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.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Interminority racism in the United States">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Talk:Interminority racism in the United States">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Talk:Interminority racism in the United States">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about interminority racism between groups other than African Americans.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Talk:Interminority racism in the United States">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, economic competition and <a href="/wiki/Racial_prejudice" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial prejudice">racial prejudice</a> have both contributed to long-lasting tensions between racial and ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._public_policy">U.S. public policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: U.S. public policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current US policy advocates a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalist</a> discourse to acknowledge multiracial difference. Multiculturalist theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Claire_Jean_Kim" title="Claire Jean Kim">Claire Jean Kim</a> criticize this contemporary policy because it refuses to acknowledge the interminority inequalities and antagonisms generated by changing demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_American–Latino_relations"><span id="African_American.E2.80.93Latino_relations"></span>African American–Latino relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: African American–Latino relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities</a></div> <p>With the increasing population of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> in the United States, there are areas of competition for housing, jobs and other resources with African Americans. Tensions in communities have also been reflected in racial tensions between these ethnic groups in prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several significant riots in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> prisons, for instance, Latino and black inmates targeted each other over racial issues.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been reports of racially motivated attacks by gangs against African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by Hispanic Americans, and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_American–Jewish_relations"><span id="African_American.E2.80.93Jewish_relations"></span>African American–Jewish relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: African American–Jewish relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="African American–Jewish relations">African American–Jewish relations</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> have interacted throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">history of the United States</a>. This relationship has included widely publicized cooperation and conflict, and—since the 1970s—it has been an area of significant academic research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20061–3Webb2003xiiForman20001–2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20061–3Webb2003xiiForman20001–2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperation during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> was strategic and significant, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. </p> The relationship has also featured conflicts and controversies which are related to such topics as the <a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black Power movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic trope</a> concerning the alleged dominant role of American and Caribbean-based Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_American–Asian_American_relations"><span id="African_American.E2.80.93Asian_American_relations"></span>African American–Asian American relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: African American–Asian American relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Korean_American_relations" title="African American–Korean American relations">African American–Korean American relations</a></div> <p>Because of the centuries of abuses from historic slavery and its aftermath, discussions of racial tension in the United States have often focused on black-white relations. This has failed to include the perspective of Asian Americans in racial discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Asian Americans feel stuck in limbo, as they have had differences and suffered discrimination from other ethnic groups. At the same time, Asian Americans have been extolled as the “<a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">model minority</a>”, because of their record of achievement and statistically high reported educational scores and incomes. But not all are equally successful.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While African Americans and Asian Americans have both faced historical and current <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> from whites, the means of discrimination have often taken different forms. In addition, these two groups (which encompass numerous ancestral backgrounds) have also competed for jobs, education and resources over the decades, and have displayed tensions toward each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="language is broad and unspecific, a secondary source would help focus (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">United States’ Naturalization Act of 1790</a>, only “free white person(s)” were eligible to be naturalized as American citizens with full rights.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the intention at the time was to avoid granting enslaved African Americans and free blacks the same privileges as <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European American</a> colonists, future waves of immigrants brought ethnicities from different areas, such as those from Asia and Africa, without full naturalization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870 Census</a>, ethnic Asians and Asian Americans were classified as “white” in the official census. They began to be called “model minorities” because they established a societal reputation for "hard work".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the West, which had such a high rate of Asian immigrants that there was white resistance to their presence, the majority passed laws and courts ruled against allowing them the same rights as European Americans. For instance, in the California court case, <i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Hall" title="People v. Hall">People v. Hall</a></i>, the court found that people of Asian descent could not testify under existing legal acts that prohibited testimony from people of African descent. According to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">California Supreme Court</a> in 1854, the court ruled that "[T]he words ‘Black person’...must be taken as contradistinguished from White, and necessarily excludes all <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races</a> other than the Caucasian”.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the 19th century progressed, white resistance resulted in Acts of Congress such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> of 1892, which effectively barred further immigration of Asians until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While their numbers were few in the South, Chinese immigrants were recruited as laborers by planters in the early 20th century. They worked to get out of the fields, establishing small community groceries and similar businesses. They also worked to distinguish themselves from the restrictions of racial segregation that African Americans were forced to endure. In 1927 a Chinese family in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> brought suit challenging its daughters' expulsion from a local school for white students. In the binary system of the time, the school system had classified the girls as non-white and therefore prohibited. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Supreme Court">state Supreme Court</a> upheld the local decision. It ruled that state law defined whites as specifically Caucasian and said that if the girls attended public school, they would have to go to one for "black" students, as all other ethnicities than white were classified (including Native Americans). Their parents knew that these schools were poorly funded and lower in quality than those provided to white students. In <i><a href="/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" title="Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously affirmed that decision, holding that it was not a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> for states to classify students by race and segregate them on that basis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early 20th century Asian nationals, such as Japanese immigrants, were prohibited from owning land or businesses in some states. If their American-born children were old enough, property was put in their name instead. </p><p>The rate of Asian immigration and naturalization increased following the Immigration and Naturalization Law of 1952, which repealed previous limits to Asian immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed for the <i>de jure</i> protection of Asian immigration into the United States. But it did not protect such immigrants and their descendants from the varieties of de facto prejudice, bullying, hate crimes, and segregation faced by ethnic minorities. Certain European American immigrants also faced such discrimination. </p><p>As Asian Americans established their niches in society, they faced discrimination from white Americans who treated them like they did African Americans at the time. With members of organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> intimidating, assaulting, bullying, and attacking Asian Americans (particularly Chinese Americans), the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and its successive laws helped codify the rights and protections of ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite facing similar attacks on their cultures and people, Asian Americans and African Americans sometimes found themselves divided and clashing within the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_role_of_Asian_Americans_according_to_the_middleman_theory">The role of Asian Americans according to the middleman theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The role of Asian Americans according to the middleman theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tension and division between Asian Americans and African Americans can be explained via an analysis of the role which ethnic minorities have played within American society as a whole. As more ethnic groups began to enter the civil discourse in the United States, the media and social figures began to paint these groups as subdivisions of the <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a>-<a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> divide. American society often lumps <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>’ successes together with <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a>' successes. The successes of Asian Americans are frequently compared to the struggles of African Americans, who may believe that attempts to lump the struggles of the two ethnic groups together can negate their own struggles. Comparatively, Asian Americans and African Americans are socially considered parts of the same minority culture that other non-white ethnic groups are considered parts of, in contrast to "white" culture. The divisions are even more pronounced through what has been identified as the "<a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">middle man theory</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This idea has been used to describe the relationship that Asian Americans often play between European Americans and African Americans. It suggests that one group acts as a linking partner to other groups, where these groups are typically divided by class or race. In this case, Asian Americans have played the role of middlemen between African Americans and European Americans. Particularly among early generations of immigrants and their children, they established niches as shopkeepers and merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within this relationship, Asian Americans may be seen to profit from their dealings with members of both ethnic groups, which can fuel the stereotype of the "model minority" among European Americans, as well as a distrust of Asian Americans among African Americans. From this viewpoint, their societal privileges can lead to Asian Americans being viewed as the same as European Americans by African Americans in terms of having a larger median income as well as receiving on average lighter punishments from the American judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a significant percentage of Asian Americans share a view with European Americans that African Americans "aren't capable of getting ahead", according to a study conducted by the National Conference of Christians and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sentiment flared especially during the era of racial tension in Los Angeles surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Rodney_King_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney King case">Rodney King case</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1992_Los_Angeles_riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1992 Los Angeles riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_Koreans" title="Rooftop Koreans">Rooftop Koreans</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> was inhabited by a large number of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a> in the years leading up to 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As people migrated from <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, many moved to settle in Los Angeles, but could not work in the same traditionally white collar jobs they held back home.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, many opened up businesses in areas where the rent was cheap in predominantly African American communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean American and African American community leaders soon realized that tensions existed and they were predominantly due to differences in culture as well as a language barrier. This came to a head during the era of the riots as Korean grocer <a href="/wiki/Soon_Ja_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Soon Ja Du">Soon Ja Du</a> shot and killed a black teenage girl in her store, and she received a remarkably light sentence compared to sentences imposed on African Americans in the judicial system at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations worsened during the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a>, as riots and protests hit 2,200 Korean small businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African Americans felt cheated by the judicial system, as they had faced much more stringent punishments for charges involving an armed weapon, while Korean Americans felt targeted and attacked by the African American community for having their businesses destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to Korean Americans being divided by those who felt abandoned and betrayed by the police and those who felt threatened by African Americans in their community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_American–African_American_relations"><span id="Irish_American.E2.80.93African_American_relations"></span>Irish American–African American relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Irish American–African American relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_draft_riots&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Actions in New England during the American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War998" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Northern Theater of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War"><span class="wrap">American Civil War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863" title="Detroit race riot of 1863">Detroit Race Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Portland_Harbor" title="Battle of Portland Harbor">Battle of Portland Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol#American_Civil_War" title="Great Lakes Patrol"><i>Philo Parsons</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albans_Raid" title="St. Albans Raid">St. Albans Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_Manhattan" title="Confederate Army of Manhattan">1864 New York City arson attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg/220px-New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg/330px-New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>A recruiting poster in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in June 1863 for the <a href="/wiki/Enrollment_Act" title="Enrollment Act">Enrollment Act</a>, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, which authorized the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> to <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscript</a> troops for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> (July 13–16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week,<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_barnes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_barnes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were violent disturbances in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>, widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> men to fight in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The riots remain the largest civil <a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">urban disturbance in American history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_foner_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_foner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Toby Joyce, the riot represented a "<a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>" within the city's Irish community, in that "mostly Irish American rioters confronted police, [while] soldiers, and pro-war politicians ... were also to a considerable extent from the local Irish immigrant community."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> to control the city. </p><p>The protests turned into a <a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">race riot</a> against African-Americans by Irish rioters. The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Conditions in the city were such that Major General <a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">John E. Wool</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_East" title="Department of the East">Department of the East</a>, said on July 16 that "<a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a> ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it."<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_wool_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_wool-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The military did not reach the city until the second day of rioting, by which time the mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers, many black homes, and the <a href="/wiki/Colored_Orphan_Asylum" title="Colored Orphan Asylum">Colored Orphan Asylum</a> at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which was <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">burned</a> to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_Harris_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_Harris-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area's demographics changed as a result of the riot. Many black residents left Manhattan permanently with many moving to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. By 1865, the black population had fallen below 11,000 for the first time since 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_Harris_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_Harris-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Los Angeles Riots">1992 Los Angeles Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Heights Riot">Crown Heights Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography of antisemitism#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_racial_and_ethnic_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States">Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">History of immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia_in_ethnic_minority_communities" title="Homophobia in ethnic minority communities">Homophobia in ethnic minority communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index of racism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Native American–Jewish relations">Native American–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#United_States" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism (politics)#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_in_United_States_politics" title="Nativism in United States politics">Nativism in United States politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Race and crime in the United States">Race and crime in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">Racism against African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians#United_States" title="Racism against Asians">Racism against Asians#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">Racism in Jewish communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism in the LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Racism in Muslim communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">Racism in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia#United_States" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#United_States" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Economist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9587776">Race relations | Where black and brown collide | Economist.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/grace-jisun-kim/psys-hangover-challenging_b_5592655.html">Psy's “Hangover:” Challenging Asian American and African American Relations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=About+a+third+of+Asian+Americans+say+they+have+changed+their+daily+routine+due+to+concerns+over+threats%2C+attacks&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.aulast=Noe-Bustamante&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Neil+G.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Mark+Hugo&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Khadijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2022%2F05%2F09%2Fabout-a-third-of-asian-americans-say-they-have-changed-their-daily-routine-due-to-concerns-over-threats-attacks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim, Claire Jean. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/02/21/prison.segregation.reut/">the original</a> on 22 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Racial+segregation+continues+in+California+prisons&rft.date=2005-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FLAW%2F02%2F21%2Fprison.segregation.reut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/18/usa.paulharris">Gang mayhem grips LA | World news | The Observer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/stateof/hutchinson105">BAW: The Hutchinson Report: Thanks to Latino Gangs, There's a Zone in L.A. Where Blacks Risk Death if They Enter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117124312/http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/stateof/hutchinson105">Archived</a> 2007-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20061–3Webb2003xiiForman20001–2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20061–3Webb2003xiiForman20001–2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2006">Greenberg 2006</a>, pp. 1–3; <a href="#CITEREFWebb2003">Webb 2003</a>, p. xii; <a href="#CITEREFForman2000">Forman 2000</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAncheta2008" class="citation book cs1">Ancheta, Angelo (2008). <i>Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813539027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813539027"><bdi>978-0813539027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Rights%2C+and+the+Asian+American+Experience&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0813539027&rft.aulast=Ancheta&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110234233/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=226">"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 Statutes at Large, 1st Congress, 2nd Session"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. 1790. 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"Use and Abuse of Race and Culture: Black-Korean Tension in America". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>98</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">492–</span>499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.3.02a00030">10.1525/aa.1996.98.3.02a00030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Use+and+Abuse+of+Race+and+Culture%3A+Black-Korean+Tension+in+America&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E492-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.3.02a00030&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kyeyoung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Conference, <i>Taking America's Pulse: A Summary Report of the National Survey on Inter-Group Relations</i>  (New York: National Conference, 1994), 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanAdams1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ban, Hyun; Adams, R.C. (June 1997). "L.A. Times Coverage of Korean Americans before, after 1992 Riots". <i>Newspaper Research Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F073953299701800305">10.1177/073953299701800305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-5329">0739-5329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150923679">150923679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newspaper+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=L.A.+Times+Coverage+of+Korean+Americans+before%2C+after+1992+Riots&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150923679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0739-5329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F073953299701800305&rft.aulast=Ban&rft.aufirst=Hyun&rft.au=Adams%2C+R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/25-years-after-la-riots-koreatown-finds-strength-saigu-legacy-n749081">"25 years after LA riots, Koreatown finds strength in 'Saigu' legacy"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=25+years+after+LA+riots%2C+Koreatown+finds+strength+in+%27Saigu%27+legacy&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2F25-years-after-la-riots-koreatown-finds-strength-saigu-legacy-n749081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_barnes-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_barnes_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes,_David_M.1863" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, David M. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew01barngoog"><i>The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863: The Metropolitan Police, Their Services During Riot</i></a>. Baker & Godwin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew01barngoog/page/n11">5</a>–6, 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Draft+Riots+in+New+York%2C+July+1863%3A+The+Metropolitan+Police%2C+Their+Services+During+Riot&rft.pages=5-6%2C+12&rft.pub=Baker+%26+Godwin&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Barnes%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdraftriotsinnew01barngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_foner-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_foner_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoner1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514"><i>Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</i></a></span>. The New American Nation. New York: Harper & Row. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514/page/32">32</a>–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093716-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093716-5"><bdi>0-06-093716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+America%27s+Unfinished+Revolution%2C+1863%E2%80%931877&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+New+American+Nation&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-06-093716-5&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780060158514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> (updated ed. 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062354518" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062354518">978-0062354518</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toby Joyce, "The New York Draft Riots of 1863: An Irish Civil War?" <i>History Ireland</i> (March 2003) 11#2, pp 22–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_wool-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_wool_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/woolor.htm">"Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots"</a>. <i>Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War blogsite</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shotgun%27s+Home+of+the+American+Civil+War+blogsite&rft.atitle=Maj.+Gen.+John+E.+Wool+Official+Reports+for+the+New+York+Draft+Riots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarhome.com%2Fwoolor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_City_draft_riots_Harris-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_Harris_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_City_draft_riots_Harris_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2003" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Leslie M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html"><i>In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">279–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226317757" title="Special:BookSources/0226317757"><bdi>0226317757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Slavery%3A+African+Americans+in+New+York+City%2C+1626%E2%80%931863&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0226317757&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Leslie+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2FMisc%2FChicago%2F317749.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForman2000" class="citation cs2">Forman, Seth (2000), <i>Blacks in the Jewish Mind: A Crisis of Liberalism</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacks+in+the+Jewish+Mind%3A+A+Crisis+of+Liberalism&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Cheryl (2006). <i>Troubling the waters: Black-Jewish relations in the American century</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691058658" title="Special:BookSources/9780691058658"><bdi>9780691058658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubling+the+waters%3A+Black-Jewish+relations+in+the+American+century&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780691058658&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb2003" class="citation cs2">Webb, Clive (2003), <i>Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fight+Against+Fear%3A+Southern+Jews+and+Black+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterminority+racism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar 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title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a 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Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a 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foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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