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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition and color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_and_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_hydrocarbon_source_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_hydrocarbon_source_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As hydrocarbon source rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_hydrocarbon_source_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_mining_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_mining_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical mining terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_mining_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalie" title="Skalie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skalie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="طفل صفحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طفل صفحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%CC%8Dp-gi%C3%A2m" title="Ia̍p-giâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ia̍p-giâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Гліністы сланец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гліністы сланец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Глинести шисти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глинести шисти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADlovit%C3%A1_b%C5%99idlice" title="Jílovitá břidlice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jílovitá břidlice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreg_glai" title="Carreg glai – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carreg glai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerskifer" title="Lerskifer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lerskifer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savikilt" title="Savikilt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Savikilt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σχιστόλιθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχιστόλιθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="شیل (سنگ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیل (سنگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceall" title="Sceall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sceall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%B0%EC%9D%BC" title="셰일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셰일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kriljevac" title="Škriljevac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Škriljevac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skist-argilo" title="Skist-argilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skist-argilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_serpih" title="Batu serpih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu serpih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirsteinn" title="Leirsteinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leirsteinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_(roccia)" title="Shale (roccia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shale (roccia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פצלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פצלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თიხაფიქალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თიხაფიქალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyllasen" title="Kyllasen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kyllasen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwambatope" title="Mwambatope – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwambatope" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalie_(gesteente)" title="Schalie (gesteente) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schalie (gesteente)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9" title="頁岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="頁岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirskifer" title="Leirskifer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leirskifer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirskifer" title="Leirskifer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leirskifer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanets" title="Slanets – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Slanets" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پرت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81upek_ilasty" title="Łupek ilasty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łupek ilasty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folhelho" title="Folhelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Folhelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Глинистый сланец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глинистый сланец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlica_(sediment)" title="Bridlica (sediment) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bridlica (sediment)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kriljavac" title="Škriljavac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škriljavac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savikivi" title="Savikivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Savikivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerskiffer" title="Lerskiffer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lerskiffer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="களிப்பாறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="களிப்பாறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="หินดินดาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินดินดาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Варақсангҳои гилӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Варақсангҳои гилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeyl" title="Şeyl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şeyl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Глинистий сланець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глинистий сланець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_phi%E1%BA%BFn_s%C3%A9t" title="Đá phiến sét – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đá phiến sét" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9" title="頁岩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="頁岩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%A9" title="页岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="页岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q751300#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shale_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shale (disambiguation)">Shale (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Shale</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">Sedimentary rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Shale_(Upper_Devonian;_Burkesville_West_Rt._90_roadcut,_Kentucky,_USA)_25_(40541681100).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chattanooga_Shale_%28Upper_Devonian%3B_Burkesville_West_Rt._90_roadcut%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29_25_%2840541681100%29.jpg/220px-Chattanooga_Shale_%28Upper_Devonian%3B_Burkesville_West_Rt._90_roadcut%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29_25_%2840541681100%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chattanooga_Shale_%28Upper_Devonian%3B_Burkesville_West_Rt._90_roadcut%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29_25_%2840541681100%29.jpg/330px-Chattanooga_Shale_%28Upper_Devonian%3B_Burkesville_West_Rt._90_roadcut%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29_25_%2840541681100%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chattanooga_Shale_%28Upper_Devonian%3B_Burkesville_West_Rt._90_roadcut%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29_25_%2840541681100%29.jpg/440px-Chattanooga_Shale_%28Upper_Devonian%3B_Burkesville_West_Rt._90_roadcut%2C_Kentucky%2C_USA%29_25_%2840541681100%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shale</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">Clay minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Shale</b> is a fine-grained, <a href="/wiki/Clastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic">clastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> formed from <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> that is a mix of flakes of <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay minerals</a> (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><sub>2</sub><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><sub>2</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>5</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">OH</a>)<sub>4</sub>) and tiny fragments (<a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>-sized particles) of other minerals, especially <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shale is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers (<a href="/wiki/Lamination_(geology)" title="Lamination (geology)">laminae</a>) less than one centimeter in thickness. This property is called <i><a href="/wiki/Fissility_(geology)" title="Fissility (geology)">fissility</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shale is the most common sedimentary rock.<sup id="cite_ref-RocksMaterials2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RocksMaterials2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>shale</i> is sometimes applied more broadly, as essentially a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrock</a>, rather than in the narrower sense of clay-rich fissile mudrock.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texture">Texture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Texture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shale typically exhibits varying degrees of fissility. Because of the parallel orientation of clay mineral flakes in shale, it breaks into thin layers, often splintery and usually parallel to the otherwise indistinguishable <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedding (geology)">bedding planes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-fissile <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a> of similar composition and particle size (less than 0.0625 mm) are described as <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> (1/3 to 2/3 silt particles) or <a href="/wiki/Claystones" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystones">claystones</a> (less than 1/3 silt). Rocks with similar particle sizes but with less clay (greater than 2/3 silt) and therefore grittier are <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RocksMaterials_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RocksMaterials-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg/220px-Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg/330px-Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg/440px-Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Sample of <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">drill cuttings</a> of shale while drilling an <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil well</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Sand grain = 2 mm in diameter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_color">Composition and color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition and color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudrock_Colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mudrock_Colors.jpg/220px-Mudrock_Colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mudrock_Colors.jpg/330px-Mudrock_Colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mudrock_Colors.jpg/440px-Mudrock_Colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1775" /></a><figcaption>Color chart for shale based on <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> and organic carbon content</figcaption></figure> <p>Shales are typically gray in color and are composed of clay minerals and quartz grains. The addition of variable amounts of minor constituents alters the color of the rock. Red, brown and green colors are indicative of <a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric oxide">ferric oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> – reds), <a href="/wiki/Iron_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron hydroxide">iron hydroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">goethite</a> – browns and <a href="/wiki/Limonite" title="Limonite">limonite</a> – yellow), or <a href="/wiki/Micaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Micaceous">micaceous</a> minerals (<a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a> – greens).<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color shifts from reddish to greenish as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ferric" title="Ferric">ferric</a>) state is converted to iron in the reduced (<a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a>) state.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black shale results from the presence of greater than one percent <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous" title="Carbonaceous">carbonaceous</a> material and indicates a reducing environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pale blue to blue-green shales typically are rich in <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198056_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198056-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clays are the major constituent of shales and other mudrocks. The clay minerals represented are largely <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">montmorillonite</a> and illite. Clay minerals of Late <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> mudstones are expandable <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectites</a>, whereas in older rocks (especially in mid-to early <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> shales) illites predominate. The transformation of smectite to illite produces <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, iron and water. These released elements form <a href="/wiki/Authigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Authigenic">authigenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankerite" title="Ankerite">ankerite</a>, hematite and <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a>, all trace to minor (except quartz) minerals found in shales and other mudrocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical shale is composed of about 58% clay minerals, 28% quartz, 6% <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, 5% carbonate minerals, and 2% <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the quartz is <a href="/wiki/Detrital" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrital">detrital</a> (part of the original sediments that formed the shale) rather than authigenic (crystallized within the shale after deposition).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198047–49_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198047–49-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shales and other mudrocks contain roughly 95 percent of the organic matter in all sedimentary rocks. However, this amounts to less than one percent by mass in an average shale. Black shales, which form in <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> conditions, contain reduced free <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous iron">ferrous iron</a> (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> (S<sup>2−</sup>). <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">Amorphous</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_sulfide" title="Iron sulfide">iron sulfide</a>, along with carbon, produce the black coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because amorphous iron sulfide gradually converts to <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>, which is not an important pigment, young shales may be quite dark from their iron sulfide content, in spite of a modest carbon content (less than 1%), while a black color in an ancient shale indicates a high carbon content.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198056_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198056-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most shales are marine in origin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198072_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198072-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> in shale formations is often highly <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a>. There is evidence that shale acts as a semipermeable medium, allowing water to pass through while retaining dissolved salts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198059_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198059-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fine particles that compose shale can remain suspended in water long after the larger particles of sand have been deposited. As a result, shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoonal</a> deposits, in <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river deltas</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> and offshore below the <a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">wave base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996219_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996219-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thick deposits of shale are found near ancient <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margins</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996219_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996219-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland basins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most widespread shale formations were deposited by <a href="/wiki/Epicontinental_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicontinental sea">epicontinental seas</a>. Black shales<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are common in <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> strata on the margins of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, where they were deposited in <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>-bounded silled basins associated with the opening of the Atlantic during the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. These basins were anoxic, in part because of restricted circulation in the narrow Atlantic, and in part because the very warm Cretaceous seas lacked the circulation of cold bottom water that oxygenates the deep oceans today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996287–292_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996287–292-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most clay must be deposited as aggregates and floccules, since the settling rate of individual clay particles is extremely slow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19808_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19808-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculation</a> is very rapid once the clay encounters highly saline sea water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas individual clay particles are less than 4 microns in size, the clumps of clay particles produced by flocculation vary in size from a few tens of microns to over 700 microns in diameter. The floccules start out water-rich, but much of the water is expelled from the floccules as the clay minerals bind more tightly together over time (a process called <a href="/wiki/Syneresis_(chemistry)" title="Syneresis (chemistry)">syneresis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19809_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19809-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay pelletization by organisms that <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feed</a> is important where flocculation is inhibited. Filter feeders produce an estimated 12 metric tons of clay pellets per square kilometer per year along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">U.S. Gulf Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As sediments continue to accumulate, the older, more deeply buried sediments begin to undergo <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a>. This mostly consists of <a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">compaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithification</a> of the clay and silt particles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996265–280_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996265–280-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early stages of diagenesis, described as <i>eogenesis</i>, take place at shallow depths (a few tens of meters) and are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a> and mineralogical changes in the sediments, with only slight compaction.<sup id="cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choquette-pray-1970-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrite</a> may be formed in anoxic mud at this stage of diagenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006148_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006148-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deeper burial is accompanied by <i>mesogenesis</i>, during which most of the compaction and lithification takes place. As the sediments come under increasing pressure from overlying sediments, sediment grains move into more compact arrangements, ductile grains (such as <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay mineral</a> grains) are deformed, and <a href="/wiki/Pore_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pore space">pore space</a> is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this physical compaction, chemical compaction may take place via <a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">pressure solution</a>. Points of contact between grains are under the greatest strain, and the strained mineral is more <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> than the rest of the grain. As a result, the contact points are dissolved away, allowing the grains to come into closer contact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is during compaction that shale develops its fissility, likely through mechanical compaction of the original open framework of clay particles. The particles become strongly oriented into parallel layers that give the shale its distinctive fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fissility likely develops early in the compaction process, at relatively shallow depth, since fissility does not seem to vary with depth in thick formations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaolinite flakes have less tendency to align in parallel layers than other clays, so kaolinite-rich clay is more likely to form nonfissile mudstone than shale. On the other hand, black shales often have very pronounced fissility (<i>paper shales</i>) due to binding of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> molecules to the faces of the clay particles, which weakens the binding between particles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithification follows closely on compaction, as increased temperatures at depth hasten deposition of <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> that binds the grains together. Pressure solution contributes to cementing, as the mineral dissolved from strained contact points is redeposited in the unstrained pore spaces. The clay minerals may be altered as well. For example, <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectite</a> is altered to <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a> at temperatures of about 55 to 200 °C (130 to 390 °F), releasing water in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other alteration reactions include the alteration of smectite to <a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a> to illite at temperatures between 120 and 150 °C (250 and 300 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these reactions, illite composes 80% of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> shales, versus about 25% of young shales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006142,_145–154_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006142,_145–154-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unroofing of buried shale is accompanied by <i>telogenesis</i>, the third and final stage of diagenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choquette-pray-1970-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As erosion reduces the depth of burial, renewed exposure to <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_water" title="Meteoric water">meteoric water</a> produces additional changes to the shale, such as dissolution of some of the cement to produce <a href="/wiki/Secondary_porosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary porosity">secondary porosity</a>. Pyrite may be oxidized to produce <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Black_shale"></span> <i><b>Black shales</b></i> are dark, as a result of being especially rich in <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">unoxidized</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. Common in some Paleozoic and <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>, black shales were deposited in <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anoxic</a>, reducing environments, such as in stagnant water columns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some black shales contain abundant heavy metals such as <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E.B._Tourtelot_1970,_pp._253-273_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E.B._Tourtelot_1970,_pp._253-273-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enriched values are of controversial origin, having been alternatively attributed to input from <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> fluids during or after sedimentation or to slow accumulation from <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> over long periods of sedimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-E.B._Tourtelot_1970,_pp._253-273_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E.B._Tourtelot_1970,_pp._253-273-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shale_in_Potokgraben.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shale in Potokgraben, the Karawanks, Austria"><img alt="Shale in Potokgraben, the Karawanks, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shale_in_Potokgraben.jpg/120px-Shale_in_Potokgraben.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shale_in_Potokgraben.jpg/180px-Shale_in_Potokgraben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shale_in_Potokgraben.jpg/240px-Shale_in_Potokgraben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shale in Potokgraben, the <a href="/wiki/Karawanks" title="Karawanks">Karawanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MesselShaleSplitting.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Splitting shale (Messel oil shale) with a large knife to reveal fossils"><img alt="Splitting shale (Messel oil shale) with a large knife to reveal fossils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MesselShaleSplitting.JPG/120px-MesselShaleSplitting.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MesselShaleSplitting.JPG/180px-MesselShaleSplitting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MesselShaleSplitting.JPG/240px-MesselShaleSplitting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Splitting shale (<a href="/wiki/Messel_Formation" title="Messel Formation">Messel oil shale</a>) with a large knife to reveal fossils</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shale_8040.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weathering shale at a road cut in southeastern Kentucky"><img alt="Weathering shale at a road cut in southeastern Kentucky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shale_8040.jpg/120px-Shale_8040.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shale_8040.jpg/180px-Shale_8040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shale_8040.jpg/240px-Shale_8040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a> shale at a road cut in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossils</a>, animal <a href="/wiki/Fossil_track" title="Fossil track">tracks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Burrow_fossil" title="Burrow fossil">burrows</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Raindrop_impressions" title="Raindrop impressions">raindrop impressions</a> are sometimes preserved on shale bedding surfaces. Shales may also contain <a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">concretions</a> consisting of pyrite, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, or various carbonate minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198022–23_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198022–23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shales that are subject to heat and pressure of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> alter into a hard, fissile, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>. With continued increase in <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic grade">metamorphic grade</a> the sequence is <a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">phyllite</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_hydrocarbon_source_rock">As hydrocarbon source rock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As hydrocarbon source rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shale is the most common <a href="/wiki/Source_rock" title="Source rock">source rock</a> for hydrocarbons (<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of coarse sediments in most shale beds reflects the absence of strong currents in the waters of the depositional basin. These might have oxygenated the waters and destroyed organic matter before it could accumulate. The absence of carbonate rock in shale beds reflects the absence of organisms that might have secreted carbonate skeletons, also likely due to an anoxic environment. As a result, about 95% of organic matter in sedimentary rocks is found in shales and other mudrocks. Individual shale beds typically have an organic matter content of about 1%, but the richest source rocks may contain as much as 40% organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980396–397_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980396–397-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organic matter in shale is converted over time from the original proteins, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, and other organic molecules to <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">kerogen</a>, which at the higher temperatures found at greater depths of burial is further converted to <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> and petroleum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980397_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980397-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_mining_terminology">Historical mining terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical mining terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the mid-19th century, the terms <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, shale and <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> were not sharply distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of underground <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a>, shale was frequently referred to as slate well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black shale associated with coal seams is called black metal.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shale" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shale">Shale</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakken_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakken Formation">Bakken Formation</a> – Geological rock formation known for crude oil and gas production<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_Shale" title="Barnett Shale">Barnett Shale</a> – Geological formation in Texas, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearpaw_Formation" title="Bearpaw Formation">Bearpaw Formation</a> – Geologic formation in North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> – Fossil-bearing rock formation in the Canadian Rockies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Formation" title="Marcellus Formation">Marcellus Formation</a> – Middle Devonian age unit of sedimentary rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazon_Creek_fossil_beds" title="Mazon Creek fossil beds">Mazon Creek fossil beds</a> – Conservation lagerstätte in Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a> – Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a> – Natural gas trapped in shale formations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Shale" title="Wheeler Shale">Wheeler Shale</a> – Geologic formation in Utah notable for trilobite fossils</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wianamatta_Shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wianamatta Shale">Wianamatta Shale</a> – Geologic formation in Australia<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Blatt2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy (1996) <i>Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic</i>, 2nd ed., Freeman, pp. 281–292 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3">0-7167-2438-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RocksMaterials2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RocksMaterials2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224031431/http://wps.prenhall.com:80/esm_lutgens_foundations_3/0,6540,354318-,00.html">"Rocks: Materials of the Lithosphere – Summary"</a>. prenhall.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_lutgens_foundations_3/0,6540,354318-,00.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocks%3A+Materials+of+the+Lithosphere+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.pub=prenhall.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwps.prenhall.com%2Fesm_lutgens_foundations_3%2F0%2C6540%2C354318-%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs2006" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Sam (2006). <i>Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saddle_River,_New_Jersey" title="Upper Saddle River, New Jersey">Upper Saddle River, N.J.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131547283" title="Special:BookSources/0131547283"><bdi>0131547283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+sedimentology+and+stratigraphy&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0131547283&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blatt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy (1996) <i>Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic</i>, 2nd ed., Freeman, pp. 281–292 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3">0-7167-2438-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RocksMaterials-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RocksMaterials_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224031431/http://wps.prenhall.com:80/esm_lutgens_foundations_3/0,6540,354318-,00.html">"Rocks: Materials of the Lithosphere – Summary"</a>. prenhall.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_lutgens_foundations_3/0,6540,354318-,00.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocks%3A+Materials+of+the+Lithosphere+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.pub=prenhall.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwps.prenhall.com%2Fesm_lutgens_foundations_3%2F0%2C6540%2C354318-%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Paul Edwin; Maynard, J. Barry; Pryor, Wayne A. (1980). <i>Sedimentology of shale : study guide and reference source</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0387904301" title="Special:BookSources/0387904301"><bdi>0387904301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentology+of+shale+%3A+study+guide+and+reference+source&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54-56&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0387904301&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edwin&rft.au=Maynard%2C+J.+Barry&rft.au=Pryor%2C+Wayne+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198056-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198056_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198056_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerridayMontenari2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ferriday, Tim; Montenari, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468517816300053">"Chemostratigraphy and Chemofacies of Source Rock Analogues: A High-Resolution Analysis of Black Shale Successions from the Lower Silurian Formigoso Formation (Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain)"</a>. <i>Stratigraphy & Timescales</i>. <b>1</b>: 123–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.sats.2016.10.004">10.1016/bs.sats.2016.10.004</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science_Direct" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science Direct">Elsevier Science Direct</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stratigraphy+%26+Timescales&rft.atitle=Chemostratigraphy+and+Chemofacies+of+Source+Rock+Analogues%3A+A+High-Resolution+Analysis+of+Black+Shale+Successions+from+the+Lower+Silurian+Formigoso+Formation+%28Cantabrian+Mountains%2C+NW+Spain%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=123-255&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.sats.2016.10.004&rft.aulast=Ferriday&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Montenari%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS2468517816300053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198047–49-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198047–49_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198072-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198072_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198059-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198059_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1960" class="citation journal cs1">Berry, F.A. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1957-60/data/pg/0044/0006/0950/0953b.htm">"Geologic field evidence suggesting membrane properties of shales"</a>. <i>AAPG Bulletin</i>. <b>44</b> (6): 953–954<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Geologic+field+evidence+suggesting+membrane+properties+of+shales&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=953-954&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.datapages.com%2Fdata%2Fbulletns%2F1957-60%2Fdata%2Fpg%2F0044%2F0006%2F0950%2F0953b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996219-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996219_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996219_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattTracy1996">Blatt & Tracy 1996</a>, p. 219.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlattTracy1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFillmore2010" class="citation book cs1">Fillmore, Robert (2010). <i>Geological evolution of the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado, including the San Juan River, Natural Bridges, Canyonlands, Arches, and the Book Cliffs</i>. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 222-223, 236-241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607810049" title="Special:BookSources/9781607810049"><bdi>9781607810049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geological+evolution+of+the+Colorado+Plateau+of+eastern+Utah+and+western+Colorado%2C+including+the+San+Juan+River%2C+Natural+Bridges%2C+Canyonlands%2C+Arches%2C+and+the+Book+Cliffs&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=222-223%2C+236-241&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781607810049&rft.aulast=Fillmore&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996287–292-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996287–292_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattTracy1996">Blatt & Tracy 1996</a>, pp. 287–292.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlattTracy1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19808-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19808_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCave1975" class="citation journal cs1">McCave, I.N. (1975). "Vertical flux of particles in the ocean". <i>Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts</i>. <b>22</b> (7): 491–502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975DSRA...22..491M">1975DSRA...22..491M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0011-7471%2875%2990022-4">10.1016/0011-7471(75)90022-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+and+Oceanographic+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Vertical+flux+of+particles+in+the+ocean&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=491-502&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0011-7471%2875%2990022-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975DSRA...22..491M&rft.aulast=McCave&rft.aufirst=I.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19809-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor19809_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198010-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198010_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996265–280-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996265–280_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattTracy1996">Blatt & Tracy 1996</a>, pp. 265–280.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlattTracy1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006147–154_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, pp. 147–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choquette-pray-1970-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoquettePray1970" class="citation journal cs1">Choquette, P.W.; Pray, L.C. (1970). "Geologic Nomenclature and Classification of Porosity in Sedimentary Carbonates". <i>AAPG Bulletin</i>. <b>54</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D">10.1306/5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Geologic+Nomenclature+and+Classification+of+Porosity+in+Sedimentary+Carbonates&rft.volume=54&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D&rft.aulast=Choquette&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.au=Pray%2C+L.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006148-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006148_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonMontenari2020" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, Ethan J.; Montenari, Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468517820300010">"Assessing shale gas reservoir potential using multi-scaled SEM pore network characterizations and quantifications: The Ciñera-Matallana pull-apart basin, NW Spain"</a>. <i>Stratigraphy & Timescales</i>. <b>5</b>: 677–755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.sats.2020.07.001">10.1016/bs.sats.2020.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128209912" title="Special:BookSources/9780128209912"><bdi>9780128209912</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229217907">229217907</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stratigraphy+%26+Timescales&rft.atitle=Assessing+shale+gas+reservoir+potential+using+multi-scaled+SEM+pore+network+characterizations+and+quantifications%3A+The+Ci%C3%B1era-Matallana+pull-apart+basin%2C+NW+Spain&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=677-755&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229217907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.sats.2020.07.001&rft.isbn=9780128209912&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Ethan+J.&rft.au=Montenari%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS2468517820300010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLashBlood2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lash, G. G.; Blood, D. R. (1 January 2004). "Origin of Shale Fabric by Mechanical Compaction of Flocculated Clay: Evidence from the Upper Devonian Rhinestreet Shale, Western New York, U.S.A.". <i>Journal of Sedimentary Research</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 110–116. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JSedR..74..110L">2004JSedR..74..110L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F060103740110">10.1306/060103740110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sedimentary+Research&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Shale+Fabric+by+Mechanical+Compaction+of+Flocculated+Clay%3A+Evidence+from+the+Upper+Devonian+Rhinestreet+Shale%2C+Western+New+York%2C+U.S.A.&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110-116&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F060103740110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JSedR..74..110L&rft.aulast=Lash&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft.au=Blood%2C+D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSintubin1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sintubin, Manuel (1994). "Clay fabrics in relation to the burial history of shales". <i>Sedimentology</i>. <b>41</b> (6): 1161–1169. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sedim..41.1161S">1994Sedim..41.1161S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.1994.tb01447.x">10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01447.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentology&rft.atitle=Clay+fabrics+in+relation+to+the+burial+history+of+shales&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1161-1169&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.1994.tb01447.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sedim..41.1161S&rft.aulast=Sintubin&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattMiddletonMurray1980" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980). <i>Origin of sedimentary rocks</i> (2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 398–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136427103" title="Special:BookSources/0136427103"><bdi>0136427103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+sedimentary+rocks&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=398-400&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0136427103&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Murray%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006142,_145–154-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006142,_145–154_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, pp. 142, 145–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Zangerl and E. S. Richardson (1963) <i>The paleoecologic history of two Pennsylvanian shales</i>, Fieldiana Memoirs v. 4, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E.B._Tourtelot_1970,_pp._253-273-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E.B._Tourtelot_1970,_pp._253-273_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E.B._Tourtelot_1970,_pp._253-273_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.D._Vine_and_E.B._Tourtelot1970" class="citation journal cs1">J.D. Vine and E.B. Tourtelot (1970). "Geochemistry of black shale deposits – A summary report". <i>Economic Geology</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 253–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.65.3.253">10.2113/gsecongeo.65.3.253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=Geochemistry+of+black+shale+deposits+%E2%80%93+A+summary+report&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-273&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.65.3.253&rft.au=J.D.+Vine+and+E.B.+Tourtelot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.M._Coveney1979" class="citation journal cs1">R.M. Coveney (1979). "Zinc concentrations in mid-continent Pennsylvanian black shales of Missouri and Kansas". <i>Economic Geology</i>. <b>74</b>: 131–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.74.1.131">10.2113/gsecongeo.74.1.131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=Zinc+concentrations+in+mid-continent+Pennsylvanian+black+shales+of+Missouri+and+Kansas&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=131-140&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.74.1.131&rft.au=R.M.+Coveney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.M. Coveney (2003) "Metalliferous Paleozoic black shales and associated strata" in D.R. Lenz (ed.) <i>Geochemistry of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks</i>, Geotext 4, Geological Association of Canada pp. 135–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.D._Holland1979" class="citation journal cs1">H.D. Holland (1979). "Metals in black shales – A reassessment". <i>Economic Geology</i>. <b>70</b> (7): 1676–1680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.74.7.1676">10.2113/gsecongeo.74.7.1676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=Metals+in+black+shales+%E2%80%93+A+reassessment&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1676-1680&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.74.7.1676&rft.au=H.D.+Holland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198022–23-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198022–23_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMaynardPryor198014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980">Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980396–397-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980396–397_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattMiddletonMurray1980">Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980</a>, pp. 396–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980397-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980397_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattMiddletonMurray1980">Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980</a>, pp. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Raymond (1881) "Slate" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpqFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78"><i>A Glossary of Mining and Metallurigical Terms</i></a>, American Institute of Mining Engineers. p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert H. Fay (1920) "Slate" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6hCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA622"><i>A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry</i></a>, United States Bureau of Mines. p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1996" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Bucksch (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te9FMHjOR4oC&pg=PA61"><i>Dictionary geotechnical engineering: English German</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540581642" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540581642"><bdi>978-3540581642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+geotechnical+engineering%3A+English+German&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3540581642&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Bucksch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte9FMHjOR4oC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shale&oldid=1252421123">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shale&oldid=1252421123</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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