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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-war developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anti-submarine technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-submarine_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-submarine technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detection_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Detection equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Optical detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_intercept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_intercept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Radio intercept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_intercept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Radar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Sonar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_anomaly_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_anomaly_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Magnetic anomaly detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_anomaly_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_non-acoustic_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_non-acoustic_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Other non-acoustic methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_non-acoustic_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-submarine weapons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-submarine_weapons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-submarine weapons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Guns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depth_charge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depth_charge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Depth charge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depth_charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_unguided_projectiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_unguided_projectiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Anti-submarine unguided projectiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_unguided_projectiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_mortar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_mortar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Anti-submarine mortar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_mortar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Anti-submarine rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_torpedo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_torpedo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Anti-submarine torpedo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_torpedo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Anti-submarine missiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapon_control_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapon_control_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Weapon control systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapon_control_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASW_Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASW_Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>ASW Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASW_Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対潜兵器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Противподморничко оружје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Противподморничко оружје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Протичовнова зброя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протичовнова зброя" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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In its simplest sense, an anti-submarine weapon is usually a <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> that is optimized to <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">destroy submarines</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_World_War_I">Before World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to about 1890, naval weapons were only used against surface shipping. With the rise of the military <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> after this time, countermeasures were considered for use against them. The first submarine installation of torpedo tubes was in 1885 and the first ship was sunk by a submarine-launched torpedo in 1887. There were only two ways of countering the military submarine initially: ramming them or sinking them with gunfire. However, once they were submerged, they were largely immune until they had to surface again. By the start of the First World War there were nearly 300 submarines in service with another 80 in production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> marked the first earnest conflict involving significant use of submarines and consequently marked the beginning of major efforts to counter that threat. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was desperate to defeat the <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> threat against British <a href="/wiki/Merchant_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant shipping">merchant shipping</a>. When the bombs that it employed were found to be ineffective it began equipping its <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> with simple <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> that could be dropped into the water around a suspected submarine's location. During this period it was found that explosions of these charges were more efficient if the charges were set to explode below or above the submarine. However, many other techniques were used, including minefields, barrages and <a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ships</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a> against intercepted radio messages. The <a href="/wiki/SS_class_blimp" class="mw-redirect" title="SS class blimp">airship</a> ("blimp") was used to drop bombs but fixed-wing aircraft were mostly used for reconnaissance. However, the most effective countermeasure was the <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a>. In 1918 U-boat losses became unbearably high. During the war a total of 178 U-boats were sunk, by the following causes: </p> <ul><li>Mines: 58;</li> <li>Depth charges: 30;</li> <li>Gunfire: 20;</li> <li>Submarine torpedoes: 20;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ramming: 19;</li> <li>Unknown: 19;</li> <li>Accidents: 7;</li> <li>Other (including bombs): 2</li></ul> <p>British submarines operated in the Baltic, North Sea and Atlantic as well as the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Most of the losses were due to mines but two were torpedoed. French, Italian and Russian submarines were also destroyed. </p><p>Before the war ended, the need for forward-throwing weapons had been recognized by the British and trials began. <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">Hydrophones</a> had been developed and were becoming effective as detection and location devices. Also, aircraft and airships had flown with depth bombs (aerial depth charges), albeit quite small ones with poor explosives. In addition, the specialist hunter-killer submarine had appeared, <a href="/wiki/British_R_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="British R class submarine">HMS <i>R-1</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war">Inter-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inter-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main developments in this period were in detection, with both <a href="/wiki/Active_sonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Active sonar">active sonar</a> (ASDIC) and <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> becoming effective. The British integrated the sonar with fire control and weapons to form an integrated system for warships. Germany was banned from having a submarine fleet but began construction in secret during the 1930s. When war broke out it had 21 submarines at sea. </p><p>In the inter-war period Britain and France had experimented with several novel types of submarine. New sonars and weapons were developed for them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlantic/Mediterranean_Theatre"><span id="Atlantic.2FMediterranean_Theatre"></span>Atlantic/Mediterranean Theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Atlantic/Mediterranean Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, anti-submarine weapons had been developed somewhat, but during that war, there was a renewal of all-out submarine warfare by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> as well as widespread use of submarines by most of the other combatants. The effective use of depth charges required the combined resources and skills of many individuals during an attack. Sonar information, helmsmen, depth charge crews and the movement of other ships had to be carefully coordinated in order to deliver a successful depth charge attack. As the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> wore on, British and Commonwealth forces in particular proved particularly adept at depth charge tactics, and formed some of the first destroyer hunter-killer groups to actively seek out and destroy German U-boats. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depth-bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Depth-bomb.jpg/220px-Depth-bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Depth-bomb.jpg/330px-Depth-bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Depth-bomb.jpg/440px-Depth-bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Mk. 17 depth bomb is being unloaded from a <a href="/wiki/SOC_Seagull" class="mw-redirect" title="SOC Seagull">SOC Seagull</a> scout plane on board the <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(CL-41)" title="USS Philadelphia (CL-41)">USS <i>Philadelphia</i> (CL-41)</a> during an Atlantic U-boat sweep near <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in June 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>Air-dropped depth bombs were normally set to explode at a shallow depth, while the submarine was crash-diving to escape attack. Aircraft were very successful in not only attacking U-boats, but also in disrupting U-boats from carrying out attacks against ships. Some were fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Light" title="Leigh Light">searchlight</a> as well as bombs. </p><p>A host of new anti-submarine weapons were developed. Forward-throwing <b>anti-submarine mortars</b> were introduced in 1942 to prevent loss of sonar contact. These mortars, the first being <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a>, fired a pattern of small depth charges. One type of charge was used to create entire patterns of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_explosion" title="Underwater explosion">explosions underwater</a> around a potential enemy, while the second type of round was fitted with contact detonators, meaning the warhead exploded only upon contact with the submarine. A later design enabled a pursuing destroyer or destroyer escort to maintain continual sonar contact until a definite "hit" was achieved. Additionally, new weapons were designed for use by <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, rapidly increasing their importance in fighting submarines. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Mark_24_FIDO_Torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark 24 FIDO Torpedo">FIDO (Mk 24 mine)</a> anti-submarine homing torpedo in 1943 (which could be dropped from aircraft) was a significant contributor to the rising number of German sub sinkings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg/220px-Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg/330px-Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg/440px-Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Hedgehog, a 24-"barreled" anti-submarine mortar, mounted on the forecastle of the destroyer HMS <i>Westcott</i>, 28 November 1945. The 27-year veteran <i>Westcott</i> claimed the first-ever kill by Hedgehog February 2, 1942, when she sank <i>U-581</i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific_Theater">Pacific Theater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pacific Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan, the United States, Great Britain, The Netherlands, and Australia all employed anti-submarine forces in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Because the Japanese Navy tended to utilize its submarines against capital ships such as cruisers, battleships and aircraft carriers, U.S. and Allied anti-submarine efforts concentrated their work in support of fleet defense. </p><p>Early Japanese submarines were not very maneuverable under water, could not dive very deep, and lacked radar. Later in the war, Japanese submarines were fitted with radar scanning equipment for improved hunting while surfaced. However, these radar-equipped submarines were in some instances sunk due to the ability of U.S. radar receivers to detect their tell-tale scanning emissions. For example, <a href="/wiki/USS_Batfish_(SS-310)" title="USS Batfish (SS-310)"><i>Batfish</i></a> sank three Japanese radar-equipped submarines in the span of four days. In 1944, U.S. anti-submarine forces began to employ the FIDO (Mk 24 mine) air-dropped homing torpedo against submerged Japanese subs with considerable success. </p><p>In contrast, Allied submarines were largely committed against Japanese merchant shipping. As a consequence, Japanese anti-submarine forces were forced to spread their efforts to defend the entirety of their merchant shipping lanes, not only to resupply their forces, but also to continue the necessary importation of war material to the Japanese home islands. </p><p>At first, Japanese anti-submarine defenses proved less than effective against U.S. submarines. Japanese sub detection gear was not as advanced as that of some other nations. The primary Japanese anti-submarine weapon for most of WWII was the depth charge, and Japanese depth charge attacks by its surface forces initially proved fairly unsuccessful against U.S. fleet submarines. Unless caught in shallow water, a U.S. submarine commander could normally dive to a deeper depth in order to escape destruction, sometimes using <a href="/wiki/Sound_speed_gradient" title="Sound speed gradient">temperature gradient barriers</a> to escape pursuit. Additionally, during the first part of the war, the Japanese tended to set their depth charges too shallow, unaware that U.S. submarines possessed the ability to dive beyond 150 feet. </p><p>Unfortunately, the deficiencies of Japanese depth-charge tactics were revealed in a June 1943 press conference held by U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._May" title="Andrew J. May">Andrew J. May</a>, a member of the House Military Affairs Committee who had visited the Pacific theater and received many confidential intelligence and operational briefings. At the press conference, May revealed that American submarines had a high survivability because Japanese depth charges were fused to explode at too shallow a depth, typically 100 feet (because Japanese forces believed U.S. subs did not normally exceed this depth). Various press associations sent this story over their wires, and many newspapers, including one in Honolulu, thoughtlessly published it. Soon enemy depth charges were rearmed to explode at a more effective depth of 250 feet. Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood" title="Charles A. Lockwood">Charles A. Lockwood</a>, commander of the U.S. submarine fleet in the Pacific, later estimated that May's revelation cost the navy as many as ten submarines and 800 crewmen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to resetting their depth charges to deeper depths, Japanese anti-submarine forces also began employing <a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">autogyro</a> aircraft and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Anomaly_Detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Anomaly Detector">Magnetic Anomaly Detection</a> (MAD) equipment to sink U.S. subs, particularly those plying major shipping channels or operating near the home islands. Despite this onslaught, U.S. sub sinkings of Japanese shipping continued to increase at a furious rate as more U.S. subs deployed each month to the Pacific. By the end of the war, U.S. submarines had destroyed more Japanese shipping than all other weapons combined, including aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_developments">Post-war developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASROC-Ikara-LAMPS-MPA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ASROC-Ikara-LAMPS-MPA.png/300px-ASROC-Ikara-LAMPS-MPA.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ASROC-Ikara-LAMPS-MPA.png/450px-ASROC-Ikara-LAMPS-MPA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ASROC-Ikara-LAMPS-MPA.png/600px-ASROC-Ikara-LAMPS-MPA.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The four principal methods of delivering an acoustic homing torpedo or a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Depth_Bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Depth Bomb">Nuclear Depth Bomb</a> at long range from a surface escort. Only the rocket-thrown weapons (<i>ASROC</i> and <i>Ikara</i>) are available for use in all-weather conditions and at instant readiness.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> brought a new kind of conflict to submarine warfare. This war of development had both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> racing to develop better, stealthier and more potent submarines while consequently developing better and more accurate anti-submarine weapons and new delivery platforms, including the <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>. </p><p>Attack submarines (SSKs and SSNs) were developed to include faster, longer range and more discriminating torpedoes. This, coupled with improvements to sonar systems, made ballistic missile submarines more vulnerable to attack submarines and also increased the <a href="/wiki/Anti-surface_warfare" title="Anti-surface warfare">anti-surface warfare</a> (ASuW) capabilities of attack subs. <a href="/wiki/SSBN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSBN">SSBNs</a> themselves as well as cruise-missile submarines (SSGNs) were fitted with increasingly more accurate and longer range missiles and received the greatest noise reduction technology. To counter this increasing threat <b><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a></b> were honed to target submarines more effectively and new <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_missile" title="Anti-submarine missile">anti-submarine missiles</a> and rockets were developed to give ships a longer-range anti-submarine capability. Ships, submarines and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol aircraft</a> (MPA) also received increasingly effective technology for locating submarines, e.g. magnetic anomaly detectors (MAD) and improved sonar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-submarine_technology">Anti-submarine technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first component of an anti-submarine attack is detection: anti-sub weapons cannot be successfully employed without first locating the enemy submarine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_equipment">Detection equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Detection equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical_detection">Optical detection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Optical detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial methods involved making visual contact with the submarine, and remains an important method of target confirmation. This may now be supplemented by thermal techniques. However, the low "indiscretion rate" of modern submarines means that optical detection is now less successful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_intercept">Radio intercept</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Radio intercept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the "wolf pack" by submarines in both the first and second World Wars allowed interception of radio signals. Though these were encrypted, they were broken by the British at "<a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a>" in the First World War and by <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> during the second. This allowed convoys to be diverted and hunter-killer groups to be targeted on the pack. Submarines now transmit using methods that are less susceptible to intercept. </p><p>In World War II, high frequency direction finding (HF/DF or "Huff-duff) was used by Allied escort vessels to detect submarines making position or sighting reports. The direction finding technology was not thought feasible for installation on a warship by the Kriegsmarine and they attributed successes of Huff-duff to radar technology of a performance that did not exist at the time. The standard escort tactic was to steer at speed in the direction of an HF/DF bearing until the target submarine was sighted (often visually, but sometimes on radar) and open fire before the submarine dived. If the submarine dived before being shelled, it could be hunted on sonar.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawdsley_2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawdsley_2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burn_1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn_1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radar">Radar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> was a prime tool in World War II for locating surfaced submarines. After development of the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">snorkel</a>, and then of nuclear-powered submarines, submarines rarely surfaced outside their home port, rendering direct radar detection largely useless. However, it is possible that radar can detect the surface effects produced by a submarine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sonar">Sonar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sonar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since World War II, <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> has emerged as the primary method of underwater detection of submarines. The most effective type has varied between active and passive, depending on the countermeasures taken by the submarine. Its versatility has increased with the development of air-dropped sonobuoys, which relay sonar signals to overhead aircraft, dipping sonar from helicopters and fixed long range systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetic_anomaly_detection">Magnetic anomaly detection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Magnetic anomaly detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector" title="Magnetic anomaly detector">magnetic anomaly detector</a> (MAD) is an electronic magnetometer designed to measure magnetic field variations caused by large metal objects, such as the steel hull of a submarine. Before the development of sonar buoys, MAD gear was often installed in aircraft to pick up shallow-submerged submarines. It is still used today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_non-acoustic_methods">Other non-acoustic methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other non-acoustic methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_indicator_loop" title="Anti-submarine indicator loop">Submarine detector loops</a> were one of the first ways of finding the presence of an underwater submarine. The "<a href="/wiki/Autolycus_(submarine_detector)" title="Autolycus (submarine detector)">sniffer</a>" for detecting diesel exhausts was developed in the Second World War. More recently indirect methods of submarine detection have been tried, mainly via its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wake_detection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wake detection (page does not exist)">wake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-submarine_weapons">Anti-submarine weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-submarine weapons can be divided into three categories according to their mode of operation: guided weapons, non-guided weapons, and rocket and mortar weapons. </p><p>Guided anti-submarine weapons, such as torpedoes, seek out the submarine, either via its own sensors or from the launching platform's sensors. The advantage with this type of weapon is that it requires a relatively small payload as it detonates in direct contact or within a very close proximity of the submarine. The disadvantage is that this type of weapon can be decoyed and is adversely affected by stealth features of the submarine. </p><p>Non-guided anti-submarine weapons, such as mines and depth charges, are "dumb" weapons that has to be carried to the submarine or that the submarine has to come in close proximity of. This is to some degree compensated by a heavy payload, in some mines exceeding half a metric ton, but since the effect of an underwater explosion decreases with a factor of the distance cubed, an increase in payload of a depth charge from 100 to 200 kg would not result in more than a few meters in killing radius. </p><p>The main advantage of rockets and mortar weapons, such as anti-submarine grenades and anti-submarine rockets, is their rapid response time as they are carried through the air to the target. Once dropped on top of the target, they also have the advantage of not being sensitive to decoys or stealth features. A hybrid of this category is the rocket launched torpedo, which is carried to the proximity of the target via a rocket; this then reduces the response time and gives the submarine less time to undertake countermeasures or evasive maneuvers. </p><p>Finally, a submarine can also be destroyed by means of artillery fire and missiles in the rare case that a modern submarine surfaces, but these weapons are not specifically designed for submarines and their importance in modern <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> is very limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guns">Guns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunfire has been used to disable submarines from the First World War and onwards. After the First World War, special ASW shells were developed for medium calibre naval guns. An example of the modern ASW shell is Kingfisher gun-launched anti-submarine munition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depth_charge">Depth charge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Depth charge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depth_charge_bd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Depth_charge_bd.jpg/220px-Depth_charge_bd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Depth_charge_bd.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Navy depth charge, used in WWII</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_depth_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear depth charge">Nuclear depth charge</a></div> <p>Perhaps the simplest of the anti-submarine weapons, the <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charge</a>, is a large canister filled with explosives and set to explode at a predetermined depth. The concussive effects of the explosion could damage a submarine from a distance, though a depth charge explosion had to be very close to break the submarine's hull. Air-dropped depth charges were referred to as 'depth bombs'; these were sometimes fitted with an aerodynamic casing. </p><p>Surface-launched depth charges are typically used in a <a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">barrage</a> manner in order to cause significant damage through continually battering the submarine with concussive blasts. Depth charges improved considerably since their first employment in World War I. To match improvements in submarine design, pressure-sensing mechanisms and explosives were improved during World War II to provide greater shock power and a charge that would reliably explode over a wide range of depth settings. </p><p>Aerial-launched depth bombs are dropped in twos and threes in pre-computed patterns, either from airplanes, helicopters, or blimps. Since aerial attacks normally resulted from surprising the submarine on the surface, air-dropped depth bombs were usually timed to explode at a shallow depth, while the submarine was in the process of making a crash dive. In many cases destruction was not achieved, but the submarine was nonetheless forced to retire for repairs. </p><p>Early depth charges were designed to be rolled into the water off of the stern of a fast ship. The ship had to be moving fast enough to avoid the concussion of the depth charge blast. Later designs allowed the depth charge to be hurled some distance from the ship, allowing slower ships to operate them and for larger areas to be covered. </p><p>Today, depth charges not only can be dropped by aircraft or surface ships, but can also be carried by missiles to their target. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-submarine_unguided_projectiles">Anti-submarine unguided projectiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine unguided projectiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_mortar" title="Anti-submarine mortar">Anti-submarine mortar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-submarine_mortar">Anti-submarine mortar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine mortar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedgehog_launcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Hedgehog_launcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a> mortar based depth charge launcher</figcaption></figure> <p>With the discovery that depth charges rarely scored a kill by hitting a submarine, but instead were most effective in barrages, it was found that similar or better effects could be obtained by larger numbers of smaller explosions. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_mortar" title="Anti-submarine mortar">anti-submarine mortar</a> is actually an array of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)#Spigot_mortar" title="Mortar (weapon)">spigot mortars</a>, designed to fire off a number of small explosives simultaneously and create an array of explosions around a submarine's position. These were often called <i><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehogs</a></i> after the name given to a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> British design. Later ASW mortar shells were fitted with impact detonators that fired only after actual contact with the hull of the submarine, allowing sonar crews to maintain a constant sound track until a hit was achieved. </p><p>The Hedgehog fired twenty-four 14.5 kg charges whereas a later development called the "<a href="/wiki/Squid_(weapon)" title="Squid (weapon)">Squid</a>" fired three full-sized depth charges. A further development called "<a href="/wiki/Limbo_(weapon)" title="Limbo (weapon)">Limbo</a>" was used into the 1960s, and this used 94 kg charges. </p><p>A development of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_mortar" title="Anti-submarine mortar">anti-submarine mortar</a>, designed primarily for the exceptionally challenging task of <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral</a> anti-submarine operations, utilizes a shaped charge warhead. An example of this is the Saab Dynamics <a href="/wiki/Elma_ASW-600" title="Elma ASW-600">Elma ASW-600</a> and the upgraded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rXc9FUGfEU"><span class="plainlinks">ASW-601</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-submarine_rockets">Anti-submarine rockets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_rocket" title="Anti-submarine rocket">Anti-submarine rocket</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoketsanIDEF2015_(12).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/RoketsanIDEF2015_%2812%29.JPG/200px-RoketsanIDEF2015_%2812%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/RoketsanIDEF2015_%2812%29.JPG/300px-RoketsanIDEF2015_%2812%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/RoketsanIDEF2015_%2812%29.JPG/400px-RoketsanIDEF2015_%2812%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>Turkish modern anti-submarine warfare rocket launcher system at the <a href="/wiki/Roketsan" title="Roketsan">Roketsan</a> stand at <a href="/wiki/International_Defence_Industry_Fair" title="International Defence Industry Fair">IDEF 2015</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-submarine rockets are very similar to anti-submarine morters. Some examples of the latest anti-submarine rockets are <a href="/wiki/Roketsan" title="Roketsan">Roketsan</a> ASW rocket launcher system, <a href="/wiki/RBU-6000" title="RBU-6000">RBU-6000</a>, <a href="/wiki/RBU-1200" title="RBU-1200">RBU-1200</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mine">Mine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_60_CAPTOR-DF-ST-90-11649.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mark_60_CAPTOR-DF-ST-90-11649.JPEG/220px-Mark_60_CAPTOR-DF-ST-90-11649.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mark_60_CAPTOR-DF-ST-90-11649.JPEG/330px-Mark_60_CAPTOR-DF-ST-90-11649.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mark_60_CAPTOR-DF-ST-90-11649.JPEG/440px-Mark_60_CAPTOR-DF-ST-90-11649.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mark_60_CAPTOR" title="Mark 60 CAPTOR">Mark 60 CAPTOR</a> mine being loaded onto a <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a> at <a href="/wiki/Loring_Air_Force_Base" title="Loring Air Force Base">Loring Air Force Base</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Similar to <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> designed to defeat surface ships, mines can be laid to wait for an enemy submarine to pass by and then explode to cause concussive damage to the submarine. Some are mobile and upon detection they can move towards the submarine until within lethal range. There has even been development of mines that have the ability to launch an encapsulated torpedo at a detected submarine. Mines can be laid by submarines, ships, or aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-submarine_torpedo">Anti-submarine torpedo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine torpedo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MU90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MU90.jpg/220px-MU90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MU90.jpg/330px-MU90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MU90.jpg/440px-MU90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MU90_Impact" title="MU90 Impact">MU90 torpedo</a> launcher aboard F221 <i>Hessen</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sachsen_class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachsen class frigate"><i>Sachsen</i> class frigate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early anti-submarine <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> were straight-running types and usually a group was fired in case the target manoeuvred. They can be divided into two main types, the heavyweight, fired from submarines, and the lightweight which are fired from ships, dropped from aircraft (both fixed wing and helicopters) and delivered by rocket. Later ones used active/passive sonar homing and wire-guidance. Pattern running and <a href="/wiki/Wake_homing" title="Wake homing">wake homing</a> torpedoes have also been developed. </p><p>The first successful homing torpedo was introduced by Nazi Germany's <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> for use by its <a href="/wiki/U-boat_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat arm">U-boat arm</a> against Allied shipping. After capturing several of these weapons,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-submarine_weapon#Dubious" title="Talk:Anti-submarine weapon">discuss</a></i>]</sup> along with independent research, the United States introduced the <a href="/wiki/Mark_24_mine" title="Mark 24 mine">FIDO</a> air-dropped homing torpedo (also called the Mark 24 'mine' as a cover) in 1943. FIDO was designed to breach the steel pressure hull of a submarine but not necessarily cause a catastrophic implosion, forcing the now-crippled submarine to surface where the submarine and crew might possibly be captured. After World War II, homing torpedoes became one of the primary anti-submarine weapons, used by most of the world's naval powers. Aircraft continued to be a primary launching platform, including the newly available <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>, though homing torpedoes can also be launched from surface ships or submarines. However, the torpedo's inherent limitations in speed of attack and detection by the target have led to the development of missile-borne anti-submarine weapons that can be delivered practically on top of the enemy submarine, such as <a href="/wiki/ASROC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASROC">ASROC</a>. </p><p>On ships the torpedoes are generally launched from a triple-barreled launcher by compressed air. These may be mounted on deck or below. On submarines torpedoes have been carried externally as well as internally. The latter have been launched in the past by stern tubes as well as by the more normal forward ones. </p><p>Aircraft delivery platforms have included both unmanned helicopters, such as the US <a href="/wiki/QH-50_DASH" class="mw-redirect" title="QH-50 DASH">DASH</a>, and manned ones such as British <a href="/wiki/Westland_Wasp" title="Westland Wasp">Westland Wasp</a>. The helicopter may be solely a weapons carrier or it can have submarine detection capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-submarine_missiles">Anti-submarine missiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Special:EditPage/Anti-submarine weapon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_missile" title="Anti-submarine missile">Anti-submarine missile</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_depth_charge_explodes_near_USS_Agerholm_(DD-826)_on_11_May_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_depth_charge_explodes_near_USS_Agerholm_%28DD-826%29_on_11_May_1962.jpg/200px-Nuclear_depth_charge_explodes_near_USS_Agerholm_%28DD-826%29_on_11_May_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_depth_charge_explodes_near_USS_Agerholm_%28DD-826%29_on_11_May_1962.jpg/300px-Nuclear_depth_charge_explodes_near_USS_Agerholm_%28DD-826%29_on_11_May_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_depth_charge_explodes_near_USS_Agerholm_%28DD-826%29_on_11_May_1962.jpg/400px-Nuclear_depth_charge_explodes_near_USS_Agerholm_%28DD-826%29_on_11_May_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/ASROC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASROC">ASROC</a> anti-submarine ballistic missile test in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Some examples of the latest anti-submarine missiles are <a href="/wiki/SMART_(missile)" title="SMART (missile)">SMART</a>, <a href="/wiki/RUM-139_VL-ASROC" title="RUM-139 VL-ASROC">RUM-139 VL-ASROC</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPK-9_Medvedka" title="RPK-9 Medvedka">RPK-9 Medvedka</a>, <a href="/wiki/CY-1" title="CY-1">CY-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otomat#Developments" title="Otomat">MILAS</a>. The missile type is differ from other types of missiles in that instead of having a warhead which the missiles delivers to the target directly and explodes, they carry another anti-submarine weapon to a point of the surface where that weapon is dropped in the water to complete the attack. The missile itself launches from its platform and travels to the designated delivery point. </p><p>The major advantages of <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_missile" title="Anti-submarine missile">anti-submarine missiles</a> are range and speed of attack. Torpedoes are not very fast compared to a missile, nor as long-ranged, and are much easier for a submarine to detect. Anti-sub missiles are usually delivered from surface vessels, offering the surface escort an all-weather, all-sea-conditions instant readiness weapon to attack time-urgent targets that no other delivery system can match for speed of response. They have the added advantage that they are under the direct control of the escort vessel's commander, and unlike air-delivered weapons cannot be diverted to other taskings, or be dependent on weather or maintenance availability. Aircraft delivery can be further compromised by low fuel state or an expended weapon load. The missile is always available, and at instant readiness. It allows the torpedo or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_depth_bomb" title="Nuclear depth bomb">nuclear depth bomb</a> to enter the water practically on top of the submarine's position, minimizing the submarine's ability to detect and evade the attack. Missiles are also more rapid and accurate in many cases than helicopters or aircraft for dropping torpedoes and depth charges, with a typical interval of 1 to 1.5 minutes from a launch decision to torpedo splashdown. Helicopters frequently take much longer to just get off the escort's deck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapon_control_systems">Weapon control systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Weapon control systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The readiness of weapons was at first determined manually. Early fire control consisted of range measurements and calculation of the submarine's course and speed. The aiming point was then manually determined by rule. Later, mechanical computers were used to solve the fire control problem with electrical indication of weapon readiness. Today the weapon firing process is carried out by digital computer with elaborate displays of all relevant parameters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ASW_Countermeasures">ASW Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: ASW Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main countermeasure the submarine has is stealth; it tries not to be detected. Against the ASW weapon itself, both active and passive countermeasures are used. The former may be a noise making jammer or a decoy providing a signal that looks like a submarine. Passive countermeasures may consist of coatings to minimize a torpedo's sonar reflections or an outer hull to provide a stand-off from its explosion. The anti-submarine weapon has to overcome these countermeasures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_net" title="Anti-submarine net">Anti-submarine net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector" title="Magnetic anomaly detector">Magnetic anomaly detector</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blair, Clay, Silent Victory (Vol.1), The Naval Institute Press, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">. Lanning, Michael Lee (Lt. Col.), "Senseless Secrets: the failures of U.S. Military Intelligence, from George Washington to the present", Carol Publishing Group, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mawdsley_2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mawdsley_2019_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMawdsley2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Mawdsley, Evan</a> (2019). "chapter 15". <i>The War for the Seas : a maritime history of World War II</i> (Kindle ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19019-9"><bdi>978-0-300-19019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+15&rft.btitle=The+War+for+the+Seas+%3A+a+maritime+history+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19019-9&rft.aulast=Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+weapon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burn_1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burn_1993_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn1993" class="citation book cs1">Burn, Alan (1993). <i>The Fighting Captain: Captain Frederic John Walker RN and the Battle of the Atlantic</i> (Kindle 2006 ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-439-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-439-5"><bdi>978-1-84415-439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+Captain%3A+Captain+Frederic+John+Walker+RN+and+the+Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.edition=Kindle+2006&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-439-5&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+weapon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blair, Clay, <i>Silent Victory</i> (Vol.1), The Naval Institute Press, 2001</li> <li>Lanning, Michael Lee (Lt. Col.), <i>Senseless Secrets: The Failures of U.S. Military Intelligence from George Washington to the Present</i>, Carol Publishing Group, 1995</li> <li>Preston, Antony, <i>The World's Greatest Submarines", Greenwich Editions, 2005.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080106072912/http://www.weymouthdiving.co.uk/torpedoes.htm">Early British torpedoes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com">US Naval Weapons</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&oldid=1257542530">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_weapon&oldid=1257542530</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-submarine_weapons" title="Category:Anti-submarine weapons">Anti-submarine weapons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_warfare" title="Category:Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Projectiles" title="Category:Projectiles">Projectiles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2020">Articles needing additional references from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2010">Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from June 2020">Articles with disputed statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2021">Articles needing additional references from November 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 13:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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