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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_languages_by_country_and_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_languages_by_country_and_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Official languages by country and territory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_languages_by_country_and_territory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Official languages by country and territory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Official_languages_by_country_and_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.24</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.25</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.26</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.27</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.28</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timor-Leste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timor-Leste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.29</span> <span>Timor-Leste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timor-Leste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.30</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.32</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.33</span> <span>Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.34</span> <span>Zimbabwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Official language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_raseumi" title="Bahsa raseumi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa raseumi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amptelike taal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtssprache" title="Amtssprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Amtssprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B" title="የስራ ቋንቋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የስራ ቋንቋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="राजभाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="राजभाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambihtlicu_spr%C7%A3c" title="Ambihtlicu sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ambihtlicu sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة رسمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة رسمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_oficial" title="Idioma oficial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma oficial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoua_ofici%C3%A8la" title="Lengoua oficièla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoua oficièla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_oficial" title="Llingua oficial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua oficial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Расмияб мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Расмияб мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_dili" title="Dövlət dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="رسمی دیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رسمی دیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="দাপ্তরিক ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাপ্তরিক ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_asi" title="Basa asi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa asi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa%E2%81%BF-hong_g%C3%AD-gi%C3%A2n" title="Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Рәсми тел – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсми тел" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Афіцыйная мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афіцыйная мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Афіцыйная мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Афіцыйная мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="राष्ट्रभाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राष्ट्रभाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisyal_na_tataramon" title="Opisyal na tataramon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Opisyal na tataramon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Официален език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Официален език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtssproch" title="Amtssproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Amtssproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slu%C5%BEbeni_jezik" title="Službeni jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Službeni jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_ofisiel" title="Yezh ofisiel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh ofisiel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_oficial" title="Llengua oficial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua oficial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Патшалăх чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A%C5%99edn%C3%AD_jazyk" title="Úřední jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úřední jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinenelo_cha_dziko" title="Chinenelo cha dziko – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chinenelo cha dziko" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutauro_wechihofisi" title="Mutauro wechihofisi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutauro wechihofisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_swyddogol" title="Iaith swyddogol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith swyddogol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officielt_sprog" title="Officielt sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Officielt sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtssprache" title="Amtssprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amtssprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A9_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ރަސްމީ ބަސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރަސްމީ ބަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ametlik_keel" title="Ametlik keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ametlik keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Επίσημη γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επίσημη γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Масторонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Масторонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_oficial" title="Idioma oficial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma oficial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficiala_lingvo" title="Oficiala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oficiala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_oficial" title="Lengua oficial – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua oficial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_ofizial" title="Hizkuntza ofizial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza ofizial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان رسمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان رسمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_officielle" title="Langue officielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue officielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offisjele_taal" title="Offisjele taal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Offisjele taal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_ufici%C3%A2l" title="Lenghe uficiâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe uficiâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_oifigi%C3%BAil" title="Teanga oifigiúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga oifigiúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengey_oikoil" title="Çhengey oikoil – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengey oikoil" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nan_Oifigeil" title="Cànan Oifigeil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànan Oifigeil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_oficial" title="Lingua oficial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua oficial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Паччахьалкхен мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Паччахьалкхен мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4n-f%C3%B4ng_ng%C3%AE-ngi%C3%A8n" title="Kôn-fông ngî-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kôn-fông ngî-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9%EC%96%B4" title="공용어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공용어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_k%C5%ABhelu" title="ʻŌlelo kūhelu – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo kūhelu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Պաշտոնական լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաշտոնական լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="राजभाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजभाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slu%C5%BEbeni_jezik" title="Službeni jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Službeni jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_obodo" title="Asụsụ obodo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ obodo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisial_a_pagsasao" title="Opisial a pagsasao – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Opisial a pagsasao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_resmi" title="Bahasa resmi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa resmi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_official" title="Lingua official – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua official" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi_olusemthethweni" title="Ulwimi olusemthethweni – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi olusemthethweni" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinbert_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Opinbert tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Opinbert tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ufficiale" title="Lingua ufficiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ufficiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שפה רשמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה רשמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_resmi" title="Basa resmi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa resmi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ರಾಜಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಜಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Официал тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Официал тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სახელმწიფო ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელმწიფო ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ресми тіл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресми тіл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_rasmi" title="Lugha rasmi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha rasmi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_ofisy%C3%A8l" title="Lang ofisyèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang ofisyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_ferm%C3%AE" title="Zimanên fermî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên fermî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Расмий тил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Расмий тил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ofisiala" title="Lingua ofisiala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua ofisiala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາລັດຖະການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາລັດຖະການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_publica" title="Lingua publica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua publica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts_valoda" title="Valsts valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offiziell_Sprooch" title="Offiziell Sprooch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Offiziell Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstybin%C4%97_kalba" title="Valstybinė kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybinė kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officieel_taol" title="Officieel taol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Officieel taol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%B3t%C3%A1_ya_L%C9%9B%CC%81ta" title="Lokótá ya Lɛ́ta – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lokótá ya Lɛ́ta" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hivatalos_nyelv" title="Hivatalos nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hivatalos nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_resmi" title="Bhâsa resmi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa resmi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आधिकारिक भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आधिकारिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Службен јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Службен јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_%C3%B4fisialy" title="Fiteny ôfisialy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ôfisialy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%94%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഔദ്യോഗിക ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഔദ്യോഗിക ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_uffi%C4%8Bjali" title="Lingwa uffiċjali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa uffiċjali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="राजभाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राजभाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სახენწჷფო ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სახენწჷფო ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه رسميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه رسميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="رسمی زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رسمی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi" title="Bahasa rasmi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa rasmi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_rasmi" title="Bahaso rasmi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso rasmi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%91%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Албан ёсны хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Албан ёсны хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offici%C3%ABle_taal" title="Officiële taal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Officiële taal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आधिकारिक भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आधिकारिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="公用語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公用語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ufficiale" title="Lengua ufficiale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua ufficiale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Официалан мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Официалан мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofishol_laenghwij" title="Ofishol laenghwij – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ofishol laenghwij" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offisielt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Offisielt språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Offisielt språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offisielt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Offisielt språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Offisielt språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_officielle" title="Langue officielle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Langue officielle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_oficiala" title="Lenga oficiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lenga oficiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кугыжаныш йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat_tili" title="Davlat tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دفتری زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دفتری زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ofisial" title="Idioma ofisial – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma ofisial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="رسمي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رسمي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A" title="ភាសាផ្លូវការ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាផ្លូវការ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsspraak" title="Amtsspraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Amtsspraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_urz%C4%99dowy" title="Język urzędowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język urzędowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_oficial" title="Língua oficial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua oficial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1smiy_til" title="Rásmiy til – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rásmiy til" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resmiy_til" title="Resmiy til – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Resmiy til" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_oficial%C4%83" title="Limbă oficială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă oficială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinjardi_chhib" title="Prinjardi chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Prinjardi chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukri_simi" title="Tukri simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tukri simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Урядный язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Урядный язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Официальный язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Официальный язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ил тыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ил тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeecial_leid" title="Offeecial leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Offeecial leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtssproake" title="Amtssproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Amtssproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_zyrtare" title="Gjuha zyrtare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha zyrtare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ufficiali" title="Lingua ufficiali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua ufficiali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Official language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سرڪاري ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سرڪاري ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aradn%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Úradný jazyk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Úradný jazyk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uradni_jezik" title="Uradni jezik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uradni jezik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urzyndowo_godka" title="Urzyndowo godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Urzyndowo godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زمانی فەرمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی فەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Службени језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Службени језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slu%C5%BEbeni_jezik" title="Službeni jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Službeni jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_resmi" title="Basa resmi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa resmi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virallinen_kieli" title="Virallinen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virallinen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officiellt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Officiellt språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Officiellt språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisyal_na_wika" title="Opisyal na wika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Opisyal na wika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆட்சி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆட்சி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tamaddudt" title="Tutlayt tamaddudt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt tamaddudt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tamaddudt" title="Tutlayt tamaddudt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tamaddudt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Рәсми тел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рәсми тел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇပဵၼ်တၢင်းၵၢၼ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇပဵၼ်တၢင်းၵၢၼ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="అధికార భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అధికార భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ภาษาราชการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาราชการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Забони расмӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони расмӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resm%C3%AE_dil" title="Resmî dil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Resmî dil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Официальной кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Официальной кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Офіційна мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Офіційна мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دفتری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دفتری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_ufisa%C5%82e" title="Łéngua ufisałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua ufisałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_ch%C3%ADnh_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Ngôn ngữ chính thức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ chính thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaedje_oficir" title="Lingaedje oficir – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lingaedje oficir" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="官方語言 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="官方語言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9A" title="אפיציעלע שפראך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפיציעלע שפראך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BB%8Dba" title="Èdè iṣẹ́ọba – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè iṣẹ́ọba" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="法定語言 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法定語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wano_resmi" title="Zıwano resmi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwano resmi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valst%C4%ABb%C4%97n%C4%97_ruoda" title="Valstībėnė ruoda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Valstībėnė ruoda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="官方语言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_resmi" title="Saro resmi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro resmi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9A%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23492" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Language given special status in a country or territory</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>.</div> <p>An <b>official language</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> having certain rights to be used in defined situations. These rights can be created in written form or by historic usage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>178 countries recognize an official language, 101 of them recognizing more than one. The government of Italy made <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> official only in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-lang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some nations (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>) have never declared de jure official languages at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other nations have declared non-indigenous official languages. </p><p>Many of the world's constitutions mention one or more official or <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries use the official language designation to empower indigenous groups by giving them access to the government in their native languages. In countries that do not formally designate an official language, a de facto national language usually evolves. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the most common official or co-official language, with recognized status in 51 countries. <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> are official or co-official languages in several countries. </p><p>An official language that is also an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous language</a> is called <i>endoglossic</i>, one that is not indigenous is <i>exoglossic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An instance is <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> which has three endoglossic official languages. By this, the country aims to protect the indigenous languages although at the same time recognising the English language as its lingua franca. In spatial terms, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous (endoglossic) languages</a> are mostly employed in the function of official languages in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, while mainly non-indigenous (exoglossic) rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 500 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Mesopotamia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>, he chose a form of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Official_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Aramaic">Official Aramaic</a> or Imperial Aramaic) as the vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic script</a> was widely employed from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Achaemenid_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Achaemenid Egypt">Egypt</a> in the southwest to <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a> in the northeast. Texts were dictated in the native dialects and written down in Aramaic, and then read out again in the native language at the places they were received.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Emperor_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="First Emperor of Qin">First Emperor of Qin</a> standardized the written language of China after unifying the country in 221 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> would remain the standard written language for the next 2000 years. Standardization of the spoken language received less political attention, and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> developed on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis from the dialects of the various imperial capitals until being officially standardized in the early twentieth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following languages are official (<i>de jure</i> or <i>de facto</i>) in three or more sovereign states. In some cases, a language may be defined as different languages in different countries. Examples are Hindi and Urdu, Malay and Indonesian, Serbian and Croatian, Persian and Tajik. </p> <ul><li>English: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">58 UN states and 31 dependencies</a></li> <li>French: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">28 UN states and 11 dependencies</a></li> <li>Arabic: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">23 UN states and Palestine, 2 non-UN states on the same territory, and 1 dependency</a></li> <li>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">20 UN states and 1 dependency</a></li> <li>Portuguese: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">9 UN states and 1 dependency</a></li> <li>German: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">6 UN states</a></li> <li>Russian: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">5 UN and 4 unrecognized states</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian: <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">4 UN states and 1 partially recognized state on the same territory</a></li> <li>Malay: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Malay is an official language">4 UN states and 1 dependency</a></li> <li>Swahili: <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">4 UN states (5 counting Comorian)</a></li> <li>Italian: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Italian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language">3 UN states and Vatican City</a></li> <li>Persian: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">3 UN states and 1 dependency</a></li> <li>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">3 UN states (4 counting Afrikaans)</a></li> <li>Somali: <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">3 UN states and 1 unrecognized state on the same territory</a></li> <li>Sotho: <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">3 UN states</a></li> <li>Standard Chinese (Mandarin): <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language">2 UN states and Taiwan</a></li> <li>Tamil: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language">2 UN states</a></li> <li>Hindustani: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language">3 UN states (counting Fijian Hindi)</a></li></ul> <p>Some countries—like <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>—have no official language recognized as such at a national level. On the other extreme, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> officially recognizes 37 languages, the most of any country in the world. Second to Bolivia is <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">22 official languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> is the country with the third lead with 12 official languages that all have equal status;<sup id="cite_ref-ZAConst_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAConst-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolivia gives primacy to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and India gives primacy to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_alternatives">Political alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_countries_and_regions" title="List of multilingual countries and regions">List of multilingual countries and regions</a></div> <p>The selection of an official language (or the lack thereof) is often contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative to having a single official language is "official <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a>", where a government recognizes multiple official languages. Under this system, all government services are available in all official languages. Each <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizen</a> may choose their preferred language when conducting business. Most countries are multilingual<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many are officially multilingual. <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are examples of official multilingualism. This has been described as controversial and, in some other areas where it has been proposed, the idea has been rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been described as necessary for the recognition of different groups<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as an advantage for the country in presenting itself to outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_languages_by_country_and_territory">Official languages by country and territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official languages by country and territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_country_and_territory" title="List of official languages by country and territory">List of official languages by country and territory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Following <i>Chapter 1, Article 16</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution of Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghan government</a> gives equal status to <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a> as official languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English is the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> national language of Australia, while Australia has no <i>de jure</i> official language,<sup id="cite_ref-:24_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">the majority of the population</a>, and has been entrenched as the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> since <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">European settlement</a>, being the only language spoken in the home for 72% of <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></div> <p>Article 21 of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Constitution</a> designates the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Language">Azerbaijani Language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the then Head of the State <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> adopted the policy of 'one state one language'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, is the sole official language of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> according to the third article of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution of Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Bangladesh introduced the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Bhasha_Procholon_Ain,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987">Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987</a> to ensure the mandatory use of Bengali in all government affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language#History" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian since 1991</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> have official status in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> has three official languages: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> is the sole official language in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a></div> <p>Following the Constitution Act, 1982 the (federal) <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> gives equal status to English and French as official languages. The Province of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> is also officially bilingual, as is <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> has four official languages: English, French, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> has eleven official languages: <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan/Dené</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">North Slavey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">South Slavey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłı̨chǫ</a> (Dogrib). All provinces, however, offer some necessary services in both English and French. </p><p>The Province of Quebec with the <a href="/wiki/Official_Language_Act_(Quebec)" title="Official Language Act (Quebec)">Official Language Act (Quebec)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a> defines French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of the provincial government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages of Ethiopia</a></div> <p>Ethiopia has five official languages (Amharic alone until 2020) <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, but Amharic is the de facto sole official language which is used by the government for issuing driving licenses, business licenses, passport, and foreign diplomacy with the addition that Court documents are in Amharic, and the constitution is written in Amharic, making Amharic a higher official language in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Finnish constitution, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> are the <i>national languages</i> of the republic, giving their speakers the right to communicate with, and receive official documents from, government authorities in either of the two languages in any part of the country – making those languages de facto <i>official</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIN_constitution_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIN_constitution-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a> have those same rights in their native area (<i>Sámi homeland</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FIN_Sámi_language_act_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIN_Sámi_language_act-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages of Germany</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. However, its <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbian language">Sorbian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sorbian">Upper Sorbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sorbian">Lower Sorbian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a>, which are officially recognised. Migrant languages like Turkish, Russian and Spanish are widespread but are not officially recognised languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Ordinance" title="Official Languages Ordinance">Official Languages Ordinance</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a> are the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> with equal status. The variety of Chinese is not stipulated; however, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, being the language most commonly used by the majority of <a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkongers</a>, forms the <i>de facto</i> standard. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a> are most commonly used in Hong Kong and form the <i>de facto</i> standard for written Chinese, however, there is an increasing presence of <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese characters</a> particularly in areas related to tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In government use, documents written using Traditional <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> characters are authoritative over ones written with Simplified Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilingual_Signboard_leading_to_Reservation_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Trilingual_Signboard_leading_to_Reservation_Office.jpg/128px-Trilingual_Signboard_leading_to_Reservation_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Trilingual_Signboard_leading_to_Reservation_Office.jpg/192px-Trilingual_Signboard_leading_to_Reservation_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Trilingual_Signboard_leading_to_Reservation_Office.jpg/256px-Trilingual_Signboard_leading_to_Reservation_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="3391" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual signboard in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Hindi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state of India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Languages with official status in India</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVII of the Constitution of India">part 17</a>) designates the official language of the Government of India as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> written in the Devanagari script.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the original intentions of the constitution were to phase out English as an official language, provisions were provided so that "Parliament may by law provide for the use ... of ... the English language". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</a> lists has 22 languages,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a></div> <p>The official language of Indonesia is the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> (<i>Bahasa Indonesia</i>). Bahasa Indonesia is regulated in Chapter XV, 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages of Israel</a></div> <p>On 19 July 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed a <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">basic law</a> under the title <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People</a>, which defines <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> as "the State's language" and Arabic as a language with "a special status in the State" (article 4). The law further says that it should not be interpreted as compromising the status of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language in practice before the enactment of the basic law, namely, it preserves the status quo and changes the status of Hebrew and Arabic only nominally.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the enactment of the aforementioned basic law, the status of official language in Israel was determined by the 82nd paragraph of the "<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>" issued on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221030238/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/c7aae196f41aa055052565f50054e656!OpenDocument">14 August 1922</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>, as amended in 1939:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"All Ordinances, official notices and official forms of the Government and all official notices of local authorities and municipalities in areas to be prescribed by order of the High Commissioner, shall be published in English, Arabic, and Hebrew."</dd></dl> <p>This law, like most other laws of the British Mandate, was adopted in the State of Israel, subject to certain amendments published by the provisional legislative branch on 19 May 1948. The amendment states that: </p> <dl><dd>"Any provision in the law requiring the use of the English language is repealed."<sup id="cite_ref-IL1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IL1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In most <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>, the main teaching language is Hebrew, English is taught as a second language, and most students learn a third language, usually Arabic but not necessarily. Other public schools have Arabic as their main teaching language, and they teach Hebrew as a second language and English as a third one. There are also bilingual schools which aim to teach both Hebrew and Arabic equally. </p><p>Some languages other than Hebrew and Arabic, such as English, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> enjoy a somewhat special status but are not official languages. For instance, at least 5% of the broadcasting time of privately owned TV channels must be translated into Russian (a similar privilege is granted to Arabic), warnings must be translated to several languages, and signs are mostly trilingual (Hebrew, Arabic and English), and the government supports Yiddish and Ladino culture (alongside Hebrew culture and Arabic culture). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Languages of Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_sign._Lenin_street._Riga_(1991).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Street_sign._Lenin_street._Riga_%281991%29.png/250px-Street_sign._Lenin_street._Riga_%281991%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Street_sign._Lenin_street._Riga_%281991%29.png/375px-Street_sign._Lenin_street._Riga_%281991%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Street_sign._Lenin_street._Riga_%281991%29.png/500px-Street_sign._Lenin_street._Riga_%281991%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A former <a href="/wiki/Street_name_sign" title="Street name sign">name sign</a> on "Lenin Street" in the two official languages at the time of the 1945–1991 <a href="/wiki/Latvian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian SSR">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupation of</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> (above) and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (below, in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Official Language Law recognizes <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> as the sole official language of Latvia, while <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> is protected as "a historic variant of Latvian" and <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> is recognized as "the language of the indigenous (autochthonous) population".<sup id="cite_ref-language_law_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language_law-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latvia also provides national minority education programmes in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 there was a <a href="/wiki/2012_Latvian_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Latvian constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a> on elevating <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> as a co-official language, but the proposal was rejected by nearly three-quarters of the voters.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a></div> <p>The official language of Malaysia is the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> (<i>Bahasa Melayu</i>), also known as Bahasa Malaysia or just Bahasa for short. Bahasa Melayu is being protected under Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands). In the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Frisian</a> is the official second language. While Dutch is therefore the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> (the islands <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>), it is not any of the three islands' main spoken language: <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> is the most often spoken language on Bonaire, while <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is on both Saba and Sint Eustatius. These languages can be used in official documents (but do not have the same status as Frisian). <a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">Low Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a>, languages acknowledged by the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter</a>, are spoken in specific regions of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages of New Zealand</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> has three official languages. English is the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> official language, accepted as such in all situations. The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a> both have restricted <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> official status under the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Language_Act_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Language Act 1987">Māori Language Act 1987</a> and New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Mitchell_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Clayton Mitchell (New Zealand politician)">Clayton Mitchell</a> introduced a bill to parliament to <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutorily</a> recognise English as an official language. As of May 2020, the bill had not progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023 New Zealand general election</a>, New Zealand First leader <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a> promised to make English an official language of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div> <p>The official language of Nigeria is English, which was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country. <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">British colonial rule</a> ended in 1960. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and English both are official languages in Pakistan. Pakistan has more than 60 other languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> and English both are official languages of the Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages of Poland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> and in all <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a>, however many minority languages have official status in the areas where they are indigenous. One type of federal subject in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a>, are allowed to adopt additional official languages alongside Russian in their constitutions. Republics are often based around particular native ethnic groups and are often areas where ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russians</a> and native Russian-language speakers are a minority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has twelve official languages<sup id="cite_ref-ZAConst_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAConst-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are mostly indigenous. Due to limited funding, however, the government rarely produces documents in most languages. Accusations of mismanagement and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">corruption</a> have been leveled<sup id="cite_ref-Sowetan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowetan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the <a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a>, established to promote multilingualism, develop the 11 official languages, and protect language rights in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, government is conducted in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div> <p>The four national languages of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> are <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>. At the federal level German, French and Italian are official languages, the official languages of individual cantons depend on the languages spoken in them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a> is the most common language used in government. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the mainland Chinese-run government made Mandarin the official language, and it was used in the schools and government. Under the Development of National Languages Act, political participation can be conducted in any national language, which is defined as a "natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan",<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also includes <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese variety of Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>. According to Taiwan's Legislative Yuan, amendments were made to the Hakka Basic Act to make <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a> an official language of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Timor-Leste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Timor-Leste">constitution of Timor-Leste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> are the official languages of the country, and every official document must be published in both languages; <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> hold "working language" status in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Russification of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">Language policy in Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_%22On_protecting_the_functioning_of_the_Ukrainian_language_as_the_state_language%22" title="Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"">Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"</a></div> <p>The official language of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The de facto official language of the United Kingdom is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a>, spoken by approximately 20% of the population, has <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> official status, alongside English.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_states_english_official_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of United States Official Language Status By State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_states_english_official_language.svg/220px-USA_states_english_official_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_states_english_official_language.svg/330px-USA_states_english_official_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_states_english_official_language.svg/440px-USA_states_english_official_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Map of US official language status by state before 2016. Blue: English declared the official language; light-blue: English declared a co-official language; gray: no official language specified. </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div> <p>English is the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> national language of the United States. While there is no official language at the federal level, 32 of the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">U.S. states</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all five inhabited <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a> have designated English as one, or the only, official language, while courts have found that residents in the 50 states do not have a right to government services in their preferred language.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholastic_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholastic-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public debate in the last few decades has focused on whether <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> should be recognized by the government, or whether all business should be done in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> allows people to take their <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver's license in the United States">driving test</a> in the following 32 languages: Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Chinese, Croatian, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hmong, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, Khmer, Korean, Laotian, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Samoan, Spanish, Tagalog/Filipino, Thai, Tongan, Turkish, and Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state provides voter-registration forms in the following five languages: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. The same languages are also on ballot papers in certain parts of the state (namely, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English-only_movement" title="English-only movement">English-only movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Plus" title="English Plus">English Plus</a></div> <p>Opponents of an official language policy in the United States argue that it would hamper "the government's ability to reach out, communicate, and warn people in the event of a natural or man-made disaster such as a hurricane, pandemic, or...another terrorist attack".<sup id="cite_ref-Scholastic_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholastic-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor of politics Alan Patten argues that disengagement (officially ignoring the issue) works well in religious issues but that it is not possible with language issues because it must offer public services in some language. Even if it makes a conscious effort not to establish an official language, a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> official language, or the "<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>", will nevertheless emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes an official language definition can be motivated more by national identity than by linguistic concerns. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup in early 1990s</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> had no official language on the federal level, its six constituent republics including two autonomous provinces accounted for four official languages—<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>. Serbo-Croatian served as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> for mutual understanding and was also the language of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">the military</a>, as official in four republics and taught as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> in the other two. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> declared independence in 1991, it defined its official language as <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, while the confederate union of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> likewise defined its official language as <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> in 1992. <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> defined three official languages: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, Croatian, and Serbian. From the linguistic point of view, the different names refer to national varieties of the same language, which is known under the appellation of Serbo-Croatian.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language used in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> became standardized as the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin language</a> upon Montenegro's declaration of independence from <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitution of Zimbabwe">2013 Constitution</a>, Zimbabwe has 16 <a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</a>, namely<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Chibarwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Koisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambya_language" title="Nambya language">Nambya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Shangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_country_and_territory" title="List of official languages by country and territory">List of official languages by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="List of official languages by institution">List of official languages by institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">Medium of instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Minority language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Official Language", <i>Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language</i>, Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P. R. R. 580 (1965), p. 588–589. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Español: Idioma del proceso judicial", 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma", 36 Rev. Col. Ab. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415496476" title="Special:BookSources/9780415496476"><bdi>9780415496476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Multilingualism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=9780415496476&rft.aulast=Martin-Jones&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Blackledge%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Creese%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfGrGLY8C9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Rowena (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/informit.761460707788526">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific"</a>. <i>Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (1/2): 83–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fpjmis.v16i1-2.6510">10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510</a></span>. <q>The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multidisciplinary+International+Studies&rft.atitle=%27National%27+and+%27Official%27+Languages+Across+the+Independent+Asia-Pacific&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=83-4&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5130%2Fpjmis.v16i1-2.6510&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.3316%2Finformit.761460707788526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS">"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Australia%2C+Census+All+persons+QuickStats+%26%23124%3B+Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2021%2FAUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.az/en/pages/view/azerbaijan/constitution">The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahmanIslamKarimChowdhury2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Mohammad Mosiur; Islam, Md Shaiful; Karim, Abdul; Chowdhury, Takad Ahmed; Rahman, Muhammad Mushfiqur; Seraj, Prodhan Mahbub Ibna; Singh, Manjet Kaur Mehar (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rdcu.be/bFJXM">"English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implications | Language Testing in Asia"</a>. <i>Language Testing in Asia</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40468-019-0085-8">10.1186/s40468-019-0085-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Testing+in+Asia&rft.atitle=English+language+teaching+in+Bangladesh+today%3A+Issues%2C+outcomes+and+implications+%26%23124%3B+Language+Testing+in+Asia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40468-019-0085-8&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Mosiur&rft.au=Islam%2C+Md+Shaiful&rft.au=Karim%2C+Abdul&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+Takad+Ahmed&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Muhammad+Mushfiqur&rft.au=Seraj%2C+Prodhan+Mahbub+Ibna&rft.au=Singh%2C+Manjet+Kaur+Mehar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frdcu.be%2FbFJXM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550">"Article 3. The state language"</a>. <i>The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh</i>. Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+3.+The+state+language&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Law%2C+The+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fsections_detail.php%3Fid%3D367%26sections_id%3D24550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/bangla_pdf_part.php?id=705">"Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987" <bdi lang="bn">বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭</bdi></a> [Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law,_Justice_and_Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs">Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Law%2C+Justice+and+Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=Bangla+Bhasha+Procholon+Ain%2C+1987+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%2C+%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fbangla_pdf_part.php%3Fid%3D705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/federale_staat">Belgium, a federal state: The communities</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.bg/en/const">Constitution of the Republic Bulgaria, article 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaban" class="citation news cs1">Shaban, Abdurahman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages//">"One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Welsh+Language+%28Wales%29+Measure+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fmwa%2F2011%2F1%2Fsection%2F1%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://usenglish.org/u-s-english-efforts-lead-west-virginia-to-become-32nd-state-to-recognize-english-as-official-language">[1]</a> - US English: West Virginia Becomes 32nd State to Adopt English as Official Language</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholastic-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scholastic_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholastic_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._InhofeCecilia_Muñoz" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Inhofe" class="mw-redirect" title="James M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+upfront&rft.atitle=Should+English+be+declared+America%27s+national+language%3F&rft.au=James+M.+Inhofe&rft.au=Cecilia+Mu%C3%B1oz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteacher.scholastic.com%2Fscholasticnews%2Findepth%2Fupfront%2Fdebate%2Findex.asp%3Farticle%3Dd1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/?1dmy&urile=wcm:path:/dmv_content_en/dmv/dl/dl_info#languages">"Available Languages"</a>. California DMV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Available+Languages&rft.pub=California+DMV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmv.ca.gov%2Fportal%2Fdmv%2F%3F1dmy%26urile%3Dwcm%3Apath%3A%2Fdmv_content_en%2Fdmv%2Fdl%2Fdl_info%23languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127085322/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/voting/voteform.pdf">"New York State Voter Registration Form"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York State Board of Elections</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/voting/voteform.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Board+of+Elections&rft.atitle=New+York+State+Voter+Registration+Form&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ny.gov%2FNYSBOE%2Fdownload%2Fvoting%2Fvoteform.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Crawford" class="citation book cs1">James Crawford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/NALI2.html">"Language Freedom and Restriction: A Historical Approach to the Official Language Controversy"</a>. <i>Effective Language Education Practices and Native Language Survival</i>. pp. 9–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Freedom+and+Restriction%3A+A+Historical+Approach+to+the+Official+Language+Controversy&rft.btitle=Effective+Language+Education+Practices+and+Native+Language+Survival&rft.pages=9-22&rft.au=James+Crawford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2F~jar%2FNALI2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMørk2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mørk, Henning (2002). <i>Serbokroatisk grammatik: substantivets morfologi</i> [<i>Serbo-Croatian Grammar: Noun Morphology</i>]. Arbejdspapirer; vol. 1 (in Danish). Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/471591123">471591123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbokroatisk+grammatik%3A+substantivets+morfologi&rft.place=%C3%85rhus&rft.series=Arbejdspapirer%3B+vol.+1&rft.pages=unpaginated+%28Preface%29&rft.pub=Slavisk+Institut%2C+%C3%85rhus+Universitet&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F471591123&rft.aulast=M%C3%B8rk&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-003.pdf">retrieved 20 Oct 2010</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF">"La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine"</a> [Croatian, Serbian, Bosniakian, and Montenegrin] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Madelain, Anne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF"><i>Au sud de l'Est</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. vol. 3 (in French). Paris: Non Lieu. pp. 71–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35270-036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35270-036-4"><bdi>978-2-35270-036-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182916790">182916790</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601174651/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+langue+croate%2C+serbe%2C+bosniaque+et+mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grine&rft.btitle=Au+sud+de+l%27Est&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=vol.+3&rft.pages=71-78&rft.pub=Non+Lieu&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182916790&rft.isbn=978-2-35270-036-4&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-zimbabwe.html">"What Languages Are Spoken In Zimbabwe?"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 2017-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+In+Zimbabwe%3F&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-zimbabwe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/07/2012-07-21-16-official-languages-for-zimbabwe">"newsday"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=newsday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.co.zw%2F2012%2F07%2F2012-07-21-16-official-languages-for-zimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficial+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Writing Systems of the World: Alphabets, Syllabaries, Pictograms</i> (1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-1654-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-1654-9">0-8048-1654-9</a> — lists official languages of the countries of the world, among other information.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P37" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P37">official language (P37)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP37%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P37%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004519/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html">Languages by country</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" 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