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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caregiver discrimination</div> <p><b>Family Responsibilities Discrimination (FRD)</b>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregiver</a> discrimination, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">employment discrimination</a> toward workers who have caregiving responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of caregiver discrimination include changing an employee's schedule to conflict with their caregiving responsibilities, refusing to promote an employee, or refusing to hire an applicant.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caregiving_in_the_United_States">Caregiving in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Caregiving in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caregiving, such as <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">eldercare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a>, is common in the United States. According to AARP, one in every six Americans provides care for a family member over 50.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Caregiving Alliance states that unpaid caregivers are an increasing population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the years 2015 to 2020, the number of unpaid caregivers increased from 18 to 20 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most caregivers are women, men and other people on the gender spectrum and of all ages comprise a significant amount of the caregiving population. Specifically, the National Caregiving Alliance states that in 2020 61 percent of family caregivers were women and 39 percent were men.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_caregiver_discrimination">Effects of caregiver discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects of caregiver discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One major factor in FRD is gender-based stereotypes and bias, which fuel adverse employment action toward workers or applicants. Often behind employer bias are assumptions about the employee that their caregiving responsibilities will impact their work. Studies show that caregiving parents faced adverse employment action, such as being less likely to be hired, offered lower salaries, and were given low ratings in areas such as competence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are socioeconomic and gender disparities associated with caregiver discrimination. As a result of employer assumptions based on stereotypes, caregiver discrimination has widespread economic,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and health effects on workers, particularly for women, LGBTQ+ people, and low-wage workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, there is a financial impact that follows being a family caregiver. In a 2020 study of family caregivers by the National Alliance on Caregiving, 45 percent of participants reported having at least one financial impact.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_Federal_laws">State and Federal laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State and Federal laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although federal law prohibits <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">employment discrimination</a> through a number of statutes such as the VII of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> (ADA), and the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a>, federal law does not explicitly prohibit discrimination toward working caregivers. The <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> has published enforcement guidelines on caregiver discrimination, specifically how assumptions and adverse employment action can violate current federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some states have passed laws to prohibit employers from discriminating against caregivers. These states include Alaska, Delaware, Minnesota, and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_laws">State laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Alaska</b>: Employers are prohibited from discriminating against an employee or applicant based on their parenthood status.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Delaware</b>: Discriminating against an employee based on their family responsibilities is illegal under the Delaware Discrimination in Employment Act. Delaware code defines "family responsibilities" as responsibilities an employee has when caring for a family member who would qualify under the <a href="/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act_of_1993" title="Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993">Family and Medical Leave Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employers with four or more employees are covered. </p><p><b>Minnesota</b>: According to Sec. 363A.08, it is unlawful for employers to discriminate against employees based on 'family status.'<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>New York</b>: Sec. 296(a) of Unlawful Discriminatory Practices includes 'familial status' under the list of protected groups for which employers cannot discriminate against.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_legislative_activity">Federal legislative activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Federal legislative activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As stated, there are currently no federal laws that explicitly prohibit FRD. Caregivers are indirectly covered under a number of federal laws stated earlier. However, lawmakers have introduced legislation. The <i>Protecting Family Caregivers from Discrimination Act</i> introduced by Senator <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> (D-NJ)  if signed into law would prohibit discrimination against employees for their caregiving responsibilities, prohibit employer retaliation if the employee seeks enforcement measures, and establish a grant program to aid in combating caregiver discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legislation has been endorsed by major advocacy organizations, such as National Employment Law Project (NELP), The National Alliance for Caregiving, and the National Women’s Law Center.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Protecting Family Caregivers from Discrimination Act</i> Legislative History </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Congress </th> <th>Short Title </th> <th>Bill Number </th> <th>Date Introduced </th> <th>Sponsors </th> <th>Number of Cosponsors </th> <th>Latest Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>116th Congress </td> <td>Protecting Family Caregivers from Discrimination Act of 2020 </td> <td>S. 3878 </td> <td>06/03/2020 </td> <td>Cory Booker (D-NJ) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Died in Committee </td></tr> <tr> <td>117th Congress </td> <td>Protecting Family Caregivers from Discrimination Act of 2022 </td> <td>S. 5136 </td> <td>11/29/2022 </td> <td>Cory Booker (D-NJ) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Died in Committee </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worklifelaw.org/projects/family-caregiver-discrimination/">"Family Caregiver Discrimination"</a>. <i>WorkLife Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2020-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09618-x">"Eldercare and Childcare: How Does Caregiving Responsibility Affect Job Discrimination?"</a>. <i>Journal of Business and Psychology</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10869-019-09618-x">10.1007/s10869-019-09618-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-353X">1573-353X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+and+Psychology&rft.atitle=Eldercare+and+Childcare%3A+How+Does+Caregiving+Responsibility+Affect+Job+Discrimination%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10869-019-09618-x&rft.issn=1573-353X&rft.aulast=Henle&rft.aufirst=Christine+A.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Gwenith+G.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Jean&rft.au=Prince%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Mattingly%2C+Victoria+P.&rft.au=Clancy%2C+Rebecca+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10869-019-09618-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily+responsibilities+discrimination+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-unlawful-disparate-treatment-workers-caregiving-responsibilities">"Enforcement Guidance: Unlawful Disparate Treatment of Workers with Caregiving Responsibilities"</a>. <i>US EEOC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.booker.senate.gov&rft.atitle=Booker+Reintroduces+Legislation+Protecting+Family+Caregivers+from+Discrimination+%7C+U.S.+Senator+Cory+Booker+of+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.booker.senate.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress%2Fbooker-reintroduces-legislation-protecting-family-caregivers-from-discrimination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily+responsibilities+discrimination+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&oldid=1183485265">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_responsibilities_discrimination_in_the_United_States&oldid=1183485265</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employment_discrimination" title="Category:Employment discrimination">Employment discrimination</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2023, at 16:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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