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barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigazione </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" title="Visita la pagina principale [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principale</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:UltimeModifiche" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche del sito [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultime modifiche</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PaginaCasuale" title="Mostra una pagina a caso [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una voce a caso</span></a></li><li id="n-nearby-pages-title" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Plasmide" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Plasmide" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è 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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Episomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Episomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche_dei_plasmidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche_dei_plasmidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caratteristiche dei plasmidi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caratteristiche_dei_plasmidi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Caratteristiche dei plasmidi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche_dei_plasmidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funzioni_accessorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funzioni_accessorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Funzioni accessorie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funzioni_accessorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dimensioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replicazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replicazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Replicazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replicazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizzo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizzo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utilizzo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizzo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasmide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 62 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="بلازميد - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلازميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1smidu" title="Plásmidu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plásmidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Плазмид - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плазмид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="প্লাসমিড - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাসমিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidi" title="Plasmidi - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plasmidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پلازمید - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلازمید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πλασμίδιο - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλασμίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmido" title="Plasmido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plasmido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1smido" title="Plásmido - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plásmido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmiid" title="Plasmiid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plasmiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmido" title="Plasmido - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plasmido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پلاسمید - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلاسمید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidi" title="Plasmidi - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plasmidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmide" title="Plasmide - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plasmide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmaid" title="Plasmaid - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plasmaid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1smido" title="Plásmido - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plásmido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="פלסמיד - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלסמיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="प्लास्मिड - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लास्मिड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Պլազմիդ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլազմիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%89" title="プラスミド - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラスミド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პლაზმიდები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლაზმიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Плазмидтер - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плазмидтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C" title="플라스미드 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라스미드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Плазмидалар - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плазмидалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Плазмид - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плазмид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്ലാസ്‌മിഡ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാസ്‌മിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Плазмид - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Плазмид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmide" title="Plasmide - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plasmide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidi" title="Plasmidi - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plasmidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasm%C3%ADdeo" title="Plasmídeo - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plasmídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid%C4%83" title="Plasmidă - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plasmidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Плазмиды - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плазмиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Плазмид - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плазмид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="கணிமி - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="พลาสมิด - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลาสมิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmido" title="Plasmido - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plasmido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmid" title="Plazmid - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plazmid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Плазміда - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плазміда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Plasmid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmide" title="Plasmide - fiammingo occidentale" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Plasmide" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="fiammingo occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="质粒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პლაზმიდეფი - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლაზმიდეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="质粒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172778#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plasmide" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Plasmide" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plasmide"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plasmide"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Plasmide" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Plasmide" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&oldid=137053330" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Plasmide&id=137053330&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlasmide"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlasmide"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Plasmide"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Plasmide&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plasmids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172778" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Reindirizzamento da <strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmidi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmidi">Plasmidi</a></strong>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata noprint plainlinks avviso avviso-stile"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikitext.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Questa voce è da wikificare"><img alt="Questa voce è da wikificare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wikitext.svg/50px-Wikitext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wikitext.svg/75px-Wikitext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wikitext.svg/100px-Wikitext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento genetica non è ancora <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Wikificare" title="Aiuto:Wikificare">formattata</a> secondo gli <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Manuale_di_stile" title="Aiuto:Manuale di stile">standard</a></b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr /><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit">Contribuisci</a> a migliorarla secondo le <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Manuale_di_stile" title="Aiuto:Manuale di stile">convenzioni di Wikipedia</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Genetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Progetto:Genetica">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasmide_(italiano).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Plasmide_%28italiano%29.svg/310px-Plasmide_%28italiano%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Plasmide_%28italiano%29.svg/465px-Plasmide_%28italiano%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Plasmide_%28italiano%29.svg/620px-Plasmide_%28italiano%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Un batterio contenente plasmidi (blu) accanto al cromosoma (marrone)</figcaption></figure> <p>I <b>plasmidi</b> sono piccoli filamenti circolari di <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> superavvolto a doppia elica, presenti nel <a href="/wiki/Citoplasma" title="Citoplasma">citoplasma</a> e distinguibili dal <a href="/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma">cromosoma</a> batterico per le loro dimensioni ridotte. Il materiale genetico che li contraddistingue permette all'organismo ospite di svolgere varie funzioni non essenziali, ma conferiscono alla cellula proprietà speciali (a volte proprietà metaboliche uniche). I plasmidi sono capaci di spostarsi tra le <a href="/wiki/Cellule" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellule">cellule</a> (anche non uguali, ma filogeneticamente affini) influendo sulla <a href="/wiki/Variabilit%C3%A0_genetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Variabilità genetica">variabilità genetica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episomi">Episomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Episomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Episomi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un <i><a href="/wiki/Episoma" title="Episoma">episoma</a></i> era originariamente un plasmide che si è potuto integrare nel DNA della cellula <a href="/wiki/Ospite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ospite">ospite</a> e quindi non costituisce più DNA extra-cromosomiale. Una volta integrato l'episoma può replicarsi insieme a tutto il cromosoma della cellula che lo ospita. È ormai chiaro che una regione di <a href="/wiki/Omologia_(biologia)" title="Omologia (biologia)">omologia</a> con il cromosoma, come un <a href="/wiki/Trasposone" title="Trasposone">trasposone</a>, trasforma il plasmide in un episoma. Nei <a href="/wiki/Mammifero" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammifero">mammiferi</a>, il termine episoma si riferisce al DNA esogeno (come un <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a> virale), che viene integrato nel cromosoma della cellula ospite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche_dei_plasmidi">Caratteristiche dei plasmidi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche dei plasmidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche dei plasmidi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funzioni_accessorie">Funzioni accessorie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Funzioni accessorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Funzioni accessorie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tra le caratteristiche funzionali che i plasmidi sono in grado di conferire, figurano: </p> <ul><li>la produzione o la resistenza agli <a href="/wiki/Antibiotici" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotici">antibiotici</a> o farmaci in generale (<a href="/wiki/Plasmide_R" title="Plasmide R">plasmide R</a>), ai metalli pesanti e ai <a href="/wiki/Raggi_UV" class="mw-redirect" title="Raggi UV">raggi UV</a>;</li> <li>l'utilizzo di fonti di <a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">carbonio</a> insolite o la fissazione di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azoto_inorganico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azoto inorganico (la pagina non esiste)">azoto inorganico</a> nel suolo;</li> <li>la produzione di <a href="/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine">proteine</a> in grado di uccidere gli altri <a href="/wiki/Batteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Batteri">batteri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batteriocini" title="Batteriocini">batteriocini</a>);</li> <li>la virulenza (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide_T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmide T (la pagina non esiste)">plasmide T</a> di <i><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens" title="Agrobacterium tumefaciens">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensioni">Dimensioni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Dimensioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Dimensioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La maggior parte dei plasmidi presenta dimensioni decisamente ridotte (meno di 10kbp), ma è solitamente presente in un elevato numero di copie (15-20) per cellula. Tali plasmidi sono in grado di riprodursi attraverso una <a href="/wiki/Origine_di_replicazione" title="Origine di replicazione">origine di replicazione</a> autonoma. Un numero maggior di plasmidi, anche alcune migliaia, può essere ottenuto ricorrendo al cloramfenicolo. Esistono cloni senza plasmidi di interesse per la trasformazione batterica in ingegneria genetica. </p><p>Altri plasmidi sono invece molto più grandi (anche 100-150kb). Tali molecole sono presenti in poche copie o persino in copia singola. Questo è il caso, ad esempio, del <a href="/wiki/Plasmide_F" title="Plasmide F">plasmide F</a> di <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> responsabile della produzione del <a href="/wiki/Pilo_(biologia)" title="Pilo (biologia)">pilo</a> e presente in copia singola. </p><p>Alcuni batteri possiedono pure dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaplasmidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megaplasmidi (la pagina non esiste)">megaplasmidi</a>, cioè molecole circolari particolarmente grandi (circa 1/3 del cromosoma batterico). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replicazione">Replicazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Replicazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Replicazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Replicazione_del_DNA" title="Replicazione del DNA">replicazione</a> dipende dalle proteine della cellula ospitante (host-cell), ma può anche richiederne altre specifiche, codificate dallo stesso plasmide e che talvolta ne incrementano la velocità di duplicazione. L'inizio della replicazione può essere sia sincrona con il <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_cellulare" title="Ciclo cellulare">ciclo cellulare</a> dell'host-cell, producendo di conseguenza un numero minore di molecole plasmidiche per cellula, sia indipendente da esso, permettendo la proliferazione di centinaia di copie. La sequenza di <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> che contiene il <a href="/wiki/Origine_di_replicazione" title="Origine di replicazione">sito di replicazione (ori)</a> e che include anche i <a href="/wiki/Geni" class="mw-redirect" title="Geni">geni</a> che codificano per le proteine aggiuntive sopracitate, si chiama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replicatore_Plasmidico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replicatore Plasmidico (la pagina non esiste)">Replicatore</a>, ed è uno dei parametri fondamentali per l'uso dei plasmidi nelle tecniche di <a href="/wiki/Clonaggio_genico" class="mw-redirect" title="Clonaggio genico">clonaggio genico</a> poiché ne definisce il tasso di proliferazione. La perpetuazione dei plasmidi è possibile mediante un meccanismo di ripartizione, in modo che, dopo la <a href="/wiki/Scissione_binaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Scissione binaria">scissione binaria</a>, ogni batterio <a href="/wiki/Figlio" title="Figlio">figlio</a> possieda una copia del plasmide. I plasmidi presenti in un elevato numero di copie sono divisi casualmente tra le cellule figlie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizzo">Utilizzo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Utilizzo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizzo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per le loro caratteristiche, i plasmidi trovano largo impiego in <a href="/wiki/Biologia_molecolare" title="Biologia molecolare">biologia molecolare</a> e nell'<a href="/wiki/Ingegneria_genetica" title="Ingegneria genetica">ingegneria genetica</a>, poiché possono essere manipolati per produrre <a href="/wiki/Vettore_(biotecnologie)" title="Vettore (biotecnologie)">vettori</a> ricombinanti: si parla in questo caso di <a href="/wiki/Plasmide_ricombinante" title="Plasmide ricombinante">plasmidi ricombinanti</a>. Nel caso di batteri trasformati con un plasmide di resistenza è necessario mantenere il ceppo in un terreno con l'antibiotico di selezione per impedire al plasmide di sparire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Griffith" title="Frederick Griffith">Frederick Griffith</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Miller (la pagina non esiste)">Jeffrey Miller</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">David Suzuki</a>. <i>Genetica. Principi di analisi formale</i>. Bologna, Zanichelli, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8808094529" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-08-09452-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequenziamento" title="Sequenziamento">Sequenziamento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricombinazione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricombinazione (la pagina non esiste)">Ricombinazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnologia_DNA_ricombinante" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecnologia DNA ricombinante">Tecnologia DNA ricombinante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettore_(biotecnologie)" title="Vettore (biotecnologie)">Vettore (biotecnologie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniprep" title="Miniprep">Miniprep</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Plasmids"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plasmids?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plasmids?uselang=it">plasmide</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/plasmid"><span style="font-style:italic;">plasmid</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172778#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04689.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "plasmid"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse noprint metadata" id="navbox-Acidi_nucleiciNucleotide"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Acidi_nucleiciNucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Acidi nucleiciNucleotide (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Acidi_nucleiciNucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Acidi nucleiciNucleotide (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Acidi_nucleiciNucleotide&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Basi_azotate" class="mw-redirect" title="Basi azotate">Basi azotate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acidi_nucleici" title="Acidi nucleici">acidi nucleici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligonucleotide" title="Oligonucleotide">oligonucleotidi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotidi</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Basi_azotate" class="mw-redirect" title="Basi azotate">Basi azotate</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">Adenina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timina" title="Timina">Timina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uracile" title="Uracile">Uracile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">Guanina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Citosina" title="Citosina">Citosina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Purina" title="Purina">Purina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pirimidina" title="Pirimidina">Pirimidina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nucleosidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleosidi">Nucleosidi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina">Adenosina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timidina" title="Timidina">Timidina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uridina" title="Uridina">Uridina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guanosina" title="Guanosina">Guanosina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Citidina" title="Citidina">Citidina</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribonucleoside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribonucleoside (la pagina non esiste)">Ribonucleoside</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Deossinucleosidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deossinucleosidi">Deossinucleosidi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Deossiadenosina" title="Deossiadenosina">Deossiadenosina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deossitimidina" class="mw-redirect" title="Deossitimidina">Deossitimidina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deossiuridina" title="Deossiuridina">Deossiuridina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deossiguanosina" title="Deossiguanosina">Deossiguanosina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deossicitidina" title="Deossicitidina">Deossicitidina</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deossiribonucleoside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deossiribonucleoside (la pagina non esiste)">Deossiribonucleoside</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotidi">Nucleotidi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosinmonofosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosinmonofosfato">AMP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uridinmonofosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Uridinmonofosfato">UMP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guanosinmonofosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanosinmonofosfato">GMP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Citidinmonofosfato" title="Citidinmonofosfato">CMP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adenosindifosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosindifosfato">ADP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uridindifosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Uridindifosfato">UDP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guanosindifosfato" title="Guanosindifosfato">GDP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Citidindifosfato" title="Citidindifosfato">CDP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adenosintrifosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosintrifosfato">ATP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uridintrifosfato" title="Uridintrifosfato">UTP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guanosintrifosfato" title="Guanosintrifosfato">GTP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Citidintrifosfato" title="Citidintrifosfato">CTP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_monofosfato_ciclico" title="Adenosina monofosfato ciclico">cAMP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guanosina_monofosfato_ciclico" title="Guanosina monofosfato ciclico">cGMP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADP_riboso_ciclico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADP riboso ciclico (la pagina non esiste)">cADPR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide" title="Ribonucleotide">Ribonucleotide</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deossinucleotidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deossinucleotidi (la pagina non esiste)">Deossinucleotidi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAMP (la pagina non esiste)">dAMP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DTMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTMP (la pagina non esiste)">dTMP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DGMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DGMP (la pagina non esiste)">dGMP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DCMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DCMP (la pagina non esiste)">dCMP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DADP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DADP (la pagina non esiste)">dADP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DTDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTDP (la pagina non esiste)">dTDP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DGDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DGDP (la pagina non esiste)">dGDP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DCDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DCDP (la pagina non esiste)">dCDP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DATP (la pagina non esiste)">dATP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DTTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTTP (la pagina non esiste)">dTTP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DGTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DGTP (la pagina non esiste)">dGTP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=DCTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DCTP (la pagina non esiste)">dCTP</a> • <a href="/wiki/DNTP" title="DNTP">DNTP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deossiribonucleotide" title="Deossiribonucleotide">Deossiribonucleotide</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidi_deossinucleici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidi deossinucleici (la pagina non esiste)">Acidi deossinucleici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Acido_deossiribonucleico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acido deossiribonucleico">DNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/DNA_mitocondriale" title="DNA mitocondriale">mtDNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/DNA_complementare" title="DNA complementare">cDNA</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">plasmide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cosmide" title="Cosmide">cosmide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome" title="Bacterial artificial chromosome">BAC</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosome" title="Yeast artificial chromosome">YAC</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_artificial_chromosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human artificial chromosome (la pagina non esiste)">HAC</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Acidi_nucleici" title="Acidi nucleici">Acidi nucleici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Acido_ribonucleico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acido ribonucleico">RNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pre-mRNA" title="Pre-mRNA">pre-mRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_eterogeneo_nucleare" title="RNA eterogeneo nucleare">hnRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Small_nuclear_RNA" title="Small nuclear RNA">snRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_messaggero" title="RNA messaggero">mRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_transfer" title="RNA transfer">tRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_ribosomiale" title="RNA ribosomiale">rRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_guida" title="RNA guida">gRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_non_codificante" title="RNA non codificante">ncRNA</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=SgRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SgRNA (la pagina non esiste)">sgRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Short_hairpin_RNA" title="Short hairpin RNA">shRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Short_interfering_RNA" title="Short interfering RNA">siRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">miRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Piwi-interacting_RNA" title="Piwi-interacting RNA">piRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA" title="Small nucleolar RNA">snoRNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/RNA_catalitico" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA catalitico">RNA catalitico</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;">Analoghi degli acidi nucleici</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_gliconucleico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido gliconucleico (la pagina non esiste)">GNA</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_nucleico_bloccato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido nucleico bloccato (la pagina non esiste)">LNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Acido_peptidonucleico" title="Acido peptidonucleico">PNA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Acido_treonucleico" title="Acido treonucleico">TNA</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfolino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfolino (la pagina non esiste)">Morfolino</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a 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