Cromosòma - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cromosòma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaddiraa" title="Baaddiraa - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baaddiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਗੁਣਸੂਤਰ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਣਸੂਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموسوم - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کروموسوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموزوم - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کروموزوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromossomo" title="Cromossomo - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromossomo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromozom" title="Cromozom - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cromozom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱡᱚᱢ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱡᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڪروموسوم - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪروموسوم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromozom" title="Hromozom - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hromozom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoz%C3%B3m" title="Chromozóm - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chromozóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozomi" title="Kromozomi - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kromozomi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромозом - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хромозом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chembeuzi" title="Chembeuzi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chembeuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="நிறப்புரி - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிறப்புரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="వారసవాహిక - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వారసవాహిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1" title="โครโมโซม - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครโมโซม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom" title="Kromozom - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kromozom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموسوم - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کروموسوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xromosomalar" title="Xromosomalar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xromosomalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83" title="Nhiễm sắc thể - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiễm sắc thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="染色体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-chromosome" title="I-chromosome - xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-chromosome" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქრომოსომა - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქრომოსომა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9D" title="כראמאזאם - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כראמאזאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3m%C3%B3s%C3%B3m%C3%B9" title="Krómósómù - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Krómósómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiemx_Saek_Daej" title="Nyiemx Saek Daej - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nyiemx Saek Daej" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="染色体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C3%A1m-sek-th%C3%A9" title="Jiám-sek-thé - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jiám-sek-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="染色體 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="染色體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Cromosoma" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" 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> <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Cromosoma" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Cromosoma" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&oldid=142279206" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Cromosoma&id=142279206&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCromosoma"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCromosoma"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Cromosoma"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cromosoma&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromosomes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37748" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando l'omonimo singolo degli Sugarfree, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_(singolo)" title="Cromosoma (singolo)">Cromosoma (singolo)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata noprint plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Control_copyright_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Control_copyright_icon.svg/50px-Control_copyright_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Control_copyright_icon.svg/75px-Control_copyright_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Control_copyright_icon.svg/100px-Control_copyright_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="163" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Nel seguente testo  sull'argomento biologia è presente una sospetta <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright" title="Wikipedia:Copyright">violazione di copyright</a></b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"><b>Motivo</b>: <i>v. <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Cococo/controlli/Genetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Progetto:Cococo/controlli/Genetica">Progetto:Cococo/controlli/Genetica</a></i> <div class="noprint"><hr />È sconsigliato <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Wikificare" title="Aiuto:Wikificare">wikificare</a> o ampliare il testo attuale, che potrebbe essere cancellato. Puoi invece <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Riformulare_un_testo" title="Aiuto:Riformulare un testo">riformulare il testo</a> con parole tue o partecipare alla <a href="/wiki/Discussione:Cromosoma" title="Discussione:Cromosoma">discussione</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Biologia" title="Progetto:Biologia">progetto di riferimento</a>.<br />Avvisa <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=history">l'autore</a>: <code>{{Avvisocontrolcopy|voce=Cromosoma}}--~~~~</code></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromosome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chromosome.svg/220px-Chromosome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chromosome.svg/330px-Chromosome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chromosome.svg/440px-Chromosome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Disegno di un Cromosoma eucariote duplicato e in <a href="/wiki/Metafase" title="Metafase">metafase</a> (1) <a href="/wiki/Cromatidio" title="Cromatidio">Cromatidio</a> – una delle due parti identiche dopo la <a href="/wiki/Fase_G2" title="Fase G2">fase G2</a>. (2) <a href="/wiki/Centromero" title="Centromero">Centromero</a> – il punto di contatto dei due cromatidi e dove si legano i microtubuli. (3) Braccio corto. (4) Braccio lungo</figcaption></figure> <p>Il <b>cromosoma</b> è la struttura con cui, durante il <a href="/wiki/Mitosi" title="Mitosi">processo riproduttivo</a> della <a href="/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula">cellula</a>, ciascuna unità funzionale di <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, dopo essersi <a href="/wiki/Duplicazione_del_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplicazione del DNA">duplicata</a>, si compatta associata a specifiche proteine e viene trasmessa alle cellule figlie. A seconda della localizzazione del DNA, i cromosomi iniziano a evidenziarsi nel <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_cellulare" title="Nucleo cellulare">nucleo cellulare</a> negli organismi <a href="/wiki/Eucarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucarioti">eucarioti</a> o in una regione chiamata <a href="/wiki/Nucleoide" title="Nucleoide">nucleoide</a> nei <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" title="Prokaryota">procarioti</a>, per poi migrare nella cellula nelle varie fasi della <a href="/wiki/Mitosi" title="Mitosi">mitosi</a>. </p><p>Oltre a tale definizione puramente morfologica, il termine può riferirsi per esteso anche al filamento di DNA non distinguibile nella <a href="/wiki/Cromatina" title="Cromatina">cromatina</a> e responsabile della <a href="/wiki/Trascrizione_genica" class="mw-redirect" title="Trascrizione genica">trascrizione genica</a> durante la fase funzionale della cellula. </p><p>Il nome "cromosoma" deriva dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca" title="Lingua greca">greco</a> <i>chroma</i> che significa "colore", e <i>soma</i> che significa "corpo". Fu coniato nel 1889 dall'anatomista tedesco <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Gottfried_von_Waldeyer-Hartz" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz">H. W. G. von Waldeyer-Hartz</a> per denominare i corpuscoli evidenziati nelle cellule eucariotiche dalla colorazione con coloranti basici durante la divisione cellulare.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasmid_(english).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plasmid_%28english%29.svg/310px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plasmid_%28english%29.svg/465px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plasmid_%28english%29.svg/620px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Rappresentazione di un batterio con DNA cromosomico e alcuni <a href="/wiki/Plasmidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmidi">plasmidi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le cellule dei procarioti hanno un singolo cromosoma di forma circolare costituito da DNA a doppio filamento. Spesso sono presenti ulteriori molecole di DNA circolari indipendenti dal cromosoma, i <b><a href="/wiki/Plasmidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmidi">plasmidi</a></b> e gli <b><a href="/wiki/Episomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Episomi">episomi</a></b>. Queste unità sono più piccole del cromosoma e solitamente non sono fondamentali per la vita della cellula, in genere portano geni che conferiscono alle cellule caratteristiche fenotipiche particolari, ad esempio la resistenza ad un antibiotico. <br />Negli eucarioti i cromosomi hanno forma lineare, hanno dimensioni maggiori e il loro numero è specie-specifico (ad esempio nell'uomo si hanno 46 cromosomi, nel topo 40 e nel cane 78). Va sottolineato che il numero cromosomico non è sempre associato alla complessità strutturale degli individui di una specie. In molti eucarioti ciascun cromosoma è presente in doppia copia nella cellula, quindi il corredo cromosomico viene detto diploide. Ogni copia deriva da ciascun genitore. L'organismo diploide (<a href="/wiki/Zigote" title="Zigote">zigote</a>) deriva dalla fusione di due cellule aploidi (<a href="/wiki/Gameti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gameti">gameti</a>) in cui è presente solo una copia di ciascun cromosoma. </p><p>Negli eucarioti il DNA è sempre legato a proteine, <b><a href="/wiki/Istone" title="Istone">istoniche</a></b> e <b>non istoniche</b>, attorno alle quali il filamento si avvolge a formare complessivamente una struttura chiamata <a href="/wiki/Cromatina" title="Cromatina">cromatina</a>. La cromatina si può colorare con alcuni coloranti <a href="/wiki/Istologia" title="Istologia">istologici</a>, da cui il nome; se ne possono distinguere due tipi: l'<a href="/wiki/Eucromatina" title="Eucromatina">eucromatina</a>, debolmente colorabile, dalla struttura più aperta e quindi trascrizionalmente attiva, e l'<a href="/wiki/Eterocromatina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eterocromatina">eterocromatina</a>, intensamente colorabile, maggiormente condensata (rimane condensata anche in interfase) e trascrizionalmente inattiva. L'eterocromatina può essere ulteriormente distinta in <i>costitutiva</i> e <i>facoltativa</i>. L'eterocromatina costitutiva è costituita da regioni di DNA altamente ripetitivo, costanti in tutte le cellule dell'organismo e nel cromosoma si concentra principalmente a livello del <a href="/wiki/Centromero" title="Centromero">centromero</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Telomero" title="Telomero">telomeri</a>. L'eterocromatina facoltativa può diventare condensata e diventare temporaneamente inattiva, inoltre può essere inattivata solo in determinati tessuti o in determinati stadi dello sviluppo. </p><p> Ciascun cromosoma nella cromatina è troppo despiralizzato e aggrovigliato per essere distinto nella sua individualità; dopo la <i><a href="/wiki/Ciclo_cellulare" title="Ciclo cellulare">fase S</a></i>, essendosi replicato, risulta formato da due filamenti di DNA associati a proteine, ma è ancora indistinguibile. La duplicazione del DNA determina la formazione di due copie identiche (<i>cromatidi fratelli</i>) che rimangono unite a livello del centromero, il quale si è duplicato ma non si è separato. Durante la mitosi la cromatina si condensa ed è possibile distinguere i cromosomi nell'arco di tempo che intercorre tra la <a href="/wiki/Profase" title="Profase">profase</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Metafase" title="Metafase">metafase</a> mitotica. La loro dimensione massima è dell'ordine del micrometro e durante la metafase presentano una forma ad X poiché sono costituiti da due filamenti distinti di DNA altamente condensati, i <b>cromatidi fratelli</b>, associati tra loro grazie al <a href="/wiki/Cinetocore" title="Cinetocore">cinetocore</a>, un complesso proteico legato al centromero. I cromatidi fratelli sono destinati a dividersi ed essere segregati alternati nelle cellule figlie che si formeranno alla fine del processo mitotico. Dopo la separazione vengono definiti <b>cromosomi figli</b> e la loro migrazione verso i poli della cellula è dovuta alla contrazione dei microtubuli del <a href="/wiki/Fuso_mitotico" title="Fuso mitotico">fuso mitotico</a> attaccati al loro cinetocore. Nelle due nuove cellule appena originate i cromosomi sono di forma bastoncellare e l'unica struttura evidente al microscopio è la strozzatura determinata dal centromero.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_events_in_mitosis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svg/350px-Major_events_in_mitosis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svg/525px-Major_events_in_mitosis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Major_events_in_mitosis.svg/700px-Major_events_in_mitosis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Principali eventi della divisione cellulare.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il <b><a href="/wiki/Nucleo_cellulare" title="Nucleo cellulare">nucleo</a></b> della cellula umana ha un diametro di 10-15 µm e contiene circa 2 metri di DNA. Una così elevata quantità di materiale genetico, per poter essere inclusa in uno spazio così ristretto, necessita di una compattazione, che avviene a diversi livelli. La regolare associazione del DNA con le proteine istoniche non consente di raggiungere tale risultato. Il primo stadio di compattazione si realizza tramite la formazione del <b><a href="/wiki/Nucleosoma" title="Nucleosoma">nucleosoma</a></b>, un rocchetto istonico (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) attorno al quale si avvolge il DNA per 1,65 giri. Il tratto di DNA legato al nucleosoma è definito <i>DNA core</i> mentre il tratto di DNA fra ciascun nucleosoma è definito <i>DNA linker</i>. Un ulteriore ordine di condensazione si ottiene con il coinvolgimento dell'istone H1, questo non fa parte del rocchetto di istoni ma prende contatto con il DNA <i>linker</i> che unisce due nucleosomi adiacenti e determina una maggiore adesione tra il filamento di DNA e l'ottamero istonico. Il legame dell'istone H1 permette la formazione della fibra cromatinica da 30 nm. Per spiegare l'organizzazione di quest'ultima, sono stati proposti due diversi modelli: a <i>solenoide</i>, il più accreditato, e a <i>zig-zag</i>. Il primo modello consiste in una superelica caratterizzata da circa sei nucleosomi per giro e il DNA linker non attraversa l'asse centrale; il secondo presenta nucleosomi organizzati a zig-zag e il DNA linker attraversa il centro della fibra. Il massimo livello di condensazione è rappresentato dai cromosomi (con dimensioni dell'ordine di micron), che si rendono visibili durante la metafase disponendosi sulla piastra equatoriale. Nelle cellule non in divisione i cromosomi non sono visibili in quanto il DNA dev'essere in forma rilassata e accessibile alle proteine coinvolte nella duplicazione e trascrizione. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatin_Structures-it.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chromatin_Structures-it.png/990px-Chromatin_Structures-it.png" decoding="async" width="990" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chromatin_Structures-it.png/1485px-Chromatin_Structures-it.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Chromatin_Structures-it.png 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Le strutture principali della compattazione del DNA: DNA, nucleosoma, fibra da 10 nm (“collana di perle”), fibra da 30 nm, cromosoma in metafase.</figcaption></figure> <p>Una struttura importante per la segregazione dei cromosomi durante la mitosi è il <b>centromero</b> (o <i>costrizione primaria</i>), una regione di DNA altamente ripetuto associato ad una impalcatura proteica. Esso non occupa la stessa posizione in tutti i cromosomi e divide ogni cromatidio in due parti, i bracci (lungo=<i>q</i>, corto=<i>p</i>), la cui lunghezza dipende dalla posizione del centromero stesso. </p><p>Al microscopio ottico, i cromosomi sono distinguibili tra loro per le dimensioni e per la <i>"forma"</i>, ossia per la posizione del centromero. Ulteriori distinzioni si possono effettuare con opportuni trattamenti chimici, che evidenziano un <b>bandeggio</b> riproducibile: ogni cromosoma ha infatti uno specifico <i>pattern</i> di bande, che permette di distinguerlo dagli altri cromosomi e che permette di individuare eventuali mutazioni cromosomiche. In base alla posizione del centromero si distinguono quindi cromosomi: </p> <ol><li><b>acrocentrici</b>: centromero in posizione subterminale (in prossimità di una delle estremità). Sono acrocentrici i cromosomi delle coppie 13-14-15 e 21-22 del cariotipo.</li> <li><b>telocentrici</b>: centromero in posizione terminale.</li> <li><b>submetacentrici</b>: centromero in posizione submediana (spostato verso una delle due estremità). Sono submetacentrici i cromosomi delle coppie 6-7-8-9-10-11-12 e 16-17-18 del cariotipo.</li> <li><b>metacentrici</b>: centromero in posizione mediana. Si dividono in metacentrici grandi e metacentrici corti. I metacentrici grandi appartengono alle coppie 1-2-3-4-5 del cariotipo. i metacentrici corti appartengono alle coppie 19-20 del cariotipo.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipologiecromo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tipologiecromo.jpg/510px-Tipologiecromo.jpg" decoding="async" width="510" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tipologiecromo.jpg/765px-Tipologiecromo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tipologiecromo.jpg/1020px-Tipologiecromo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>Le varie tipologie cromosomiche distinte in base alla posizione centromerica.Il braccio corto viene generalmente indicato con la lettera <b>p</b> , mentre quello lungo con la lettera <b>q</b>.</figcaption></figure> <p>I cromosomi <b>acrocentrici</b> sono caratterizzati da strutture particolari presenti all'estremità del braccio corto, i <b>satelliti</b>. Si tratta di elementi morfologici caratteristici, costituiti da <a href="/wiki/DNA_satellite" title="DNA satellite">DNA β-satellite</a>, connessi all'estremità del braccio corto attraverso una strozzatura detta <b>costrizione secondaria</b>. In quest'ultima è localizzato il cosiddetto <i>NOR</i>, ossia l'organizzatore <a href="/wiki/Nucleolo" title="Nucleolo">nucleolare</a>; esso contiene i geni per gli <a href="/wiki/RNA_ribosomiale" title="RNA ribosomiale">RNA ribosomiali</a> ed è quindi sede della sintesi dei ribosomi. Inoltre il NOR provvede alla formazione del <b>nucleolo</b>, pertanto la visualizzazione del nucleolo al microscopio ottico indica che nella cellula c'è un'intensa attività di <a href="/wiki/Sintesi_proteica" title="Sintesi proteica">sintesi proteica</a>. </p><p>Le regioni di DNA alle estremità del cromosoma costituiscono i <b>telomeri</b>, strutture che rivestono un ruolo fondamentale per l'integrità del cromosoma stesso. I telomeri sono costituiti da sequenze di DNA altamente ripetitivo, in genere sono formati da eterocromatina quindi non codificano per proteine. La loro funzione è quella di proteggere il cromosoma da tutti quegli eventi che ne provocano l'instabilità, infatti un cromosoma con un'estremità danneggiata può facilmente attaccarsi ad altri e dare luogo a mutazioni cromosomiche, come ad esempio le traslocazioni. </p><p>Numero, lunghezza e forma dei cromosomi costituiscono il <b><a href="/wiki/Cariotipo" title="Cariotipo">cariotipo</a></b> di un individuo. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Organismo</th> <th>Numero<br />di cromosomi</th> <th>Numero di coppie<br />di cromosomi</th> <th>Tipo</th> <th>Dimensione (<a href="/wiki/Coppia_di_basi" title="Coppia di basi">Mbps</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_genitalium" title="Mycoplasma genitalium">Mycoplasma genitalium</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>circolare</td> <td>0,58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> K12</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>circolare</td> <td>4,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens" title="Agrobacterium tumefaciens">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td>3 circolari<br />1 lineare</td> <td>5,67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinorhizobium_meliloti" title="Sinorhizobium meliloti">Sinorhizobium meliloti</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>circolare</td> <td>6,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>1 o 2</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>12,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>1 o 2</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>12,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahymena_termophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrahymena termophila (la pagina non esiste)">Tetrahymena termophila</a></td> <td> m: 5<br />M: 225</td> <td> m: 2<br />M: 10-10000</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>220 (M) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fugu_rubripes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugu rubripes">Fugu rubripes</a></td> <td>22</td> <td>2</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>365 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></td> <td>19+X+Y</td> <td>2</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>2500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></td> <td>22+(X o Y)</td> <td>2</td> <td>lineare</td> <td>2900 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cromosomi_umani">Cromosomi umani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Cromosomi umani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Cromosomi umani"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png/310px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png/465px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png/620px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png 2x" data-file-width="9684" data-file-height="16008" /></a><figcaption>Rappresentazione del cariotipo umano</figcaption></figure> <p>Utilizzando tecniche di coltura <i>in vitro</i>, nel 1956 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Hin_Tjio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Hin Tjio (la pagina non esiste)">Joe Hin Tjio</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Levan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Levan (la pagina non esiste)">Albert Levan</a> scoprirono che il numero cromosomico dell'uomo è 46. <br />I 46 cromosomi umani sono suddivisi in 23 coppie, 22 di <a href="/wiki/Cromosomi_omologhi" title="Cromosomi omologhi">cromosomi omologhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autosoma" title="Autosoma">autosomi</a>) e una di <a href="/wiki/Eterosomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eterosomi">cromosomi sessuali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eterosomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eterosomi">eterosomi</a>).<br /> La prima definizione di <a href="/wiki/Cariotipo" title="Cariotipo">cariotipo</a> fu formulata alla Conferenza di <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> nel 1960, utilizzando criteri di lunghezza del cromosoma e di posizione del <a href="/wiki/Centromero" title="Centromero">centromero</a>. Gi autosomi sono stati numerati in ordine decrescente di lunghezza e gli eterosomi sono stati indicati come <b><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_X_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma X (umano)">X</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_Y_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma Y (umano)">Y</a></b>.<br /> In seguito, nella Conferenza di <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> del <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>, è stata messa a punto una nomenclatura più dettagliata, nella quale i cromosomi sono stati raggruppati in <b>sette gruppi</b>, nominati con le lettere maiuscole da <b>A</b> a <b>G</b>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th width="3">#<br /> </th> <th>Gruppo<br /> </th> <th>Morfologia<br /> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Geni" class="mw-redirect" title="Geni">Geni</a><br /> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Numero<br />di basi</a> </th> <th>Basi<br />determinate<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_1_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 1 (umano)">1</a> </td> <td align="center">A </td> <td align="left">Metacentrico di grandi dimensioni </td> <td>2.968</td> <td>245.203.898</td> <td>218.712.898 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_2_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 2 (umano)">2</a> </td> <td align="center">A </td> <td align="left">subMetacentrico di grandi dimensioni </td> <td>2.288</td> <td>243.315.028</td> <td>237.043.673 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_3" title="Cromosoma 3">3</a> </td> <td align="center">A </td> <td align="left">Metacentrico di grandi dimensioni </td> <td>2.032</td> <td>199.411.731</td> <td>193.607.218 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_4_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 4 (umano)">4</a> </td> <td align="center">B </td> <td align="left">Grande submetacentrico </td> <td>1.297</td> <td>191.610.523</td> <td>186.580.523 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_5_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 5 (umano)">5</a> </td> <td align="center">B </td> <td align="left">Grande submetacentrico </td> <td>1.643</td> <td>180.967.295</td> <td>177.524.972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_6_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 6 (umano)">6</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>1.963</td> <td>170.740.541</td> <td>166.880.540 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_7_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 7 (umano)">7</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>1.443</td> <td>158.431.299</td> <td>154.546.299 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_8_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 8 (umano)">8</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>1.127</td> <td>145.908.738</td> <td>141.694.337 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_9_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 9 (umano)">9</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>1.299</td> <td>134.505.819</td> <td>115.187.714 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_10_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 10 (umano)">10</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>1.440</td> <td>135.480.874</td> <td>130.710.865 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_11_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 11 (umano)">11</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>2.093</td> <td>134.978.784</td> <td>130.709.420 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_12_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 12 (umano)">12</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>1.652</td> <td>133.464.434</td> <td>129.328.332 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_13_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 13 (umano)">13</a> </td> <td align="center">D </td> <td align="left">Acrocentrico </td> <td>748</td> <td>114.151.656</td> <td>95.511.656 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_14_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 14 (umano)">14</a> </td> <td align="center">D </td> <td align="left">Acrocentrico </td> <td>1.098</td> <td>105.311.216</td> <td>87.191.216 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_15_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 15 (umano)">15</a> </td> <td align="center">D </td> <td align="left">Acrocentrico </td> <td>1.122</td> <td>100.114.055</td> <td>81.117.055 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_16_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 16 (umano)">16</a> </td> <td align="center">E </td> <td align="left">Piccolo metacentrico </td> <td>1.098</td> <td>89.995.999</td> <td>79.890.791 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_17_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 17 (umano)">17</a> </td> <td align="center">E </td> <td align="left">Piccolo submetacentrico </td> <td>1.576</td> <td>81.691.216</td> <td>77.480.855 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_18_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 18 (umano)">18</a> </td> <td align="center">E </td> <td align="left">Piccolo submetacentrico </td> <td>766</td> <td>77.753.510</td> <td>74.534.531 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_19_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 19 (umano)">19</a> </td> <td align="center">F </td> <td align="left">Piccolo metacentrico </td> <td>1.454</td> <td>63.790.860</td> <td>55.780.860 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_20_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 20 (umano)">20</a> </td> <td align="center">F </td> <td align="left">Piccolo metacentrico </td> <td>927</td> <td>63.644.868</td> <td>59.424.990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_21_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 21 (umano)">21</a> </td> <td align="center">G </td> <td align="left">Piccolo acrocentrico </td> <td>303</td> <td>46.976.537</td> <td>33.924.742 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_22_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma 22 (umano)">22</a> </td> <td align="center">G </td> <td align="left">Piccolo acrocentrico </td> <td>288</td> <td>49.476.972</td> <td>34.352.051 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_X_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma X (umano)">X</a> </td> <td align="center">C </td> <td align="left">Medio submetacentrico </td> <td>1.184</td> <td>152.634.166</td> <td>147.686.664 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_Y_(umano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosoma Y (umano)">Y</a> </td> <td align="center">G </td> <td align="left">Piccolo acrocentrico </td> <td>231</td> <td>50.961.097</td> <td>22.761.097 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="3"><i>Totali</i>  </td> <td><b>32.040</b></td> <td><b>3.070.521.116</b></td> <td><b>2.832.183.299</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patologie_cromosomiche">Patologie cromosomiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Patologie cromosomiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Patologie cromosomiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nella specie umana vi sono numerose alterazioni che possono riguardare sia il numero sia la struttura dei cromosomi. </p><p>Le alterazioni del numero di cromosomi vengono definite <a href="/wiki/Aneuploidia" title="Aneuploidia">aneuploidia</a>. Le più comuni sono: </p> <ul><li>le <a href="/wiki/Trisomia" title="Trisomia">trisomie</a> dei cromosomi 13, 18 e 21 (<a href="/wiki/Sindrome_di_Patau" title="Sindrome di Patau">sindrome di Patau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindrome_di_Edwards" title="Sindrome di Edwards"> Edwards</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sindrome_di_Down" title="Sindrome di Down">Down</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>la <a href="/wiki/Monosomia" title="Monosomia">monosomia</a> X (cariotipo 45 X o <a href="/wiki/Sindrome_di_Turner" title="Sindrome di Turner">sindrome di Turner</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>altre alterazioni del numero di cromosomi sessuali (47,XXY o 47,XXX)</li></ul> <p>Possono essere presenti altre alterazioni, ivi compresa la triploidia, in cui si hanno tre copie di ogni cromosoma, tuttavia i feti con alterazioni diverse da quelle sopra descritte vengono generalmente abortiti naturalmente in epoca precoce. Ad eccezione delle alterazioni dei cromosomi sessuali (monosomia X o X sovrannumerario) solo la trisomia 21 può essere compatibile con il raggiungimento dell'età adulta<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Viva la scienza</i>, Antonio Mingote, José Manuel Sánchez Ron, <a href="/wiki/Edizioni_Dedalo" title="Edizioni Dedalo">Dedalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, 2012, pag. 166; vedi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=rAEQQtNVsEAC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=waldeyer+hartz+wilhelm+cromosomi&source=bl&ots=AR4xhaWss6&sig=3n7TM_ltUJaPqkGyCAZ3-RyLYC4&hl=it&sa=X&ei=PKD4U_vxD4aF4gSRzIFQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=waldeyer%20hartz%20wilhelm%20cromosomi&f=false">[1]</a> (accesso: 23 agosto 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Il <a href="/wiki/Progetto_genoma_umano" title="Progetto genoma umano">progetto genoma umano</a> ha analizzato solo le regioni <a href="/wiki/Eucromatina" title="Eucromatina">eucromatiche</a> di ogni cromosoma. Per questo motivo non è nota con esattezza la composizione delle regioni <a href="/wiki/Telomero" title="Telomero">telomeriche</a>; si sa però che queste sono impiegate nella senescenza cellulare, <a href="/wiki/Centromero" title="Centromero">centromeriche</a> ed <a href="/wiki/Eterocromatina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eterocromatina">eterocromatiche</a> in genere. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/seq/">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Marco Tanini: Manuale di Genetica per le professioni sanitarie. Elform e-learning SRL Editore. Latina 2022, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788890940804" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88909408-0-4</a>.</cite> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parametro <code style="color:red;">titolo</code> vuoto o mancante (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#citation_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariotipo" title="Cariotipo">Cariotipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">Genoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereditariet%C3%A0_genetica" title="Ereditarietà genetica">Ereditarietà genetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_cromosomica_dell%27ereditariet%C3%A0" title="Teoria cromosomica dell'ereditarietà">Teoria cromosomica dell'ereditarietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_cromosomica" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula cromosomica">Formula cromosomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberrazione_cromosomica" title="Aberrazione cromosomica">Aberrazione cromosomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_X" title="Cromosoma X">Cromosoma X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_Y" title="Cromosoma Y">Cromosoma Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inattivazione_del_cromosoma_X" title="Inattivazione del cromosoma X">Inattivazione del cromosoma X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/cromosoma" class="extiw" title="wikt:cromosoma">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Chromosomes"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromosomes?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/cromosoma" class="extiw" title="wikt:cromosoma">cromosoma</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromosomes?uselang=it">cromosoma</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cromosoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cromosoma"><span style="font-style:italic;">cromosoma</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37748#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/chromosome"><span style="font-style:italic;">chromosome</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37748#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Genetica"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetica" title="Template:Genetica"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Genetica" title="Discussioni template:Genetica"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Genetica&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">Genetica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Materiale genetico</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Base_azotata" title="Base azotata">Basi azotate</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acidi_nucleici" title="Acidi nucleici">Acidi nucleici</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>)</small><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cromosomi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">Genoma</a></td><td rowspan="4" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChromosomeArt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/60px-ChromosomeArt.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/90px-ChromosomeArt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/120px-ChromosomeArt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Concetti chiave</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Codice_genetico" title="Codice genetico">Codice genetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Allele</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Locus_genico" title="Locus genico">Locus</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ereditariet%C3%A0_genetica" title="Ereditarietà genetica">Ereditarietà genetica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diversit%C3%A0_genetica" title="Diversità genetica">Diversità genetica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mutazione_genetica" title="Mutazione genetica">Mutazione genetica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Variabilit%C3%A0_genetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Variabilità genetica">Variabilità genetica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Campi della genetica</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Genetica_formale" title="Genetica formale">Genetica formale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_molecolare" title="Genetica molecolare">Genetica molecolare</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_delle_popolazioni" title="Genetica delle popolazioni">Genetica delle popolazioni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica">Genomica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_umana" title="Genetica umana">Genetica umana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetica" title="Epigenetica">Epigenetica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Genetisti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Griffith" title="Frederick Griffith">Frederick Griffith</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson" title="James Dewey Watson">James Watson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=12177">12177</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85025391">sh85025391</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010162-9">4010162-9</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967860v">cb11967860v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967860v">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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