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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Remove well cuttings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remove_well_cuttings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspend_and_release_cuttings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspend_and_release_cuttings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Suspend and release cuttings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspend_and_release_cuttings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_formation_pressures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_formation_pressures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Control formation pressures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_formation_pressures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seal_permeable_formations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal_permeable_formations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Seal permeable formations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal_permeable_formations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintain_wellbore_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintain_wellbore_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Maintain wellbore stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintain_wellbore_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimizing_formation_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimizing_formation_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Minimizing formation damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimizing_formation_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cool,_lubricate,_and_support_the_bit_and_drilling_assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cool,_lubricate,_and_support_the_bit_and_drilling_assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cool,_lubricate,_and_support_the_bit_and_drilling_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmit_hydraulic_energy_to_tools_and_bit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmit_hydraulic_energy_to_tools_and_bit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmit_hydraulic_energy_to_tools_and_bit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ensure_adequate_formation_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ensure_adequate_formation_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Ensure adequate formation evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ensure_adequate_formation_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_corrosion_(in_acceptable_level)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_corrosion_(in_acceptable_level)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Control corrosion (in acceptable level)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_corrosion_(in_acceptable_level)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilitate_cementing_and_completion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilitate_cementing_and_completion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Facilitate cementing and completion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilitate_cementing_and_completion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimize_impact_on_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimize_impact_on_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Minimize impact on environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimize_impact_on_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_influencing_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_influencing_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Factors influencing performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_influencing_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispersed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dispersed systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dispersed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dispersed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-dispersed systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dispersed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mud_engineer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mud_engineer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mud engineer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mud_engineer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compliance_engineer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compliance_engineer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Compliance engineer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compliance_engineer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drilling fluid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazma_m%C9%99hlulu" title="Qazma məhlulu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazma məhlulu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llot_benton%C3%ADtic" title="Llot bentonític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llot bentonític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrsp%C3%BClung" title="Bohrspülung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bohrspülung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodo_benton%C3%ADtico" title="Lodo bentonítico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lodo bentonítico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گل حفاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گل حفاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boue_de_forage" title="Boue de forage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boue de forage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluida_pengeboran" title="Fluida pengeboran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fluida pengeboran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fango_di_perforazione" title="Fango di perforazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fango di perforazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boorvloeistof" title="Boorvloeistof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boorvloeistof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borev%C3%A6ske" title="Borevæske – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borevæske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82uczka_wiertnicza" title="Płuczka wiertnicza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płuczka wiertnicza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_de_perfura%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Fluido de perfuração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fluido de perfuração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Буровой раствор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буровой раствор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Флуиди за бушење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Флуиди за бушење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondaj_s%C4%B1v%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sondaj sıvısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sondaj sıvısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Буровий розчин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буровий розчин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_d%E1%BB%8Bch_khoan" title="Dung dịch khoan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dung dịch khoan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E4%BA%95%E6%B6%B2" title="钻井液 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钻井液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q890914#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Drilling_fluid" title="Special:EditPage/Drilling fluid">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Drilling_fluid" title="Talk:Drilling fluid">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiamondRig-SuperFoam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DiamondRig-SuperFoam.jpg/220px-DiamondRig-SuperFoam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DiamondRig-SuperFoam.jpg/330px-DiamondRig-SuperFoam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DiamondRig-SuperFoam.jpg/440px-DiamondRig-SuperFoam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Driller pouring <a href="/wiki/Anti-foaming_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-foaming agent">anti-foaming agent</a> down the drilling string on a drilling rig</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barite_powder_A321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Barite_powder_A321.jpg/220px-Barite_powder_A321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Barite_powder_A321.jpg/330px-Barite_powder_A321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Barite_powder_A321.jpg/440px-Barite_powder_A321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Baryte powder used for preparation of water-based mud</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>, <b>drilling fluid</b>, also known as <b>drilling mud</b>, is used to aid the drilling of <a href="/wiki/Boreholes" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreholes">boreholes</a> into the earth. Used while drilling <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> wells and on exploration <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rigs</a>, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as <a href="/wiki/Water_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Water wells">water wells</a>. </p><p>The two main categories of drilling fluids are water-based muds (WBs), which can be dispersed and non-dispersed, and non-aqueous muds, usually called oil-based muds (OBs). Along with their formatives, these are used along with appropriate polymer and clay additives for drilling various oil and gas formations. Gaseous drilling fluids, typically utilizing air or natural gas, sometimes with the addition of foaming agents, can be used when downhole conditions permit. </p><p>The main functions of liquid drilling fluids are to exert <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Formation_fluid" title="Formation fluid">formation fluids</a> from entering into the well bore, and carrying out drill cuttings as well as suspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused such as when the drilling assembly is brought in and out of the hole. The drilling fluid also keeps the <a href="/wiki/Well_drilling" title="Well drilling">drill bit</a> cool and clears out cuttings beneath it during drilling. The drilling fluid used for a particular job is selected to avoid formation damage and to limit corrosion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liquid fluids are composed of natural and synthetic material in a mixed state,<sup id="cite_ref-Fink_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fink-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be of two types:<sup id="cite_ref-CaennDarleyGray_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaennDarleyGray-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">Aqueous</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually with substances added that control viscosity, along with lubricants, for the inhibition of corrosive inhibitors, salts, and pH-control agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Fink_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fink-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oil; which could be usually using <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> oil,<sup id="cite_ref-Fink_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fink-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Water-based drilling mud most commonly consists of <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> (gel) with additives such as <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a> (baryte) to increase density, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> (chalk) or <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Thickener" class="mw-redirect" title="Thickener">thickeners</a> are used to influence the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of the fluid, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">xanthan gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">guar gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol">glycol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxymethyl_cellulose(CMC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) (page does not exist)">carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)</a>, polyanionic cellulose (PAC), or <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. In turn, <a href="/wiki/Deflocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflocculant">deflocculants</a> are used to reduce viscosity of clay-based muds; anionic <a href="/wiki/Polyelectrolyte" title="Polyelectrolyte">polyelectrolytes</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Acrylate" title="Acrylate">acrylates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphosphate" title="Polyphosphate">polyphosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignosulfonates" title="Lignosulfonates">lignosulfonates</a> (Lig) or <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a> derivates such as <a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebracho tannin">Quebracho</a>) are frequently used. <b>Red mud</b> was the name for a <a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebracho tannin">Quebracho</a>-based mixture, named after the color of the red tannic acid salts; it was commonly used in the 1940s to 1950s, then was made obsolete when lignosulfonates became available. Other components are added to provide various specific functional characteristics as listed <a href="#Function">above</a>. Some other common additives include lubricants, shale inhibitors, fluid loss additives(CMC and PAC) (to control loss of drilling fluids into permeable formations). A weighting agent such as baryte is added to increase the overall density of the drilling fluid so that sufficient bottom hole pressure can be maintained thereby preventing an unwanted (and often dangerous) influx of formation fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Source:</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many types of drilling fluids are used on a day-to-day basis. Some wells require different types to be used in different parts of the hole, or that some types be used in combination with others. The various types of fluid generally fall into broad categories:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Air: Compressed air is pumped either down the bore hole's annular space or down the <a href="/wiki/Drill_string" title="Drill string">drill string</a> itself.</li> <li>Air/water: Air with water added to increase <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, flush the hole, provide more cooling, and/or to control dust.</li> <li>Air/polymer: A specially formulated chemical, typically a type of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>, is added to the water and air mixture to create specific conditions. A foaming agent is a good example of a polymer.</li> <li>Water: Water is sometimes used by itself. In offshore drilling, seawater is typically used while drilling the top section of the hole.</li> <li>Water-based mud (WBM): Most water-based mud systems begin with water, then clays and other chemicals are added to create a homogeneous blend with viscosity between chocolate milk and a malt. The clay is usually a combination of native clays that are suspended in the fluid while drilling, or specific types of clay processed and sold as additives for the WBM system. The most common type is <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a>, called "gel" in the oilfield. The name likely refers to the fluid viscosity as very thin and free-flowing (like chocolate milk) while being pumped, but when pumping is stopped, the static fluid congeals to a "gel" that resists flow. When adequate pumping force is applied to "break the gel," flow resumes and the fluid returns to its free-flowing state. Many other chemicals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_formate" title="Potassium formate">potassium formate</a>) are added to a WBM system to achieve desired effects, including: viscosity control, shale stability, enhance drilling rate of penetration, and cooling and lubricating of equipment.</li> <li>Oil-based mud (OBM): Oil-based mud has a petroleum-based fluid such as diesel fuel. Oil-based muds are used for increased lubricity, enhanced shale inhibition, and greater cleaning abilities with less viscosity. Oil-based muds also withstand greater heat without breaking down. The use of oil-based muds has special considerations of cost, environmental concerns such as disposal of cuttings in an appropriate place, and the exploratory disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in <a href="/wiki/Oil_wells#By_purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil wells">wildcat wells</a>. Using an oil-based mud interferes with the geochemical analysis of cuttings and cores and with the determination of <a href="/wiki/API_gravity" title="API gravity">API gravity</a> because the base fluid cannot be distinguished from oil that is returned from the formation.</li> <li>Synthetic-based fluid (SBM) (otherwise known as low-toxicity oil-based mud or LTOBM): Synthetic-based fluid is a mud in which the base fluid is a synthetic oil. This is most often used on offshore rigs because it has the properties of an oil-based mud, but the toxicity of the fluid fumes are much less. This is important when the drilling crew works with the fluid in an enclosed space such as an offshore drilling rig. Synthetic-based fluid poses the same environmental and analysis problems as oil-based fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On a <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a>, mud is pumped from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mud_pits" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud pits">mud pits</a></i> through the drill string, where it jets out of nozzles on the drill bit, thus clearing away cuttings and cooling the drill bit in the process. The mud then carries the crushed or cut rock ("cuttings") up the annular space ("annulus") between the drill string and the sides of the hole being drilled, up through the surface <i>casing,</i> where it emerges from the top. Cuttings are then filtered out with either a <a href="/wiki/Shale_shaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Shale shaker">shale shaker</a> or the newer shale conveyor technology, and the mud returns to the <i>mud pits.</i> The mud pits allow the drilled "fines" to settle and the mud to be treated by adding chemicals and other substances. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluid_Pitts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fluid_Pitts.JPG/220px-Fluid_Pitts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fluid_Pitts.JPG/330px-Fluid_Pitts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fluid_Pitts.JPG/440px-Fluid_Pitts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Fluid pit</figcaption></figure> <p>The returning mud may contain natural gases or other flammable materials which will collect in and around the shale shaker/conveyor area or in other work areas. Because of the risk of a fire or an explosion, special monitoring sensors and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Equipment_in_Hazardous_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas">explosion-proof certified</a> equipment are commonly installed, and workers are trained in safety precautions. The mud is then pumped back down the hole and further re-circulated. The mud properties are tested, with periodic treating in the mud pits to ensure it has desired properties to optimize drilling efficiency and provide borehole stability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The functions of a <i>drilling mud</i> can be summarized as:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remove_well_cuttings">Remove well cuttings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Remove well cuttings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Pitt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mud_Pitt.JPG/220px-Mud_Pitt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mud_Pitt.JPG/330px-Mud_Pitt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mud_Pitt.JPG/440px-Mud_Pitt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mud pit</figcaption></figure> <p>Drilling fluid carries the rock excavated by the drill bit up to the surface. Its ability to do so depends on cutting size, shape, and density, and speed of fluid traveling up the well (<a href="/wiki/Annular_velocity" title="Annular velocity">annular velocity</a>). These considerations are analogous to the ability of a stream to carry sediment. Large sand grains in a slow-moving stream settle to the stream bed, while small sand grains in a fast-moving stream are carried along with the water. The mud viscosity and gel strength are important properties, as cuttings will settle to the bottom of the well if the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> is too low. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlyAsh_Absorbant_for_fluids_in_Mud_Pits.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/FlyAsh_Absorbant_for_fluids_in_Mud_Pits.JPG/220px-FlyAsh_Absorbant_for_fluids_in_Mud_Pits.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/FlyAsh_Absorbant_for_fluids_in_Mud_Pits.JPG/330px-FlyAsh_Absorbant_for_fluids_in_Mud_Pits.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/FlyAsh_Absorbant_for_fluids_in_Mud_Pits.JPG/440px-FlyAsh_Absorbant_for_fluids_in_Mud_Pits.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a> absorbent for fluids in mud pits</figcaption></figure> <p>Other properties include: </p> <ul><li>Most drilling muds are <a href="/wiki/Thixotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thixotropic">thixotropic</a> (viscosity increases when static). This characteristic keeps the cuttings suspended when the mud is not flowing, for example, when replacing the drill bit.</li> <li>Fluids that have <a href="/wiki/Shear_thinning" title="Shear thinning">shear thinning</a> and elevated viscosities are efficient for hole cleaning.</li> <li>Higher annular velocity improves cutting transport. Transport ratio (transport velocity / lowest annular velocity) should be at least 50%.</li> <li>High-density fluids may clean holes adequately even with lower annular velocities (by increasing the buoyancy force acting on cuttings).</li> <li>Higher rotary drill-string speeds introduce a circular component to the annular flow path. This helical flow around the drill string causes drill cuttings near the wall, where poor hole cleaning conditions occur, to move into higher transport regions of the annulus. Increased rotation speed is one of the best methods for increasing hole cleaning in high-angle and horizontal wells.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspend_and_release_cuttings">Suspend and release cuttings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Suspend and release cuttings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the functions of drilling mud is to carry <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">cuttings</a> out of the hole. </p><p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Drilling mud must suspend drill cuttings and weight materials under a wide range of conditions.</li> <li>Drill cuttings that settle can cause bridges and fill, which can cause stuck pipe and <a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">lost circulation</a>.</li> <li>Heavy material that settles is referred to as sag, which causes a wide variation in the density of well fluid. This more frequently occurs in high-angle and hot wells.</li> <li>High concentrations of drill solids are detrimental to drilling efficiency because they increase mud weight and viscosity, which in turn increases maintenance costs and increased dilution.</li> <li>Drill cuttings that are suspended must be balanced with properties in cutting removal by <a href="/wiki/Solids_control" title="Solids control"> solids control equipment</a>.</li> <li>For effective solids controls, drill solids must be removed from mud on the 1st circulation from the well. If re-circulated, cuttings break into smaller pieces and are more difficult to remove.</li> <li>A test must be conducted to compare the solids content of mud at the flow line and suction pit (to determine whether cuttings are being removed).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_formation_pressures">Control formation pressures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Control formation pressures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>If formation pressure increases, mud density should be increased to balance pressure and keep the wellbore stable. The most common weighting material is <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">baryte</a>. Unbalanced formation pressure will cause an unexpected influx (also known as a kick) of formation fluids into the wellbore possibly leading to a <a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">blowout</a> from pressurized formation fluid.</li> <li>Hydrostatic pressure = density of drilling fluid * true vertical depth * acceleration of gravity. If hydrostatic pressure is greater than or equal to formation pressure, formation fluid will not flow into the wellbore.</li> <li>Well being under control means no uncontrollable flow of formation fluids into the wellbore.</li> <li>Hydrostatic pressure also controls the stress from <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> forces, which can render wellbores unstable even when formation fluid pressure is balanced.</li> <li>If formation pressures exposed in the open borehole are subnormal, air, gas, mist, stiff foam, or low-density mud (oil base) can be used.</li> <li>In practice, mud density should be limited to the minimum necessary for well control and wellbore stability. If too great it may fracture the formation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seal_permeable_formations">Seal permeable formations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seal permeable formations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mud column pressure must exceed formation pressure; in this condition <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_filtrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mud filtrate (page does not exist)">mud filtrate</a> invades permeable formations and a filter cake of mud solids is deposited on the wellbore wall.</li> <li>Mud is designed to deposit thin, low permeability filter cake to limit the invasion.</li> <li>Problems can occur if a thick filter cake is formed: tight hole conditions, poor log quality, stuck pipe, lost circulation and formation damage.</li> <li>In highly permeable formations with large pore throats, whole mud may invade the formation, depending on mud solids size: <ul><li>Use bridging agents to block large openings so mud solids can form a seal.</li> <li>For effectiveness, bridging agents must be over the half size of pore spaces / fractures.</li> <li>Bridging agents include <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> and ground cellulose.</li></ul></li> <li>Depending on the mud system in use, a number of additives can improve the filter cake (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a>, natural & synthetic polymer, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilsonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilsonite">gilsonite</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintain_wellbore_stability">Maintain wellbore stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maintain wellbore stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chemical composition and mud properties must combine to provide a stable wellbore. The density of the mud must be within the necessary range to balance the mechanical forces.</li> <li>Wellbore instability = sloughing formations, which can cause tight hole conditions, bridges and fill on trips (same symptoms indicate hole cleaning problems).</li> <li>Wellbore stability = hole maintains size and cylindrical shape.</li> <li>If the hole is enlarged, it becomes weak and difficult to stabilize, and problems such as low annular velocities, poor hole cleaning, solids loading and poor formation evaluation may result.</li> <li>In sand and <a href="/wiki/Sandstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstones">sandstones</a> formations, hole enlargement can occur from mechanical actions (hydraulic forces & nozzles velocities). Formation damage is reduced by a conservative hydraulics system. A good quality filter cake containing <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> is known to limit bore hole enlargement.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Shales" class="mw-redirect" title="Shales">shales</a> when using water-based mud, chemical differences can cause interactions between mud & shale that lead to weakening of the native rock. Highly fractured, dry, brittle shales can be extremely unstable, leading to mechanical problems.</li> <li>Various chemical inhibitors can control mud/shale interactions (calcium, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, salt, polymers, asphalt, <a href="/wiki/Glycols" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycols">glycols</a> and oil – best for water-sensitive formations)</li> <li>Oil- (and synthetic-oil-) based drilling fluids can be used to drill water-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> in areas with difficult drilling conditions.</li> <li>To add inhibition, emulsified brine phase (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>) drilling fluids are used to reduce water activity and creates osmotic forces to prevent adsorption of water by <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimizing_formation_damage">Minimizing formation damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minimizing formation damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Skin damage or any reduction in natural formation porosity and permeability (washout) constitutes formation damage</li> <li>skin damage is the accumulation of residuals on the perforations and that causes a pressure drop through them.</li> <li>Most common damage; <ul><li>Mud or drill solids invade the formation matrix, reducing porosity and causing skin effect</li> <li>Swelling of formation clays within the reservoir, reduced <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (fluid)">permeability</a></li> <li>Precipitation of solids due to mixing of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_filtrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mud filtrate (page does not exist)">mud filtrate</a> and formations fluids resulting in the precipitation of insoluble salts</li> <li>Mud filtrate and formation fluids form an emulsion, reducing reservoir porosity</li></ul></li> <li>Specially designed drill-in fluids or workover and completion fluids, minimize formation damage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cool,_lubricate,_and_support_the_bit_and_drilling_assembly"><span id="Cool.2C_lubricate.2C_and_support_the_bit_and_drilling_assembly"></span>Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Heat is generated from mechanical and hydraulic forces at the bit and when the drill string rotates and rubs against casing and wellbore.</li> <li>Cool and transfer heat away from source and lower to temperature than bottom hole.</li> <li>If not, the bit, drill string and <a href="/wiki/Mud_motor" title="Mud motor">mud motors</a> would fail more rapidly.</li> <li>Lubrication based on the <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">coefficient of friction</a>. ("Coefficient of friction" is how much friction on side of wellbore and collar size or drill pipe size to pull stuck pipe) Oil- and synthetic-based mud generally lubricate better than water-based mud (but the latter can be improved by the addition of lubricants).</li> <li>Amount of lubrication provided by drilling fluid depends on type & quantity of drill solids and weight materials + chemical composition of system.</li> <li>Poor lubrication causes high torque and drag, heat checking of the drill string, but these problems are also caused by key seating, poor hole cleaning and incorrect bottom hole assemblies design.</li> <li>Drilling fluids also support portion of drill-string or casing through buoyancy. Suspend in drilling fluid, buoyed by force equal to weight (or density) of mud, so reducing hook load at derrick.</li> <li>Weight that <a href="/wiki/Derrick" title="Derrick">derrick</a> can support limited by mechanical capacity, increase depth so weight of drill-string and casing increase.</li> <li>When running long, heavy string or casing, buoyancy possible to run casing strings whose weight exceed a rig's hook load capacity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmit_hydraulic_energy_to_tools_and_bit">Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hydraulic energy provides power to <a href="/wiki/Mud_motor" title="Mud motor">mud motor</a> for bit rotation and for MWD (<a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">measurement while drilling</a>) and LWD (<a href="/wiki/Logging_while_drilling" title="Logging while drilling">logging while drilling</a>) tools. Hydraulic programs base on bit nozzles sizing for available mud pump horsepower to optimize jet impact at bottom well.</li> <li>Limited to: <ul><li>Pump power</li> <li>Pressure loss inside drillstring</li> <li>Maximum allowable surface pressure</li> <li>Optimum flow rate</li> <li>Drill string pressure loses higher in fluids of higher densities, plastic viscosities and solids.</li></ul></li> <li>Low solids, shear thinning drilling fluids such as polymer fluids, more efficient in transmit hydraulic energy.</li> <li>Depth can be extended by controlling mud properties.</li> <li>Transfer information from MWD & LWD to surface by pressure pulse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ensure_adequate_formation_evaluation">Ensure adequate formation evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ensure adequate formation evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chemical and physical mud properties as well as wellbore conditions after drilling affect formation evaluation.</li> <li>Mud loggers examine cuttings for mineral composition, visual sign of hydrocarbons and recorded mud logs of <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a>, ROP, gas detection or geological parameters.</li> <li>Wireline logging measure – electrical, sonic, nuclear and magnetic <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a>.</li> <li>Potential productive zone are isolated and performed formation testing and drill stem testing.</li> <li>Mud helps not to disperse of cuttings and also improve cutting transport for mud loggers determine the depth of the cuttings originated.</li> <li>Oil-based mud, lubricants, asphalts will mask hydrocarbon indications.</li> <li>So mud for drilling core selected base on type of evaluation to be performed (many coring operations specify a bland mud with minimum of additives).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_corrosion_(in_acceptable_level)"><span id="Control_corrosion_.28in_acceptable_level.29"></span>Control corrosion (in acceptable level)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Control corrosion (in acceptable level)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Drill-string and casing in continuous contact with drilling fluid may cause a form of <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>.</li> <li>Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>) cause serious corrosion problems; <ul><li>Cause rapid, <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_failure" title="Catastrophic failure">catastrophic failure</a></li> <li>May be deadly to humans after a short period of time</li></ul></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic) aggravates corrosion, so use corrosion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupon_(materials_science)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupon (materials science) (page does not exist)">coupons</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to monitor corrosion type, rates and to tell correct chemical inhibitor is used in correct amount. A corrosion coupon is a small piece of metal exposed to the process so to evaluate the effect the corrosive conditions would have on other equipment of similar composition.</li> <li>Mud aeration, foaming and other O<sub>2</sub> trapped conditions cause corrosion damage in short period time.</li> <li>When drilling in high H<sub>2</sub>S, elevated the pH fluids + sulfide scavenging chemical (zinc).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilitate_cementing_and_completion">Facilitate cementing and completion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Facilitate cementing and completion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cementing is critical to effective zone and well completion.</li> <li>During casing run, mud must remain fluid and minimize pressure surges so fracture induced lost circulation does not occur.</li> <li>Temperature of water used for cement must be within tolerance of cementers performing task, usually 70 degrees, most notably in winter conditions.</li> <li>Mud should have thin, slick filter cake, with minimal solids in filter cake, wellbore with minimal cuttings, caving or bridges will prevent a good casing run to bottom. Circulate well bore until clean.</li> <li>To cement and completion operation properly, mud displace by flushes and cement. For effectiveness; <ul><li>Hole near gauges, use proper hole cleaning techniques, pumping sweeps at TD, and perform wiper trip to shoe.</li> <li>Mud low viscosity, mud parameters should be tolerant of formations being drilled, and drilling fluid composition, turbulent flow – low viscosity high pump rate, laminar flow – high viscosity, high pump rate.</li> <li>Mud non-progressive gel strength<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimize_impact_on_environment">Minimize impact on environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minimize impact on environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrillingFluidSump.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DrillingFluidSump.png/220px-DrillingFluidSump.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DrillingFluidSump.png/330px-DrillingFluidSump.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DrillingFluidSump.png/440px-DrillingFluidSump.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Unlined drilling fluid sumps were commonplace before the environmental consequences were recognized.</figcaption></figure> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mud is, in varying degrees, toxic. It is also difficult and expensive to dispose of it in an environmentally friendly manner. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/05/texaco200705?currentPage=5">Vanity Fair article</a> described the conditions at <a href="/wiki/Lago_Agrio_oil_field" title="Lago Agrio oil field">Lago Agrio</a>, a large oil field in Ecuador where drillers were effectively unregulated.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water-based drilling fluid has very little toxicity, made from water, bentonite and baryte, all clay from mining operations, usually found in Wyoming and in Lunde, Telemark. There are specific chemicals that can be used in water-based drilling fluids that alone can be corrosive and toxic, such as hydrochloric acid. However, when mixed into water-based drilling fluids, hydrochloric acid only decreases the pH of the water to a more manageable level. Caustic (sodium hydroxide), anhydrous lime, soda ash, bentonite, baryte and polymers are the most common chemicals used in water-based drilling fluids. Oil Base Mud and synthetic drilling fluids can contain high levels of benzene, and other chemicals </p><p>Most common chemicals added to OBM Muds: </p> <ul><li>Baryte</li> <li>Bentonite</li> <li>Diesel</li> <li>Emulsifiers</li> <li>Water</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_influencing_performance">Factors influencing performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Factors influencing performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some factors affecting drilling fluid performance are:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">Fluid Rheology</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The change of drilling fluid viscosity</li> <li>The change of drilling fluid density</li> <li>The change of mud pH</li> <li>Corrosion or fatigue of the drill string<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thermal stability of the drilling fluid<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are classified based on their fluid phase, alkalinity, dispersion and the type of chemicals used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersed_systems">Dispersed systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dispersed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Freshwater mud</i>: Low pH mud (7.0–9.5) that includes spud, bentonite, natural, phosphate treated muds, organic mud and organic colloid treated mud. high pH mud example alkaline tannate treated muds are above 9.5 in pH.</li> <li><i>Water based drilling mud that represses hydration and dispersion of clay.Water-based muds are the most commonly used type of drilling fluids. They are made from water and various additives including clays, polymers, and weighing agents. WBM is primarily used in shallow wells and is effective in preventing the swelling and disintegrating of the shale formation.</i> – There are 4 types: high pH lime muds, low pH gypsum, seawater and saturated salt water muds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-dispersed_systems">Non-dispersed systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-dispersed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Low solids mud</i>: These muds contain less than 3–6% solids by volume and weight less than 9.5 lbs/gal. Most muds of this type are water-based with varying quantities of bentonite and a polymer.</li> <li><i>Emulsions</i>: The two types used are oil in water (oil emulsion muds) and water in oil (invert oil emulsion muds). <ul><li><i>Oil based mud</i>: <a href="/wiki/Oil_based_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil based mud">Oil based muds</a> contain oil as the continuous phase and water as a contaminant, and not an element in the design of the mud. They typically contain less than 5% (by volume) water. Oil-based muds are usually a mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt, however can be based on produced crude oil and mud</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><i>Synthetic-based Muds (SBM)</i>: Synthetic-based muds are made from synthetic fluids and are used in deep wells with extreme temperatures. SBM has excellent lubricating properties and is less toxic than OBM.</li> <li><i>Air and Foam-based Mud</i>: Air and foam-based muds use air or nitrogen to create a foam that carries the drill cuttings to the surface. These types of drilling fluids are used in wells where the formation is highly porous and prone to caving.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><i>High-density Muds</i>:High-density muds are used in wells with high pressures and temperatures. They are made from barite and other weighing agents and are used to control the pressure in the well and prevent blowouts.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><i>Non-damaging Muds</i>: Non-damaging muds are designed to prevent damage to the formation being drilled. They are typically used in wells where the formation is susceptible to damage from drilling mud</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mud_engineer">Mud engineer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mud engineer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mud_engineer" title="Mud engineer">Mud engineer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Drilling_fluid" title="Special:EditPage/Drilling fluid">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Drilling+fluid%22">"Drilling fluid"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Drilling+fluid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Drilling+fluid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Drilling+fluid%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Drilling+fluid%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Drilling+fluid%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Pitt_with_Fly_Ash.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mud_Pitt_with_Fly_Ash.JPG/220px-Mud_Pitt_with_Fly_Ash.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mud_Pitt_with_Fly_Ash.JPG/330px-Mud_Pitt_with_Fly_Ash.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mud_Pitt_with_Fly_Ash.JPG/440px-Mud_Pitt_with_Fly_Ash.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mud pit with fly ash</figcaption></figure> <p>"Mud engineer" is the name given to an oil field service company individual who is charged with maintaining a drilling fluid or completion fluid system on an oil and/or gas <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This individual typically works for the company selling the chemicals for the job and is specifically trained with those products, though independent mud engineers are still common. The role of the <a href="/wiki/Mud_engineer" title="Mud engineer">mud engineer</a>, or more properly <i>drilling fluids engineer</i>, is critical to the entire drilling operation because even small problems with mud can stop the whole operations on rig. The internationally accepted shift pattern at off-shore drilling operations is personnel (including mud engineers) work on a 28-day shift pattern, where they work for 28 continuous days and rest the following 28 days. In Europe this is more commonly a 21-day shift pattern. </p><p>In offshore drilling, with new technology and high total day costs, wells are being drilled extremely fast. Having two mud engineers makes economic sense to prevent down time due to drilling fluid difficulties. Two mud engineers also reduce insurance costs to oil companies for environmental damage that oil companies are responsible for during drilling and production. A senior mud engineer typically works in the day, and a junior mud engineer at night. </p><p>The cost of the drilling fluid is typically about 10% (may vary greatly) of the total cost of drilling a well, and demands competent mud engineers. Large cost savings result when the mud engineer and fluid performs adequately. </p><p>The mud engineer is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mudlogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudlogger">mudloggers</a>, service personnel who monitor gas from the mud and collect well bore samples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compliance_engineer">Compliance engineer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Compliance engineer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The compliance engineer is the most common name for a relatively new position in the oil field, emerging around 2002 due to new environmental regulations on synthetic mud in the United States. Previously, synthetic mud was regulated the same as water-based mud and could be disposed of in offshore waters due to low toxicity to marine organisms. New regulations restrict the amount of synthetic oil that can be discharged. These new regulations created a significant burden in the form of tests needed to determine the "ROC" or retention on cuttings, sampling to determine the percentage of crude oil in the drilling mud, and extensive documentation. No type of oil/synthetic based mud (or drilled cuttings contaminated with OBM/SBM) may be dumped in the North Sea. Contaminated mud must either be shipped back to shore in skips or processed on the rigs. </p><p>A new monthly toxicity test is also now performed to determine sediment toxicity, using the <a href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">amphipod</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptocheirus_plumulosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptocheirus plumulosus (page does not exist)">Leptocheirus plumulosus</a></i>. Various concentrations of the drilling mud are added to the environment of captive <i>L. plumulosus</i> to determine its effect on the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test is controversial for two reasons: </p> <ol><li>These animals are not native to many of the areas regulated by them, including the Gulf of Mexico</li> <li>The test has a very large standard deviation, and samples that fail badly may pass easily upon retesting<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driller_(oil)" title="Driller (oil)">Driller (oil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter_centrifuge" title="Decanter centrifuge">Drilling fluid decanter centrifuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">Drilling rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">Environmental issues in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_evaluation" title="Formation evaluation">Formation evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfarming" title="Landfarming">Landfarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_Gas_Separator" title="Mud Gas Separator">Mud Gas Separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_systems" title="Mud systems">Mud systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MWD_(measurement_while_drilling)" class="mw-redirect" title="MWD (measurement while drilling)">MWD (measurement while drilling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_well_control" title="Oil well control">Oil well control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughneck" title="Roughneck">Roughneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fink-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fink_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fink_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fink_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFink2011" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Johannes (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QC6eEo3_IC&dq=fluid&pg=PA63"><i>Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids</i></a>. Elsevier Science. p. 1-2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123838452" title="Special:BookSources/9780123838452"><bdi>9780123838452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Engineer%27s+Guide+to+Oil+Field+Chemicals+and+Fluids&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780123838452&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1QC6eEo3_IC%26dq%3Dfluid%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaennDarleyGray-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaennDarleyGray_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaennDarleyGray2011" class="citation book cs1">Caenn, Ryen; Darley, HCH; Gray, George R. (29 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohZanicqpmYC&q=drilling+fluid"><i>Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids</i></a>. 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Schlumberger. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.slb.com&rft.atitle=Oilfield+Review+Spring+2013%3A+25%2C+no.+1.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slb.com%2Fresource-library%2Foilfield-review%2Fdefining-series%2Fdefining-drilling-fluids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabia1986" class="citation book cs1">Rabia, Hussain (1986). <i>Oilwell Drilling Engineering : Principles and Practice</i>. 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Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2007. pp. 90–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55563-114-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55563-114-7"><bdi>978-1-55563-114-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Engineering+Handbook%2C+Volume+II%3A+Drilling+Engineering&rft.pages=90-95&rft.pub=Society+of+Petroleum+Engineers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55563-114-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com">Oilfield Glossary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiagilsonite.com/applications/drilling-fluid/">"drilling mud"</a>. <i>asiagilsonite</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drilling+Mud+Cleaning+System&rft.atitle=According+the+change+of+drilling+fluid+to+understand+under+well+condition&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dccleaningsystem.com%2F%3Fp%3D529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1995" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Peter E. (1995-01-01). "Drilling Mud Rheology and the API Recommended Measurements". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-29543-MS?sort=&start=0&q=drilling+fluid+rheology&from_year=&peer_reviewed=&published_between=&fromSearchResults=true&to_year=&rows=25#"><i>SPE Production Operations Symposium</i></a>. Society of Petroleum Engineers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2118%2F29543-MS">10.2118/29543-MS</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555634483" title="Special:BookSources/9781555634483"><bdi>9781555634483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drilling+Mud+Rheology+and+the+API+Recommended+Measurements&rft.btitle=SPE+Production+Operations+Symposium&rft.pub=Society+of+Petroleum+Engineers&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2118%2F29543-MS&rft.isbn=9781555634483&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onepetro.org%2Fconference-paper%2FSPE-29543-MS%3Fsort%3D%26start%3D0%26q%3Ddrilling%2Bfluid%2Brheology%26from_year%3D%26peer_reviewed%3D%26published_between%3D%26fromSearchResults%3Dtrue%26to_year%3D%26rows%3D25%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCJWinter" class="citation web cs1">CJWinter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjwinter.com/cold-root-rolling-advantages">"The Advantages Of Cold Root Rolling"</a>. <i>www.cjwinter.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cjwinter.com&rft.atitle=The+Advantages+Of+Cold+Root+Rolling&rft.au=CJWinter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjwinter.com%2Fcold-root-rolling-advantages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drillingcontractor.org/dcpi/dc-mayjune07/DC_May07_10Tips.pdf">"10 Tips To Improve Drilling Fluid Performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Drilling Contractor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drilling+Contractor&rft.atitle=10+Tips+To+Improve+Drilling+Fluid+Performance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drillingcontractor.org%2Fdcpi%2Fdc-mayjune07%2FDC_May07_10Tips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Rachel (2017-07-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careertrend.com/how-7233973-become-mud-engineer.html">"How to become a mud engineer"</a>. Career Trend.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+become+a+mud+engineer&rft.pub=Career+Trend&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcareertrend.com%2Fhow-7233973-become-mud-engineer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415052022/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/sediments/cs/leptofact.cfm">"Methods for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estuarine Sediment-associated Contaminants with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus—First Edition"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/sediments/cs/leptofact.cfm">the original</a> on 15 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methods+for+Assessing+the+Chronic+Toxicity+of+Marine+and+Estuarine+Sediment-associated+Contaminants+with+the+Amphipod+Leptocheirus+plumulosus%E2%80%94First+Edition&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Fpolwaste%2Fsediments%2Fcs%2Fleptofact.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrszulik2016" class="citation book cs1">Orszulik, Stefan (2016-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mt57CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Environmental Technology in the Oil Industry</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319243344" title="Special:BookSources/9783319243344"><bdi>9783319243344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Technology+in+the+Oil+Industry&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.isbn=9783319243344&rft.aulast=Orszulik&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmt57CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkoroOchonmaOmejeSanni2019" class="citation journal cs1">Okoro, Emmanuel Emeka; Ochonma, Chidiebere; Omeje, Maxwell; Sanni, Samuel E.; Emetere, Moses E.; Orodu, Kale B.; Igwilo, Kevin C. (17 Dec 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337990180">"Radiological and toxicity risk exposures of oil based mud: health implication on drilling crew in Niger Delta"</a>. <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>. <b>27</b> (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 5387–5397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-019-07222-3">10.1007/s11356-019-07222-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1344">0944-1344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31848949">31848949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209380825">209380825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Radiological+and+toxicity+risk+exposures+of+oil+based+mud%3A+health+implication+on+drilling+crew+in+Niger+Delta&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=5387-5397&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209380825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31848949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-019-07222-3&rft.aulast=Okoro&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+Emeka&rft.au=Ochonma%2C+Chidiebere&rft.au=Omeje%2C+Maxwell&rft.au=Sanni%2C+Samuel+E.&rft.au=Emetere%2C+Moses+E.&rft.au=Orodu%2C+Kale+B.&rft.au=Igwilo%2C+Kevin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F337990180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrilling+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>ASME Shale Shaker Committee (2005). <i>The Drilling Fluids Processing Handbook</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-7775-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-7775-9">0-7506-7775-9</a>.</li> <li>Kate Van Dyke (1998). <i>Drilling Fluids, Mud Pumps, and Conditioning Equipment</i>.</li> <li>G. V. Chilingarian & P. Vorabutr (1983). <i>Drilling and Drilling Fluids</i>.</li> <li>G. R. Gray, H. C. H. Darley, & W. F. Rogers (1980). <i>The Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids</i>.</li> <li>DCS Shale Shaker SUPPLIER. <i>The Drilling Fluids cleaning system</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces<br />and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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