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id="toc-Delaware_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delaware_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Delaware Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delaware_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midland_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midland_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Midland Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midland_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Basin_Platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Basin_Platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Central Basin Platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Basin_Platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_and_Northwest_Shelves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_and_Northwest_Shelves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Eastern and Northwest Shelves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_and_Northwest_Shelves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Simon_Channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Simon_Channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>San Simon Channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Simon_Channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheffield_Channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheffield_Channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Sheffield Channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheffield_Channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hovey_Channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hovey_Channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Hovey Channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hovey_Channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horseshoe_Atoll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horseshoe_Atoll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Horseshoe Atoll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horseshoe_Atoll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depositional_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depositional_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Depositional history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depositional_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depositional history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depositional_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proterozoic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proterozoic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Proterozoic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proterozoic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_to_Mid_Paleozoic_(Late_Cambrian_to_Mississippian)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_to_Mid_Paleozoic_(Late_Cambrian_to_Mississippian)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early to Mid Paleozoic (Late Cambrian to Mississippian)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_to_Mid_Paleozoic_(Late_Cambrian_to_Mississippian)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordovician_Period_(485.4–443.8_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordovician_Period_(485.4–443.8_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ordovician Period (485.4–443.8 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordovician_Period_(485.4–443.8_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silurian_Period_(443.8–419.2_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silurian_Period_(443.8–419.2_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Silurian Period (443.8–419.2 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silurian_Period_(443.8–419.2_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devonian_Period_(419.2–358.9_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devonian_Period_(419.2–358.9_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Devonian Period (419.2–358.9 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devonian_Period_(419.2–358.9_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mississippian_Period_(358.9–323.2_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mississippian_Period_(358.9–323.2_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Mississippian Period (358.9–323.2 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mississippian_Period_(358.9–323.2_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tectonic_Activity_During_the_Mississippian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonic_Activity_During_the_Mississippian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.1</span> <span>Tectonic Activity During the Mississippian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonic_Activity_During_the_Mississippian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Paleozoic_(Pennsylvanian_to_Permian)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Paleozoic_(Pennsylvanian_to_Permian)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian to Permian)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Paleozoic_(Pennsylvanian_to_Permian)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pennsylvanian_Period_(323.2–298.9_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvanian_Period_(323.2–298.9_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Pennsylvanian Period (323.2–298.9 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvanian_Period_(323.2–298.9_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Morrow_Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Morrow_Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.1</span> <span>The Morrow Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Morrow_Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_formations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_formations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.2</span> <span>Other formations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_formations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permian_Period_(298.9–251_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permian_Period_(298.9–251_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Permian Period (298.9–251 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permian_Period_(298.9–251_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cisuralian_Epoch_(298.9–272.3_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cisuralian_Epoch_(298.9–272.3_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.1</span> <span>Cisuralian Epoch (298.9–272.3 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cisuralian_Epoch_(298.9–272.3_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guadalupian_Epoch_(272.3–259.8_mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guadalupian_Epoch_(272.3–259.8_mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2</span> <span>Guadalupian Epoch (272.3–259.8 mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guadalupian_Epoch_(272.3–259.8_mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brushy_Canyon_Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brushy_Canyon_Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2.1</span> <span>Brushy Canyon Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brushy_Canyon_Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cherry_Canyon_Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherry_Canyon_Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2.2</span> <span>Cherry Canyon Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherry_Canyon_Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Gateway_Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Gateway_Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2.3</span> <span>Lower Gateway Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Gateway_Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manzanita_Member" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manzanita_Member"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2.4</span> <span>Manzanita Member</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manzanita_Member-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_Canyon_Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_Canyon_Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2.5</span> <span>Bell Canyon Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_Canyon_Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goat_Seep_Reef_Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goat_Seep_Reef_Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2.6</span> <span>Goat Seep Reef Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goat_Seep_Reef_Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reef_building_in_the_Guadalupian_Epoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reef_building_in_the_Guadalupian_Epoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2.7</span> <span>Reef building in the Guadalupian Epoch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reef_building_in_the_Guadalupian_Epoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reef_growth_during_the_Late_Permian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reef_growth_during_the_Late_Permian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.3</span> <span>Reef growth during the Late Permian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reef_growth_during_the_Late_Permian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reef_death_during_the_Late_Permian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reef_death_during_the_Late_Permian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.4</span> <span>Reef death during the Late Permian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reef_death_during_the_Late_Permian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalized_facies_tracts_of_the_Permian_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalized_facies_tracts_of_the_Permian_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Generalized facies tracts of the Permian Basin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Generalized_facies_tracts_of_the_Permian_Basin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Generalized facies tracts of the Permian Basin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Generalized_facies_tracts_of_the_Permian_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lowstand_systems_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lowstand_systems_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lowstand systems tract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lowstand_systems_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgressive_systems_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgressive_systems_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transgressive systems tract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgressive_systems_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highstand_systems_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highstand_systems_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Highstand systems tract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highstand_systems_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tectonic history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tectonic_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tectonic history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tectonic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_Paleozoic_passive_margin_phase_(late_Precambrian–Mississippian,_850–310_Mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Paleozoic_passive_margin_phase_(late_Precambrian–Mississippian,_850–310_Mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lower Paleozoic passive margin phase (late Precambrian–Mississippian, 850–310 Mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Paleozoic_passive_margin_phase_(late_Precambrian–Mississippian,_850–310_Mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collision_phase_(late_Mississippian–Pennsylvanian,_310–265_Mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collision_phase_(late_Mississippian–Pennsylvanian,_310–265_Mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Collision phase (late Mississippian–Pennsylvanian, 310–265 Mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collision_phase_(late_Mississippian–Pennsylvanian,_310–265_Mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permian_Basin_phase_(Permian,_265–230_Mya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permian_Basin_phase_(Permian,_265–230_Mya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Permian Basin phase (Permian, 265–230 Mya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permian_Basin_phase_(Permian,_265–230_Mya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrocarbon_production_and_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrocarbon_production_and_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hydrocarbon production and reserves</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hydrocarbon_production_and_reserves-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hydrocarbon production and reserves subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hydrocarbon_production_and_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History of resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Current production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Environmental Concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counties_and_municipalities_of_the_Permian_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counties_and_municipalities_of_the_Permian_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Counties and municipalities of the Permian Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counties_and_municipalities_of_the_Permian_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large sedimentary basin in the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the royalty trust that trades on the New York Stock Exchange, see <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_Royalty_Trust" title="Permian Basin Royalty Trust">Permian Basin Royalty Trust</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(Europe)" title="Permian Basin (Europe)">Permian Basin (Europe)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#F4CA16;color:black;">Permian Basin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Permian Basin"><img alt="Map showing the location of Permian Basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.218%;left:37.24%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Permian Basin"><img alt="Map showing the location of Permian Basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PermianBasin-02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PermianBasin-02.png/220px-PermianBasin-02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PermianBasin-02.png/330px-PermianBasin-02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PermianBasin-02.png/440px-PermianBasin-02.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The West Texas Permian Basin</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&params=32_30_N_103_00_W_display:inline,title"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">103°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.500°N 103.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.500; -103.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Southwestern North America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> & <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2CE">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">On/Offshore</th><td class="infobox-data">Onshore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Boundaries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matador_Arch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matador Arch (page does not exist)">Matador Arch</a> (N)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouachita%E2%80%93Marathon_thrust_belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouachita–Marathon thrust belt (page does not exist)">Ouachita–Marathon thrust belt</a> (S)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">>86,000 sq mi (220,000 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2CE">Hydrology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">River(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#F2F2CE">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Basin type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cratonic_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cratonic basin (page does not exist)">Cratonic basin</a> (Bally & Snelson)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interior_sag_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interior sag basin (page does not exist)">Interior sag basin</a> (Kingston et al.)<br />Intracontinental complex basin (Klemme)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">Age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Depositional_history">Stratigraphy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">Field(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hydrocarbon_production_and_reserves">Fields</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Permian Basin</b> is a large <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basin</a> in the southwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It is the highest producing <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">oil field</a> in the United States, producing an average of 4.2 million barrels of crude oil per day in 2019. This sedimentary basin is located in western <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p><p>It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> geologic period, the final period of the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> era, as it contains some of the world's thickest deposits of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a> from the period. </p><p>The Permian Basin comprises several component basins, including the Midland Basin, which is the largest; <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Basin" title="Delaware Basin">Delaware Basin</a>, the second largest; and <a href="/wiki/Marfa,_Texas" title="Marfa, Texas">Marfa</a> Basin, the smallest. The Permian Basin covers more than 86,000 square miles (220,000 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extends across an area approximately 250 miles (400 km) wide and 300 miles (480 km) long.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Texas cities of <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a> serve as headquarters for some of the oil production activities in the basin. </p><p>The Permian Basin is also a major source of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> salts (<a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>). Potash mines are located in <a href="/wiki/Lea_County,_New_Mexico" title="Lea County, New Mexico">Lea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddy_County,_New_Mexico" title="Eddy County, New Mexico">Eddy counties</a>, New Mexico, and are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Room_and_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Room and pillar">room and pillar</a> method. <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">Halite</a> (rock salt) is produced as a byproduct of potash mining.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delaware_Basin">Delaware Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Delaware Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delaware_Basin_Stratigraphic_Formations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Delaware_Basin_Stratigraphic_Formations.png/260px-Delaware_Basin_Stratigraphic_Formations.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Delaware_Basin_Stratigraphic_Formations.png/390px-Delaware_Basin_Stratigraphic_Formations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Delaware_Basin_Stratigraphic_Formations.png/520px-Delaware_Basin_Stratigraphic_Formations.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Figure 2</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Basin" title="Delaware Basin">Delaware Basin</a> is the larger of the two major lobes of the Permian Basin within the foreland of the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Mountains" title="Ouachita Mountains">Ouachita–Marathon thrust belt</a> separated by the Central Basin Platform. The basin contains sediment dating to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfcampian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfcampian">Wolfcampian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neal_Ranch_Formation" title="Neal Ranch Formation">Neal Ranch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenox_Hills_Formation" title="Lenox Hills Formation">Lenox Hills Formations</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Leonardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardian">Leonardian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avalon_Shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalon Shale">Avalon Shale</a>), and early <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a> times. The eastward-dipping Delaware basin is subdivided into several <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">formations</a> (figure<span class="nowrap"> </span>2) and contains about 25,000 feet (7,600 m) of laminated <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>. Aside from <a href="/wiki/Clastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic">clastic</a> sediment, the Delaware basin also contains <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Mountain_Group" title="Delaware Mountain Group">Delaware Mountain Group</a>, originating from the Guadalupian times when the Hovey Channel allowed access from the sea into the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midland_Basin">Midland Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Midland Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midland_Basin_Stratigraphy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Midland_Basin_Stratigraphy.png/260px-Midland_Basin_Stratigraphy.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Midland_Basin_Stratigraphy.png/390px-Midland_Basin_Stratigraphy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Midland_Basin_Stratigraphy.png/520px-Midland_Basin_Stratigraphy.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Figure 4</figcaption></figure> <p>The westward-dipping Midland Basin is subdivided into several formations (figure 4) and is composed of laminated siltstone and sandstone. The Midland Basin was filled by a large subaqueous <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> that deposited clastic sediment into the basin. Aside from clastic sediment, the Midland Basin also contains carbonate deposits originating from the Guadalupian times when the Hovey Channel allowed access from the sea into the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Basin_Platform">Central Basin Platform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central Basin Platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Basin_Platform_Stratigraphy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Central_Basin_Platform_Stratigraphy.png/260px-Central_Basin_Platform_Stratigraphy.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Central_Basin_Platform_Stratigraphy.png/390px-Central_Basin_Platform_Stratigraphy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Central_Basin_Platform_Stratigraphy.png/520px-Central_Basin_Platform_Stratigraphy.png 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Figure 6</figcaption></figure> <p>The Central Basin Platform (CBP) is a <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonically</a> uplifted <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> block capped by a <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">carbonate platform</a>. The CBP separates the Delaware and Midland Basins and is subdivided into several formations, from oldest to youngest <a href="/wiki/Neal_Ranch_Formation" title="Neal Ranch Formation">Neal Ranch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenox_Hills_Formation" title="Lenox Hills Formation">Lennox Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abo_Formation" title="Abo Formation">Abo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeso_Group" title="Yeso Group">Yeso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glorieta_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glorieta Formation">Glorieta</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Andres_Formation,_United_States" title="San Andres Formation, United States">San Andres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grayburg_Formation" title="Grayburg Formation">Grayburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Formation" title="Queen Formation">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Rivers_Formation" title="Seven Rivers Formation">Seven Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yates_Formation" title="Yates Formation">Yates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tansill_Formation" title="Tansill Formation">Tansill Formations</a> (Figure<span class="nowrap"> </span>5). The sequence mainly comprises carbonate <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> deposits and shallow marine clastic sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_and_Northwest_Shelves">Eastern and Northwest Shelves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern and Northwest Shelves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern and Northwestern Shelves are composed of <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelf</a> edge <a href="/wiki/Reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reefs">reefs</a> and shelf carbonates flanking the Delaware and Midland Basins that grade up-dip into siltstones and <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a>. The Eastern and Northwestern Shelves are subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/San_Andres_Formation,_United_States" title="San Andres Formation, United States">San Andres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grayburg_Formation" title="Grayburg Formation">Grayburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Formation" title="Queen Formation">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Rivers_Formation" title="Seven Rivers Formation">Seven Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yates_Formation" title="Yates Formation">Yates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tansill_Formation" title="Tansill Formation">Tansill Formations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Simon_Channel">San Simon Channel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: San Simon Channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The San Simon Channel is a narrow <a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">syncline</a> that separated the Central Basin Platform from the Northwestern Shelf during Leonardian and Guadalupian times.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sheffield_Channel">Sheffield Channel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sheffield Channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sheffield Channel separates the southern margin of the Midland Basin from the southern shelf and the Ouachita–Marathon thrust-belt during Leonardian and Guadalupian times.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hovey_Channel">Hovey Channel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hovey Channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hovey Channel is a topographical low located on the southern edge of the Delaware Basin, allowing access to the <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa</a> sea during Guadalupian times.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hovey Channel was originally an anticline which formed during <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> faulting,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the main source of sea water for the Delaware Basin. The closing of the Hovey Channel towards the end of the Permian Period eventually caused the death of the Permian Reef, as without water being brought in through the Channel, salinity levels rose drastically in the Delaware Basin and the reef could not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horseshoe_Atoll">Horseshoe Atoll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Horseshoe Atoll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HorseshoeAtoll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HorseshoeAtoll.jpg/149px-HorseshoeAtoll.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HorseshoeAtoll.jpg/224px-HorseshoeAtoll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HorseshoeAtoll.jpg/298px-HorseshoeAtoll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseshoe_Atoll_Stratigraphic_sequence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Horseshoe_Atoll_Stratigraphic_sequence.jpg/187px-Horseshoe_Atoll_Stratigraphic_sequence.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Horseshoe_Atoll_Stratigraphic_sequence.jpg/281px-Horseshoe_Atoll_Stratigraphic_sequence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Horseshoe_Atoll_Stratigraphic_sequence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Permian_Basin_welllog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Permian_Basin_welllog.jpg/84px-Permian_Basin_welllog.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Permian_Basin_welllog.jpg/126px-Permian_Basin_welllog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Permian_Basin_welllog.jpg/168px-Permian_Basin_welllog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Horseshoe Atoll location, <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_column" title="Stratigraphic column">stratigraphic column</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Well_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Well log">well log</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The Horseshoe Atoll is a westward-tilting arcuate chain of <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> mounds 175 miles (282 km) long located in the Midland Basin, consisting of 1,804 feet (550 m) of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> accumulated in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> and 1,099 feet (335 m) in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, with 15 significant <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">petroleum reservoirs</a> from 6,099 feet (1,859 m) to 9,902 feet (3,018 m) in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reef complex consists of Upper Pennsylvanian Strawn, Canyon and Cisco limestones, overlain by <a href="/wiki/Lower_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Permian">Lower Permian</a> Wolfcamp sandstones and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> of terrigenous origin prograding northeast to southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first production well, Seabird Oil Company of Delaware No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1-B J.<span class="nowrap"> </span>C. Caldwell, was completed in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depositional_history">Depositional history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depositional history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Special:EditPage/Permian Basin (North America)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America">"Permian Basin" North America</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Permian Basin is the thickest deposit of Permian aged rocks on Earth which were rapidly deposited during the collision of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>) between the late <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian</a> through the Permian. The Permian Basin also includes formations that date back to the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician Period</a>, 445 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proterozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> and the formation of the modern Permian Basin geometry, shallow marine sedimentation onto the ancestral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobosa_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobosa Basin (page does not exist)">Tobosa Basin</a> characterized the <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margin</a>, shallow marine environment. The Tobosa Basin also contains basement rock that dates back to 1330 million years ago (mya), and that is still visible in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a>. The basement rock contains biotite-quartz granite, discovered at a depth of 12,621 feet (3,847 m).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the nearby Apache and Glass Mountains, the basement rock is made of metamorphosed sandstone and Precambrian-aged granite. The entire area is also underlain by layered mafic rocks, which are thought to be a part of Pecos Mafic Igneous Suite,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extends 220 miles (360 km) into the southern US. It has been dated to 1163 mya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_to_Mid_Paleozoic_(Late_Cambrian_to_Mississippian)"><span id="Early_to_Mid_Paleozoic_.28Late_Cambrian_to_Mississippian.29"></span>Early to Mid Paleozoic (Late Cambrian to Mississippian)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early to Mid Paleozoic (Late Cambrian to Mississippian)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permian_Basin_stratigraphic_column.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Permian_Basin_stratigraphic_column.jpg/400px-Permian_Basin_stratigraphic_column.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="638" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Permian_Basin_stratigraphic_column.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Permian Basin stratigraphic column</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordovician_Period_(485.4–443.8_mya)"><span id="Ordovician_Period_.28485.4.E2.80.93443.8_mya.29"></span>Ordovician Period (485.4–443.8 mya)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ordovician Period (485.4–443.8 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each period from the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era</a> has contributed a specific <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> to the Tobosa Basin, accumulating into almost 6,600 feet (2,000 m) of sediment at the start of the Pennsylvanian Period (323.2–298.9 mya).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Montoya_Group" title="Montoya Group">Montoya Group</a> is the youngest rock formation in the Tobosa Basin and was formed in the Ordovician Period (485.4–443.8 mya), and sit directly on the igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. The rocks from the Montoya Group are described as light to medium grey, fine to medium grained crystalline calcareous <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>. These rocks were sometimes inter-bedded with <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, dark grey limestone, and, less commonly, <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>. the Montoya Group sequence is made up of carbonate limestone and dolomite which is described as dense, impermeable, and non-porous, and is more commonly found in the Glass Mountains outcrop, with thickness varying from 151 to 509 feet (46 to 155 m).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silurian_Period_(443.8–419.2_mya)"><span id="Silurian_Period_.28443.8.E2.80.93419.2_mya.29"></span>Silurian Period (443.8–419.2 mya)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Silurian Period (443.8–419.2 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Silurian Period, the Tobosa Basin experienced dramatic changes in sea level which led to the formation of multiple rock groups. The first of these groups, called the <a href="/wiki/Fusselman_Formation" title="Fusselman Formation">Fusselman Formation</a>, is mostly made up of light grey, medium to coarse grained dolomite. The thickness of this formation varies from 49 to 164 feet (15 to 50 m), and parts of the Fusselman Formation were also subject to <a href="/wiki/Karstification" class="mw-redirect" title="Karstification">karstification</a>, which indicates a drop in sea level. The second rock group that formed during the Silurian Period is called the Wristen Formation, which is mud, shale, and dolomite rich rock that reaches a thickness of 1,480 feet (450 m) in some places. Karstification of the Fusselman Formation shows that a drop in sea level occurred, but sea levels rose again during a <a href="/wiki/Transgressive_systems_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgressive systems tract">transgressive</a> event, which lead to the creation of the Wristen Formation. Sea levels would then drop again, which led to major exposure, erosion, and karstification of these formations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devonian_Period_(419.2–358.9_mya)"><span id="Devonian_Period_.28419.2.E2.80.93358.9_mya.29"></span>Devonian Period (419.2–358.9 mya)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Devonian Period (419.2–358.9 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thirtyone Formation was developed during the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian Period</a>. This formation is characterized by its limestone, chert, and shale beds, some of which had a peak thickness of 980 feet (300 m). this formation had many different types of limestone, including light-colored siliceous, <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>-dominated, <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoid</a>-rich, and sandy limestone. The Thirtyone Formation is very similar to the formation of the Mississippian Period, which is likely because there was little to no change in the environment during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mississippian_Period_(358.9–323.2_mya)"><span id="Mississippian_Period_.28358.9.E2.80.93323.2_mya.29"></span>Mississippian Period (358.9–323.2 mya)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mississippian Period (358.9–323.2 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mississippian Limestone is the main formation to develop during this Period. This formation, similar to the previously mentioned Thirtyone Formation, is composed primarily of limestone and shale. The limestone beds are described as being "brown to dark brown, micro-crystalline to very finely crystalline, commonly sandy, and dolomitic", while the shale beds are "grey to black, hard, platy, pyritic, organic, and very siliceous".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mississippian Limestone ranges from 49 to 171 feet (15 to 52 m) in thickness, while generally being thinner towards the southern part of the Tobosa Basin. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Barnett_Shale" title="Barnett Shale">Barnett Shale</a> is the second formation to have developed during the Mississippian Period. It consists mainly of silty brown shale and fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. This Formation was much thicker than the Mississippian Limestone, ranging from 200 to 460 feet (60 to 140 m). The increased thickness can be explained by increased sedimentation in the area, which was likely caused by tectonic activity in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tectonic_Activity_During_the_Mississippian_Period">Tectonic Activity During the Mississippian Period</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tectonic Activity During the Mississippian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_orogeny" title="Ouachita orogeny">Ouachita Orogeny</a> occurred during the Late Mississippian, leading to tectonic activity in the region. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a> caused by this <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a> led to the Tobosa Basin being divided into three sections: the Delaware Basin, the Midland Basin, and the Central Basin Platform. The end of the Mississippian Period also led to the beginning of the formation of the modern Permian Reef Complex. The legacy of the early to mid Paleozoic is almost 6,600 feet (2,000 m) of sediments that were accumulated due to almost uninterrupted sedimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Paleozoic_(Pennsylvanian_to_Permian)"><span id="Late_Paleozoic_.28Pennsylvanian_to_Permian.29"></span>Late Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian to Permian)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Late Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian to Permian)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pennsylvanian_Period_(323.2–298.9_mya)"><span id="Pennsylvanian_Period_.28323.2.E2.80.93298.9_mya.29"></span>Pennsylvanian Period (323.2–298.9 mya)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pennsylvanian Period (323.2–298.9 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian Period</a> marked the beginning of geological processes that would shape the Permian Basin into what we see today. Rifting events during the Cambrian Period (early Paleozoic) left fault zones in the region. These fault zones acted as planes of weakness for faulting that was later initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_orogeny" title="Ouachita orogeny">Ouachita Orogeny</a>. These fault zones caused the Tobosa Basin to be transformed, due to tectonic activity, into the Permian Reef Complex, which comprises three parts: the Central Basin Platform, which is encircled by faults, and the Midland and Delaware Basins on either side. Mississippian sediments are absent either due to erosion or nondeposition. Marine shales were deposited in the center of the Delaware, Midland and Val Verde basins, while the basins' periphery saw the deposition of shallow marine, carbonate shelf and limestone sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-kr_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6, 17–18">: 6, 17–18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Morrow_Formation">The Morrow Formation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Morrow Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Pennsylvanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pennsylvanian">Early Pennsylvanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Morrow_Formation" title="Morrow Formation">Morrow Formation</a> underlies the <a href="/wiki/Atoka_Formation" title="Atoka Formation">Atoka Formation</a>. The Morrow is an important reservoir consisting of <a href="/wiki/Clastic_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic sediment">clastic sediments</a>, sandstones and shales, deposited in a <a href="/wiki/Deltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltaic">deltaic</a> environment.<sup id="cite_ref-kr_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10, 37">: 10, 37 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jh_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 258, 266">: 258, 266 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rk_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–107">: 106–107 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_formations">Other formations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other formations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pennsylvanian Period also led to the development of other geologic formations, although none had the importance of the Morrow Formation. The Atoka Formation lies conformably on top of the Morrow Formation, and is characterized by its fossil-rich limestone inter-bedded with shale, reaching a max thickness of 660 feet (200 m). During the formation of the Atoka, uplift was still occurring in the region, leading to increased sedimentation as the surrounding highlands were eroded. The increased sedimentation led to the formation of medium- to coarse-grained sandstone. In the Atoka Formation, the first reef structures that formed in the Delaware Basin are visible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Strawn_Formation" title="Strawn Formation">Strawn Formation</a> formed after the Atoka, also during the Pennsylvanian Period, and reached a max thickness of 660 feet (200 m). In this formation, there was a significant increase in <a href="/wiki/Reef_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Reef mound">reef mounds</a>. The Strawn Formation is primarily made up of massive limestone, along with "fine to medium-grained sandstone, dark to light-grey shale, and occasional reddish-brown, greenish-gray, bituminous shale".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great number of different fossil types were preserved in this formation, including <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, and crinoids. </p><p>The Pennsylvanian Period also includes two other formations, the Canyon and Cisco Formations, which are significant due to the major oil reservoirs discovered in them.<sup id="cite_ref-kr_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permian_Period_(298.9–251_mya)"><span id="Permian_Period_.28298.9.E2.80.93251_mya.29"></span>Permian Period (298.9–251 mya)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Permian Period (298.9–251 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Permian Period was a time of major reef building to transform the Permian Reef Complex into a major reef system, with Permian-aged rock formations making up 95% of the present-day outcrops in the Permian Basin. When considering any type of reef building that occurred in the Permian, it is important to keep in mind that tectonics played a major part. During this period, the supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, which lasted from 335 to 175 mya, started undergoing breakup. Pangea was clustered together near the equator and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa, with the Permian Basin located on its western edge within 5–10 degrees of the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any reef building environment would need a source of water, and the Delaware Basin was located near a marginal sea. Thanks to the Hovey Channel, this sea transported water into the Delaware Basin. Global temperatures during this time were warm, as the world climate was changing from icehouse to greenhouse. This rise in global temperatures also led to the melting of ice masses located towards the South Pole, which then led to a rise in sea levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Permian Period has been split up into main <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epochs</a>, each of which has separate subdivision. In each sub epoch, a different formation was formed in the different parts of the Permian Reef Complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cisuralian_Epoch_(298.9–272.3_mya)"><span id="Cisuralian_Epoch_.28298.9.E2.80.93272.3_mya.29"></span>Cisuralian Epoch (298.9–272.3 mya)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cisuralian Epoch (298.9–272.3 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/300px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/450px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/600px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Climatic zones of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a> Epoch contained two ages, the <a href="/wiki/Wolfcampian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfcampian">Wolfcampian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kungurian" title="Kungurian">Leonardian</a>, both of which have a geological formation in the Permian Basin named after them. </p><p>The Wolfcampian Formation lies conformably on top of the Pennsylvanian Formation and is the first formation from the Permian Period. Its composition varies depending on its location in the Basin, with the northernmost part being more rich in shale. The thickness of this formation also varies, reaching a maximum of 1,600 feet (500 m). The Wolfcampian is made up primarily of grey to brown shale and fine-grained, chert-dominated, brown limestone. There are also interbedded layers of fine-grained sandstone found within the formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary formation that remains from the Leonardian Age is called the <a href="/wiki/Bone_Spring_Limestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone Spring Limestone">Bone Spring Limestone</a>, which reaches a max thickness of 2,000 feet (600 m) and lies directly below the <a href="/wiki/Capitan_Formation" title="Capitan Formation">Capitan Reef Complex</a>. The Bone Spring limestone can be divided into two formations: the Victorio Peak Member, which consists of massive beds of limestone measuring up to 98 feet (30 m); and the Cutoff Shale Member, which is formed from black, platy, siliceous shale and shaley sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bone Spring Limestone consists of several fossils, such as bryozoans, crinoids, and <a href="/wiki/Spirifer" title="Spirifer">spirifers</a>, but lack <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> that are plentiful in the rest of the Permian Reef Complex. Rocks from the Bone Spring Limestone are predominantly found in the Delaware Basin, but the Victorio Peak Member extends into the shelf margin area.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Guadalupian_Epoch_(272.3–259.8_mya)"><span id="Guadalupian_Epoch_.28272.3.E2.80.93259.8_mya.29"></span>Guadalupian Epoch (272.3–259.8 mya)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Guadalupian Epoch (272.3–259.8 mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalupian epoch">Guadalupian Epoch</a> was named after the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a>, since this epoch in the Permian is when reef building was at its most efficient. Lasting from approximately 272–260 mya, this epoch was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Mountain_Group" title="Delaware Mountain Group">Delaware Mountain Group</a>, which can be further subdivided into rock divisions based on location in the Permian Reef Complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Brushy_Canyon_Formation">Brushy Canyon Formation</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Brushy Canyon Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first formation that makes up the Delaware Mountain Group is the <a href="/wiki/Brushy_Canyon_Formation" title="Brushy Canyon Formation">Brushy Canyon Formation</a>, and it lies in the Delaware Basin. The Brushy Canyon Formation is made up of thin interbedded layers of alternating fine grained and massive quartz sandstone, as well as shaley brown to black sandstone. This formation reaches a maximum thickness of 1,150 feet (350 m) but thins out significantly as it approaches the basin margins due to transgressive <a href="/wiki/Onlap" title="Onlap">onlap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brushy Canyon Formation also contains small reef patches, <a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">ripple marks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">crossed bedded</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>, that indicate that the Delaware Basin had a shallow water environment at this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Cherry_Canyon_Formation">Cherry Canyon Formation</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cherry Canyon Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next unit of the Delaware Mountain Group is the <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Canyon_Formation" title="Cherry Canyon Formation">Cherry Canyon</a>, which had multiple different sub-units and extended into the Delaware Basin and the surrounding shelf environments. The Cherry Canyon Formation can be subdivided into four sub-units, each of which will be discussed briefly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Lower_Gateway_Formation">Lower Gateway Formation</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lower Gateway Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lower Getaway member is a limestone that has different characteristics based on its location in the Delaware Basin, and contains patch reefs close to the basin margin. These reefs are often found on limestone <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccias</a>. The Upper Getaway Member is more consistent and is characterised as a thick bedded dolomite which integrates into the San Andres Formation as it moves toward the shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle unit of the Cherry Canyon Formation is the South Wells Member, which is composed of sandstone and integrates itself into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goat_Seep_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goat Seep Reef (page does not exist)">Goat Seep Reef</a> as it moves towards the basin shelf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Manzanita_Member">Manzanita Member</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Manzanita Member"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper unit is the Manzanita Member, which consists of dolomite, and gets pinched out underneath the <a href="/wiki/Capitan_Formation" title="Capitan Formation">Capitan Formation</a> as it moves into the basin margins. All four members of the Cherry Canyon Formation have undergone <a href="/wiki/Dolomitization" title="Dolomitization">dolomitization</a> near the basin margins. This is evident since the <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioclast" title="Bioclast">bioclastic</a> debris that existed as a part of this formation has been preserved as molds in dolomite.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested by some authors that the clasts and debris might have been dolomitic upon deposition, but that is improbable since the debris came from the reef, which was not dolomitic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Bell_Canyon_Formation">Bell Canyon Formation</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bell Canyon Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canyon_Formation" title="Bell Canyon Formation">Bell Canyon Formation</a> is the next unit in the Delaware Mountain Group, and it is the age equivalent unit to the Capitan Reef Formation which formed on the shelf. The Bell Canyon Formation consists of "un-fossiliferous, dark-gray to black, platy, fine-grained limestone".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the Cherry Canyon Formation and the bottom part of the Bell Canyon Formation have thin interbeds of dark-colored bioclastic limestone and fine-grained sandstone. As these formations move towards the basin margins, the sandstone wedges out and the limestone thickens into massive, meters thick beds, containing reef <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">talus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Goat_Seep_Reef_Formation">Goat Seep Reef Formation</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Goat Seep Reef Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Goat Seep Reef Formation lies on the shelf margin and integrates with the Getaway Formation in the basin and the San Andres Formation towards the Shelf. This formation is described as 1,150 feet (350 m) thick, one mile (1,600 m) long, and made up entirely of massive dolomite. In the bottom half of the formation, the dolomite is stratified into massive beds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formation also contains molds of organisms destroyed by the dolomitization process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Reef_building_in_the_Guadalupian_Epoch">Reef building in the Guadalupian Epoch</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reef building in the Guadalupian Epoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Guadalupian Epoch is one of the most successful in history in terms of reef building, since most Permian reefs reached their maximum in size, diversity, extent, and abundance during this Epoch, with the Capitan Reef being one of the most famous examples. In the Guadalupian, reefs were abundant globally, and grew in places such as the Delaware Basin, the <a href="/wiki/Zechstein" title="Zechstein">Zechstein Basin</a> in Eastern Europe, along the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>, and in cool water shelves in the <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa Ocean</a>. The end of this golden age for reef building occurred due to the "end-Guadalupian reef crisis", which involved global drops in sea levels and regional <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> fluctuations. The movement and collision of <a href="/wiki/Microcontinents" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinents">micro-continents</a> during the break up of Pangea also caused the destruction of many Guadalupian Reefs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with the number of reefs from that epoch that have been destroyed, there are over 100 Guadalupian reefs that remain in the world, the most from any Permian epoch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reef_growth_during_the_Late_Permian">Reef growth during the Late Permian</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Reef growth during the Late Permian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth of the Capitan Reef, which is referred to as a "massive member" due to it being formed from massive limestone, can be described in three stages. The first stage is the establishment of the reef and its rapid growth. Due to the slower rates of <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> of this time, the reef was able to build itself up quickly. Once the reef reached sea level, it began to grow horizontally, since it could not grow vertically anymore. The reef environment during the first stage of development was described as warm (around 68 °F (20 °C)), shallow, high energy, clear water that was free from debris and which had a normal salinity level of 27 to 40 ppt (parts per thousand).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basin water provided plenty of nutrients, since there was continuous <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> of water that mixed newly brought marine water with <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> water from the basin floor. The makeup of the reef is described as being built primarily from erect sponges, which have large, rigid skeletons, and abundant <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial">microbial</a> <a href="/wiki/Micrite" title="Micrite">micrite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The microbial micrite worked to trap <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. </p><p>One of the most prominent sponges that made up the Capitan Reef was the sponge family <i><a href="/wiki/Guadalupiidae" title="Guadalupiidae">Guadalupiidae</a></i>, a sponge that first appeared on <a href="/wiki/Glass_Mountains" title="Glass Mountains">Glass Mountains</a> in the mid Permian and had spread into the Delaware Basin by the late Permian. </p><p>There were more environmental changes to mark the second stage of the formation of the Capitan Reef. This period of growth was marked by <a href="/wiki/Eustatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustatic">eustatic</a> changes in global sea levels, due to frequent <a href="/wiki/Glaciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciations">glaciations</a>. The reef experienced major growth vertically at this stage and grew at a rapid enough pace to keep up with <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a>. The Capitan Reef also found a stable foundation on the reef debris and talus that rested on its slopes, and this foundation allowed the reef to grow outward. In some locations, nutrients and minerals were so abundant that the Capitan Reef grew out almost 50 km from the starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reef_death_during_the_Late_Permian">Reef death during the Late Permian</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Reef death during the Late Permian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third stage of the Capitan Reef is the death of the reef system. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> in the Permian played a huge role in setting up the climate of the region and for aiding in the growth and death of the Capitan Reef. The climate of the basin region was hot and <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a>, which is shown in the <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits that can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">back reef</a> region. </p><p>The end in growth and accumulation of the Permian Reef Complex was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a>. During the end of the Permian Period, the supercontinent of Pangaea was beginning its break up, which drastically changed the conditions that were previously favourable for reef growth. Change in tectonics limited the exchange of sea water in the Hovey Channel, which then led to a salinity increase in the Permian Basin. The reef could not survive this drastic change in <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">water salinity</a>, and was therefore destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up until the Guadalupian, the Permian Basin had adequate water circulation with fresh water coming in from the Hovey Channel. Evaporite growth along the bottom portions of the basin showed that the water column was most likely <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratified</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euxinia" title="Euxinia">euxinic</a>, meaning the water was both anoxic and <a href="/wiki/Sulfidation" title="Sulfidation">sulfidic</a>. The passageways between the Delaware and Midland Basins were restricted due to tectonic changes, and this caused the salinity of the water to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing temperatures in the late Permian combined with the increase in salinity caused the extinction of the Capitan Reef, as well as the formation of <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a> with the basin. </p><p>The layers of evaporites that formed as a result of increased salinity is called the <a href="/wiki/Castile_Formation" title="Castile Formation">Castile Formation</a>. This formation consists of alternating layers of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a> and limestone, as well as massive beds of gypsum/anhydrite, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, and some limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit measures almost 4,300 feet (1,300 m) in total and was formed during the <a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian Epoch</a>. The individual layers (<a href="/wiki/Lamination_(geology)" title="Lamination (geology)">laminae</a>) of gypsum/anhydrite are between 0.039 inches (1 mm) and 3.9 inches (10 cm) in thickness, which is thought to <a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">correlate</a> with the basin salinity on a year by year basis. </p><p>The Capitan Reef had been altered <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenetically</a> early on in its history, especially after the deposition of the Castile Formation. There is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Fabric_(geology)" title="Fabric (geology)">fabric alteration</a> throughout this formation, which is thought to indicate the dehydration and rehydration process of the gypsum and anhydrites. There is also evidence of evaporite <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcitization</a>. The reef system was buried until it was exposed in the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era</a> as a result of tectonic activity by the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_orogeny" title="Laramide orogeny">Laramide Orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deep water shale and carbonate reefs of the Delaware and Midland Basins and the Central Basin Platform would become lucrative <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generalized_facies_tracts_of_the_Permian_Basin">Generalized facies tracts of the Permian Basin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Generalized facies tracts of the Permian Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Special:EditPage/Permian Basin (North America)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America">"Permian Basin" North America</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Permian+Basin%22+North+America&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Permian basin is divided into generalized <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a> belts differentiated by the <a href="/wiki/Depositional_environment" title="Depositional environment">depositional environment</a> in which they formed, influenced by sea level, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, and access to the sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lowstand_systems_tract">Lowstand systems tract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Lowstand systems tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lowering sea level exposes the peritidal and potentially, the shelf margin regions, allowing linear channel sandstones to cut into the shelf, extending beyond the shelf margin atop the slope carbonates, fanning outward toward the basin. The <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flats</a> during a lowstand contain <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> sandstones and siltstones atop <a href="/wiki/Supralittoral_zone" title="Supralittoral zone">supratidal</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lithofacies" class="extiw" title="wikt:lithofacies">lithofacies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">transgressive</a> systems tract. The basin fill during a lowstand is composed of thin carbonate beds intermingled with sandstone and siltstone at the shelf and sandstone beds within the basin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgressive_systems_tract">Transgressive systems tract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Transgressive systems tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These facies results from the abrupt deepening of the basin and the reestablishment of carbonate production. Carbonates such as bioturbated wackstone and oxygen poor <a href="/wiki/Lime_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime mud">lime mud</a> accumulate atop the underlying lowstand systems tract sandstones in the basin and on the slope. The tidal flats are characterized by supratidal faces of hot and arid climate such as dolomudstones and dolopackstones. The basin is characterized by thick carbonate beds on or close to the shelf with the shelf margin becoming progressively steeper and the basin sandstones becoming thinner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highstand_systems_tract">Highstand systems tract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Highstand systems tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Highstand systems tract facies results from the slowing down in the rise of sea level. It is characterized by carbonate production on the shelf margin and dominant carbonate deposition throughout the basin. The lithofacies is of thick beds of carbonates on the shelf and shelf margin and thin sandstone beds on the slope. The basin becomes restricted by the formation of red beds on the shelf, creating evaporites in the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silver_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tectonic_history">Tectonic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tectonic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>–Mississippian, the ancestral Permian Basin was the broad marine passive margin Tobosa Basin containing deposits of carbonates and clastics. In the early Pennsylvanian–<a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">early Permian</a> the collision of North American and Gondwana Land (South America and Africa) caused the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a>. The Hercynian Orogeny resulted in the Tobosa basin being differentiated into two deep basins (the Delaware and the Midland Basins) surrounded by shallow shelves. During the Permian, the basin became structurally stable and filled with clastics in the basin and carbonates on the shelves.<sup id="cite_ref-Hills_1984_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills_1984-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Paleozoic_passive_margin_phase_(late_Precambrian–Mississippian,_850–310_Mya)"><span id="Lower_Paleozoic_passive_margin_phase_.28late_Precambrian.E2.80.93Mississippian.2C_850.E2.80.93310_Mya.29"></span>Lower Paleozoic passive margin phase (late Precambrian–Mississippian, 850–310 Mya)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Lower Paleozoic passive margin phase (late Precambrian–Mississippian, 850–310 Mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This passive margin succession is present throughout the southwestern US and is up to 0.93 miles (1.50 km) thick. The ancestral Permian basin is characterized by weak crustal extension and low <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> in which the Tobosa basin developed. The Tobosa basin contained shelf carbonates and shales.<sup id="cite_ref-Horak_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collision_phase_(late_Mississippian–Pennsylvanian,_310–265_Mya)"><span id="Collision_phase_.28late_Mississippian.E2.80.93Pennsylvanian.2C_310.E2.80.93265_Mya.29"></span>Collision phase (late Mississippian–Pennsylvanian, 310–265 Mya)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Collision phase (late Mississippian–Pennsylvanian, 310–265 Mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two lobed geometry of the Permian basin separated by a platform was the result of the Hercynian collisional orogeny during the collision of North America and Gondwana Land (South America and Africa). This collision uplifted the Ouachita-Marathon fold belt and deformed the Tobosa Basin. The Delaware Basin resulted from tilting along areas of <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> weakness in Tobosa basin. Southwestern compression reactivated steeply dipping thrust faults and uplifted the Central Basin ridge. Folding of the basement terrane split the basin into the Delaware basin to the west and the Midland Basin to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Hills_1984_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills_1984-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarg_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permian_Basin_phase_(Permian,_265–230_Mya)"><span id="Permian_Basin_phase_.28Permian.2C_265.E2.80.93230_Mya.29"></span>Permian Basin phase (Permian, 265–230 Mya)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Permian Basin phase (Permian, 265–230 Mya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapid sedimentation of clastics, carbonate platforms and shelves, and evaporites proceeded synorogenically. Bursts of <a href="/wiki/Orogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orogenic">orogenic</a> activity are divided by three <a href="/wiki/Angular_unconformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular unconformity">angular unconformities</a> in basin strata. Evaporite deposits in the small remnant basin mark the final stage of sedimentation as the basin became restricted from the sea during sea level fall.<sup id="cite_ref-Horak_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horak-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoak_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoak-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrocarbon_production_and_reserves">Hydrocarbon production and reserves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Hydrocarbon production and reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selected_oil-producing_formations_in_the_Permian_Basin_(14774011824).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Selected_oil-producing_formations_in_the_Permian_Basin_%2814774011824%29.png/290px-Selected_oil-producing_formations_in_the_Permian_Basin_%2814774011824%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Selected_oil-producing_formations_in_the_Permian_Basin_%2814774011824%29.png/435px-Selected_oil-producing_formations_in_the_Permian_Basin_%2814774011824%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Selected_oil-producing_formations_in_the_Permian_Basin_%2814774011824%29.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Figure 9: Significant <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbon play">hydrocarbon plays</a> within the Permian Basin</figcaption></figure> <p>The Permian Basin is the largest <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>-producing basin in the United States and has produced a cumulative 28.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion barrels of oil and 75<span class="nowrap"> </span>trillion cubic feet of gas. In early 2020, over 4 million barrels of oil a day were being pumped from the basin. Eighty percent of estimated reserves are located at less than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) depth. Ten percent of the oil recovered from the Permian Basin has come from Pennsylvanian carbonates. The largest reservoirs are within the Central Basin Platform, the Northwestern and Eastern shelves, and within Delaware Basin sandstones. The Primary lithologies of the major hydrocarbon reservoirs are limestone, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>, and sandstone due to their high porosities. However, advances in hydrocarbon recovery such as <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal drilling">horizontal drilling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> have expanded production into unconventional, tight oil shales such as those found in the <a href="/wiki/Wolfcamp_Shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfcamp Shale">Wolfcamp Shale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutton_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_resources">History of resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: History of resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Rita_No._1_rig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Santa_Rita_No._1_rig.jpg/300px-Santa_Rita_No._1_rig.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Santa_Rita_No._1_rig.jpg/450px-Santa_Rita_No._1_rig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Santa_Rita_No._1_rig.jpg/600px-Santa_Rita_No._1_rig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Santa Rita No. 1 rig, used in the discovery of the Big Lake Oil Field in 1923.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917, J.A. Udden, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> geology professor, speculated that the Marathon <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Fold</a>, associated with the Marathon Mountains, may extend northward. This fold theory was further elaborated on in 1918 by geologists R.A. Liddle and J.W. Beede. The potential structure was thought to be a potential <a href="/wiki/Oil_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil trap">trap for oil</a>. Based on this Marathon Fold theory, and known <a href="/wiki/Oil_seep" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil seep">oil seeps</a>, test drilling commenced in the eastern Permian Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-oo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil reserves in the Permian Basin were first documented by W.H Abrams in <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Texas" title="Mitchell County, Texas">Mitchell County</a>, West Texas in 1920. The first commercial well was opened a year later in 1921, in the newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Westbrook,_Texas" title="Westbrook, Texas">Westbrook Oil Field</a> in Mitchell County, at a depth of 2,498 feet (761 m). Initially, the Permian Basin was thought to have a bowl-like shape, with geological survey crews unable to study the inside of the basin due to a lack of outcrops. The next few years contained discoveries of multiple oil fields, such as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas" title="Big Lake, Texas">Big Lake</a> oil field (1923), the <a href="/wiki/Crockett_County,_Texas#History" title="Crockett County, Texas">World</a> oil field (1925), the <a href="/wiki/Upton_County,_Texas#Oil" title="Upton County, Texas">McCamey</a> oil field (1925), the <a href="/wiki/Winkler_County,_Texas#History" title="Winkler County, Texas">Hendrick</a> oil field (1926), and the <a href="/wiki/Yates_Oil_Field" title="Yates Oil Field">Yates Oil Field</a> (1926). All of these discoveries were made by random drilling or surfacing mapping. Geophysical tests were vital in mapping the region, since tools such as seismographs and magnetometers were used to find anomalies in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-oo_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1924, companies establishing regional geological offices in the basin included the California Company (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of California">Standard Oil of California</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a>, Humble (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey">Standard Oil of New Jersey</a>), Roxana (<a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">Shell Oil Company</a>), Dixie Oil (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of Indiana">Standard Oil of Indiana</a>), Midwest Exploration (Standard Oil of Indiana), and <a href="/wiki/The_Texas_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Texas Company">The Texas Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oo_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to distances and lack of pipes in which to move oil, deep drilling tests were few in the 1920s, since the costs were high. As a result, all the oil wells up to 1928 were less than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) or 6,000 feet (1,800 m) deep. However, in 1928, the No. I-B University discovery well found oil at 8,520 feet within the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">formations</a> of Big Lake. Exploration and development increased in the 1930s with the discovery of the Harper oil field (1933), the Goldsmith oil field (1934), the Foster oil field (1935), the Keystone oil field (1935), the Means oil field (1934), the Wasson oil field (1936–1937), and the <a href="/wiki/Slaughter_Field" title="Slaughter Field">Slaughter Field</a> (1936). During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the need for oil in the US became urgent, justifying the high costs of deep oil drilling. This breakthrough led to major oil reservoirs being found in every geological formation from the Cambrian Period to the Permian Period. Significant discoveries included the Embrar oil field (1942), the TXL oil field (1944), the Dollarhide oil field (1945), and the Block 31 oil field (1945).<sup id="cite_ref-oo_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200–201, 230–231">: 200–201, 230–231 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the production of the Permian Basin measured 600 million barrels of oil, along with 2.3 trillion cubic ft of gas, which totaled $2 billion. The production values steadily increased thanks to the installation of gas pipelines and oil refineries in the area, reaching a total production of over 14.9 billion barrels in 1993. </p><p>In addition to oil, one of the main commodities that is mined from the Permian Basin is <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, which was first discovered in the region in the late 1800s by geologist Johan August Udden. Early studies by Udden, and the presence of potash in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas#History" title="Big Lake, Texas">Santa Rita well</a> between 1100 and 1700 feet, led to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> exploring the area in search of potash, which was highly important during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as the US could no longer import it from Germany. By the mid 1960s, seven potash mines were operating on the New Mexico side of the Permian Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_production">Current production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Current production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Permian Basin has produced more than 33 billion barrels of oil, along with 118 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. This production accounts for 20% of US crude oil production and 7% of US dry natural gas production. While the production was thought to have peaked in the early 1970s, new technologies for oil extraction, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have increased production dramatically. Estimates from the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> have predicted that proven reserves in the Permian Basin still hold 5 billion barrels of oil and approximately 19 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_Concerns">Environmental Concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Environmental Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By October 2019, the fossil-fuel executives said that until recently they had been making progress in cutting back on <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">flaring</a>, which is to burn natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drilling companies focus on drilling and pumping oil, which is highly lucrative but the less-valuable gas which is pumped along with the oil, is considered to be a "byproduct".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the current boom in the Permian oil fields, drilling for oil has "far outpaced pipeline construction" so the use of flaring has increased along with <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">venting "natural gas and other potent greenhouse gases directly into the atmosphere</a>", causing considerably larger greenhouse effect than flaring. Both practices are legal under states' legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the methane emitted comes from a small number of sources.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellite data show that 3.7% of gas produced from the Permian Basin is lost in leaks, equivalent to the consumption of 7 million Texas homes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price of natural gas was so cheap that smaller companies that have the pipeline capacity are choosing to flare rather than pay pipeline costs.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Tabuchi_20191016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counties_and_municipalities_of_the_Permian_Basin">Counties and municipalities of the Permian Basin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Counties and municipalities of the Permian Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Texas_highlighting_the_Permian_Basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_the_Permian_Basin.jpg/220px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_the_Permian_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_the_Permian_Basin.jpg/330px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_the_Permian_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_the_Permian_Basin.jpg/440px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_the_Permian_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>Map of the part of the region in Texas. Red is the core; pink represents the counties sometimes included in the region.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_andrewsTX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oil_andrewsTX.JPG/220px-Oil_andrewsTX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oil_andrewsTX.JPG/330px-Oil_andrewsTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oil_andrewsTX.JPG/440px-Oil_andrewsTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Active Permian Basin pumpjack east of <a href="/wiki/Andrews,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews, TX">Andrews, TX</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ward_County,_TX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ward_County%2C_TX.jpg/220px-Ward_County%2C_TX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ward_County%2C_TX.jpg/330px-Ward_County%2C_TX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ward_County%2C_TX.jpg/440px-Ward_County%2C_TX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="2636" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of oil fields of the Permian Basin in Ward County, TX</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its economic significance, the Permian Basin has also given its name to the geographic region in which it lies. The counties of this region include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrews_County,_Texas" title="Andrews County, Texas">Andrews County</a> pop. 18,705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borden_County,_Texas" title="Borden County, Texas">Borden County</a> pop. 648</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_County,_Texas" title="Brewster County, Texas">Brewster County</a> pop. 9,267</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaves_County,_New_Mexico" title="Chaves County, New Mexico">Chaves County</a> pop. 64,615</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochran_County,_Texas" title="Cochran County, Texas">Cochran County</a> pop. 2,836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_County,_Texas" title="Coke County, Texas">Coke County</a> pop. 3,370</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concho_County,_Texas" title="Concho County, Texas">Concho County</a> pop. 4,276</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottle_County,_Texas" title="Cottle County, Texas">Cottle County</a> pop. 1,389</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_County,_Texas" title="Crane County, Texas">Crane County</a> pop. 4,794</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_County,_Texas" title="Crockett County, Texas">Crockett County</a> pop. 3,499</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas" title="Crosby County, Texas">Crosby County</a> pop. 5,737</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culberson_County,_Texas" title="Culberson County, Texas">Culberson County</a> pop. 2,204</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas" title="Dawson County, Texas">Dawson County</a> pop. 12,728</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickens_County,_Texas" title="Dickens County, Texas">Dickens County</a> pop. 2,249</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ector_County,_Texas" title="Ector County, Texas">Ector County</a> pop. 166,223</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_County,_New_Mexico" title="Eddy County, New Mexico">Eddy County</a> pop. 58,460</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_County,_Texas" title="Edwards County, Texas">Edwards County</a> pop. 1,928</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_County,_Texas" title="Fisher County, Texas">Fisher County</a> pop. 3,974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas" title="Floyd County, Texas">Floyd County</a> pop. 5,837</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaines_County,_Texas" title="Gaines County, Texas">Gaines County</a> pop. 20,901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garza_County,_Texas" title="Garza County, Texas">Garza County</a> pop. 6,578</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasscock_County,_Texas" title="Glasscock County, Texas">Glasscock County</a> pop. 1,388</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas" title="Hale County, Texas">Hale County</a> pop. 33,406</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockley_County,_Texas" title="Hockley County, Texas">Hockley County</a> pop. 23,021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Texas" title="Howard County, Texas">Howard County</a> pop. 36,664</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas" title="Hudspeth County, Texas">Hudspeth County</a> pop. 4,886</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irion_County,_Texas" title="Irion County, Texas">Irion County</a> pop. 1,536</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Davis_County,_Texas" title="Jeff Davis County, Texas">Jeff Davis County</a> pop. 2,252</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Texas" title="King County, Texas">King County</a> pop. 265</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimble_County,_Texas" title="Kimble County, Texas">Kimble County</a> pop. 4,362</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Texas" title="King County, Texas">Kent County</a> pop. 277</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Texas" title="Knox County, Texas">Knox County</a> pop. 3,653</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas" title="Lamb County, Texas">Lamb County</a> pop. 13,158</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_County,_New_Mexico" title="Lea County, New Mexico">Lea County</a> pop. 71,070</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_County,_Texas" title="Loving County, Texas">Loving County</a> pop. 169</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas" title="Lubbock County, Texas">Lubbock County</a> pop. 310,569</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_County,_Texas" title="Lynn County, Texas">Lynn County</a> pop. 5,951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Texas" title="Martin County, Texas">Martin County</a> pop. 5,771</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCulloch_County,_Texas" title="McCulloch County, Texas">McCulloch County</a> pop. 7,987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard_County,_Texas" title="Menard County, Texas">Menard County</a> pop. 2,139</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_County,_Texas" title="Midland County, Texas">Midland County</a> pop. 176,832</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Texas" title="Mitchell County, Texas">Mitchell County</a> pop. 8,145</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motley_County,_Texas" title="Motley County, Texas">Motley County</a> pop. 1,234</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas" title="Nolan County, Texas">Nolan County</a> pop. 14,714</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_County,_Texas" title="Pecos County, Texas">Pecos County</a> pop. 15,673</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_County,_Texas" title="Presidio County, Texas">Presidio County</a> pop. 6,948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_County,_Texas" title="Reagan County, Texas">Reagan County</a> pop. 3,741</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves_County,_Texas" title="Reeves County, Texas">Reeves County</a> pop. 15,976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnels_County,_Texas" title="Runnels County, Texas">Runnels County</a> pop. 10,234</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleicher_County,_Texas" title="Schleicher County, Texas">Schleicher County</a> pop. 2,895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scurry_County,_Texas" title="Scurry County, Texas">Scurry County</a> pop. 16,703</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_County,_Texas" title="Sterling County, Texas">Sterling County</a> pop. 1,291</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_County,_Texas" title="Stonewall County, Texas">Stonewall County</a> pop. 1,362</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_County,_Texas" title="Sutton County, Texas">Sutton County</a> pop. 3,758</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas" title="Taylor County, Texas">Taylor County</a> pop. 138,034</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_County,_Texas" title="Terrell County, Texas">Terrell County</a> pop. 823</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_County,_Texas" title="Terry County, Texas">Terry County</a> pop. 12,287</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Green_County,_Texas" title="Tom Green County, Texas">Tom Green County</a> pop. 119,200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_County,_Texas" title="Upton County, Texas">Upton County</a> pop. 3,671</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas" title="Val Verde County, Texas">Val Verde County</a> pop. 49,025</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_County,_Texas" title="Ward County, Texas">Ward County</a> pop. 11,720</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkler_County,_Texas" title="Winkler County, Texas">Winkler County</a> pop. 7,720</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoakum_County,_Texas" title="Yoakum County, Texas">Yoakum County</a> pop. 8,591</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Slaughter_Field" title="Slaughter Field">Slaughter Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Verde_Basin" title="Val Verde Basin">Val Verde Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spraberry_Trend" title="Spraberry Trend">Spraberry Trend</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ball-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ball_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov44/text/prov44.pdf">Ball - The Permian Basin</a> - <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729150645/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/Petroleum/projects/EP/ResChar/15131UofTX.htm">"Permian Basin map at Department of Energy, National Energy Lab"</a>. 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Fulton (1965) "Salines" and "The potash industry" in <i>Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico</i>, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bulletin<span class="nowrap"> </span>87, p.299–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galley_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalley1995" class="citation journal cs1">Galley, John (1995). 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"Upper Permian (Guadalupian) facies and their association with hydrocarbons-Permian basin, west Texas and New Mexico". <i>AAPG Bulletin</i>. <b>70</b>: 239–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F9488566f-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d">10.1306/9488566f-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Upper+Permian+%28Guadalupian%29+facies+and+their+association+with+hydrocarbons-Permian+basin%2C+west+Texas+and+New+Mexico&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=239-262&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F9488566f-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermian+Basin+%28North+America%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Wayne (2011). 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"The Wolfcamp Series (Permian) and new species of fusulinids, Glass Mountains, Texas". <i>Washington Academy of Sciences Journal</i>. <b>49</b> (9): 299–316. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24534755">24534755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Academy+of+Sciences+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Wolfcamp+Series+%28Permian%29+and+new+species+of+fusulinids%2C+Glass+Mountains%2C+Texas&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=299-316&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24534755%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermian+Basin+%28North+America%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Carol_A.1996" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Carol A. 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June 4, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604152031/https://www.eenews.net/energywire/2021/06/04/stories/1063734169">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eenews.net&rft.atitle=TEXAS%3A+The+key+to+oil+and+gas+methane+emission+cuts%3F+123+leaks&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenews.net%2Fenergywire%2F2021%2F06%2F04%2Fstories%2F1063734169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermian+Basin+%28North+America%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorrow202" class="citation web cs1">Storrow, Benjamin (5 May 202). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/methane-leaks-erase-some-of-the-climate-benefits-of-natural-gas/">"Methane Leaks Erase Some of the Climate Benefits of Natural Gas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427232007/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/methane-leaks-erase-some-of-the-climate-benefits-of-natural-gas/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Methane+Leaks+Erase+Some+of+the+Climate+Benefits+of+Natural+Gas&rft.date=202&rft.aulast=Storrow&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fmethane-leaks-erase-some-of-the-climate-benefits-of-natural-gas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermian+Basin+%28North+America%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian_Basin_(North_America)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ryp02">Permian Basin</a>—Texas State Historical Association article</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Ridges Moraine">Oak Ridges Moraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscayne_Aquifer" title="Biscayne Aquifer">Biscayne Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Subbasin" title="Bishop Subbasin">Bishop Subbasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_Valley_Aquifer_System" title="Buried Valley Aquifer System">Buried Valley Aquifer System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Aquifer" title="Edwards Aquifer">Edwards Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridan_aquifer" title="Floridan aquifer">Floridan aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Hills_Formation" title="Fox Hills Formation">Fox Hills Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood%E2%80%93Cohansey_aquifer" title="Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer">Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahomet_Aquifer" title="Mahomet Aquifer">Mahomet Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Formation" title="San Diego Formation">San Diego Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankoty_Aquifer" title="Sankoty Aquifer">Sankoty Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_valley_aquifer" title="Santa Clara valley aquifer">Santa Clara valley aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Aquifer" title="Snake River Aquifer">Snake River Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hills_Aquifer" title="Southern Hills Aquifer">Southern Hills Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turlock_Basin" title="Turlock Basin">Turlock Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wekepeke" title="Wekepeke">Wekepeke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Aquifer" title="Guarani Aquifer">Guarani Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_River" title="Hamza River">Hamza River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botany_Sands_Aquifer" title="Botany Sands Aquifer">Botany Sands Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnangara_Mound" title="Gnangara Mound">Gnangara Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Artesian_Basin" title="Great Artesian Basin">Great Artesian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandakot_Mound" title="Jandakot Mound">Jandakot Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarragadee_Aquifer" title="Yarragadee Aquifer">Yarragadee Aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waiwhetu_Aquifer" title="Waiwhetu Aquifer">Waiwhetu Aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bas_Saharan_Basin" title="Bas Saharan Basin">Bas Saharan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotikipi_Basin_Aquifer" title="Lotikipi Basin Aquifer">Lotikipi Basin Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System" title="Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System">Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle-East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarkon-Taninim_Aquifer" title="Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer">Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alnarpsstr%C3%B6mmen" title="Alnarpsströmmen">Alnarpsströmmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyll_Aquifer" title="Schwyll Aquifer">Schwyll Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquifers" title="List of aquifers">List of aquifers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifers_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers in the United States">Aquifers in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">Aquifer storage and recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_test" title="Aquifer test">Aquifer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesian_aquifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian aquifer">Artesian aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_Source_Aquifer" title="Sole Source Aquifer">Sole Source Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surficial_aquifer" title="Surficial aquifer">Surficial aquifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquifers" title="Category:Aquifers">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas" title="Template:Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas" title="Template talk:Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in Texas">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Texas" title="Category:Mass media in Texas">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Texas" title="List of newspapers in Texas">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Texas" title="List of radio stations in Texas">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Texas" title="List of television stations in Texas">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Texas" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">National Register of Historic Places Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks" title="List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks">Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">Texans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Texas" title="Time in Texas">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Texas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Texas">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Texas" title="Abortion in Texas">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Texas" title="Crime in Texas">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Texas" title="Gambling in Texas">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Texas" title="Gun laws in Texas">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Texas">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Texas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark‑La‑Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Blackland_Prairies" title="Texas Blackland Prairies">Blackland Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Valley" title="Brazos Valley">Brazos Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Coastal_Bend" title="Texas Coastal Bend">Coastal Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concho_Valley" title="Concho Valley">Concho Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Triangle (Texas)">Golden Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Hill Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Texas" title="Northeast Texas">Northeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">North Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_panhandle" title="Texas panhandle">Panhandle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Plains" title="South Plains">South Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texoma" title="Texoma">Texoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">Metropolitan<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>–<a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>–<a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">DFW</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>–<a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Temple,_Texas" title="Temple, Texas">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a>–<a href="/wiki/Denison,_Texas" title="Denison, Texas">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Creek_(Texas)" title="Wagner Creek (Texas)">Wagner Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_New_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Mexico" title="Template:New Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Mexico" title="Template talk:New Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_New_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Mexico" title="Outline of New Mexico">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_Mexico-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of New Mexico-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_New_Mexico" title="List of census-designated places in New Mexico">Census-designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bizcochito" title="Bizcochito">Bizcochito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico#Culture" title="New Mexico">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Mexico" title="United States congressional delegations from New Mexico">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico#Geography" title="New Mexico">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_Mexico" title="Government of New Mexico">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Nuevo México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landmarks_in_New_Mexico" title="Category:Landmarks in New Mexico">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_New_Mexico" title="Category:Military in New Mexico">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_National_Guard" title="New Mexico National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico Campaign">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Mexico" title="Music of New Mexico">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Mexico" title="List of people from New Mexico">New Mexicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_New_Mexico" title="Category:Native American tribes in New Mexico">Pueblos and Tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology_in_New_Mexico" title="Paleontology in New Mexico">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_state_symbols" title="List of New Mexico state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_New_Mexico" title="Category:Tourist attractions in New Mexico">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico#Transportation" title="New Mexico">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Mexico" title="Abortion in New Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Mexico" title="Climate change in New Mexico">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_Mexico" title="Crime in New Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico#Demographics" title="New Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Mexico" title="Economy of New Mexico">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico#Education" title="New Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Elections in New Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_New_Mexico" title="Gun laws in New Mexico">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_Mexico" title="Homelessness in New Mexico">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_literature" title="New Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico#Politics" title="New Mexico">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#New_Mexico" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrean Region">Apachian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_Mexico" title="Central New Mexico">Central New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicoma_Mountain" title="Chicoma Mountain">Chicoma Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico" title="Eastern New Mexico">Eastern New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzano_Mountains" title="Manzano Mountains">Manzano Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Plateau" title="Mogollon Plateau">Mogollon Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_New_Mexico" title="Northern New Mexico">Northern New Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Basin" title="San Juan Basin">San Juan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_Mountains" title="Sandia Mountains">Sandia Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">Shortgrass prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains" title="Sangre de Cristo Mountains">Sangre de Cristo Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Peak_(New_Mexico)" title="Wheeler Peak (New Mexico)">Wheeler Peak</a> (highest point)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_New_Mexico" title="Southwestern New Mexico">Southwestern New Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_New_Mexico" title="List of municipalities in New Mexico">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_metropolitan_area" title="Albuquerque metropolitan area">Metropolitan Area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico" title="Aztec, New Mexico">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesia,_New_Mexico" title="Artesia, New Mexico">Artesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_New_Mexico" title="Bloomfield, New Mexico">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico" title="Carlsbad, New Mexico">Carlsbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico" title="Clovis, New Mexico">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrales,_New_Mexico" title="Corrales, New Mexico">Corrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico" title="Deming, New Mexico">Deming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola,_New_Mexico" title="Española, New Mexico">Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington,_New_Mexico" title="Farmington, New Mexico">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grants,_New_Mexico" title="Grants, New Mexico">Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbs,_New_Mexico" title="Hobbs, New Mexico">Hobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_New_Mexico" title="Kirtland, New Mexico">Kirtland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Lunas,_New_Mexico" title="Los Lunas, New Mexico">Los Lunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovington,_New_Mexico" title="Lovington, New Mexico">Lovington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portales,_New_Mexico" title="Portales, New Mexico">Portales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raton,_New_Mexico" title="Raton, New Mexico">Raton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Rancho,_New_Mexico" title="Rio Rancho, New Mexico">Rio Rancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruidoso,_New_Mexico" title="Ruidoso, New Mexico">Ruidoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City,_New_Mexico" title="Silver City, New Mexico">Silver City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunland_Park,_New_Mexico" title="Sunland Park, New Mexico">Sunland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_Mexico" title="List of counties in New Mexico">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_Mexico" title="List of counties in New Mexico">List of counties in New Mexico</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernalillo_County,_New_Mexico" title="Bernalillo County, New Mexico">Bernalillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catron_County,_New_Mexico" title="Catron County, New Mexico">Catron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaves_County,_New_Mexico" title="Chaves County, New Mexico">Chaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibola_County,_New_Mexico" title="Cibola County, New Mexico">Cibola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_County,_New_Mexico" title="Colfax County, New Mexico">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_County,_New_Mexico" title="Curry County, New Mexico">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Baca_County,_New_Mexico" title="De Baca County, New Mexico">De Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Ana_County,_New_Mexico" title="Doña Ana County, New Mexico">Doña Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_County,_New_Mexico" title="Eddy County, New Mexico">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_New_Mexico" title="Grant County, New Mexico">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_New_Mexico" title="Guadalupe County, New Mexico">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harding_County,_New_Mexico" title="Harding County, New Mexico">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_New_Mexico" title="Hidalgo County, New Mexico">Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_County,_New_Mexico" title="Lea County, New Mexico">Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln County, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_County,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos County, New Mexico">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_County,_New_Mexico" title="Luna County, New Mexico">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_County,_New_Mexico" title="McKinley County, New Mexico">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_County,_New_Mexico" title="Mora County, New Mexico">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otero_County,_New_Mexico" title="Otero County, New Mexico">Otero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quay_County,_New_Mexico" title="Quay County, New Mexico">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico" title="Rio Arriba County, New Mexico">Rio Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_County,_New_Mexico" title="Roosevelt County, New Mexico">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_County,_New_Mexico" title="San Juan County, New Mexico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_County,_New_Mexico" title="San Miguel County, New Mexico">San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandoval_County,_New_Mexico" title="Sandoval County, New Mexico">Sandoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe County, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_New_Mexico" title="Sierra County, New Mexico">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socorro_County,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro County, New Mexico">Socorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico" title="Taos County, New Mexico">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrance_County,_New_Mexico" title="Torrance County, New Mexico">Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_New_Mexico" title="Union County, New Mexico">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia_County,_New_Mexico" title="Valencia County, New Mexico">Valencia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#E7D9A9;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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