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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publishing business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_Morning_Journal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_Morning_Journal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>New York Morning Journal</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_York_Morning_Journal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>New York Morning Journal</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_York_Morning_Journal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yellow_journalism_and_rivalry_with_the_New_York_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_journalism_and_rivalry_with_the_New_York_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Yellow journalism and rivalry with the <i>New York World</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_journalism_and_rivalry_with_the_New_York_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spanish–American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political engagement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_engagement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political engagement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Move_to_the_right_and_break_with_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_the_right_and_break_with_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Move to the right and break with Franklin D. Roosevelt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_the_right_and_break_with_Franklin_D._Roosevelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_regarding_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_regarding_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Position regarding Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_regarding_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Millicent_Willson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millicent_Willson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Millicent Willson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millicent_Willson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marion_Davies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marion_Davies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Marion Davies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marion_Davies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>California properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_Hunter_Liggett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Hunter_Liggett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Fort Hunter Liggett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Hunter_Liggett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Little_Sur_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_Sur_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Little Sur River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_Sur_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearst_Castle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearst_Castle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Hearst Castle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearst_Castle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_California_forest_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_California_forest_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Northern California forest land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_California_forest_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverly_Hills_mansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverly_Hills_mansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Beverly Hills mansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverly_Hills_mansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Art collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St_Donat's_Castle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_Donat's_Castle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>St Donat's Castle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_Donat's_Castle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_in_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_in_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Interest in aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_in_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Financial disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In fiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citizen_Kane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizen_Kane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span><i>Citizen Kane</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizen_Kane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Randolph Hearst</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8D_%E1%88%84%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5" title="ራንዶልፍ ሄርስት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራንዶልፍ ሄርስት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ويليام راندولف هارست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام راندولف هارست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Rendolf_Herst" title="Vilyam Rendolf Herst – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Rendolf Herst" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ویلیام راندولف هرست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام راندولف هرست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Уилям Рандолф Хърст – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Рандолф Хърст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%83%CF%84" title="Ουίλιαμ Ράντολφ Χιρστ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίλιαμ Ράντολφ Χιρστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ویلیام راندولف هرست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام راندولف هرست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EB%9E%9C%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%97%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="윌리엄 랜돌프 허스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 랜돌프 허스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86_%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A9" title="Ուիլյամ Ռենդոլֆ Հերսթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Ռենդոլֆ Հերսթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98" title="ויליאם רנדולף הרסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם רנדולף הרסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Rendolfs_H%C4%93rsts" title="Viljams Rendolfs Hērsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Rendolfs Hērsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ويليام راندولف هارست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام راندولف هارست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Уильям Рандольф Херст – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уильям Рандольф Херст" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ウィリアム・ランドルフ・ハースト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ランドルフ・ハースト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%BC" title="ویلیام رانډولف هرسټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویلیام رانډولف هرسټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Херст, Уильям Рэндольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Херст, Уильям Рэндольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilijam_Randolf_Herst" title="Vilijam Randolf Herst – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vilijam Randolf Herst" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Вільям Рендольф Герст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Рендольф Герст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="William Randolph Hearst" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·赫斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉·赫斯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·赫斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·赫斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named William Randolph Hearst, see <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation)">William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Randolph Hearst</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HearstAbout1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HearstAbout1910.jpg/220px-HearstAbout1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HearstAbout1910.jpg/330px-HearstAbout1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HearstAbout1910.jpg/440px-HearstAbout1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Hearst, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s <span data-sort-value="New York11 !"><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="New York's 11th congressional district">11th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1907</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">William Sulzer</a> (redistricting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Fornes" title="Charles V. Fornes">Charles V. Fornes</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1863-04-29</span>)</span>April 29, 1863<br /><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 14, 1951<span style="display:none">(1951-08-14)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Lawn_Memorial_Park" title="Cypress Lawn Memorial Park">Cypress Lawn Memorial Park</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1884–1904; 1914–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Ownership_League" title="Municipal Ownership League">Municipal Ownership</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence</a> (1906–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1934–1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Hearst" title="Millicent Hearst">Millicent Willson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1903)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a> (1917–1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>at least</i> 5, including <a href="/wiki/George_Randolph_Hearst" title="George Randolph Hearst">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst_Jr." title="William Randolph Hearst Jr.">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Hearst" title="John Randolph Hearst">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Apperson_Hearst" title="Randolph Apperson Hearst">Randolph</a><br /><i>Alleged</i>: <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Lake" title="Patricia Lake">Patricia Lake</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George Hearst</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Hearst" title="Phoebe Hearst">Phoebe Apperson</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Randolph_Hearst_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Randolph Hearst's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Randolph_Hearst_Signature.svg/128px-William_Randolph_Hearst_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Randolph_Hearst_Signature.svg/192px-William_Randolph_Hearst_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Randolph_Hearst_Signature.svg/256px-William_Randolph_Hearst_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="27" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Randolph Hearst Sr.</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher and politician who developed the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company, <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst Communications</a>. His flamboyant methods of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a> in violation of <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">ethics and standards</a> influenced the nation's popular media by emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">human-interest stories</a>. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 with Mitchell Trubitt after being given control of <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="The San Francisco Examiner">The San Francisco Examiner</a></i> by his wealthy father, Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George Hearst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After moving to New York City, Hearst acquired the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Journal">New York Journal</a></i> and fought a bitter circulation war with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i>. Hearst sold papers by printing giant headlines over lurid stories featuring crime, corruption, sex, and innuendos. Hearst acquired more newspapers and created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Hearst controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines, and thereby often published his personal views. He sensationalized Spanish atrocities in Cuba while calling for <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">war in 1898 against Spain</a>. Historians, however, reject his subsequent claims to have started the war with Spain as overly extravagant. </p><p>He was twice elected as a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democrat</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. He ran unsuccessfully for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> in <a href="/wiki/1905_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1905 New York City mayoral election">1905</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections#1897_to_1913" title="New York City mayoral elections">1909</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> in <a href="/wiki/1906_New_York_state_election" title="1906 New York state election">1906</a>. During his political career, he espoused views generally associated with the left wing of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Movement">Progressive Movement</a>, claiming to speak on behalf of the working class. </p><p>After 1918 and the end of World War I, Hearst gradually began adopting more <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> views and started promoting an <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a staunch anti-communist after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, and deeply suspicious of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Hitler's rise to power, Hearst became a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, ordering his journalists to publish favorable coverage of Nazi Germany, and allowing leading Nazis to publish articles in his newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a leading supporter of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in 1932–1934, but then broke with FDR and became his most <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt">prominent enemy</a> on the right. Hearst's publication reached a peak circulation of 20 million readers a day in the mid-1930s. He poorly managed finances and was so deeply in debt during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> that most of his assets had to be liquidated in the late 1930s. Hearst managed to keep his newspapers and magazines. </p><p>His life story was the main inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</a>, the lead character in <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' film <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (1941).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a>, constructed on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near <a href="/wiki/San_Simeon,_California" title="San Simeon, California">San Simeon</a>, has been preserved as a State Historical Monument and is designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearst was born in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George Hearst</a> on April 29, 1863, a millionaire mining engineer, owner of gold and other mines through his corporation, and his much younger wife <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Hearst" title="Phoebe Hearst">Phoebe Apperson Hearst</a>, from a small town in Missouri. The elder Hearst later entered politics. He served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a>, first appointed for a brief period in 1886 and was then elected later that year. He served from 1887 to his death in 1891. </p><p>His paternal great-grandfather was John Hearst of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Protestant">Ulster Protestant</a> origin. John Hearst, with his wife and six children, migrated to America from <a href="/wiki/Ballybay" title="Ballybay">Ballybay</a>, County Monaghan, Ireland, as part of the Cahans Exodus in 1766. The family settled in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">Province of South Carolina</a>. Their immigration there was spurred in part by the colonial government's policy that encouraged the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestants">Irish Protestants</a>, many of Scots origin.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names "John Hearse" and "John Hearse Jr." appear on the council records of October 26, 1766, being credited with meriting 400 and 100 acres (1.62 and 0.40 km<sup>2</sup>) of land on the Long Canes in what became Abbeville District, based upon 100 acres (0.40 km<sup>2</sup>) to heads of household and 50 acres (0.20 km<sup>2</sup>) for each dependent of a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> immigrant; the "Hearse" spelling of the family name was never used afterward by the family members themselves, nor any family of any size. Hearst's mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was also of Scots-Irish ancestry; her family came from <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199133_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was appointed as the first woman Regent of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, donated funds to establish libraries at several universities, funded many anthropological expeditions, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_A._Hearst_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology">Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology</a>. </p><p>Hearst attended preparatory school at <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)">St. Paul's School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord, New Hampshire</a>. He gained admission to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, and began attending in 1885. While there, he was a member of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A.D._Club" title="A.D. Club">A.D. Club</a>, a Harvard <a href="/wiki/Final_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Final club">Final club</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals">Hasty Pudding Theatricals</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Lampoon">Harvard Lampoon</a></i> prior to being <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion (academia)">expelled</a>. His antics at Harvard ranged from sponsoring massive beer parties on <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a> to sending pudding pots used as <a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">chamber pots</a> to his professors with their images depicted within the bowls.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing_business">Publishing business</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publishing business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst Communications</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HEARST2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HEARST2.JPG/220px-HEARST2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HEARST2.JPG/330px-HEARST2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HEARST2.JPG/440px-HEARST2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>An ad asking automakers to place ads in <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications#Peak_era" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst chain</a>, noting their circulation</figcaption></figure> <p>Searching for an occupation, in 1887 Hearst took over management of his father's newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a></i>, which his father had acquired in 1880 as repayment for a gambling debt.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giving his paper the motto "Monarch of the Dailies", Hearst acquired the most advanced equipment and the most prominent writers of the time, including <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, and political cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Homer_Davenport" title="Homer Davenport">Homer Davenport</a>. A self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a>, Hearst reported accounts of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_York_Morning_Journal"><i>New York Morning Journal</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New York Morning Journal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American">New York Journal-American</a></div> <p>Early in his career at the <i>San Francisco Examiner,</i> Hearst envisioned running a large newspaper chain and "always knew that his dream of a nation-spanning, multi-paper news operation was impossible without a triumph in New York".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009463_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009463-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, with the financial support of his widowed mother (his father had died in 1891), Hearst bought the then failing <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Morning_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Morning Journal">New York Morning Journal</a></i>, hiring writers such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hawthorne" title="Julian Hawthorne">Julian Hawthorne</a> and entering into a head-to-head circulation war with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>, owner and publisher of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a>.</i> Hearst "stole" cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">Richard F. Outcault</a> along with all of Pulitzer's Sunday staff.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another prominent hire was <a href="/wiki/James_J._Montague" title="James J. Montague">James J. Montague</a>, who came from the <i><a href="/wiki/Portland_Oregonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Oregonian">Portland Oregonian</a></i> and started his well-known "More Truth Than Poetry" column at the Hearst-owned <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American">New York Evening Journal</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Hearst purchased the "penny paper", so called because its copies sold for a penny apiece, the <i>Journal</i> was competing with New York's 16 other major dailies. It had a strong focus on Democratic Party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte200948_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte200948-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst imported his best managers from the <i>San Francisco Examiner</i> and "quickly established himself as the most attractive employer" among New York newspapers. He was seen as generous, paid more than his competitors, and gave credit to his writers with page-one bylines. Further, he was unfailingly polite, unassuming, "impeccably calm", and indulgent of "prima donnas, eccentrics, bohemians, drunks, or reprobates so long as they had useful talents" according to historian Kenneth Whyte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009116–17_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009116–17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hearst's activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, "While others Talk, the <i>Journal</i> Acts." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_journalism_and_rivalry_with_the_New_York_World">Yellow journalism and rivalry with the <i>New York World</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yellow journalism and rivalry with the New York World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearst_Vignola_%26_Brisbane_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hearst_Vignola_%26_Brisbane_1920.jpg/220px-Hearst_Vignola_%26_Brisbane_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hearst_Vignola_%26_Brisbane_1920.jpg/330px-Hearst_Vignola_%26_Brisbane_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hearst_Vignola_%26_Brisbane_1920.jpg/440px-Hearst_Vignola_%26_Brisbane_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: Hearst, <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Vignola" title="Robert G. Vignola">Robert G. Vignola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brisbane" title="Arthur Brisbane">Arthur Brisbane</a> during the filming of Vignola's <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_and_His_Wife" title="The World and His Wife">The World and His Wife</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in April 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>New York Journal</i> and its chief rival, the <i>New York World,</i> mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a>", so named after Outcault's <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Kid">Yellow Kid</a> comic. Pulitzer's <i>World</i> had pushed the boundaries of mass appeal for newspapers through bold headlines, aggressive news gathering, generous use of cartoons and illustrations, populist politics, progressive crusades, an exuberant public spirit and dramatic crime and human-interest stories. Hearst's <i>Journal</i> used the same recipe for success, forcing Pulitzer to drop the price of the <i>World</i> from two cents to a penny. Soon the two papers were locked in a fierce, often spiteful competition for readers in which both papers spent large sums of money and saw huge gains in circulation. </p><p>Within a few months of purchasing the <i>Journal</i>, Hearst hired away Pulitzer's three top editors: Sunday editor Morrill Goddard, who greatly expanded the scope and appeal of the American Sunday newspaper; Solomon Carvalho; and a young <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brisbane" title="Arthur Brisbane">Arthur Brisbane</a>, who became managing editor of the Hearst newspaper empire and a well-known columnist. Contrary to popular assumption, they were not lured away by higher pay—rather, each man had grown tired of the office environment that Pulitzer encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009100–06,_110–11,_346–48_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009100–06,_110–11,_346–48-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hearst's many critics attribute the <i>Journal</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s incredible success to cheap sensationalism, Kenneth Whyte noted in <i>The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise Of William Randolph Hearst</i>: "Rather than racing to the bottom, he [Hearst] drove the <i>Journal</i> and the penny press upmarket. The <i>Journal</i> was a demanding, sophisticated paper by contemporary standards."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte200992_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte200992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though yellow journalism would be much maligned, Whyte said, "All good yellow journalists ... sought the human in every story and edited without fear of emotion or drama. They wore their feelings on their pages, believing it was an honest and wholesome way to communicate with readers", but, as Whyte pointed out: "This appeal to feelings is not an end in itself... [they believed] our emotions tend to ignite our intellects: a story catering to a reader's feelings is more likely than a dry treatise to stimulate thought."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009314_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009314-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two papers finally declared a truce in late 1898, after both lost vast amounts of money covering the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Hearst probably lost several million dollars in his first three years as publisher of the <i>Journal</i> (figures are impossible to verify), but the paper began turning a profit after it ended its fight with the <i>World.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009455,_463_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009455,_463-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Hearst, the <i>Journal</i> remained loyal to the populist or left wing of the Democratic Party. It was the only major publication in the East to support <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in 1896. Its coverage of that election was probably the most important of any newspaper in the country, attacking relentlessly the unprecedented role of money in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> campaign and the dominating role played by <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>'s political and financial manager, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a>, the first national party 'boss' in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009164–65,_178_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009164–65,_178-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year after taking over the paper, Hearst could boast that sales of the <i>Journal's</i> post-election issue (including the evening and German-language editions) topped 1.5 million, a record "unparalleled in the history of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009193_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009193-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Journal's</i> political coverage, however, was not entirely one-sided. Kenneth Whyte says that most editors of the time "believed their papers should speak with one voice on political matters"; by contrast, in New York, Hearst "helped to usher in the multi-perspective approach we identify with the modern op-ed page".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009163_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first he supported the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 but later he turned against it. Hearst fought hard against <a href="/wiki/Wilsonianism" title="Wilsonianism">Wilsonian internationalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, and the World Court, thereby appealing to an <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000270–74,_378_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000270–74,_378-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish–American_War"><span id="Spanish.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Spanish–American War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HEARST,_WILLIAM_RANDOLPH_LCCN2016858735.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/HEARST%2C_WILLIAM_RANDOLPH_LCCN2016858735.jpg/220px-HEARST%2C_WILLIAM_RANDOLPH_LCCN2016858735.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/HEARST%2C_WILLIAM_RANDOLPH_LCCN2016858735.jpg/330px-HEARST%2C_WILLIAM_RANDOLPH_LCCN2016858735.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/HEARST%2C_WILLIAM_RANDOLPH_LCCN2016858735.jpg/440px-HEARST%2C_WILLIAM_RANDOLPH_LCCN2016858735.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7436" data-file-height="9231" /></a><figcaption>Hearst, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Morning Journal's</i> daily circulation routinely climbed above the 1 million mark after the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)"><i>Maine</i></a> and U.S. entry into the Spanish–American War, a war that some called The <i>Journal</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s War, due to the paper's immense influence in provoking American outrage against Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the coverage leading up to the war, beginning with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban Revolution in 1895</a>, was tainted by rumor, propaganda, and sensationalism, with the "yellow" papers regarded as the worst offenders. The <i>Journal</i> and other New York newspapers were so one-sided and full of errors in their reporting that coverage of the Cuban crisis and the ensuing Spanish–American War is often cited as one of the most significant milestones in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a>'s hold over the mainstream media.<sup id="cite_ref-iipppa_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iipppa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huge headlines in the <i>Journal</i> assigned blame for the <i>Maine's</i> destruction on sabotage, which was based on no evidence. This reporting stoked outrage and indignation against Spain among the paper's readers in New York. </p><p>The <i>Journal's</i> crusade against Spanish rule in Cuba was not due to mere jingoism, although "the democratic ideals and humanitarianism that inspired their coverage are largely lost to history," as are their "heroic efforts to find the truth on the island under unusually difficult circumstances."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009260_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009260-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Journal's</i> journalistic activism in support of the Cuban rebels, rather, was centered around Hearst's political and business ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-iipppa_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iipppa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the best known myth in American journalism is the claim, without any contemporary evidence, that the illustrator <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>, sent by Hearst to Cuba to cover the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iipppa_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iipppa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cabled Hearst to tell him all was quiet in Cuba. Hearst, in this canard, is said to have responded, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hearst was personally dedicated to the cause of the Cuban rebels, and the <i>Journal</i> did some of the most important and courageous reporting on the conflict—as well as some of the most sensationalized. Their stories on the Cuban rebellion and Spain's atrocities on the island—many of which turned out to be untrue<sup id="cite_ref-iipppa_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iipppa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—were motivated primarily by Hearst's outrage at Spain's brutal policies on the island. These had resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of innocent Cubans. The most well-known story involved the imprisonment and escape of Cuban prisoner <a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Cosio_y_Cisneros" title="Evangelina Cosio y Cisneros">Evangelina Cisneros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iipppa_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iipppa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hearst and the yellow press did not directly cause America's war with Spain, they inflamed public opinion in New York City to a fever pitch. New York's elites read other papers, such as the <i>Times</i> and <i>Sun</i>, which were far more restrained. The <i>Journal</i> and the <i>World</i> were local papers oriented to a very large working class audience in New York City. They were not among the top ten sources of news in papers in other cities, and their stories did not make a splash outside New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outrage across the country came from evidence of what Spain was doing in Cuba, a major influence in the decision by Congress to declare war. According to a 21st-century historian, war was declared by Congress because public opinion was sickened by the bloodshed, and because leaders like McKinley realized that Spain had lost control of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors weighed more on the president's mind than the melodramas in the <i>New York Journal.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000133_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000133-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hearst sailed to Cuba with a small army of <i>Journal</i> reporters to cover the Spanish–American War;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they brought along portable printing equipment, which was used to print a single-edition newspaper in Cuba after the fighting had ended. Two of the <i>Journal's</i> correspondents, James Creelman and Edward Marshall, were wounded in the fighting. A leader of the Cuban rebels, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Calixto García">Calixto García</a>, gave Hearst a Cuban flag that had been riddled with bullets as a gift, in appreciation of Hearst's major role in Cuba's liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009427_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte2009427-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion">Expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearst_1906_Wizard_of_Ooze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hearst_1906_Wizard_of_Ooze.jpg/220px-Hearst_1906_Wizard_of_Ooze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hearst_1906_Wizard_of_Ooze.jpg/330px-Hearst_1906_Wizard_of_Ooze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hearst_1906_Wizard_of_Ooze.jpg/440px-Hearst_1906_Wizard_of_Ooze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Rogers" title="William Allen Rogers">William Allen Rogers</a> utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Political_interpretations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">political uses of Oz</a>, depicting Hearst as the <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_(Oz)" title="Scarecrow (Oz)">Scarecrow</a> stuck in his own oozy mud in a 1906 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In part to aid in his political ambitions, Hearst opened newspapers in other cities, among them Chicago, Los Angeles and Boston. In 1915, he founded <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Service" title="International Film Service">International Film Service</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">animation studio</a> designed to exploit the popularity of the comic strips he controlled. The creation of his Chicago paper was requested by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>. Hearst used this as an excuse for his mother Phoebe Hearst to transfer him the necessary start-up funds. By the mid-1920s he had a nationwide string of 28 newspapers, among them the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Examiner" title="Los Angeles Examiner">Los Angeles Examiner</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_American" title="Boston American">Boston American</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Georgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Georgian">Atlanta Georgian</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Examiner">Chicago Examiner</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Times" title="Detroit Times">Detroit Times</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald" title="Washington Times-Herald">Washington Times-Herald</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Herald">Washington Herald</a></i>, and his flagship, the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a></i>. </p><p>Hearst also diversified his publishing interests into book publishing and magazines. Several of the latter are still in circulation, including such periodicals as <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)">Cosmopolitan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)" title="Town & Country (magazine)">Town and Country</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar" title="Harper's Bazaar">Harper's Bazaar</a></i>. </p><p>In 1924, Hearst opened the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_Mirror" title="New York Daily Mirror">New York Daily Mirror</a>,</i> a racy <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> frankly imitating the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>.</i> Among his other holdings were two news services, Universal News and <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News Service</a>, or INS, the latter of which he founded in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-time_com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time_com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also owned INS companion radio station <a href="/wiki/WINS_(AM)" title="WINS (AM)">WINS</a> in New York; <a href="/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate" title="King Features Syndicate">King Features Syndicate</a>, which still owns the copyrights of a number of popular comics characters; a film company, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Productions" title="Cosmopolitan Productions">Cosmopolitan Productions</a>; extensive New York City real estate; and thousands of acres of land in California and Mexico, along with timber and mining interests inherited from his father. </p><p>Hearst promoted writers and cartoonists despite the lack of any apparent demand for them by his readers. The press critic <a href="/wiki/A._J._Liebling" title="A. J. Liebling">A. J. Liebling</a> reminds us how many of Hearst's stars would not have been deemed employable elsewhere. One Hearst favorite, <a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a>, was the inventor of the dizzy comic strip <i><a href="/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat">Krazy Kat</a>.</i> Not especially popular with either readers or editors when it was first published, in the 21st century, it is considered a classic, a belief once held only by Hearst himself. </p><p>In 1929, he became one of the sponsors of the first round-the-world voyage in an airship, the <a href="/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin">LZ 127 <i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a> from Germany. His sponsorship was conditional on the trip starting at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Engineering_Station_Lakehurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst">Lakehurst Naval Air Station, New Jersey</a>. The ship's captain, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Eckener" title="Hugo Eckener">Dr. Hugo Eckener</a>, first flew the <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> across the Atlantic from Germany to pick up Hearst's photographer and at least three Hearst correspondents. One of them, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Marguerite_Hay_Drummond-Hay" title="Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay">Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay</a>, by that flight became the first woman to travel around the world by air.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hearst news empire reached a revenue peak about 1928, but the economic collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a> and the vast over-extension of his empire cost him control of his holdings. It is unlikely that the newspapers ever paid their own way; mining, ranching and forestry provided whatever dividends the Hearst Corporation paid out. When the collapse came, all Hearst properties were hit hard, but none more so than the papers. Hearst's conservative politics, increasingly at odds with those of his readers, worsened matters for the once great Hearst media chain. Having been refused the right to sell another round of bonds to unsuspecting investors, the shaky empire tottered. Unable to service its existing debts, Hearst Corporation faced a court-mandated reorganization in 1937. </p><p>From that point, Hearst was reduced to being an employee, subject to the directives of an outside manager.<sup id="cite_ref-time1937_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1937-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspapers and other properties were liquidated, the film company shut down; there was even a well-publicized sale of art and antiquities. While World War II restored circulation and advertising revenues, his great days were over. The <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Corporation">Hearst Corporation</a> continues to this day as a large, privately held <a href="/wiki/Media_conglomerate" title="Media conglomerate">media conglomerate</a> based in New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_engagement">Political engagement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg/220px-Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg/330px-Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg/440px-Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon from the October 31, 1905 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> magazine; seen as supporting "Hoist" in his bid for governor are <a href="/wiki/Happy_Hooligan" title="Happy Hooligan">Happy Hooligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxy_Grandpa" title="Foxy Grandpa">Foxy Grandpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_and_Gaston" title="Alphonse and Gaston">Alphonse and Gaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buster_Brown" title="Buster Brown">Buster Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Katzenjammer_Kids" title="The Katzenjammer Kids">The Katzenjammer Kids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/And_Her_Name_Was_Maud" title="And Her Name Was Maud">Maud</a> the mule. All of these comic strips ran in newspapers owned by Hearst.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hearst won two elections to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, then lost a series of elections. He narrowly failed in attempts to become mayor of New York City in both <a href="/wiki/1905_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1905 New York City mayoral election">1905</a> and <a href="/wiki/1909_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1909 New York City mayoral election">1909</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a> in <a href="/wiki/1906_New_York_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 New York gubernatorial election">1906</a>, nominally remaining a Democrat while also creating the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a>. He was defeated for the governorship by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst's unsuccessful campaigns for office after his tenure in the House of Representatives earned him the unflattering but short-lived nickname of "William 'Also-Randolph' Hearst",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was coined by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Irwin" title="Wallace Irwin">Wallace Irwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hearst was on the left wing of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Movement">Progressive Movement</a>, speaking on behalf of the working class (who bought his papers) and denouncing the rich and powerful (who disdained his editorials).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> (the regular Democratic organization in Manhattan), Hearst was elected to Congress from New York in 1902 and 1904. He made a major effort to win <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">the 1904 Democratic nomination for president</a>, losing to conservative <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000168–82_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000168–82-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breaking with Tammany in 1907, Hearst ran for mayor of New York City under a third party of his own creation, the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Ownership_League" title="Municipal Ownership League">Municipal Ownership League</a>. Tammany Hall exerted its utmost to defeat him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000163,_172,_195–201,_205_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000163,_172,_195–201,_205-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An opponent of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, Hearst opposed American involvement in the First World War and attacked the formation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. His newspapers abstained from endorsing any candidate in 1920 and 1924. Hearst's last bid for office came in 1922, when he was backed by <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> leaders for the U.S. Senate nomination in New York. <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> vetoed this, earning the lasting enmity of Hearst. Although Hearst shared Smith's opposition to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, he swung his papers behind <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in the 1928 presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_the_right_and_break_with_Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Move to the right and break with Franklin D. Roosevelt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Move to the right and break with Franklin D. Roosevelt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1920s Hearst was a <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffersonian democrat">Jeffersonian democrat</a>. He warned citizens against the dangers of big government and against unchecked federal power that could infringe on individual rights. When unemployment was near 25 percent, it appeared that Hoover would lose his bid for reelection in 1932, so Hearst sought to block the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> as the Democratic challenger. While continuing to oppose Smith,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he promoted the rival candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States">Speaker of the House</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a>, a Texan "whose guiding motto is ‘America First'" and who, in his own words, saw "the gravest possible menace" facing the country as "the constantly increasing tendency toward socialism and communism".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Democratic Party Convention in 1932, with control of delegations from his own state of California and from Garner's home state of Texas, Hearst had enough influence to ensure that the triumphant Roosevelt picked Garner as his running mate. In the anticipation that Roosevelt would turn out to be, in his words, "properly conservative", Hearst supported his election. But the rapprochement with Roosevelt did not last the year. The New Deal's program of unemployment relief, in Hearst's view, was "more communistic than the communist" and "un-American to the core".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More and more often, Hearst newspapers supported business over organized labor and condemned higher income tax legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hearst broke with FDR in spring 1935 when the president vetoed the Patman <a href="/wiki/Adjusted_Compensation_Payment_Act" title="Adjusted Compensation Payment Act">Bonus Bill</a> for veterans and tried to enter the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">World Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000511–14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000511–14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His papers carried the publisher's rambling, vitriolic, all-capital-letters editorials, but he no longer employed the energetic reporters, editors, and columnists who might have made a serious attack. He reached 20 million readers in the mid-1930s. They included much of the working class which Roosevelt had attracted by three-to-one margins in the 1936 election. The Hearst papers—like most major chains—had supported the Republican <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000xiv,_515–17_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000xiv,_515–17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While campaigning against Roosevelt's policy of developing formal diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, in 1935 Hearst ordered his editors to reprint eyewitness accounts of the Ukrainian famine (the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, which occurred in 1932–1933).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These had been supplied in 1933 by Welsh freelance journalist <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Jones_(journalist)" title="Gareth Jones (journalist)">Gareth Jones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WalesOnline_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalesOnline-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SovietArticles_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SovietArticles-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the disillusioned <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Beal" title="Fred Beal">Fred Beal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,</i> content with what it has since conceded was "tendentious" reporting of Soviet achievements, printed the blanket denials of its <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning Moscow correspondent <a href="/wiki/Walter_Duranty" title="Walter Duranty">Walter Duranty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duranty, who was widely credited with facilitating the rapprochement with Moscow, dismissed the Hearst-circulated reports of man-made starvation as a politically motivated "scare story".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the articles, written by Thomas Walker, to better serve Hearst's editorial line against Roosevelt's Soviet policy the famine was "updated": the impression was created of the famine continuing into 1934. In response, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Louis Fischer</a> wrote an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> accusing Walker of "pure invention" because Fischer had been to Ukraine in 1934 and claimed that he had not seen famine. He framed the story as an attempt by Hearst to "spoil Soviet-American relations" as part of "an anti-red campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_regarding_Germany">Position regarding Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Position regarding Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Rodney Carlisle, "Hearst condemned the domestic practices of Nazism, but he believed that German demands for boundary revision were legitimate. While he was not pro-Nazi, he accepted more German positions and propaganda than did some other editors and publishers."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With "AMERICA FIRST" emblazoned on his newspaper masthead, Hearst celebrated the "great achievement" of the new <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a> in Germany—a lesson to all "liberty-loving people." In 1934, after checking with Jewish leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000496–97_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000496–97-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst visited Berlin to interview <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. When Hitler asked why he was so misunderstood by the American press, Hearst retorted: "Because Americans believe in democracy, and are averse to dictatorship."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Randolph Hearst instructed his reporters in Germany to give positive coverage of the Nazis, and fired journalists who refused to write stories favourable of German fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst's papers ran columns without rebuttal by Nazi leader <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hitler himself, as well as Mussolini and other dictators in Europe and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000470–77_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000470–77-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the systematic massive Nazi attacks on Jews known as <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> (November 9–10, 1938), the Hearst press, like all major American newspapers, blamed Hitler and the Nazis: "The entire civilized world is shocked and shamed by Germany's brutal oppression of the Jewish people," read an editorial in all Hearst papers. "You [Hitler] are making the flag of National Socialism a symbol of national savagery," read an editorial written by Hearst.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000554_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000554-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1934, Japan / U.S. relations were unstable. In an attempt to remedy this, Prince <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato" title="Tokugawa Iesato">Tokugawa Iesato</a> travelled throughout the United States on a goodwill visit. During his visit, Prince Iesato and his delegation met with William Randolph Hearst with the hope of improving relations between the two nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millicent_Willson">Millicent Willson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Millicent Willson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Hearst" title="Millicent Hearst">Millicent Hearst</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millicent_Hearst_cph_3b16388.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Millicent_Hearst_cph_3b16388.jpg/220px-Millicent_Hearst_cph_3b16388.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Millicent_Hearst_cph_3b16388.jpg/330px-Millicent_Hearst_cph_3b16388.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Millicent_Hearst_cph_3b16388.jpg/440px-Millicent_Hearst_cph_3b16388.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Hearst" title="Millicent Hearst">Millicent Hearst</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1903, 40-year-old Hearst married <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Hearst" title="Millicent Hearst">Millicent Veronica Willson</a> (1882–1974), a 21-year-old chorus girl, in New York City. The couple had five sons: <a href="/wiki/George_Randolph_Hearst" title="George Randolph Hearst">George Randolph Hearst</a>, born on April 23, 1904; <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst_Jr." title="William Randolph Hearst Jr.">William Randolph Hearst Jr.</a>, born on January 27, 1908; <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Hearst" title="John Randolph Hearst">John Randolph Hearst</a>, born September 26, 1909; and twins <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Apperson_Hearst" title="Randolph Apperson Hearst">Randolph Apperson Hearst</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/05/13/David-Whitmire-Hearst-son-of-newspaper-magnate-William-Randolph/9324516340800/">David Whitmire (né Elbert Willson) Hearst</a>, born on December 2, 1915. </p><p>Millicent separated from Hearst in the mid-1920s after tiring of his longtime affair with <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a>, but the couple remained legally married until Hearst's death. As a leading <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropist</a>, Millicent built an independent life for herself in New York City. She was active in society and in 1921 founded the Free Milk Fund for Babies. For decades, the fund provided New York's poverty-stricken families with free milk for children.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marion_Davies">Marion Davies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marion Davies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marion_Davies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Marion_Davies.jpg/220px-Marion_Davies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Marion_Davies.jpg/330px-Marion_Davies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Marion_Davies.jpg/440px-Marion_Davies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Conceding an end to his political hopes, Hearst became involved in an affair with the film actress and comedian <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a> (1897–1961), former mistress of his friend <a href="/wiki/Paul_Block" title="Paul Block">Paul Block</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PaulBlockBrady_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulBlockBrady-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 1919, he lived openly with her in California. </p><p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Lake" title="Patricia Lake">Patricia Lake</a> (1919/1923–1993), who had been presented as Davies's "niece," her family confirmed that she was Davies and Hearst's daughter. She had acknowledged this before her death.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_properties">California properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: California properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George Hearst</a> invested some of his fortune from the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Lode" title="Comstock Lode">Comstock Lode</a> in land. In 1865 he purchased about 30,000 acres (12,000 ha), part of <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Piedra_Blanca" title="Rancho Piedra Blanca">Rancho Piedra Blanca</a> stretching from Simeon Bay and reached to Ragged Point. He paid the original grantee Jose de Jesus Pico USD$1 an acre, about twice the current market price.<sup id="cite_ref-lidral_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lidral-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst continued to buy parcels whenever they became available, including <a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Simeon" title="Rancho San Simeon">Rancho San Simeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865, Hearst bought all of <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Rosa_(Estrada)" title="Rancho Santa Rosa (Estrada)">Rancho Santa Rosa</a> totaling 13,184 acres (5,335 ha) except one section of 160 acres (0.6 km<sup>2</sup>) that Estrada lived on. However, as was common with claims before the <a href="/wiki/California_Land_Act_of_1851" title="California Land Act of 1851">Public Land Commission</a>, Estrada's legal claim was costly and took many years to resolve. Estrada mortgaged the ranch to Domingo Pujol, a Spanish-born San Francisco lawyer, who represented him. Estrada was unable to pay the loan and Pujol foreclosed on it. Estrada did not have the title to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst sued, but ended up with only 1,340 acres (5.4 km<sup>2</sup>) of Estrada's holdings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Milpitas_(Pastor)" title="Rancho Milpitas (Pastor)">Rancho Milpitas</a> was a 43,281-acre (17,515 ha) land grant given in 1838 by California governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Juan Bautista Alvarado</a> to Ygnacio Pastor.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grant encompassed present-day <a href="/wiki/Jolon,_California" title="Jolon, California">Jolon</a> and land to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pastor obtained title from the Public Land Commission in 1875, <a href="/wiki/Faxon_Atherton" title="Faxon Atherton">Faxon Atherton</a> immediately purchased the land. By 1880, the James Brown Cattle Company owned and operated <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Milpitas_(Pastor)" title="Rancho Milpitas (Pastor)">Rancho Milpitas</a> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Los_Ojitos" title="Rancho Los Ojitos">Rancho Los Ojitos</a>. </p><p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Newhall_Land_and_Farming_Company" title="Newhall Land and Farming Company">Newhall Land</a> sold <a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Miguelito_de_Trinidad" title="Rancho San Miguelito de Trinidad">Rancho San Miguelito de Trinidad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rancho_El_Piojo" title="Rancho El Piojo">Rancho El Piojo</a> to William Randolph Hearst.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, Hearst's Piedmont Land and Cattle Company bought Rancho Milpitas and Rancho Los Ojitos (Little Springs) from the James Brown Cattle Company.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst gradually bought adjoining land until he owned about 250,000 acres (100,000 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-lavender_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavender-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_Hunter_Liggett">Fort Hunter Liggett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fort Hunter Liggett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 12, 1940, Hearst sold 158,000 acres (63,940 ha), including the Rancho Milpitas, to the United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neighboring landowners sold another 108,950 acres (44,091 ha) to create the 266,950-acre (108,031 ha) <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hunter_Liggett" title="Fort Hunter Liggett">Hunter Liggett Military Reservation</a> troop training base for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>. The US Army used a ranch house and guest lodge named <a href="/wiki/The_Hacienda_(Milpitas_Ranchhouse)" title="The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)">The Hacienda</a> as housing for the base commander, for visiting officers, and for the officers' club.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_Sur_River">Little Sur River</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Little Sur River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1916, the Eberhard and Kron Tanning Company of Santa Cruz purchased land from the homesteaders along the <a href="/wiki/Little_Sur_River" title="Little Sur River">Little Sur River</a>. They harvested tanbark oak and brought the bark out on mules and crude wooden sleds known as "go-devils" to <a href="/wiki/Notleys_Landing,_California" title="Notleys Landing, California">Notleys Landing</a> at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Palo_Colorado_Canyon,_California" title="Palo Colorado Canyon, California">Palo Colorado Canyon</a>, where it was loaded via cable onto ships anchored offshore. Hearst was interested in preserving the uncut, abundant redwood forest, and on November 18, 1921, he purchased the land from the tanning company for about $50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-emc_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emc-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 23, 1948, the Monterey Bay Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America purchased the property, originally 1,445 acres (585 ha), from the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Corporation">Hearst Sunical Land and Packing Company</a> for $20,000. On September 9, 1948, Albert M. Lester of Carmel obtained a grant for the council of $20,000 from Hearst through the Hearst Foundation of New York City, offsetting the cost of the purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-men_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-men-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearst_Castle">Hearst Castle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hearst Castle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearst_Castle_Casa_Grande_September_2012_panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hearst_Castle_Casa_Grande_September_2012_panorama_2.jpg/220px-Hearst_Castle_Casa_Grande_September_2012_panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hearst_Castle_Casa_Grande_September_2012_panorama_2.jpg/330px-Hearst_Castle_Casa_Grande_September_2012_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hearst_Castle_Casa_Grande_September_2012_panorama_2.jpg/440px-Hearst_Castle_Casa_Grande_September_2012_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Simeon,_California" title="San Simeon, California">San Simeon, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1919, Hearst began to build <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a>, which he never completed, on the 250,000-acre (100,000-hectare; 1,000-square-kilometre) ranch he had acquired near <a href="/wiki/San_Simeon,_California" title="San Simeon, California">San Simeon</a>. He furnished the mansion with art, <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antiques</a>, and entire historic rooms purchased and brought from great houses in Europe. He established an <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a> breeding operation on the grounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_California_forest_land">Northern California forest land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Northern California forest land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearst also owned property on the <a href="/wiki/McCloud_River" title="McCloud River">McCloud River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou County</a>, in far northern California, called <a href="/wiki/Wyntoon" title="Wyntoon">Wyntoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buildings at Wyntoon were designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Julia_Morgan" title="Julia Morgan">Julia Morgan</a>, who also designed Hearst Castle and worked in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Dodd" title="William J. Dodd">William J. Dodd</a> on a number of other projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverly_Hills_mansion">Beverly Hills mansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beverly Hills mansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, Hearst paid $120,000 for an H-shaped Beverly Hills mansion, (located at 1011 N. Beverly Dr.), on 3.7 acres three blocks from <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard" title="Sunset Boulevard">Sunset Boulevard</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Estate" title="Beverly Estate">Beverly House</a>, as it has come to be known, has some cinematic connections. According to <i>Hearst Over Hollywood</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> stayed at the house for part of their honeymoon. The house appeared in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a></i> (1972).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (December 2020)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-expensive_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expensive-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1890s, Hearst began building a mansion on the hills overlooking Pleasanton, California, on land purchased by his father a decade earlier. Hearst's mother took over the project, hired Julia Morgan to finish it as her home, and named it <a href="/wiki/Hacienda_del_Pozo_de_Verona" title="Hacienda del Pozo de Verona">Hacienda del Pozo de Verona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her death, it was acquired by Castlewood Country Club, which used it as their clubhouse from 1925 to 1969, when it was destroyed in a major fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_collection">Art collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Art collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_with_Huntsman_and_Dead_Game_1697_Jan_Weenix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Landscape_with_Huntsman_and_Dead_Game_1697_Jan_Weenix.jpg/220px-Landscape_with_Huntsman_and_Dead_Game_1697_Jan_Weenix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Landscape_with_Huntsman_and_Dead_Game_1697_Jan_Weenix.jpg/330px-Landscape_with_Huntsman_and_Dead_Game_1697_Jan_Weenix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Landscape_with_Huntsman_and_Dead_Game_1697_Jan_Weenix.jpg/440px-Landscape_with_Huntsman_and_Dead_Game_1697_Jan_Weenix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption><i>Allegory of the Sense of Smell</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Weenix" title="Jan Weenix">Jan Weenix</a>, a 1697 portrait once owned by Hearst</figcaption></figure> <p>Hearst was renowned for his extensive collection of international art that spanned centuries. Most notable in his collection were his Greek vases, Spanish and Italian furniture, Oriental carpets, Renaissance vestments, an extensive library with many books signed by their authors, and paintings and statues. In addition to collecting pieces of fine art, he also gathered manuscripts, rare books, and autographs.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seely-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His guests included varied celebrities and politicians, who stayed in rooms furnished with pieces of antique furniture and decorated with artwork by famous artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seely-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1937, Hearst began selling some of his art collection to help relieve the debt burden he had suffered from the Depression. The first year he sold items for a total of $11 million. In 1941 he put about 20,000 items up for sale; these were evidence of his wide and varied tastes. Included in the sale items were paintings by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">van Dyke</a>, crosiers, chalices, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sideboard" title="Sideboard">sideboard</a>, pulpits, stained glass, arms and armor, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s waistcoat, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s Bible. When Hearst Castle was donated to the State of California, it was still sufficiently furnished for the whole house to be considered and operated as a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seely-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St_Donat's_Castle"><span id="St_Donat.27s_Castle"></span>St Donat's Castle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: St Donat's Castle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/St_Donat%27s_Castle" title="St Donat's Castle">St Donat's Castle</a></div> <p>After seeing photographs, in <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life Magazine</a></i>, of <a href="/wiki/St_Donat%27s_Castle" title="St Donat's Castle">St. Donat's Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>, Wales, Hearst bought and renovated it in 1925 as a gift to his mistress Marion Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Castle was restored by Hearst, who spent a fortune buying entire rooms from other castles and palaces across the UK and Europe. The Great Hall was bought from the <a href="/wiki/Bradenstoke_Priory" title="Bradenstoke Priory">Bradenstoke Priory</a> in Wiltshire and reconstructed brick by brick in its current site at St. Donat's. From the Bradenstoke Priory, he also bought and removed the guest house, Prior's lodging, and great tithe barn; of these, some of the materials became the St. Donat's banqueting hall, complete with a sixteenth-century French chimney-piece and windows; also used were a fireplace dated to c. 1514 and a fourteenth-century roof, which became part of the Bradenstoke Hall, despite this use being questioned in Parliament. Hearst built 34 green and white marble bathrooms for the many guest suites in the castle and completed a series of terraced gardens which survive intact today. Hearst and Davies spent much of their time entertaining, and held a number of lavish parties attended by guests including <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and a young <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. When Hearst died, the castle was purchased by Antonin Besse II and donated to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_College" title="Atlantic College">Atlantic College</a>, an international boarding school founded by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hahn" title="Kurt Hahn">Kurt Hahn</a> in 1962, which still uses it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_in_aviation">Interest in aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interest in aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearst was particularly interested in the newly emerging technologies relating to aviation and had his first experience of flight in January 1910, in Los Angeles. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Paulhan" title="Louis Paulhan">Louis Paulhan</a>, a French aviator, took him for an air trip on his Farman biplane.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst also sponsored <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Glory_(aircraft)" title="Old Glory (aircraft)">Old Glory</a></i> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Transcontinental_Prize" title="Hearst Transcontinental Prize">Hearst Transcontinental Prize</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_disaster">Financial disaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Financial disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearst's crusade against Roosevelt and the New Deal, combined with union strikes and boycotts of his properties, undermined the financial strength of his empire. Circulation of his major publications declined in the mid-1930s, while rivals such as the New York <i>Daily News</i> were flourishing. He refused to take effective cost-cutting measures, and instead increased his very expensive art purchases. His friend <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Kennedy">Joseph P. Kennedy</a> offered to buy the magazines, but Hearst jealously guarded his empire and refused. Instead, he sold some of his heavily mortgaged real estate. San Simeon itself was mortgaged to <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> owner <a href="/wiki/Harry_Chandler" title="Harry Chandler">Harry Chandler</a> in 1933 for $600,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally his financial advisors realized he was tens of millions of dollars in debt, and could not pay the interest on the loans, let alone reduce the principal. The proposed bond sale failed to attract investors when Hearst's financial crisis became widely known. Marion Davies's stardom waned and Hearst's movies also began to hemorrhage money. As the crisis deepened he let go of most of his household staff, sold his exotic animals to the Los Angeles Zoo and named a trustee to control his finances. He still refused to sell his beloved newspapers. At one point, to avoid outright bankruptcy, he had to accept a $1 million loan from Marion Davies, who sold all her jewelry, stocks and bonds to raise the cash for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies also managed to raise him another million as a loan from <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Herald">Washington Herald</a></i> owner <a href="/wiki/Cissy_Patterson" title="Cissy Patterson">Cissy Patterson</a>. The trustee cut Hearst's annual salary to $500,000, and stopped the annual payment of $700,000 in dividends. He had to pay rent for living in his castle at San Simeon. </p><p>Legally Hearst avoided bankruptcy although the public generally saw it as such, since appraisers went through the tapestries, paintings, furniture, silver, pottery, buildings, autographs, jewelry, and other collectibles. Items in the thousands were gathered from a five-story warehouse in New York, warehouses near San Simeon containing large amounts of Greek sculpture and ceramics, and the contents of St. Donat's. His collections were sold off in a series of auctions and private sales in 1938–39. John D. Rockefeller, Junior, bought $100,000 of antique silver for his new museum at <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a>. The market for art and antiques had not recovered from the depression, so Hearst made an overall loss of hundreds of thousands of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Hearst's friend George Loorz commented sarcastically: "He would like to start work on the outside pool [at San Simeon], start a new reservoir etc. but told me yesterday 'I want so many things but haven't got the money.' Poor fellow, let's take up a collection."<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was embarrassed in early 1939 when <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine published a feature which revealed he was at risk of defaulting on his mortgage for San Simeon and losing it to his creditor and publishing rival, Harry Chandler.<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, was averted, as Chandler agreed to extend the repayment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the disastrous financial losses of the 1930s, the Hearst Company returned to profitability during the Second World War, when advertising revenues skyrocketed. Hearst, after spending much of the war at his estate of <a href="/wiki/Wyntoon" title="Wyntoon">Wyntoon</a>, returned to San Simeon full-time in 1945 and resumed building works. He also continued collecting, on a reduced scale. He threw himself into philanthropy by donating a great many works to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Hearst left his San Simeon estate to seek medical care, which was unavailable in the remote location. He died in Beverly Hills on August 14, 1951, at the age of 88.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred in the Hearst family mausoleum at the <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Lawn_Memorial_Park" title="Cypress Lawn Memorial Park">Cypress Lawn Memorial Park</a> in Colma, California, which his parents had established. </p><p>His will established two charitable trusts, the Hearst Foundation and the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. By his amended will, Marion Davies inherited 170,000 shares in the Hearst Corporation, which, combined with a <a href="/wiki/Trust_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust fund">trust fund</a> of 30,000 shares that Hearst had established for her in 1950, gave her a controlling interest in the corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was short-lived, as she relinquished the 170,000 shares to the Corporation on October 30, 1951, retaining her original 30,000 shares and a role as an advisor. Like their father, none of Hearst's five sons graduated from college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailschieflifeofwilli0000nasapage357_357–58]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailschieflifeofwilli0000nasapage357_357–58]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all followed their father into the media business, and Hearst's namesake, <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst_Jr." title="William Randolph Hearst Jr.">William Randolph Jr.</a>, became a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>–winning newspaper reporter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1890s, the already existing anti-Chinese and anti-Asian racism in San Francisco were further fanned by Hearst's anti-non-European descents, which were reflected in the rhetoric and the focus in <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">The Examiner</a></i> and one of his own signed editorials.<sup id="cite_ref-pbsdoc1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbsdoc1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These prejudices continued to be the mainstays throughout his journalistic career to galvanize his readers’ fears.<sup id="cite_ref-pbsdoc1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbsdoc1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst staunchly supported the <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese-American internment</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a> and used his media power to negatively portray Japanese Americans and to garner support for the internment of Japanese-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-pbsdoc2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbsdoc2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some media outlets have attempted to bring attention to Hearst's involvement in the prohibition of cannabis in the United States. Hearst collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Anslinger" title="Harry J. Anslinger">Harry J. Anslinger</a> to ban <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> due to the threat that the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">hemp paper</a> industry posed to his major investment and market share in the <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper milling</a> industry. Due to their efforts, hemp would remain illegal to grow in the US for almost a century, not being legalized until 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Lee" title="Martin A. Lee">Martin Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Solomon" title="Norman Solomon">Norman Solomon</a> noted in their 1990 book <i>Unreliable Sources</i>, Hearst "routinely invented sensational stories, faked interviews, ran phony pictures and distorted real events". </p><p>Hearst's use of yellow journalism techniques in his <i>New York Journal</i> to whip up popular support for U.S. military adventurism in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in 1898 was also criticized in <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s 1919 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brass_Check" title="The Brass Check">The Brass Check</a>: A Study of American Journalism</i>. According to Sinclair, Hearst's newspapers distorted world events and deliberately tried to discredit socialists. Another critic, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lundberg" title="Ferdinand Lundberg">Ferdinand Lundberg</a>, extended the criticism in <i>Imperial Hearst</i> (1936), charging that Hearst papers accepted payments from abroad to slant the news. After the Second World War, a further critic, <a href="/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes">George Seldes</a>, repeated the charges in <i>Facts and Fascism</i> (1947). Lundberg described Hearst as "the weakest strong man and the strongest weak man in the world today... a giant with feet of clay."<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizen_Kane"><i>Citizen Kane</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citizen Kane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (released on May 1, 1941) is loosely based on Hearst's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000528–56_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000528–56-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welles and his collaborator, screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz" title="Herman J. Mankiewicz">Herman J. Mankiewicz</a>, created Kane as a <a href="/wiki/Composite_character" title="Composite character">composite character</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Harold_Fowler_McCormick" title="Harold Fowler McCormick">Harold Fowler McCormick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Insull" title="Samuel Insull">Samuel Insull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>. Hearst, enraged at the idea of <i>Citizen Kane</i> being a thinly disguised and very unflattering portrait of him, used his massive influence and resources to prevent the film from being released—all without even having seen it. Welles and the studio <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a> resisted the pressure but Hearst and his Hollywood friends ultimately succeeded in pressuring theater chains to limit showings of <i>Citizen Kane</i>, resulting in only moderate box-office numbers and seriously impairing Welles's career prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fight over the film was documented in the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>-nominated documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Over_Citizen_Kane" title="The Battle Over Citizen Kane">The Battle Over Citizen Kane</a></i>, and nearly 60 years later, <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> offered a fictionalized version of Hearst's efforts in its original production <i><a href="/wiki/RKO_281" title="RKO 281">RKO 281</a></i> (1999), in which <a href="/wiki/James_Cromwell" title="James Cromwell">James Cromwell</a> portrays Hearst. <i>Citizen Kane</i> has twice been ranked No. 1 on <a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movies" title="AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies">AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies</a>: in 1998 and 2007. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/Mank" title="Mank">Mank</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> as Mankiewicz, as he interacts with Hearst prior to the writing of <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a>'</i>s screenplay. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dance" title="Charles Dance">Charles Dance</a> portrays Hearst in the film. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(miniseries)" title="Rough Riders (miniseries)">Rough Riders</a></i> (1997), Hearst (played by <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)" title="George Hamilton (actor)">George Hamilton</a>) is depicted as travelling to Cuba with a small band of journalists, to personally cover the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.</li> <li>Hearst is mentioned in the Disney movie <i><a href="/wiki/Newsies" title="Newsies">Newsies</a></i> (1992), directed by <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a>, which depicts the Newsboys' Strike of 1899. Hearst is never seen onscreen but is referenced by several of the newsies in various musical numbers, and is portrayed as an antagonist engaged in a bitter circulation war with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Winchell_(film)" title="Winchell (film)">Winchell</a></i> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Tighe" title="Kevin Tighe">Kevin Tighe</a> played Hearst.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/RKO_281" title="RKO 281">RKO 281</a></i>(1999), Hearst was played by <a href="/wiki/James_Cromwell" title="James Cromwell">James Cromwell</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cat%27s_Meow" title="The Cat's Meow">The Cat's Meow</a></i> (2001), a fictitious version of the death of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince" title="Thomas H. Ince">Thomas H. Ince</a>, takes place in November 1924, on a weekend cruise aboard Hearst's <a href="/wiki/USS_Oneida_(SP-432)" title="USS Oneida (SP-432)">yacht</a>, celebrating Ince's 44th birthday. The film's fictionalizes Ince's death by suggesting that Hearst shot Ince and covered it up.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearst is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herrmann" title="Edward Herrmann">Edward Herrmann</a>. (Ince actually became severely ill aboard Hearst's private yacht, and the official cause of the filmmaker's death was heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Taves_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taves-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Marsh_(actor)" title="Matthew Marsh (actor)">Matthew Marsh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland" title="Agnieszka Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a>'s 2019 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Jones_(2019_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Jones (2019 film)">Mr Jones</a></i>.</li> <li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dance" title="Charles Dance">Charles Dance</a> in <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>'s 2020 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mank" title="Mank">Mank</a></i>.</li> <li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Skipper" title="Pat Skipper">Pat Skipper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a>'s 2022 film <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_(2022_film)" title="Babylon (2022 film)">Babylon</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Money_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Money (novel)">The Big Money</a></i> (1936) includes a biographical sketch of Hearst.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>'s futuristic, dystopian novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Heel" title="The Iron Heel">The Iron Heel</a></i> (1908) refers to Hearst by name; and the plot "predicts" the destruction of his publishing empire (along with the Democratic Party) in 1912 by means of an oligarchy of plutocrats and industrial trusts engineering the cessation of his advertising revenue.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a></i> (1943) and its eponymous <a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)">1949 film adaptation</a>, the character <a href="/wiki/Gail_Wynand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gail Wynand">Gail Wynand</a>, a newspaper magnate who thinks he can control public sentiment but in reality is only a servant of the masses, is inspired by and modeled after the life of Hearst.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> (1939), Hearst is anonymously described as the "newspaper fella near the coast" who "got a million acres" and looks "crazy an' mean" in pictures (ch. 18).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historic novel</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Narratives_of_Empire" title="Narratives of Empire">Narratives of Empire</a></i>, Hearst is a major character.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(McCarthy_novel)" title="The Crossing (McCarthy novel)">The Crossing</a></i> (1994) refers to Hearst by name and workers at his million-acre ranch in <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, La Babícora, act as antagonists in the story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Westerfeld" title="Scott Westerfeld">Scott Westerfeld</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Goliath_(Westerfeld_novel)" title="Goliath (Westerfeld novel)">Goliath</a></i> (2011) depicts Hearst in World War I.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Charlaine_Harris" title="Charlaine Harris">Charlaine Harris</a>' <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Russian_Cage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Russian Cage (page does not exist)">The Russian Cage</a></i> (2021), Hearst was the ruler of the HRE (formerly west coast states of US) who permitted the tsar and his entourage to settle in the defunct Navy base at San Diego.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The rivalry between Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer has been documented on <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel's</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/American_Genius" title="American Genius">American Genius</a></i> (2015).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)" title="TNT (American TV network)">TNT</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alienist_(TV_series)" title="The Alienist (TV series)">The Alienist</a></i>, in the second season played by <a href="/wiki/Matt_Letscher" title="Matt Letscher">Matt Letscher</a>.</li> <li>In "The Paper Dynasty" (1964) episode of the <a href="/wiki/Television_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Television syndication">syndicated</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_Days" title="Death Valley Days">Death Valley Days</a></i>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Andrews" title="Stanley Andrews">Stanley Andrews</a>. In the story line, Hearst (played by <a href="/wiki/James_Hampton_(actor)" title="James Hampton (actor)">James Hampton</a>) struggles to turn a profit despite increased circulation of <i>The San Francisco Examiner</i>, featuring James Lanphier (1920–1969) as <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Cornthwaite" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert O. Cornthwaite">Robert O. Cornthwaite</a> as Sam Chamberlain.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In "The Odyssey", a 1979 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)" title="Little House on the Prairie (TV series)">Little House on the Prairie</a></i>, Hearst (played by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ewing" title="Bill Ewing">Bill Ewing</a>) is depicted as a friendly and talented young San Francisco journalist.</li> <li>Hearst (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)#Finale_(2018)" title="Timeless (TV series)">John Colton</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) appears in the season 2 episode "<a href="/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)#Finale_(2018)" title="Timeless (TV series)">Hollywoodland</a>" of the NBC series <i><a href="/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)" title="Timeless (TV series)">Timeless</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearst_family" title="Hearst family">Hearst family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearst_Ranch" title="Hearst Ranch">Hearst Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">History of American newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hacienda_(Milpitas_Ranchhouse)" title="The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)">The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyntoon is located at approximately <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=William_Randolph_Hearst&params=41_11_21_N_122_03_58_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°11′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°03′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.18917°N 122.06611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.18917; -122.06611</span></span></span></a></span></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hearst">"Hearst"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210056/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hearst">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2021" class="citation web cs1">Brewer, Mark (September 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122162323/https://woub.org/2021/09/21/the-man-who-built-the-nations-largest-media-empire-by-the-1930s-citizen-hearst-on-american-experience-sept-27-28/">"The Man Who Built the Nation's Largest Media Empire by the 1930s, "Citizen Hearst" on AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: Part Two TONIGHT at 9 p.m."</a> <i>WOUB Public Media</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woub.org/2021/09/21/the-man-who-built-the-nations-largest-media-empire-by-the-1930s-citizen-hearst-on-american-experience-sept-27-28/">the original</a> on November 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WOUB+Public+Media&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Built+the+Nation%27s+Largest+Media+Empire+by+the+1930s%2C+%22Citizen+Hearst%22+on+AMERICAN+EXPERIENCE%3A+Part+Two+TONIGHT+at+9+p.m.&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoub.org%2F2021%2F09%2F21%2Fthe-man-who-built-the-nations-largest-media-empire-by-the-1930s-citizen-hearst-on-american-experience-sept-27-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Carlisle, "The Foreign Policy Views of an Isolationist Press Lord: W. R. Hearst & the International Crisis, 1936–41" <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1974) 9#3 pp. 217–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti1997" class="citation book cs1">Parenti, Michael (1997). <i>Blackshirts & Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism</i>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: City Lights Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-329-3"><bdi>978-0-87286-329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshirts+%26+Reds%3A+Rational+Fascism+and+the+Overthrow+of+Communism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-329-3&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kane2/"><i>The Battle Over Citizen Kane</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054056/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kane2/">Archived</a> March 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PBS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetit" class="citation news cs1">Betit, Kyle J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/magazine/articles/iha_scotsus1.htm">"Scots-Irish in Colonial America"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408200359/http://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/magazine/articles/iha_scotsus1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Scots-Irish+in+Colonial+America&rft.aulast=Betit&rft.aufirst=Kyle+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fancestor%2Fmagazine%2Farticles%2Fiha_scotsus1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199133-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199133_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1991">Robinson 1991</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Pageant: A History of the Republic</i>, Thirteenth edition, Advanced Placement Edition, 2006<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic-people/profiles/george-hearst/">"Hearst Castle National Park Service"</a>. November 15, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217083758/http://hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic-people/profiles/george-hearst/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Procter">Ben H. Procter</a>, <i>William Randolph Hearst: the early years, 1863–1910</i> (1998) ch 8–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1960" class="citation journal cs1">Posner, Russell M. (1960). "California's Role in the Nomination of Franklin D. Roosevelt". <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25155325">10.2307/25155325</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25155325">25155325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=California%27s+Role+in+the+Nomination+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25155325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25155325%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Russell+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauchway2016" class="citation web cs1">Rauchway, Eric (May 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/william-randolph-hearst-gave-america-first-its-nationalist-edge/481497/">"How 'America First' Got Its Nationalistic Edge"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+%27America+First%27+Got+Its+Nationalistic+Edge&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.aulast=Rauchway&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2016%2F05%2Fwilliam-randolph-hearst-gave-america-first-its-nationalist-edge%2F481497%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcter2007" class="citation book cs1">Procter, Ben (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamrandolphh00benp"><i>William Randolph Hearst: The Later Years, 1911–1951</i></a></span>. Oxford UP. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamrandolphh00benp/page/248">248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195325348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195325348"><bdi>978-0195325348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Randolph+Hearst%3A+The+Later+Years%2C+1911%E2%80%931951&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195325348&rft.aulast=Procter&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamrandolphh00benp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000511–14-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000511–14_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 511–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000xiv,_515–17-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000xiv,_515–17_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. xiv, 515–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney P. Carlisle, "William Randolph Hearst: A Fascist Reputation Reconsidered," <i>Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly</i> 50#1 (1973): 125–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommentary_Bk1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Commentary Bk (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/commentary-bk/the-famine-the-times-couldnt-find/">"The Famine the "Times" Couldn't Find"</a>. <i>Commentary</i>. November: n. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=The+Famine+the+%22Times%22+Couldn%27t+Find&rft.volume=November&rft.pages=n.+3&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Commentary+Bk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fcommentary-bk%2Fthe-famine-the-times-couldnt-find%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalesOnline-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalesOnline_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992">"Welsh journalist who exposed a Soviet tragedy"</a>. <i>Wales Online, Western Mail and the South Wales Echo</i>. November 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online%2C+Western+Mail+and+the+South+Wales+Echo&rft.atitle=Welsh+journalist+who+exposed+a+Soviet+tragedy&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fwelsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SovietArticles-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SovietArticles_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/soviet_articles.htm">"Famine Exposure: Newspaper Articles relating to Gareth Jones' trips to The Soviet Union (1930–35)"</a>. <i>garethjones.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=1930s+journalist+Gareth+Jones+to+have+story+retold&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2009%2Fnov%2F13%2Fgareth-jones-story-retold-documentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytco.com/company/prizes-awards/new-york-times-statement-about-1932-pulitzer-prize-awarded-to-walter-duranty/">"The New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty"</a>. <i>The New York Times Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times+Statement+About+1932+Pulitzer+Prize+Awarded+to+Walter+Duranty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytco.com%2Fcompany%2Fprizes-awards%2Fnew-york-times-statement-about-1932-pulitzer-prize-awarded-to-walter-duranty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamache2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gamache, Ray (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00947679.2014.12062918">"Breaking Eggs for a Holodomor: Walter Duranty, the New York Times , and the Denigration of Gareth Jones"</a></span>. <i>Journalism History</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">208–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.2014.12062918">10.1080/00947679.2014.12062918</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7679">0094-7679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142098495">142098495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=Breaking+Eggs+for+a+Holodomor%3A+Walter+Duranty%2C+the+New+York+Times+%2C+and+the+Denigration+of+Gareth+Jones&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142098495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-7679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.2014.12062918&rft.aulast=Gamache&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00947679.2014.12062918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mace, James E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/The_Politics_of_Famine_American_Government_and_Press_Response_to_the_Ukrainian_Famine_1932_1933_anhl.pdf?">"The Politics of Famine: American Government and Press Response to the Ukrainian Famine, 1932-33"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F3.1.75">10.1093/hgs/3.1.75</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20684118">20684118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Famine%3A+American+Government+and+Press+Response+to+the+Ukrainian+Famine%2C+1932-33&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F3.1.75&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20684118&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FJames_Mace%2FThe_Politics_of_Famine_American_Government_and_Press_Response_to_the_Ukrainian_Famine_1932_1933_anhl.pdf%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Carlisle, "The Foreign Policy Views of an Isolationist Press Lord: W. R. Hearst and the International Crisis, 1936-41" <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> 9#3 (1974), pp. 217–227, quote at pp 220–221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/260031">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000496–97-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000496–97_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 496–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagorski2012" class="citation book cs1">Nagorski, Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KRh_hNVibMC&pg=PA176"><i>Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439191026" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439191026"><bdi>978-1439191026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitlerland%3A+American+Eyewitnesses+to+the+Nazi+Rise+to+Power&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1439191026&rft.aulast=Nagorski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KRh_hNVibMC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000470–77-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000470–77_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 470–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000554-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000554_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golden_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2001" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Eve (2001). <i>Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars</i>. New York: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0834-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0834-0"><bdi>0-7864-0834-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Images%3A+41+Essays+on+Silent+Film+Stars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7864-0834-0&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulBlockBrady-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaulBlockBrady_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toledoblade.com/Books/2001/02/25/Early-primaries-set-the-stage-for-great-Republican-battle.html">Toledo Blade: "Paul Block: Story of success" by Jack Lessenberry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226072947/http://www.toledoblade.com/Books/2001/02/25/Early-primaries-set-the-stage-for-great-Republican-battle.html">Archived</a> December 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> January 9, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lidral-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lidral_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidral2022" class="citation web cs1">Lidral, Terry (January 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westernlivingjournal.com/historic-hearst-ranch-a-step-into-life-in-the-1860s/">"Historic Hearst Ranch A Step Back into the 1860s"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Hearst+Ranch+A+Step+Back+into+the+1860s&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=Lidral&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwesternlivingjournal.com%2Fhistoric-hearst-ranch-a-step-into-life-in-the-1860s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTippin2013" class="citation web cs1">Tippin, Brenda L. (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morganhorse.com/upload/photos/206TMH_July2013_HearstMorgans.pdf">"History Lesson: The California Morgans of WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Morgan Horse Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Morgan+Horse+Association&rft.atitle=History+Lesson%3A+The+California+Morgans+of+WILLIAM+RANDOLPH+HEARST&rft.date=2013-07&rft.aulast=Tippin&rft.aufirst=Brenda+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morganhorse.com%2Fupload%2Fphotos%2F206TMH_July2013_HearstMorgans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>George Hearst v. Domingo Pujol</i>, 1872, Reports of Cases Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of California, Vol. 44, pp. 230–236, Bancroft-Whitney Co., San Francisco</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden Hoffman, 1862, <i>Reports of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California</i>, Numa Hubert, San Francisco</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/245946">"Rancho Milpitas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rancho+Milpitas&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F245946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"HEARST BUYS SITE OF MISSION: 17 Miles of Conduits Constructed in 1792 on Acquired Tract". <i>Stockton Independent</i>. 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Historic California Posts: <i>Fort Hunter Liggett</i>.</a> Retrieved March 1, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/pwro/fhl/fhl_resource_description2.pdf">"Draft Fort Hunter Ligget Special Resource Study & Environmental Assessment: Chapter 2 Cultural Resources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221000551/https://www.nps.gov/pwro/fhl/fhl_resource_description2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Fort+Hunter+Ligget+Special+Resource+Study+%26+Environmental+Assessment%3A+Chapter+2+Cultural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpwro%2Ffhl%2Ffhl_resource_description2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emc-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emc_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emcplanning.com/enewsletter/2014/Conservation_Plan_Report_091813.pdf">"Conservation Plan Camp Camp Pico Blanco"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. EMC Planning Group Inc. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+Plan+Camp+Camp+Pico+Blanco&rft.pub=EMC+Planning+Group+Inc.&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcplanning.com%2Fenewsletter%2F2014%2FConservation_Plan_Report_091813.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-men-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-men_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1963" class="citation news cs1">Young, Alfred (July 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitestag.org/files/men_in_the_making.pdf">"The Making of Men"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Salinas, California: Monterey Bay Area Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201153140/http://whitestag.org/files/men_in_the_making.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 1, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Men&rft.date=1963-07&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitestag.org%2Ffiles%2Fmen_in_the_making.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-expensive-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-expensive_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6290160.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Most expensive" U.S. home on sale"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeastern+Antiquing+and+Collecting+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Hearst+Castle%2C+San+Simeon%3A+The+Diverse+Collection+of+William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.aulast=Seely&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.go-star.com%2Fantiquing%2Fhearst_collection.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan,_Nathan2008" class="citation web cs1">Bevan, Nathan (August 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/08/03/lydia-hearst-is-queen-of-the-castle-91466-21454996/">"Lydia Hearst is queen of the castle"</a>. Wales on Sunday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022101008/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/08/03/lydia-hearst-is-queen-of-the-castle-91466-21454996/">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lydia+Hearst+is+queen+of+the+castle&rft.pub=Wales+on+Sunday&rft.date=2008-08-03&rft.au=Bevan%2C+Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2F2008%2F08%2F03%2Flydia-hearst-is-queen-of-the-castle-91466-21454996%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBMvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109">Aircraft, Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215172844/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBMvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> February 15, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1910</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yVDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12-IA335">Hearst an Aviator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215180240/https://books.google.com/books?id=7yVDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12-IA335">Archived</a> February 15, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher" title="Editor & Publisher">Editor & Publisher</a>, Volume 9, 1910</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victoria_Kastner_2000-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_Kastner_2000_83-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKastner2000" class="citation book cs1">Kastner, Victoria (2000). <i>Hearst Castle: The Biography of a Country House</i>. Harry N. Abrams. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearst+Castle%3A+The+Biography+of+a+Country+House&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kastner&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-william-randolph-hearst-19510815-story.html">"From the Archives: W. R. Hearst, 88, Dies in Beverly Hills"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215182803/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-william-randolph-hearst-19510815-story.html">Archived</a> December 15, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (original pub. August 15, 1951). <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Retrieved from LATimes.com September 15, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailschieflifeofwilli0000nasapage357_357–58]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailschieflifeofwilli0000nasapage357_357–58]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chieflifeofwilli0000nasa/page/357">357–58</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbsdoc1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbsdoc1_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbsdoc1_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanda_Pollak_(film_director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanda Pollak (film director) (page does not exist)">Amanda Pollak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ives" title="Stephen Ives">Stephen Ives</a> (September 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/citizen-hearst/#part01"><i>Citizen Hearst: An American Experience Special, Part I</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(video with transcript)</span> (Documentary). <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizen+Hearst%3A+An+American+Experience+Special%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2Fcitizen-hearst%2F%23part01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbsdoc2-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbsdoc2_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanda_Pollak_(film_director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanda Pollak (film director) (page does not exist)">Amanda Pollak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ives" title="Stephen Ives">Stephen Ives</a> (September 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/citizen-hearst/#part02"><i>Citizen Hearst: An American Experience Special, Part II</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(video with transcript)</span> (Documentary). <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizen+Hearst%3A+An+American+Experience+Special%2C+Part+II&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2Fcitizen-hearst%2F%23part02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Marie_OrozcoTina_Fanucchi-Frontado2018" class="citation web cs1">Amy Marie Orozco; Tina Fanucchi-Frontado (December 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.com/2018/12/19/reefer-madness-and-other-lies/">"Reefer Madness' and Other Lies"</a>. <i>Santa Barbara Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705233633/https://www.independent.com/2018/12/19/reefer-madness-and-other-lies/">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Santa+Barbara+Independent&rft.atitle=Reefer+Madness%27+and+Other+Lies&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.au=Amy+Marie+Orozco&rft.au=Tina+Fanucchi-Frontado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.com%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2Freefer-madness-and-other-lies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._David_Musto1998" class="citation interview cs1">Dr. David Musto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/interviews/musto.html">"Dr. David Musto Interview"</a>. <i>Frontline</i> (Interview). PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705233633/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/interviews/musto.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Dr.+David+Musto+Interview&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Dr.+David+Musto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fdope%2Finterviews%2Fmusto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Newman2013" class="citation web cs1">Tony Newman (January 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/drug-war-consequences_b_2404347">"Connecting the Dots: 10 Disastrous Consequences of the Drug War"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623232618/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/drug-war-consequences_b_2404347">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Connecting+the+Dots%3A+10+Disastrous+Consequences+of+the+Drug+War&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.au=Tony+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fdrug-war-consequences_b_2404347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasaw2000528–56-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasaw2000528–56_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasaw2000">Nasaw 2000</a>, pp. 528–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, James. <i>The Complete Films of Orson Welles</i>. (1991). New York: Citadell Press. p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2020/06/hollywood-confidential/">"Hollywood Confidential"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Jonathan Rosenbaum</a></i>. June 28, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923005422/http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2020/06/hollywood-confidential/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jonathan+Rosenbaum&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Confidential&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jonathanrosenbaum.net%2F2020%2F06%2Fhollywood-confidential%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taves-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taves_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaves2012" class="citation book cs1">Taves, Brian. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1BRDjArx64C"><i>Thomas Ince: Hollywood's Independent Producer</i></a>. The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3423-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3423-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-3423-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Ince%3A+Hollywood%27s+Independent+Producer&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-3423-9&rft.aulast=Taves&rft.aufirst=Brian.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1BRDjArx64C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span> Taves' extensive biography contains a strong rebuttal to the much rumored murder of Thomas Ince; see pp. 1–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Burns_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer Burns (writer)">Burns, Jennifer</a>. (2009). <i>Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right</i>. Oxford. pp. 44ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556854/">"The Paper Dynasty on <i>Death Valley Days</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>. March 1, 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909014750/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556854/">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=The+Paper+Dynasty+on+Death+Valley+Days&rft.date=1964-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0556854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6885524/fullcredits/">"<i>Timeless</i> (TV Series): "Hollywoodland" (2018): Full Cast & Crew: Full Credits"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205165039/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6885524/fullcredits/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Timeless+%28TV+Series%29%3A+%22Hollywoodland%22+%282018%29%3A+Full+Cast+%26+Crew%3A+Full+Credits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt6885524%2Ffullcredits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Oliver (2007). <i>Hearst – Lord of San Simeon</i>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6684-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6684-4"><bdi>978-1-4067-6684-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearst+%E2%80%93+Lord+of+San+Simeon&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-6684-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Nasaw, David (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chieflifeofwilli0000nasa"><i>The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst</i></a></span>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-82759-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-82759-0"><bdi>0-395-82759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%3A+The+Life+of+William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-395-82759-0&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchieflifeofwilli0000nasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Judith (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMuc9Lb-3mkC"><i>The Hearsts: An American dynasty</i></a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-383-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-383-1"><bdi>0-87413-383-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hearsts%3A+An+American+dynasty&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87413-383-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMuc9Lb-3mkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte2009" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, Kenneth (2009). <i>The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">Counterpoint</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1582439853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1582439853"><bdi>978-1582439853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uncrowned+King%3A+The+Sensational+Rise+of+William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1582439853&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bernhardt, Mark. "The Selling of Sex, Sleaze, Scuttlebutt, and other Shocking Sensations: The Evolution of New Journalism in San Francisco, 1887–1900." <i>American Journalism</i> 28#4 (2011): 111–42.</li> <li>Carlisle, Rodney. "The Foreign Policy Views of an Isolationist Press Lord: W. R. Hearst & the International Crisis, 1936–41" <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1974) 9#3 pp. 217–27.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Marion1975" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Marion (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeswehadlivewi00davirich"><i>The Times We Had: Life with William Randolph Hearst</i></a></span>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-52112-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-52112-1"><bdi>0-672-52112-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+We+Had%3A+Life+with+William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-672-52112-1&rft.au=Davies%2C+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeswehadlivewi00davirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffus1922" class="citation journal cs1">Duffus, Robert L. (September 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA623">"The Tragedy of Hearst"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>XLIV</b>: <span class="nowrap">623–</span>31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+Hearst&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1922-09&rft.aulast=Duffus&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZW0AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier,_Nancy2001" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Nancy (2001). <i>William Randolph Hearst: Modern Media Tycoon</i>. Woodbridge, CT: Blackbirch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56711-512-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56711-512-8"><bdi>1-56711-512-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Randolph+Hearst%3A+Modern+Media+Tycoon&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+CT&rft.pub=Blackbirch+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56711-512-8&rft.au=Frazier%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goldstein, Benjamin S. “‘A Legend Somewhat Larger than Life’: Karl H. von Wiegand and the Trajectory of Hearstian Sensationalist Journalism*.” <i>Historical Research</i> 94, no. 265 (August 1, 2021): 629–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htab019">https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htab019</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearst,_William_Randolph_Jr.1991" class="citation book cs1">Hearst, William Randolph Jr. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hearstsfatherson00will"><i>The Hearsts: Father and Son</i></a>. Niwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879373-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-879373-04-1"><bdi>1-879373-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hearsts%3A+Father+and+Son&rft.place=Niwot%2C+CO&rft.pub=Roberts+Rinehart&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-879373-04-1&rft.au=Hearst%2C+William+Randolph+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhearstsfatherson00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kastner, Victoria, with a foreword by Stephen T. Hearst (2013). <i>Hearst Ranch: Family, Land and Legacy.</i> New York: H. N. Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1419708541" title="Special:BookSources/978-1419708541">978-1419708541</a>.</li> <li>Kastner, Victoria, with photographs by Victoria Garagliano (2000). <i>Hearst Castle: The Biography of a Country House.</i> New York: H. N. Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810934153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810934153">978-0810934153</a>.</li> <li>Kastner, Victoria, with photographs by Victoria Garagliano (2009). <i>Hearst's San Simeon: The Gardens and the Land.</i> New York: H. N. Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810972902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810972902">978-0810972902</a>.</li> <li>Landers, James. "Hearst's Magazine, 1912–1914: Muckraking Sensationalist." <i>Journalism History</i> 38.4 (2013): 221.</li> <li>Leonard, Thomas C. "Hearst, William Randolph"; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-00738.html"><i>American National Biography Online</i> (2000)</a>. Access Date: May 12, 2016</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevkoff,_Mary_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Levkoff, Mary L. (2008). <i>Hearst: The Collector</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-7283-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-7283-4"><bdi>978-0-8109-7283-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearst%3A+The+Collector&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-7283-4&rft.au=Levkoff%2C+Mary+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebling,_A.J.1964" class="citation book cs1">Liebling, A.J. (1964). <i>The Press</i>. New York: Pantheon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Liebling%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg,_Ferdinand1936" class="citation book cs1">Lundberg, Ferdinand (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialhearstso00lundrich"><i>Imperial Hearst: A Social Biography</i></a>. New York: Equinox Corporative Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837129631" title="Special:BookSources/9780837129631"><bdi>9780837129631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Hearst%3A+A+Social+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Equinox+Corporative+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=9780837129631&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialhearstso00lundrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Olmsted, Kathryn S. <i>The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler</i> (Yale UP, 2022)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Newspaper-Axis-Barons-Enabled-Hitler/dp/0300256426/">online</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-newspaper-axis-review-hitlers-editorial-allies-11649435547?page=1">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizzitola,_Louis2002" class="citation book cs1">Pizzitola, Louis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hearstoverhollyw00pizz_0"><i>Hearst Over Hollywood: Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11646-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11646-2"><bdi>0-231-11646-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearst+Over+Hollywood%3A+Power%2C+Passion%2C+and+Propaganda+in+the+Movies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-231-11646-2&rft.au=Pizzitola%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhearstoverhollyw00pizz_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcter,_Ben_H.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Procter,_Ben_H." class="mw-redirect" title="Procter, Ben H.">Procter, Ben H.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamrandolphh00proc_0"><i>William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863–1910</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19511277-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19511277-6"><bdi>0-19511277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Randolph+Hearst%3A+The+Early+Years%2C+1863%E2%80%931910&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19511277-6&rft.au=Procter%2C+Ben+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamrandolphh00proc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcter,_Ben_H.2007" class="citation book cs1">Procter, Ben H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamrandolphh00benp"><i>William Randolph Hearst: The Later Years, 1911–1951</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532534-8"><bdi>978-0-19-532534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Randolph+Hearst%3A+The+Later+Years%2C+1911%E2%80%931951&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532534-8&rft.au=Procter%2C+Ben+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamrandolphh00benp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._JohnsRogers1969" class="citation book cs1">St. Johns; Rogers, Adela (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/honeycomb00stjo"><i>The Honeycomb</i></a></span>. Garden City, NY: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honeycomb&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1969&rft.au=St.+Johns&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Adela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoneycomb00stjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanberg,_W.A.1961" class="citation book cs1">Swanberg, W.A. (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenhearstbio00swan"><i>Citizen Hearst</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684171470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684171470"><bdi>978-0684171470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Hearst&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0684171470&rft.au=Swanberg%2C+W.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenhearstbio00swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Randolph+Hearst" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomas, Evan. <i>The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898</i> (2010).</li> <li>Winkler, John K. <i>W.R. Hearst An American Phenomenon</i>, Jonathan Cape, (1928)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">William Sulzer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="New York's 11th congressional district">New York's 11th congressional district</a> </b><br />1903–1907 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Fornes" title="Charles V. Fornes">Charles V. Fornes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/D-Cady_Herrick" title="D-Cady Herrick">D. Cady Herrick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1906_New_York_state_election" title="1906 New York state election">1906</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" title="Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler">Lewis Chanler</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">→ 1908</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore 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Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gassaway_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Gassaway Davis">Henry G. Davis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Randolph Hearst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Silas_C._Swallow" title="Silas C. Swallow">Silas C. Swallow</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carroll" title="George Washington Carroll">George Washington Carroll</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tibbles" title="Thomas Tibbles">Thomas Tibbles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hunter_Corregan" title="Charles Hunter Corregan">Charles Hunter Corregan</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1904 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1904 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_and_1905_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 and 1905 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_58th–59th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)246" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_58th–59th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a>'s delegation(s) to the 58th–59th United States Congresses <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/58th_United_States_Congress" title="58th United States Congress">58th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">T. Platt</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">C. Depew</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_H._Ketcham" title="John H. Ketcham">J. Ketcham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">S. Payne</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Wolcott_Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolcott Wadsworth">J. Wadsworth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">J. Sherman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gillet" title="Charles W. Gillet">C. Gillet</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan_Jr." title="George B. McClellan Jr.">G. McClellan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">W. Sulzer</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/De_Alva_S._Alexander" title="De Alva S. Alexander">D. Alexander</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Littauer" title="Lucius Littauer">L. Littauer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_N._Southwick" title="George N. Southwick">G. Southwick</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Bourke_Cockran" title="William Bourke Cockran">W. B. Cockran</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Driscoll" title="Michael E. Driscoll">M. Driscoll</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Fitzgerald" title="John J. Fitzgerald">J. Fitzgerald</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ruppert" title="Jacob Ruppert">J. Ruppert</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_H._Ryan" title="William H. Ryan">W. Ryan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Wilson_(politician)" title="Frank E. Wilson (politician)">F. Wilson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Vreeland" title="Edward B. Vreeland">E. Vreeland</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_H._Douglas" title="William H. Douglas">W. Douglas</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(congressman)" title="William Henry Draper (congressman)">W. Draper</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Goldfogle" title="Henry M. Goldfogle">H. Goldfogle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_H._Lindsay" title="George H. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Breck_Perkins" title="James Breck Perkins">J. Perkins</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Knapp" title="Charles L. Knapp">C. Knapp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_Dwight" title="John Wilbur Dwight">J. Dwight</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Townsend_Scudder" title="Townsend Scudder">T. Scudder</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Baker (New York politician)">R. Baker</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bassett" title="Edward Bassett">E. Bassett</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Bradley" title="Thomas W. Bradley">T. Bradley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Dunwell" title="Charles T. Dunwell">C. Dunwell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_H._Flack" title="William H. Flack">W. Flack</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Goulden" title="Joseph A. Goulden">J. Goulden</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison" title="Francis Burton Harrison">F. Harrison</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Hearst</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Norton_P._Otis" title="Norton P. Otis">N. Otis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ira_E._Rider" title="Ira E. Rider">I. Rider</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Francis_Emanuel_Shober" title="Francis Emanuel Shober">F. Shober</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_J._Smith" title="George J. Smith">G. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Sullivan" title="Timothy Sullivan">T. Sullivan</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/59th_United_States_Congress" title="59th United States Congress">59th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">T. Platt</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">C. Depew</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_H._Ketcham" title="John H. Ketcham">J. Ketcham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">S. Payne</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Wolcott_Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolcott Wadsworth">J. Wadsworth</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">J. Sherman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">W. Sulzer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/De_Alva_S._Alexander" title="De Alva S. Alexander">D. Alexander</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Littauer" title="Lucius Littauer">L. Littauer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_N._Southwick" title="George N. Southwick">G. Southwick</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Bourke_Cockran" title="William Bourke Cockran">W. B. Cockran</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Driscoll" title="Michael E. Driscoll">M. Driscoll</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Fitzgerald" title="John J. Fitzgerald">J. Fitzgerald</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ruppert" title="Jacob Ruppert">J. Ruppert</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_H._Ryan" title="William H. Ryan">W. Ryan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Vreeland" title="Edward B. Vreeland">E. Vreeland</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(congressman)" title="William Henry Draper (congressman)">W. Draper</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Goldfogle" title="Henry M. Goldfogle">H. Goldfogle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_H._Lindsay" title="George H. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Breck_Perkins" title="James Breck Perkins">J. Perkins</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Knapp" title="Charles L. Knapp">C. Knapp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_Dwight" title="John Wilbur Dwight">J. Dwight</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Bradley" title="Thomas W. Bradley">T. Bradley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Dunwell" title="Charles T. Dunwell">C. Dunwell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_H._Flack" title="William H. Flack">W. Flack</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Goulden" title="Joseph A. Goulden">J. Goulden</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Hearst</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Sullivan" title="Timothy Sullivan">T. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Towne" title="Charles A. Towne">C. Towne</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Riordan" title="Daniel J. Riordan">D. Riordan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Emory_Andrus" title="John Emory Andrus">J. Andrus</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Stiles_Bennet" title="William Stiles Bennet">W. Bennet</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">W. Calder</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_W._Cocks" title="William W. Cocks">W. Cocks</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sloat_Fassett" title="Jacob Sloat Fassett">J. Fassett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Law" title="Charles B. Law">C. Law</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._LeFevre" title="Frank J. LeFevre">F. LeFevere</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Van_Vechten_Olcott" title="J. Van Vechten Olcott">J. V. Olcott</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Parsons_(New_York_politician)" title="Herbert Parsons (New York politician)">H. Parsons</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Waldo" title="George E. Waldo">G. Waldo</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3027" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3027" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294931#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118547429">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80004058">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123437473">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123437473">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00897849">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35182968">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007312900405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500213593">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/385175">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118547429">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000429">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/855356">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118547429.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118547429">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032400756">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582861">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63g5f2r">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rx9dr6">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&oldid=1275860771">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&oldid=1275860771</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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