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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Synthesis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Synthesis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotope_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotope_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Isotope preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotope_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Metal preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds_and_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds_and_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Compounds and reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds_and_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds and reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds_and_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalcogenides_and_pnictides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcogenides_and_pnictides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Chalcogenides and pnictides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcogenides_and_pnictides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organocurium_compounds_and_biological_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organocurium_compounds_and_biological_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Organocurium compounds and biological aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organocurium_compounds_and_biological_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radionuclides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radionuclides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Radionuclides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radionuclides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-ray_spectrometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray_spectrometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 X-ray spectrometer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray_spectrometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Curium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" > 130 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኩሪየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኩሪየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्यूरियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्यूरियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كوريوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Curiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Curiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrium" title="Kürium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="কুরিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুরিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кюрий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Кюрый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кюрый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Кюр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кюр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्युरियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्युरियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кюрий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirij" title="Kirij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kirij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuriom" title="Kuriom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kuriom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curi" title="Curi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Curi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кюрий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuryo" title="Kuryo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kuryo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Curiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiwm" title="Curiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Curiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كوريوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوريوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuurium" title="Kuurium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuurium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κιούριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιούριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curio" title="Curio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Curio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuriumo" title="Kuriumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuriumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurio" title="Kurio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کوریم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curi" title="Curi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Curi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%BAiriam" title="Ciúiriam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciúiriam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curio" title="Curio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Curio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ક્યુરીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ક્યુરીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Куриум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Куриум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="퀴륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀴륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կյուրիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյուրիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्यूरियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्यूरियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirij" title="Kirij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kirij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuriumo" title="Kuriumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kuriumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kurium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChumumbi" title="IChumumbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IChumumbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curio" title="Curio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Curio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קוריום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kurium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%8Ar%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Kʊrɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kʊrɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯೂರಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯೂರಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კიურიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიურიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кюрий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuriom" title="Kuriom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kuriom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curi" title="Curi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Curi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кюрий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кюрий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кӱрий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӱрий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirijs" title="Kirijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kirijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiuris" title="Kiuris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kiuris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curio" title="Curio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Curio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%99urii" title="K’urii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="K’urii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrkuri" title="jinmrkuri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrkuri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%B1rium" title="Kűrium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kűrium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Кириум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кириум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ക്യൂറിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്യൂറിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्युरियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्युरियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كوريوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوريوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kurium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кюри – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кюри" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကျူရီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျူရီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्युरियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्युरियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="キュリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キュリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuurium" title="Kuurium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kuurium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="କ୍ୟୁରିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ୟୁରିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyuriy" title="Kyuriy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kyuriy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्युरियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्युरियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کیوریم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="کيوريوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيوريوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curio" title="Curio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Curio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiur_(pierwiastek)" title="Kiur (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kiur (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BArio" title="Cúrio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cúrio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuryu" title="Kuryu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuryu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кюрий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Күриум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күриум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्युरियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्युरियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B9riu" title="Cùriu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cùriu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiumi" title="Curiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Curiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Curiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirij" title="Kirij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kirij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="کوریۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوریۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Киријум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Киријум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirijum" title="Kirijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kirijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium" title="Curium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Curium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyuryo" title="Kyuryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kyuryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கியூரியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கியூரியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کیوریئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیوریئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A" title="كىيۇرىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىيۇرىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrii" title="Kürii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kürii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the ancient city located in Cyprus, see <a href="/wiki/Kourion" title="Kourion">Kourion</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 96 (Cm)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Curium, 96Cm</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Curium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Curium.jpg/220px-Curium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/Curium.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="221" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Curium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkjʊəriəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KURE-ee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery metallic, glows purple in the dark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[247]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Curium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> ↑ Cm ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> ← curium → <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">96</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f7 6d1 7s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1613 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1340 °C, 2444 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3383 K (3110 °C, 5630 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">13.51 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.85 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1788 </td> <td>1982 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-1">[1]</a> +5,<a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-2">[2]</a> +6<a href="#cite_note-CmO3-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 581 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 174 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">169±3 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Curium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Curium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Curium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Curium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Curium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Curium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Curium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of curium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">double hexagonal close-packed</a> (dhcp)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Double hexagonal close packed crystal structure for curium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.25 µΩ⋅m<a href="#cite_note-res-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition at 52 K<a href="#cite_note-res-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-51-9 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">named after <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._James" title="Ralph A. James">Ralph A. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> (1944)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium" title="Isotopes of curium">Isotopes of curium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_curium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox curium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_curium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox curium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[5]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">242Cm </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">162.8 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">238Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">CD</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lead-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-208">208Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">243Cm </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">29.1 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">239Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Americium-243" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium-243">243Am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">244Cm </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">18.11 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-240" title="Plutonium-240">240Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">245Cm </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8250 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-241" title="Plutonium-241">241Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">246Cm </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4760 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-242" title="Plutonium-242">242Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">247Cm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.56×107 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-243" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium-243">243Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">248Cm </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.480×105 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-244" title="Plutonium-244">244Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">250Cm </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8300 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-246" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium-246">246Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium-250" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium-250">250Bk</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Curium" title="Category:Curium">Category: Curium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_curium" title="Template:Infobox curium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_curium" title="Template talk:Infobox curium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_curium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox curium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Curium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Cm and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 96. This <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranic</a> <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> element was named after eminent scientists <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, both known for their research on <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. Curium was first intentionally made by the team of <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._James" title="Ralph A. James">Ralph A. James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> in 1944, using the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley</a>. They bombarded the newly discovered element <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> (the isotope <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">239Pu</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>. This was then sent to the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> where a tiny sample of curium was eventually separated and identified. The discovery was kept secret until after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The news was released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> or plutonium with <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> – one <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> of spent <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> contains ~20 grams of curium. Curium is a hard, dense, silvery metal with a high melting and boiling point for an actinide. It is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">ambient conditions</a>, but becomes <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetic</a> upon cooling, and other magnetic transitions are also seen in many curium compounds. In compounds, curium usually has <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">valence</a> +3 and sometimes +4; the +3 valence is predominant in solutions. Curium readily oxidizes, and its oxides are a dominant form of this element. It forms strongly <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescent</a> complexes with various organic compounds. If it gets into the human body, curium accumulates in bones, lungs, and liver, where it promotes <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. All known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of curium are radioactive and have small <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a>. The most stable isotope, 247Cm, has a half-life of 15.6 million years; the longest-lived curium isotopes predominantly emit <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha particles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> can use the heat from this process, but this is hindered by the rarity and high cost of curium. Curium is used in making heavier actinides and the 238Pu <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a> for power sources in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">artificial cardiac pacemakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">RTGs</a> for spacecraft. It served as the α-source in the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer" title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer">alpha particle X-ray spectrometers</a> of several space probes, including the <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rovers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae lander</a> on <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a>, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Researchers have proposed using curium as fuel in nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/170px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/255px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/340px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/170px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/255px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/340px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>The 60-inch (150 cm) cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, in August 1939.</figcaption></figure> Though curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments as well as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> at Oklo, Gabon, it was <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">first intentionally synthesized</a>, isolated and identified in 1944, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._James" title="Ralph A. James">Ralph A. James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In their experiments, they used a 60-inch (150 cm) <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. It was the third <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium element</a> to be discovered even though it is the fourth in the series – the lighter element <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> was still unknown.<a href="#cite_note-E96-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morrs-10">[10]</a> The sample was prepared as follows: first <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> nitrate solution was coated on a <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> foil of ~0.5 cm2 area, the solution was evaporated and the residue was converted into <a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">plutonium(IV) oxide</a> (PuO2) by <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(materials_science)" title="Annealing (materials science)">annealing</a>. Following cyclotron irradiation of the oxide, the coating was dissolved with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and then precipitated as the hydroxide using concentrated aqueous <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">ammonia solution</a>. The residue was dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">perchloric acid</a>, and further separation was done by <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> to yield a certain isotope of curium. The separation of curium and americium was so painstaking that the Berkeley group initially called those elements <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandemonium" class="extiw" title="wikt:pandemonium">pandemonium</a> (from Greek for all demons or hell) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delirium" class="extiw" title="wikt:delirium">delirium</a> (from Latin for madness).<a href="#cite_note-radio-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Curium-242 was made in July–August 1944[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] by bombarding 239Pu with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α-particles</a> to produce curium with the release of a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>:<a href="#cite_note-E96-9">[9]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{242}_{96}Cm + ^{1}_{0}n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>He</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>2</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>96</mn> <mn>242</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>n</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{242}_{96}Cm + ^{1}_{0}n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae2a20505f69db03e8cc17fbd5b314ceacaa0340" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.607ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{242}_{96}Cm + ^{1}_{0}n}}}"></dd></dl> Curium-242 was unambiguously identified by the characteristic energy of the α-particles emitted during the decay: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{242}_{96}Cm -> ^{238}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>96</mn> <mn>242</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>He</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>2</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{242}_{96}Cm -> ^{238}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df8974b59a8a286bef62f2d5fc445868c72b1fe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.478ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{242}_{96}Cm -> ^{238}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He}}}"></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of this <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> was first measured as 5 months (150 days)<a href="#cite_note-E96-9">[9]</a> and then corrected to 162.8 days.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[5]</a> Another isotope 240Cm was produced in a similar reaction in March 1945: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{240}_{96}Cm + 3^{1}_{0}n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>He</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>2</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>96</mn> <mn>240</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{240}_{96}Cm + 3^{1}_{0}n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3488ce1d6155b801e007b5722f837f232e042703" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.214ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{240}_{96}Cm + 3^{1}_{0}n}}}"></dd></dl> The α-decay half-life of 240Cm was determined as 26.8 days<a href="#cite_note-E96-9">[9]</a> and later revised to 30.4 days.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[5]</a> The discovery of curium and americium in 1944 was closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the <a href="/wiki/Quiz_Kids" title="Quiz Kids">Quiz Kids</a>, five days before the official presentation at an <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> meeting on November 11, 1945, when one listener asked if any new transuranic element beside plutonium and <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> had been discovered during the war.<a href="#cite_note-radio-11">[11]</a> The discovery of curium (242Cm and 240Cm), its production, and its compounds was later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_(Nobel-Chem).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg/150px-Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg/225px-Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg/300px-Marie_Curie_%28Nobel-Chem%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1293" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PierreCurie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PierreCurie.jpg/150px-PierreCurie.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PierreCurie.jpg/225px-PierreCurie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/PierreCurie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></div></div></div></div> The element was named after <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, who are known for discovering <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> and for their work in <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. It followed the example of <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>:<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><blockquote>As the name for the element of atomic number 96 we should like to propose "curium", with symbol Cm. The evidence indicates that element 96 contains seven 5f electrons and is thus analogous to the element gadolinium, with its seven 4f electrons in the regular rare earth series. On this basis element 96 is named after the Curies in a manner analogous to the naming of gadolinium, in which the chemist Gadolin was honored.<a href="#cite_note-E96-9">[9]</a></blockquote></dd></dl></dd></dl> The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and <a href="/wiki/Isadore_Perlman" title="Isadore Perlman">Isadore Perlman</a> made the first substantial sample of 30 μg curium-242 hydroxide at University of California, Berkeley in 1947 by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>-241 with neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Macroscopic amounts of <a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_fluoride" title="Curium(III) fluoride">curium(III) fluoride</a> were obtained in 1950 by W. W. T. Crane, J. C. Wallmann and B. B. Cunningham. Its magnetic susceptibility was very close to that of GdF3 providing the first experimental evidence for the +3 valence of curium in its compounds.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a> Curium metal was produced only in 1951 by reduction of CmF3 with <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CM_METALL-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closest_packing_ABAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/220px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/330px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/440px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Double-hexagonal close packing with the layer sequence ABAC in the crystal structure of α-curium (A: green, B: blue, C: red)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cm(HDPA)3%C2%B7H2O_PL_420_nm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cm%28HDPA%293%C2%B7H2O_PL_420_nm.jpg/220px-Cm%28HDPA%293%C2%B7H2O_PL_420_nm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cm%28HDPA%293%C2%B7H2O_PL_420_nm.jpg/330px-Cm%28HDPA%293%C2%B7H2O_PL_420_nm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cm%28HDPA%293%C2%B7H2O_PL_420_nm.jpg/440px-Cm%28HDPA%293%C2%B7H2O_PL_420_nm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescence</a> of the Cm(HDPA)3·H2O crystal upon <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> with 420 nm light</figcaption></figure> A synthetic, radioactive element, curium is a hard, dense metal with a silvery-white appearance and physical and chemical properties resembling <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>. Its melting point of 1344 °C is significantly higher than that of the previous elements neptunium (637 °C), plutonium (639 °C) and americium (1176 °C). In comparison, gadolinium melts at 1312 °C. Curium boils at 3556 °C. With a density of 13.52 g/cm3, curium is lighter than neptunium (20.45 g/cm3) and plutonium (19.8 g/cm3), but heavier than most other metals. Of two crystalline forms of curium, α-Cm is more stable at ambient conditions. It has a hexagonal symmetry, <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> P63/mmc, lattice parameters a = 365 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a> and c = 1182 pm, and four <a href="/wiki/Formula_unit" title="Formula unit">formula units</a> per <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milman-20">[20]</a> The crystal consists of double-<a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close packing</a> with the layer sequence ABAC and so is isotypic with α-lanthanum. At pressure >23 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>, at room temperature, α-Cm becomes β-Cm, which has <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> symmetry, space group Fm3m and lattice constant a = 493 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Milman-20">[20]</a> On further compression to 43 GPa, curium becomes an <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> γ-Cm structure similar to α-uranium, with no further transitions observed up to 52 GPa. These three curium phases are also called Cm I, II and III.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Curium has peculiar magnetic properties. Its neighbor element americium shows no deviation from <a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie-Weiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetism</a> in the entire temperature range, but α-Cm transforms to an <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetic</a> state upon cooling to 65–52 K,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and β-Cm exhibits a <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnetic</a> transition at ~205 K. Curium pnictides show <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> transitions upon cooling: 244CmN and 244CmAs at 109 K, 248CmP at 73 K and 248CmSb at 162 K. The lanthanide analog of curium, gadolinium, and its pnictides, also show magnetic transitions upon cooling, but the transition character is somewhat different: Gd and GdN become ferromagnetic, and GdP, GdAs and GdSb show antiferromagnetic ordering.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In accordance with magnetic data, electrical resistivity of curium increases with temperature – about twice between 4 and 60 K – and then is nearly constant up to room temperature. There is a significant increase in resistivity over time (~10 μΩ·cm/h) due to self-damage of the crystal lattice by alpha decay. This makes uncertain the true resistivity of curium (~125 μΩ·cm). Curium's resistivity is similar to that of gadolinium, and the actinides plutonium and neptunium, but significantly higher than that of americium, uranium, <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-res-4">[4]</a> Under ultraviolet illumination, curium(III) ions show strong and stable yellow-orange <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> with a maximum in the range of 590–640 nm depending on their environment.<a href="#cite_note-denecke-26">[26]</a> The fluorescence originates from the transitions from the first excited state 6D7/2 and the ground state 8S7/2. Analysis of this fluorescence allows monitoring interactions between Cm(III) ions in organic and inorganic complexes.<a href="#cite_note-plb-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curium-248.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Curium-248.png/150px-Curium-248.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Curium-248.png/225px-Curium-248.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Curium-248.png/300px-Curium-248.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>A solution of curium</figcaption></figure> Curium ion in solution almost always has a +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>, the most stable oxidation state for curium.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A +4 oxidation state is seen mainly in a few solid phases, such as CmO2 and CmF4.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-asprey-30">[30]</a> Aqueous curium(IV) is only known in the presence of strong oxidizers such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_persulfate" title="Potassium persulfate">potassium persulfate</a>, and is easily reduced to curium(III) by <a href="/wiki/Radiolysis" title="Radiolysis">radiolysis</a> and even by water itself.<a href="#cite_note-Lumetta-31">[31]</a> Chemical behavior of curium is different from the actinides thorium and uranium, and is similar to americium and many <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>. In aqueous solution, the Cm3+ ion is colorless to pale green;<a href="#cite_note-g1265-32">[32]</a> Cm4+ ion is pale yellow.<a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1956-33">[33]</a> The optical absorption of Cm3+ ion contains three sharp peaks at 375.4, 381.2 and 396.5 nm and their strength can be directly converted into the concentration of the ions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The +6 oxidation state has only been reported once in solution in 1978, as the curyl ion (CmO2+ 2): this was prepared from <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Americium-242" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium-242">americium-242</a> in the americium(V) ion 242 AmO+ 2.<a href="#cite_note-CmO3-3">[3]</a> Failure to get Cm(VI) from oxidation of Cm(III) and Cm(IV) may be due to the high Cm4+/Cm3+ <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization potential</a> and the instability of Cm(V).<a href="#cite_note-Lumetta-31">[31]</a> Curium ions are <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">hard Lewis acids</a> and thus form most stable complexes with hard bases.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The bonding is mostly ionic, with a small covalent component.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Curium in its complexes commonly exhibits a 9-fold coordination environment, with a <a href="/wiki/Tricapped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium" title="Isotopes of curium">Isotopes of curium</a></div> About 19 <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>, 233Cm to 251Cm, are known; none are <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a>. The longest half-lives are 15.6 million years (247Cm) and 348,000 years (248Cm). Other long-lived ones are 245Cm (8500 years), 250Cm (8300 years) and 246Cm (4760 years). Curium-250 is unusual: it mostly (~86%) decays by <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>. The most commonly used isotopes are 242Cm and 244Cm with the half-lives 162.8 days and 18.11 years, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-5">[5]</a> <div style="float:right; margin:0.5em; font-size:85%;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature#Thermal" title="Neutron temperature">Thermal neutron</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">cross sections</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">barns</a>)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>242Cm</td> <td>243Cm</td> <td>244Cm</td> <td>245Cm</td> <td>246Cm</td> <td>247Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fission</td> <td>5</td> <td>617</td> <td>1.04</td> <td>2145</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>81.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capture</td> <td>16</td> <td>130</td> <td>15.20</td> <td>369</td> <td>1.22</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C/F ratio</td> <td>3.20</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>14.62</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>8.71</td> <td>0.70 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium#Low-enriched_uranium_(LEU)" title="Enriched uranium">LEU</a> <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a> 20 years after 53 MWd/kg <a href="/wiki/Burnup" title="Burnup">burnup</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">3 common isotopes</td> <td>51</td> <td>3700</td> <td>390</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">Fast-neutron reactor</a> <a href="/wiki/MOX_fuel" title="MOX fuel">MOX fuel</a> (avg 5 samples, <a href="/wiki/Burnup" title="Burnup">burnup</a> 66–120 GWd/t)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Total curium 3.09×10−3%</td> <td>27.64%</td> <td>70.16%</td> <td>2.166%</td> <td>0.0376%</td> <td>0.000928% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Isotope</td> <td>242Cm</td> <td>243Cm</td> <td>244Cm</td> <td>245Cm</td> <td>246Cm</td> <td>247Cm</td> <td>248Cm</td> <td>250Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">Critical mass</a>, kg</td> <td>25</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>33</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>39</td> <td>7</td> <td>40.4</td> <td>23.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> All isotopes ranging from 242Cm to 248Cm, as well as 250Cm, undergo a self-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a> and thus in principle can be a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> in a reactor. As in most transuranic elements, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> cross section is especially high for the odd-mass curium isotopes 243Cm, 245Cm and 247Cm. These can be used in <a href="/wiki/Thermal-neutron_reactor" title="Thermal-neutron reactor">thermal-neutron reactors</a>, whereas a mixture of curium isotopes is only suitable for <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor#Fast_breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">fast breeder reactors</a> since the even-mass isotopes are not fissile in a thermal reactor and accumulate as burn-up increases.<a href="#cite_note-irsn-41">[41]</a> The mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, which is to be used in power reactors, should contain little or no curium because <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a> of 248Cm will create <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>. Californium is a strong <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> emitter, and would pollute the back end of the fuel cycle and increase the dose to reactor personnel. Hence, if <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor actinides</a> are to be used as fuel in a thermal neutron reactor, the curium should be excluded from the fuel or placed in special fuel rods where it is the only actinide present.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasahara.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/330px-Sasahara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/495px-Sasahara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sasahara.svg/660px-Sasahara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Transmutation flow between 238Pu and 244Cm in LWR.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Fission percentage is 100 minus shown percentages. Total rate of transmutation varies greatly by nuclide. 245Cm–248Cm are long-lived with negligible decay.</figcaption></figure> The adjacent table lists the <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical masses</a> for curium isotopes for a sphere, without moderator or reflector. With a metal reflector (30 cm of steel), the critical masses of the odd isotopes are about 3–4 kg. When using water (thickness ~20–30 cm) as the reflector, the critical mass can be as small as 59 grams for 245Cm, 155 grams for 243Cm and 1550 grams for 247Cm. There is significant uncertainty in these critical mass values. While it is usually on the order of 20%, the values for 242Cm and 246Cm were listed as large as 371 kg and 70.1 kg, respectively, by some research groups.<a href="#cite_note-irsn-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Curium is not currently used as nuclear fuel due to its low availability and high price.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> 245Cm and 247Cm have very small critical mass and so could be used in <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapon" title="Tactical nuclear weapon">tactical nuclear weapons</a>, but none are known to have been made. Curium-243 is not suitable for such, due to its short half-life and strong α emission, which would cause excessive heat.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Curium-247 would be highly suitable due to its long half-life, which is 647 times longer than <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> (used in many existing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg/220px-Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg/330px-Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg/440px-Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Several isotopes of curium were detected in the fallout from the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a> nuclear test.</figcaption></figure> The longest-lived isotope, 247Cm, has half-life 15.6 million years; so any <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> curium, that is, present on Earth when it formed, should have decayed by now. Its past presence as an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct radionuclide</a> is detectable as an excess of its primordial, long-lived daughter 235U.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Traces of 242Cm may occur naturally in uranium minerals due to neutron capture and beta decay (238U → 239Pu → 240Pu → 241Am → 242Cm), though the quantities would be tiny and this has not been confirmed: even with "extremely generous" estimates for neutron absorption possibilities, the quantity of 242Cm present in 1 × 108 kg of 18% uranium pitchblende would not even be one atom.<a href="#cite_note-ThorntonBurdette-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Traces of 247Cm are also probably brought to Earth in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>, but this also has not been confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-ThorntonBurdette-48">[48]</a> There is also the possibility of 244Cm being produced as the <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> daughter of natural 244Pu.<a href="#cite_note-ThorntonBurdette-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tretyak2002-51">[51]</a> Curium is made artificially in small amounts for research purposes. It also occurs as one of the waste products in <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Curium is present in nature in some areas used for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lenntech-54">[54]</a> Analysis of the debris at the test site of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' first <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a> (1 November 1952, <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a>), besides <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> also revealed isotopes of berkelium, californium and curium, in particular 245Cm, 246Cm and smaller quantities of 247Cm, 248Cm and 249Cm.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Atmospheric curium compounds are poorly soluble in common solvents and mostly adhere to soil particles. Soil analysis revealed about 4,000 times higher concentration of curium at the sandy soil particles than in water present in the soil pores. An even higher ratio of about 18,000 was measured in <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> soils.<a href="#cite_note-LA2-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium elements</a> from americium to fermium, including curium, occurred naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oklo" title="Oklo">Oklo</a>, but no longer do so.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-57">[57]</a> Curium, and other non-primordial actinides, have also been suspected to exist in the spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Przybylski%27s_Star" title="Przybylski's Star">Przybylski's Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gopka08-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synthesis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotope_preparation">Isotope preparation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Isotope preparation">edit</a>]</div> Curium is made in small amounts in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, and by now only kilograms of 242Cm and 244Cm have been accumulated, and grams or even milligrams for heavier isotopes. Hence the high price of curium, which has been quoted at 160–185 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> per milligram,<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a> with a more recent estimate at US$2,000/g for 242Cm and US$170/g for 244Cm.<a href="#cite_note-lect-59">[59]</a> In nuclear reactors, curium is formed from 238U in a series of nuclear reactions. In the first chain, 238U captures a neutron and converts into 239U, which via <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β− decay</a> transforms into 239Np and 239Pu. <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U->[{\ce {(n,\gamma )}}]{^{239}_{92}U}->[\beta ^{-}][23.5\ {\ce {min}}]_{93}^{239}Np->[\beta ^{-}][2.3565\ {\ce {d}}]_{94}^{239}Pu}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>92</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>92</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>23.5</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>min</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>93</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>239</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Np</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>2.3565</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>239</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Pu</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U->[{\ce {(n,\gamma )}}]{^{239}_{92}U}->[\beta ^{-}][23.5\ {\ce {min}}]_{93}^{239}Np->[\beta ^{-}][2.3565\ {\ce {d}}]_{94}^{239}Pu}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c30c60d3b829e92822267f24b94337ce0d267d38" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.948ex; margin-bottom: -0.39ex; width:43.765ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U->[{\ce {(n,\gamma )}}]{^{239}_{92}U}->[\beta ^{-}][23.5\ {\ce {min}}]_{93}^{239}Np->[\beta ^{-}][2.3565\ {\ce {d}}]_{94}^{239}Pu}}}"> (the times are <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a>).</td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(1)</td></tr></tbody></table> Further neutron capture followed by β−-decay gives <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> (241Am) which further becomes 242Cm: <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu->[{\ce {2(n,\gamma )}}]_{94}^{241}Pu->[\beta ^{-}][14.35\ {\ce {yr}}]{^{241}_{95}Am}->[{\ce {(n,\gamma )}}]_{95}^{242}Am->[\beta ^{-}][16.02{\ce {h}}]_{96}^{242}Cm}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>241</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>14.35</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>yr</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Am</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>95</mn> <mn>241</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>95</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>242</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Am</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>16.02</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>96</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>242</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Cm</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu->[{\ce {2(n,\gamma )}}]_{94}^{241}Pu->[\beta ^{-}][14.35\ {\ce {yr}}]{^{241}_{95}Am}->[{\ce {(n,\gamma )}}]_{95}^{242}Am->[\beta ^{-}][16.02{\ce {h}}]_{96}^{242}Cm}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee8c743c87eab605b6f80f80388eeb9f462b4086" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.097ex; margin-bottom: -0.574ex; width:59.347ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu->[{\ce {2(n,\gamma )}}]_{94}^{241}Pu->[\beta ^{-}][14.35\ {\ce {yr}}]{^{241}_{95}Am}->[{\ce {(n,\gamma )}}]_{95}^{242}Am->[\beta ^{-}][16.02{\ce {h}}]_{96}^{242}Cm}}}">.</td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(2)</td></tr></tbody></table> For research purposes, curium is obtained by irradiating not uranium but plutonium, which is available in large amounts from spent nuclear fuel. A much higher neutron flux is used for the irradiation that results in a different reaction chain and formation of 244Cm:<a href="#cite_note-Morrs-10">[10]</a> <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu->[{\ce {4(n,\gamma )}}]_{94}^{243}Pu->[\beta ^{-}][4.956\ {\ce {h}}]_{95}^{243}Am->[({\ce {n}},\gamma )]_{95}^{244}Am->[\beta ^{-}][10.1{\ce {h}}]_{96}^{244}Cm->[\alpha ][18.11\ {\ce {yr}}]_{94}^{240}Pu}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>94</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>243</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>4.956</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>95</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>243</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Am</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>95</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>244</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Am</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>10.1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>96</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>244</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>18.11</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>yr</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>α</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>240</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Pu</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu->[{\ce {4(n,\gamma )}}]_{94}^{243}Pu->[\beta ^{-}][4.956\ {\ce {h}}]_{95}^{243}Am->[({\ce {n}},\gamma )]_{95}^{244}Am->[\beta ^{-}][10.1{\ce {h}}]_{96}^{244}Cm->[\alpha ][18.11\ {\ce {yr}}]_{94}^{240}Pu}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e202c162172b717f887b5f0bd06d3e01057ae924" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.199ex; margin-bottom: -0.472ex; width:72.01ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu->[{\ce {4(n,\gamma )}}]_{94}^{243}Pu->[\beta ^{-}][4.956\ {\ce {h}}]_{95}^{243}Am->[({\ce {n}},\gamma )]_{95}^{244}Am->[\beta ^{-}][10.1{\ce {h}}]_{96}^{244}Cm->[\alpha ][18.11\ {\ce {yr}}]_{94}^{240}Pu}}}"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(3)</td></tr></tbody></table> Curium-244 alpha decays to 240Pu, but it also absorbs neutrons, hence a small amount of heavier curium isotopes. Of those, 247Cm and 248Cm are popular in scientific research due to their long half-lives. But the production rate of 247Cm in thermal neutron reactors is low because it is prone to fission due to thermal neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-haire-60">[60]</a> Synthesis of 250Cm by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> is unlikely due to the short half-life of the intermediate 249Cm (64 min), which β− decays to the <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> isotope 249Bk.<a href="#cite_note-haire-60">[60]</a> <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{\mathit {A}}_{96}Cm{}+_{0}^{1}n->_{96}^{{\mathit {A}}+1}Cm{}+\gamma }}\ ({\text{for }}244\leq A\leq 248)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>96</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">A</mtext> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> <msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>96</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">A</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>for </mtext> </mrow> <mn>244</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>248</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{\mathit {A}}_{96}Cm{}+_{0}^{1}n->_{96}^{{\mathit {A}}+1}Cm{}+\gamma }}\ ({\text{for }}244\leq A\leq 248)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/809230b148ca4fbd172c2dd57d62d029a09cfe83" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:47.657ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{\mathit {A}}_{96}Cm{}+_{0}^{1}n->_{96}^{{\mathit {A}}+1}Cm{}+\gamma }}\ ({\text{for }}244\leq A\leq 248)}"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(4)</td></tr></tbody></table> The above cascade of (n,γ) reactions gives a mix of different curium isotopes. Their post-synthesis separation is cumbersome, so a selective synthesis is desired. Curium-248 is favored for research purposes due to its long half-life. The most efficient way to prepare this isotope is by α-decay of the <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> isotope 252Cf, which is available in relatively large amounts due to its long half-life (2.65 years). About 35–50 mg of 248Cm is produced thus, per year. The associated reaction produces 248Cm with isotopic purity of 97%.<a href="#cite_note-haire-60">[60]</a> <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{}\\{\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[\alpha][2.645\ {\ce {yr}}] ^{248}_{96}Cm}}\\{}\end{matrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>252</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>2.645</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>yr</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>α</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>96</mn> <mn>248</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{}\\{\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[\alpha][2.645\ {\ce {yr}}] ^{248}_{96}Cm}}\\{}\end{matrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6cc4394eb604706a66a7112cda30cf38f857380" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.338ex; width:20.488ex; height:11.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{}\\{\ce {^{252}_{98}Cf ->[\alpha][2.645\ {\ce {yr}}] ^{248}_{96}Cm}}\\{}\end{matrix}}}"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(5)</td></tr></tbody></table> Another isotope, 245Cm, can be obtained for research, from α-decay of 249Cf; the latter isotope is produced in small amounts from β−-decay of 249<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>. <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][330\ {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{98}Cf ->[\alpha][351\ {\ce {yr}}] ^{245}_{96}Cm}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>97</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>330</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>98</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>351</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>yr</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>α</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>96</mn> <mn>245</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][330\ {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{98}Cf ->[\alpha][351\ {\ce {yr}}] ^{245}_{96}Cm}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ccddd548852fda4a6af794bec61eda1293ebdd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.079ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.592ex; width:30.545ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][330\ {\ce {d}}] ^{249}_{98}Cf ->[\alpha][351\ {\ce {yr}}] ^{245}_{96}Cm}}}"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(6)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_preparation">Metal preparation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metal preparation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png/220px-Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png/330px-Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png/440px-Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">elution</a> curves revealing the similarity between Tb, Gd, Eu lanthanides and corresponding Bk, Cm, Am actinides</figcaption></figure> Most synthesis routines yield a mix of actinide isotopes as <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>, from which a given isotope of curium needs to be separated. An example procedure could be to dissolve spent reactor fuel (e.g. <a href="/wiki/MOX_fuel" title="MOX fuel">MOX fuel</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, and remove the bulk of the uranium and plutonium using a <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> (Plutonium – URanium EXtraction) type extraction with <a href="/wiki/Tributyl_phosphate" title="Tributyl phosphate">tributyl phosphate</a> in a hydrocarbon. The lanthanides and the remaining actinides are then separated from the aqueous residue (<a href="/wiki/Raffinate" title="Raffinate">raffinate</a>) by a diamide-based extraction to give, after stripping, a mixture of trivalent actinides and lanthanides. A curium compound is then selectively extracted using multi-step <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatographic</a> and centrifugation techniques with an appropriate reagent.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/BTBP" title="BTBP">Bis-triazinyl bipyridine</a> complex has been recently proposed as such reagent which is highly selective to curium.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Separation of curium from the very chemically similar americium can also be done by treating a slurry of their hydroxides in aqueous <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> at elevated temperature. Both americium and curium are present in solutions mostly in the +3 valence state; americium oxidizes to soluble Am(IV) complexes, but curium stays unchanged and so can be isolated by repeated centrifugation.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Metallic curium is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> of its compounds. Initially, curium(III) fluoride was used for this purpose. The reaction was done in an environment free of water and oxygen, in an apparatus made of <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, using elemental <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> as reducing agents.<a href="#cite_note-Morrs-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-CM_METALL-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-cunning-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmF_{3}\ +\ 3\ Li\ \longrightarrow \ Cm\ +\ 3\ LiF} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmF_{3}\ +\ 3\ Li\ \longrightarrow \ Cm\ +\ 3\ LiF} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d611585f0ee03a559e7459ce037318a37b21e5fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:33.264ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmF_{3}\ +\ 3\ Li\ \longrightarrow \ Cm\ +\ 3\ LiF} }"></dd></dl> Another possibility is reduction of curium(IV) oxide using a magnesium-zinc alloy in a melt of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">magnesium fluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds_and_reactions">Compounds and reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compounds and reactions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curium_compounds" title="Curium compounds">Curium compounds</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides">Oxides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oxides">edit</a>]</div> Curium readily reacts with oxygen forming mostly Cm2O3 and CmO2 oxides,<a href="#cite_note-lenntech-54">[54]</a> but the divalent oxide CmO is also known.<a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1972-68">[68]</a> Black CmO2 can be obtained by burning curium <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> (Cm 2(C 2O 4) 3), nitrate (Cm(NO 3) 3), or hydroxide in pure oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-asprey-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-g1268-69">[69]</a> Upon heating to 600–650 °C in vacuum (about 0.01 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a>), it transforms into the whitish Cm2O3:<a href="#cite_note-asprey-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {4CmO2 ->[\Delta T] 2Cm2O3 + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CmO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {4CmO2 ->[\Delta T] 2Cm2O3 + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d347ad5669ad313e0453be3c15f15e400c2d5ef8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.441ex; width:27.949ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {4CmO2 ->[\Delta T] 2Cm2O3 + O2}}}">.</dd></dl> Or, Cm2O3 can be obtained by reducing CmO2 with molecular <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>:<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2CmO2 + H2 -> Cm2O3 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CmO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2CmO2 + H2 -> Cm2O3 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2cca54f91aeaf630708437ec05a244d846a0616" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.736ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2CmO2 + H2 -> Cm2O3 + H2O}}}"></dd></dl> Also, a number of ternary oxides of the type M(II)CmO3 are known, where M stands for a divalent metal, such as barium.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Thermal oxidation of trace quantities of curium hydride (CmH2–3) has been reported to give a volatile form of CmO2 and the volatile trioxide CmO3, one of two known examples of the very rare +6 state for curium.<a href="#cite_note-CmO3-3">[3]</a> Another observed species was reported to behave similar to a supposed plutonium tetroxide and was tentatively characterized as CmO4, with curium in the extremely rare +8 state;<a href="#cite_note-CmO4-73">[73]</a> but new experiments seem to indicate that CmO4 does not exist, and have cast doubt on the existence of PuO4 as well.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> The colorless curium(III) fluoride (CmF3) can be made by adding fluoride ions into curium(III)-containing solutions. The brown tetravalent curium(IV) fluoride (CmF4) on the other hand is only obtained by reacting curium(III) fluoride with molecular <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Morrs-10">[10]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ CmF_{3}\ +\ F_{2}\ \longrightarrow \ 2\ CmF_{4}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ CmF_{3}\ +\ F_{2}\ \longrightarrow \ 2\ CmF_{4}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d117bf46864067e90113fa95b1f414a309ec901" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.689ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ CmF_{3}\ +\ F_{2}\ \longrightarrow \ 2\ CmF_{4}} }"></dd></dl> A series of ternary fluorides are known of the form A7Cm6F31 (A = <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The colorless <a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_chloride" title="Curium(III) chloride">curium(III) chloride</a> (CmCl3) is made by reacting <a href="/wiki/Curium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium hydroxide">curium hydroxide</a> (Cm(OH)3) with anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> gas. It can be further turned into other halides such as curium(III) bromide (colorless to light green) and <a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_iodide" title="Curium(III) iodide">curium(III) iodide</a> (colorless), by reacting it with the <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> salt of the corresponding halide at temperatures of ~400–450 °C:<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmCl_{3}\ +\ 3\ NH_{4}I\ \longrightarrow \ CmI_{3}\ +\ 3\ NH_{4}Cl} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmCl_{3}\ +\ 3\ NH_{4}I\ \longrightarrow \ CmI_{3}\ +\ 3\ NH_{4}Cl} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b855c80caefa59c7d2261e658eb31d96c31face2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:42.493ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmCl_{3}\ +\ 3\ NH_{4}I\ \longrightarrow \ CmI_{3}\ +\ 3\ NH_{4}Cl} }"></dd></dl> Or, one can heat curium oxide to ~600°C with the corresponding acid (such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrobromic_acid" title="Hydrobromic acid">hydrobromic</a> for curium bromide).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Vapor phase <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of curium(III) chloride gives curium oxychloride:<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmCl_{3}\ +\ \ H_{2}O\ \longrightarrow \ CmOCl\ +\ 2\ HCl} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmCl_{3}\ +\ \ H_{2}O\ \longrightarrow \ CmOCl\ +\ 2\ HCl} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f539e0d89c6dec22a8c13418d6a82821c77878d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:39.998ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CmCl_{3}\ +\ \ H_{2}O\ \longrightarrow \ CmOCl\ +\ 2\ HCl} }"></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcogenides_and_pnictides">Chalcogenides and pnictides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chalcogenides and pnictides">edit</a>]</div> Sulfides, selenides and tellurides of curium have been obtained by treating curium with gaseous <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> in vacuum at elevated temperature.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Curium <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictides</a> of the type CmX are known for <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morrs-10">[10]</a> They can be prepared by reacting either curium(III) hydride (CmH3) or metallic curium with these elements at elevated temperature.<a href="#cite_note-CuriumChap9-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organocurium_compounds_and_biological_aspects">Organocurium compounds and biological aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organocurium compounds and biological aspects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranocene-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uranocene-3D-balls.png/110px-Uranocene-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uranocene-3D-balls.png/165px-Uranocene-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uranocene-3D-balls.png/220px-Uranocene-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Predicted curocene structure</figcaption></figure> Organometallic complexes analogous to <a href="/wiki/Uranocene" title="Uranocene">uranocene</a> are known also for other actinides, such as thorium, protactinium, neptunium, plutonium and americium. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory" title="Molecular orbital theory">Molecular orbital theory</a> predicts a stable "curocene" complex (η8-C8H8)2Cm, but it has not been reported experimentally yet.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Formation of the complexes of the type Cm(n-C 3H 7-BTP) 3 (BTP = 2,6-di(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine), in solutions containing n-C3H7-BTP and Cm3+ ions has been confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure" title="Extended X-ray absorption fine structure">EXAFS</a>. Some of these BTP-type complexes selectively interact with curium and thus are useful for separating it from lanthanides and another actinides.<a href="#cite_note-denecke-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Dissolved Cm3+ ions bind with many organic compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxamic_acid" title="Hydroxamic acid">hydroxamic acid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pl1-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pl2-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">fluorescein</a><a href="#cite_note-pl3-88">[88]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pl4-89">[89]</a> Many of these compounds are related to biological activity of various <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. The resulting complexes show strong yellow-orange emission under UV light excitation, which is convenient not only for their detection, but also for studying interactions between the Cm3+ ion and the ligands via changes in the half-life (of the order ~0.1 ms) and spectrum of the fluorescence.<a href="#cite_note-plb-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl1-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl2-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl3-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl4-89">[89]</a> There are a few reports on <a href="/wiki/Biosorption" title="Biosorption">biosorption</a> of Cm3+ by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and in the laboratory both americium and curium were found to support the growth of <a href="/wiki/Methylotroph" title="Methylotroph">methylotrophs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radionuclides">Radionuclides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Radionuclides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curium_self-glow_radiation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Curium_self-glow_radiation.jpg/220px-Curium_self-glow_radiation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/29/Curium_self-glow_radiation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>The radiation from curium is so strong that the metal glows purple in the dark.</figcaption></figure> Curium is one of the most radioactive isolable elements. Its two most common isotopes 242Cm and 244Cm are strong alpha emitters (energy 6 MeV); they have fairly short half-lives, 162.8 days and 18.1 years, and give as much as 120 W/g and 3 W/g of heat, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Binder-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Therefore, curium can be used in its common oxide form in <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> like those in spacecraft. This application has been studied for the 244Cm isotope, while 242Cm was abandoned due to its prohibitive price, around 2000 USD/g. 243Cm with a ~30-year half-life and good energy yield of ~1.6 W/g could be a suitable fuel, but it gives significant amounts of harmful <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta</a> rays from radioactive decay products. As an α-emitter, 244Cm needs much less radiation shielding, but it has a high spontaneous fission rate, and thus a lot of neutron and gamma radiation. Compared to a competing thermoelectric generator isotope such as 238Pu, 244Cm emits 500 times more neutrons, and its higher gamma emission requires a shield that is 20 times thicker—2 inches (51 mm) of lead for a 1 kW source, compared to 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) for 238Pu. Therefore, this use of curium is currently considered impractical.<a href="#cite_note-lect-59">[59]</a> A more promising use of 242Cm is for making 238Pu, a better radioisotope for thermoelectric generators such as in heart pacemakers. The alternate routes to 238Pu use the (n,γ) reaction of 237Np, or <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuteron</a> bombardment of uranium, though both reactions always produce 236Pu as an undesired by-product since the latter decays to 232U with strong gamma emission.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Curium is a common starting material for making higher <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a>. Thus, bombarding 248Cm with neon (22Ne), magnesium (26Mg), or calcium (<a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48Ca</a>) yields isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a> (265Sg), <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a> (269Hs and 270Hs), and <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> (292Lv, 293Lv, and possibly 294Lv).<a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1980-96">[96]</a> Californium was discovered when a microgram-sized target of curium-242 was irradiated with 35 MeV <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> using the 60-inch (150 cm) cyclotron at Berkeley: <dl><dd>242 96Cm + 4 2He → 245 98Cf + 1 0n </dd></dl> Only about 5,000 atoms of californium were produced in this experiment.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The odd-mass curium isotopes 243Cm, 245Cm, and 247Cm are all highly <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile</a> and can release additional energy in a thermal spectrum <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>. All curium isotopes are fissionable in fast-neutron reactors. This is one of the motives for <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor actinide</a> separation and transmutation in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">nuclear fuel cycle</a>, helping to reduce the long-term radiotoxicity of used, or <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg/220px-MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg/330px-MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg/440px-MER_APXS_PIA05113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer of a Mars exploration rover</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-ray_spectrometer">X-ray spectrometer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: X-ray spectrometer">edit</a>]</div> The most practical application of 244Cm—though rather limited in total volume—is as α-particle source in <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer" title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer">alpha particle X-ray spectrometers</a> (APXS). These instruments were installed on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Sojourner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae comet lander</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> to analyze the composition and structure of the rocks on the surface of planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> APXS was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor 5–7</a> moon probes but with a 242Cm source.<a href="#cite_note-LA2-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> An elaborate APXS setup has a sensor head containing six curium sources with a total decay rate of several tens of <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">millicuries</a> (roughly one <a href="/wiki/Gigabecquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabecquerel">gigabecquerel</a>). The sources are collimated on a sample, and the energy spectra of the alpha particles and protons scattered from the sample are analyzed (proton analysis is done only in some spectrometers). These spectra contain quantitative information on all major elements in the sample except for hydrogen, helium and lithium.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> Due to its radioactivity, curium and its compounds must be handled in appropriate labs under special arrangements. While curium itself mostly emits α-particles which are absorbed by thin layers of common materials, some of its decay products emit significant fractions of beta and gamma rays, which require a more elaborate protection.<a href="#cite_note-lenntech-54">[54]</a> If consumed, curium is excreted within a few days and only 0.05% is absorbed in the blood. From there, ~45% goes to the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, 45% to the bones, and the remaining 10% is excreted. In bone, curium accumulates on the inside of the interfaces to the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> and does not significantly redistribute with time; its radiation destroys bone marrow and thus stops <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a> creation. The <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">biological half-life</a> of curium is about 20 years in the liver and 50 years in the bones.<a href="#cite_note-lenntech-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA2-56">[56]</a> Curium is absorbed in the body much more strongly via inhalation, and the allowed total dose of 244Cm in soluble form is 0.3 μ<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Ci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a> Intravenous injection of 242Cm- and 244Cm-containing solutions to rats increased the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Bone_tumor" title="Bone tumor">bone tumor</a>, and inhalation promoted <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lenntech-54">[54]</a> Curium isotopes are inevitably present in spent nuclear fuel (about 20 g/tonne).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The isotopes 245Cm–248Cm have decay times of thousands of years and must be removed to neutralize the fuel for disposal.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Such a procedure involves several steps, where curium is first separated and then converted by neutron bombardment in special reactors to short-lived nuclides. This procedure, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutation</a>, while well documented for other elements, is still being developed for curium.<a href="#cite_note-denecke-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GE28-1"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 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Retrieved 2011-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Rosetta+Lander+Philae&rft.pub=Bernd-leitenberger.de&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernd-leitenberger.de%2Fphilae.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieder,_R.Wanke,_H.Economou,_T.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rieder, R.; Wanke, H.; Economou, T. (September 1996). "An Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer for Mars-96 and Mars Pathfinder". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 28: 1062. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996DPS....28.0221R">1996DPS....28.0221R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Alpha+Proton+X-Ray+Spectrometer+for+Mars-96+and+Mars+Pathfinder&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=1062&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996DPS....28.0221R&rft.au=Rieder%2C+R.&rft.au=Wanke%2C+H.&rft.au=Economou%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Leitenberger, Bernd <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/surveyor.shtml">Die Surveyor Raumsonden</a> (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicks,_Oran1985" class="citation book cs1">Nicks, Oran (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-480/ch9.htm">"Ch. 9. Essentials for Surveyor"</a>. SP-480 Far Travelers: The Exploring Machines. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+9.+Essentials+for+Surveyor&rft.btitle=SP-480+Far+Travelers%3A+The+Exploring+Machines&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Nicks%2C+Oran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-480%2Fch9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060302040531/http://athena.cornell.edu/pdf/tb_apxs.pdf">Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)</a>, Cornell University </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Hoffmann, K. Kann man Gold machen? Gauner, Gaukler und Gelehrte. Aus der Geschichte der chemischen Elemente (Can you make gold? Crooks, clowns and scholars. From the history of the chemical elements), Urania-Verlag, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1979, no ISBN, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Baetslé, L. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~pub_off/lectures/lns012/Baetsle.pdf">Application of Partitioning/Transmutation of Radioactive Materials in Radioactive Waste Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050426092418/http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~pub_off/lectures/lns012/Baetsle.pdf">Archived</a> 2005-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nuclear Research Centre of Belgium Sck/Cen, Mol, Belgium, September 2001. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurium" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1">978-3-11-017770-1</a>.</li> <li>Penneman, R. A. and Keenan T. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/4187189-IKQUwY/">The radiochemistry of americium and curium</a>, University of California, Los Alamos, California, 1960</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+curium,+radioactive">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Curium, Radioactive</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Curium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Curium_compounds" title="Template:Curium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Curium_compounds" title="Template talk:Curium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Curium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Curium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Curium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Curium_compounds" title="Curium compounds">Curium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium hydroxide">Cm(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_oxide" title="Curium(III) oxide">Cm2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_fluoride" title="Curium(III) fluoride">CmF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_chloride" title="Curium(III) chloride">CmCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_bromide" title="Curium(III) bromide">CmBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_iodide" title="Curium(III) iodide">CmI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_nitrate" title="Curium(III) nitrate">Cm(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium_nitride" title="Curium nitride">CmN</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist ｜ above = * [[Outline of nuclear technology|Outline]] mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_technology" title="Template talk:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">braking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">Fertile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">Fissile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">Isotope separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">Nuclear material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">Poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">Cross section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">Reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron#Fusion_neutrons" title="Neutron">Fusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_nuclear_power_plants" title="Economics of nuclear power plants">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">MMRTG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">Propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">Safety and security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">Nuclear meltdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiograph" title="Autoradiograph">Autoradiograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadBall" title="RadBall">RadBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">Scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">Single-photon emission (SPECT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography (PET)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast-neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy of cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">Targeted alpha-particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">Proton-beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotherapy" title="Tomotherapy">Tomotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">Processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_gardening" title="Atomic gardening">Atomic gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_processing" title="Electron-beam processing">Electron-beam processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_irradiation" title="Gemstone irradiation">Gemstone irradiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">Explosion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Underground nuclear weapons testing">underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNTe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">States with nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_nuclear_weapons_stockpiles_and_nuclear_tests_by_country" title="Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country">Historical stockpiles and tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States">Tests in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">WMD treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">Weapon-free zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons" title="List of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Waste</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">Reprocessed uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">Reactor-grade plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_product" title="Activation product">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Fission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">LLFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Disposal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_waste" title="High-level waste">High-level (HLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_waste" title="Low-level waste">Low-level (LLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioning" title="Nuclear decommissioning">Nuclear decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">Repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Reprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">Spent fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">cask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">Transmutation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_reactors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">Fission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP1400" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li> <li>many others</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> <ul><li>CANDU 6</li> <li>CANDU 9</li> <li>EC6</li> <li>AFCR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor">Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz (UNGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-500" class="mw-redirect" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-LF1" title="TMSR-LF1">TMSR-LF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None (<a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_salt_reactor" title="Stable salt reactor">Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fusion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fusion_reactors" title="Nuclear reactor">Fusion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>by <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion#Confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">confinement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble (acoustic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">electrostatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized-target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" title="Category:Nuclear technology">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nuclear technology">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template talk:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie"> Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie"> Pierre</a> Curie</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_law" title="Curie's law">Curie's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">Mean-field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_principle" title="Curie's principle">Curie's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Radioactivity" title="Treatise on Radioactivity">Treatise on Radioactivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Langevin-Joliot" title="Hélène Langevin-Joliot">Hélène Langevin-Joliot</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" title="Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques_Curie" title="Paul-Jacques Curie">Paul-Jacques Curie</a> (Pierre's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award" title="IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award">IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Medal" title="Marie Curie Medal">Marie Curie Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge, Warsaw">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Park" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Island" title="Curie Island">Curie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7000_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="7000 Curie">7000 Curie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Lublin)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Lublin)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Downtown,_Warsaw)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Downtown, Warsaw)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Ochota)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Ochota)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Gargoyle" title="Marie Curie Gargoyle">Marie Curie Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Medallion" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Curie_(film)" title="Madame Curie (film)">Madame Curie</a> (1943 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Palmes_de_M._Schutz" title="Les Palmes de M. Schutz">Les Palmes de M. Schutz</a> (1997 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie,_une_femme_sur_le_front" title="Marie Curie, une femme sur le front">Marie Curie, une femme sur le front</a> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie:_The_Courage_of_Knowledge" title="Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge">Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_(film)" title="Radioactive (film)">Radioactive</a> (2019 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1876#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4148404-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034863">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575294">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538486405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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