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id="toc-Ancestor_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestor_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancestor organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestor_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish_Commission_and_Bureau_of_Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_Commission_and_Bureau_of_Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_Commission_and_Bureau_of_Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bureau_of_Biological_Survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureau_of_Biological_Survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Bureau of Biological Survey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureau_of_Biological_Survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fish and Wildlife Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_and_Wildlife_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Wildlife_Refuge_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Wildlife_Refuge_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>National Wildlife Refuge System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Wildlife_Refuge_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>National Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Endangered species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Fish_Hatchery_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Fish_Hatchery_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National Fish Hatchery System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Fish_Hatchery_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Fish_Passage_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Fish_Passage_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>National Fish Passage Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Fish_Passage_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migratory_Bird_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migratory_Bird_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Migratory Bird Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migratory_Bird_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_Conservation_Cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_Conservation_Cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Landscape Conservation Cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_Conservation_Cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Office_of_Law_Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Law_Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Office of Law Enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Law_Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clark_R._Bavin_National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Forensic_Laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clark_R._Bavin_National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Forensic_Laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clark_R._Bavin_National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Forensic_Laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_Refuge_Law_Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_Refuge_Law_Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Division of Refuge Law Enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_Refuge_Law_Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Duck_Stamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Duck_Stamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Federal Duck Stamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Duck_Stamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Affairs_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Affairs_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>International Affairs Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Affairs_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Conservation_Training_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Conservation_Training_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>National Conservation Training Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Conservation_Training_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predator_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predator_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Predator control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predator_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Tribal relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Former fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_governmental_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_governmental_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Related governmental agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_governmental_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Regulatory matters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Wildlife management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other related topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المؤسسة الأمريكية للأسماك والحياة البرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المؤسسة الأمريكية للأسماك والحياة البرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_bal%C4%B1qlar%C4%B1n_v%C9%99_v%C9%99h%C5%9Fi_t%C9%99bi%C9%99tin_m%C3%BChafiz%C9%99si_xidm%C9%99ti" title="ABŞ balıqların və vəhşi təbiətin mühafizəsi xidməti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ balıqların və vəhşi təbiətin mühafizəsi xidməti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_de_Pesca_i_Fauna_Salvatge_dels_Estats_Units" title="Servei de Pesca i Fauna Salvatge dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei de Pesca i Fauna Salvatge dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_Pesca_y_Vida_Silvestre_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%9Dkapta_kaj_Natura_Servo_de_Usono" title="Fiŝkapta kaj Natura Servo de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiŝkapta kaj Natura Servo de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="خدمات ماهی و حیات وحش ایالات متحده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدمات ماهی و حیات وحش ایالات متحده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%96%B4%EB%A5%98_%EB%B0%8F_%EC%95%BC%EC%83%9D%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC%EA%B5%AD" title="미국 어류 및 야생동물관리국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 어류 및 야생동물관리국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שירות הדגה וחיות הבר של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירות הדגה וחיות הבר של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerium_Piscium_et_Ferarum_Civitatum_Foederatarum" title="Ministerium Piscium et Ferarum Civitatum Foederatarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ministerium Piscium et Ferarum Civitatum Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Valstij%C5%B3_%C5%BDuv%C5%B3_ir_Laukin%C4%97s_gamtos_tarnyba" title="Jungtinių Valstijų Žuvų ir Laukinės gamtos tarnyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Valstijų Žuvų ir Laukinės gamtos tarnyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B1%80" title="合衆国魚類野生生物局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="合衆国魚類野生生物局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Служба охраны рыбных ресурсов и диких животных США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Служба охраны рыбных ресурсов и диких животных США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="องค์การบริหารปลาและสัตว์ป่าแห่งสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การบริหารปลาและสัตว์ป่าแห่งสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Bal%C4%B1k_ve_Vah%C5%9Fi_Ya%C5%9Fam_Servisi" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Balık ve Vahşi Yaşam Servisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Balık ve Vahşi Yaşam Servisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&params=38.845663_N_77.120087_W_type:landmark_region:US"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°50′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°07′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.845663°N 77.120087°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.845663; -77.120087</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States federal government agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FWS" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/FWS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="FWS (disambiguation)">FWS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seal_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seal_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.svg/210px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seal_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.svg/280px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="301" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Flag_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Modern_Flag_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.gif/140px-Modern_Flag_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Modern_Flag_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.gif/210px-Modern_Flag_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Modern_Flag_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.gif/280px-Modern_Flag_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">Fish and Wildlife Service: June 30, 1940<span class="noprint">; 84 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1940-06-30</span>)</span> U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 1956; 68 years ago</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Bureau of Fisheries</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States Federal Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Crossroads,_Virginia" title="Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia">Bailey's Crossroads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, United States<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_id1none"><a href="#endnote_id1none">[Note 1]</a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&params=38.845663_N_77.120087_W_type:landmark_region:US"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°50′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°07′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.845663°N 77.120087°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.845663; -77.120087</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 8,000<sup id="cite_ref-ECount_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECount-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.584 billion (FY2021)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Williams_(lawyer)" title="Martha Williams (lawyer)">Martha Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Director</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lead_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Vacant, Principal Deputy Director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov">fws.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Address_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Address-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heather_Bartlett_USFWS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Heather_Bartlett_USFWS.jpg/220px-Heather_Bartlett_USFWS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Heather_Bartlett_USFWS.jpg/330px-Heather_Bartlett_USFWS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Heather_Bartlett_USFWS.jpg/440px-Heather_Bartlett_USFWS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Heather Bartlett, an Arctic Refuge law enforcement officer with the Fish and Wildlife Service, next to her <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-18_Super_Cub" title="Piper PA-18 Super Cub">Piper PA-18 Super Cub</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sean_Edwards_(40680590754).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sean_Edwards_%2840680590754%29.png/220px-Sean_Edwards_%2840680590754%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sean_Edwards_%2840680590754%29.png/330px-Sean_Edwards_%2840680590754%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sean_Edwards_%2840680590754%29.png/440px-Sean_Edwards_%2840680590754%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel in uniform on 11 April 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>United States Fish and Wildlife Service</b> (<b>USFWS</b> or <b>FWS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">U.S. federal government agency</a> within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> which oversees the management of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, and natural <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a> in the United States. The mission of the agency is "working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people."<sup id="cite_ref-ECount_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECount-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the responsibilities of the USFWS are enforcing federal wildlife laws; protecting endangered species; managing <a href="/wiki/Migratory_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory bird">migratory birds</a>; restoring nationally significant fisheries; conserving and restoring wildlife habitats, such as wetlands; helping foreign governments in international conservation efforts; and distributing money to fish and wildlife agencies of <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> through the Wildlife Sport Fish and Restoration Program.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of fish and wildlife habitats are on <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> or private land not controlled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>. Therefore, the USFWS works closely with private groups such as <a href="/wiki/Partners_in_Flight" title="Partners in Flight">Partners in Flight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sport_Fishing_and_Boating_Partnership_Council" title="Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council">Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council</a> to promote voluntary <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a> and restoration. </p><p>The Fish and Wildlife Service was created in 1940 through the combination of two previous bureaus within the Department of the Interior. Its current director is <a href="/wiki/Martha_Williams_(lawyer)" title="Martha Williams (lawyer)">Martha Williams</a>, who was appointed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on March 8, 2022. </p><p>USFWS employs approximately 8,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-ECount_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECount-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is organized into a central administrative office in <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, eight regional offices, and nearly 700 field offices distributed throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestor_organizations">Ancestor organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestor organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish_Commission_and_Bureau_of_Fisheries">Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original ancestor of USFWS was the <b>United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries</b>, more commonly referred to as the <b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a></b>, created in 1871 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> with the purpose of studying and recommending solutions to a noted decline in the <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stocks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">food fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird" title="Spencer Fullerton Baird">Spencer Fullerton Baird</a> was appointed to lead it as the first United States Commissioner of Fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, the Fish Commission was reorganized as the <b>United States Bureau of Fisheries</b> and made part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">United States Department of Commerce and Labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Department of Commerce and Labor was split into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a> in 1913, the Bureau of Fisheries was made part of the Department of Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally focused on <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">fisheries science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish culture">fish culture</a>, the Bureau of Fisheries also assumed other duties; in 1906, the U.S. Congress assigned it the responsibility for the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seal</a>-hunting regulations in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-afscearly_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afscearly-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1910 for the management and harvest of <a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">northern fur seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, and other fur-bearing animals in the <a href="/wiki/Pribilof_Islands" title="Pribilof Islands">Pribilof Islands</a>, as well as for the care, education, and welfare of the <a href="/wiki/Aleut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut people">Aleut</a> communities in the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-pribiloftenders_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pribiloftenders-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, the Bureau of Fisheries moved from the Department of Commerce to the Department of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bureau_of_Biological_Survey">Bureau of Biological Survey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bureau of Biological Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The other ancestor of the USFWS began as the <b>Section of Economic Ornithology</b>, which was established within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> in 1885 and became the <b>Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy</b> in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896 it became the <b>Division of Biological Survey</b>. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hart_Merriam" title="Clinton Hart Merriam">Clinton Hart Merriam</a> headed the Division for 25 years and became a national figure for improving the scientific understanding of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> in the United States. </p><p>In 1934, the Division of Biological Survey was reorganized as the <b>Bureau of Biological Survey</b> and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Norwood_Darling" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Norwood Darling">Jay Norwood Darling</a> was appointed its chief;. The same year, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (FWCA), one of the oldest federal environmental review statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Darling's guidance, the Bureau began an ongoing legacy of protecting vital natural habitat throughout the United States. In 1939, the Bureau of Biological Survey moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_and_Wildlife_Service">Fish and Wildlife Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fish and Wildlife Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FWS_patrol_vehicles_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FWS_patrol_vehicles_1950.jpg/220px-FWS_patrol_vehicles_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FWS_patrol_vehicles_1950.jpg/330px-FWS_patrol_vehicles_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FWS_patrol_vehicles_1950.jpg/440px-FWS_patrol_vehicles_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>FWS patrol vehicles in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a> in 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_licence_compliance_check.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fishing_licence_compliance_check.jpg/220px-Fishing_licence_compliance_check.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fishing_licence_compliance_check.jpg/330px-Fishing_licence_compliance_check.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fishing_licence_compliance_check.jpg/440px-Fishing_licence_compliance_check.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption> Official performing a fishing license compliance check</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 30, 1940, the Bureau of Fisheries and the Bureau of Biological Survey were combined to form the Department of the Interior's <b>Fish and Wildlife Service</b>. In 1956, the Fish and Wildlife Service was reorganized as the <b>United States Fish and Wildlife Service</b> — which remained part of the Department of the Interior — and divided its operations into two bureaus, the <b>Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife</b> and the <b>Bureau of Commercial Fisheries</b>, with the latter inheriting the history and heritage of the old U.S. Fish Commission and U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the formation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) within the Department of Commerce on October 3, 1970, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries merged with the <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt-water</a> laboratories of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife to form today's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), an element of NOAA.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the USFWS remained in place in the Department of the Interior in 1970 as the foundation of the USFWS as it is known today, although in 1985 the Animal Damage Control Agency, responsible for predator control, was transferred from the USFWS to the Department of Agriculture and renamed the Division of Wildlife Services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Wildlife_Refuge_System">National Wildlife Refuge System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National Wildlife Refuge System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natdiglib10013full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Natdiglib10013full.jpg/220px-Natdiglib10013full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Natdiglib10013full.jpg/330px-Natdiglib10013full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Natdiglib10013full.jpg/440px-Natdiglib10013full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Checking on the young ones in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Branch_Marsh_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge">Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>USFWS manages the National Wildlife Refuge System, which consists of 570 <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a>, encompassing a full range of habitat types, including <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>, coastal and marine areas, and temperate, <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forests</a> spread across all 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>. It also manages thousands of small <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> and other special management areas covering over 150,000,000 acres (61,000,000 ha). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Monuments">National Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS governs six <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National Monuments</a>: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Reach_National_Monument" title="Hanford Reach National Monument">Hanford Reach National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a>, a huge maritime area in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a>, managed jointly with the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) and the State of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_World_War_II_National_Monument" title="Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument">Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Remote_Islands_Marine_National_Monument" title="Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument">Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected area</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> managed in consultation with NOAA;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rose_Atoll_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Atoll Marine National Monument">Rose Atoll Marine National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, managed jointly with NOAA and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_American_Samoa" title="Government of American Samoa">Government of American Samoa</a>; and</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marianas_Trench_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas Trench Marine National Monument">Marianas Trench Marine National Monument</a>, which includes undersea <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcanoes</a>, vents, <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemosynthetic">chemosynthetic</a> organisms, and many of the deepest points on Earth, managed in coordination with NOAA</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS shares the responsibility for administering the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act of 1973</a> with the <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> (NMFS), an element of NOAA, with the NMFS responsible for <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine species</a>, the FWS responsible for <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> and all other species, and the two organizations jointly managing species that occur in both marine and non-marine environments. The USFWS publishes the quarterly <i>Endangered Species Bulletin</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Fish_Hatchery_System">National Fish Hatchery System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National Fish Hatchery System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS's Fisheries Program oversees the <a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">National Fish Hatchery System</a> (NFHS), which includes 70 National Fish Hatcheries and 65 Fish and Wildlife Conservation Offices. Originally created to reverse declines in lake and coastal fish stocks in the United States, the NFHS subsequently expanded its mission to include the preservation of the genes of wild and hatchery-raised fish; the restoration of native aquatic populations of fish, freshwater <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> including populations of species listed under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a>; mitigating the loss of fisheries resulting from U.S. Government water projects; and providing fish to benefit <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and National Wildlife Refuges. The NFHS also engages in outreach, education, and research activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Fish_Passage_Program">National Fish Passage Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National Fish Passage Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Fish Passage Program provides financial and technical resources to projects that promote the free movement of fish and aquatic life. Common projects include <a href="/wiki/Dam_removal" title="Dam removal">dam removal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishway">fishway</a> construction. Between 1999 and 2023, the program has worked with over 2,000 local partners to open 61,000 mi (98,000 km) of upstream habitat by removing or bypassing 3,400 aquatic barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migratory_Bird_Program">Migratory Bird Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Migratory Bird Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Division of Migratory Bird Management runs the Migratory Bird Program, which works with partners of the USFWS to protect, restore, and conserve bird populations and their habitats by ensuring the long-term ecological sustainability of all <a href="/wiki/Migratory_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory bird">migratory bird</a> populations, increasing the socioeconomic benefit of birds, improving the experience of hunting, bird watching, and other outdoor activities related to birds, and increasing the awareness of the aesthetic, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a>, recreational and economic significance of migratory birds and their habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutmigratory_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutmigratory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It conducts surveys; coordinates USFWS activities with those of public-private bird conservation partnerships; provides matching grants for conservation efforts involving USFWS partners; develops policies and regulations and administers conservation laws related to migratory birds; issues permits to allow individuals and organizations to participate in migratory bird conservation efforts; helps educate and engage children in wildlife conservation topics; and provides resources for parents and educators to assist them in helping children explore nature and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutmigratory_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutmigratory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_Conservation_Cooperatives">Landscape Conservation Cooperatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Landscape Conservation Cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS partners with the <a href="/wiki/Landscape_Conservation_Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape Conservation Cooperatives">Landscape Conservation Cooperatives</a>, a network of 22 autonomous <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> sponsored by the Department of the Interior which function as regional conservation bodies covering the entire United States and adjacent areas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inspector-looks-at-an-imported-statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Inspector-looks-at-an-imported-statue.jpg/220px-Inspector-looks-at-an-imported-statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Inspector-looks-at-an-imported-statue.jpg/330px-Inspector-looks-at-an-imported-statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Inspector-looks-at-an-imported-statue.jpg/440px-Inspector-looks-at-an-imported-statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Inspector looks at an imported statue.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_of_Law_Enforcement">Office of Law Enforcement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Office of Law Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement">Office of Law Enforcement</a> enforces wildlife laws, investigates wildlife crimes, regulates wildlife trade, helps people in the United States understand and obey wildlife protection laws, and works in partnership with international, state, and tribal counterparts to conserve wildlife resources. It also trains other U.S. Government, U.S. state, tribal, and foreign law enforcement officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clark_R._Bavin_National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Forensic_Laboratory">Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS operates the <a href="/wiki/Clark_R._Bavin_National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Forensic_Laboratory" title="Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory">Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensics</a> laboratory in the world devoted to <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement</a>. By treaty, it also is the official crime laboratory for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>) and the Wildlife Group of <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>. The laboratory identifies the <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of pieces, parts, or products of an animal to determine its cause of death, help wildlife officers determine if a violation of law occurred in its death, and to identify and compare physical evidence to link suspects to the crime scene and the animal's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Division_of_Refuge_Law_Enforcement">Division of Refuge Law Enforcement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Division of Refuge Law Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United States Fish and Wildlife Service Refuge Law Enforcement consists of professional law enforcement officers entrusted with protecting natural resources and public safety. Federal Wildlife Officers promote the survival of species and health of the environment by ensuring that wildlife laws are followed. They also welcome visitors and are often the first U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employees encountered by the public on refuges. Federal Wildlife Officers (FWO) are entrusted with protecting natural resources, visitors and employees on National Wildlife Refuge System lands.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Duck_Stamp">Federal Duck Stamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Federal Duck Stamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS issues an annual <a href="/wiki/Federal_Duck_Stamp" title="Federal Duck Stamp">Federal Duck Stamp</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Collectable" title="Collectable">collectable</a> adhesive stamp required to hunt for migratory <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>. It also allows access to National Wildlife Refuges without paying an admission fee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Affairs_Program">International Affairs Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International Affairs Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS International Affairs Program coordinates domestic and international efforts to protect, restore, and enhance wildlife and its habitats, focusing on species of international concern, fulfilling the USFWS's international responsibilities under about 40 <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>, as well as U.S. laws and regulations. It oversees programs which work with private citizens, local communities, other U.S. Government and U.S. state agencies, foreign governments, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a>, scientific and conservation organizations, industry groups. and other interested parties on issues related to the implementation of treaties and laws and the conservation of species around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Conservation_Training_Center">National Conservation Training Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National Conservation Training Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USFWS's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/program/national-conservation-training-center">National Conservation Training Center</a> trains USFWS employees and those of USFWS partners in the accomplishment of the USFWS's mission.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predator_control">Predator control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Predator control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its founding in 1896, the work of the Division of Biological Survey focused on the effect of birds in controlling agricultural pests and mapping the geographical distribution of plants and animals in the United States. By 1905 with funding scarce, the Survey included in its mission the eradication of wolves, coyotes and other large predators. This garnered them the support of ranchers and western legislators resulting, by 1914, in a $125,000 congressionally approved budget for use "on the National Forests and the public domain in destroying wolves, coyotes and other animals injurious to agriculture and animal husbandry".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 95–96">: 95–96 </span></sup> Meanwhile, scientists like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell" title="Joseph Grinnell">Joseph Grinnell</a> and Charles C. Adams, a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Society_of_America" title="Ecological Society of America">Ecological Society of America</a>, were promoting a "<a href="/wiki/Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">balance of nature</a>" theory – the idea that predators were an important part of the larger ecosystem and should not be eradicated. In 1924, at a conference organized by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists" title="American Society of Mammalogists">American Society of Mammologists</a> (ASM), the debate generated a public split between those in the Survey, promoting eradication, and those from the ASM who promoted some sort of accommodation. Edward A. Goldman, from the Survey, made perfectly clear their position in a paper <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that with the arrival of Europeans in North America, the balance of nature had been "violently overturned, never to be reestablished". He concludes with the idea that "Large predatory mammals, destructive to livestock and to game, no longer have a place in our advancing civilization." The Survey subsequently placed over 2 million poisoned bait stations across the west and by 1930 had "extirpated wolves from the Lower 48 and advised and assisted in erasing grey wolves from" Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks. The Survey then turned to the eradication of coyote,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 124–126">: 124–126 </span></sup> coordinated through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-agriculture-animal-damage-control-act-chapter-17-miscellaneous-matters">1931 Animal Damage Control Act</a>. </p><p>With various agency reorganizations, the practice continued more or less apace through the early 1970s but though hundreds of thousands of coyotes were killed, their extreme adaptability and resilience led to little overall population reduction and, instead, their migration into an expanded habitat, including urban areas. Increasing environmental awareness in the late 1960s and early 1970s resulted in Nixon banning post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>-era poisons in 1972 and the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> in 1973. Also in 1972, the Nixon administration rewrote the Animal Damage Control Act, effectively repealing it in favor of turning the mission of predator control over to the states. The loss of federally fund to protect their livestock was too much for ranching and agricultural communities and by 1980 Reagan had reversed the poison killing ban and transferred the responsibility for predator control to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage">Wildlife Services</a> program under the US <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/home/">Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a>. The Program's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/sa_program_overview/ct_about_mission">mission</a> has evolved to protect "agriculture, wildlife and other natural resources, property, and human health and safety". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal_relations">Tribal relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tribal relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" title="Eagle feather law">eagle feather law</a>, Title 50, Part 22 of the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> (50 CFR 22), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bald_and_Golden_Eagle_Protection_Act" title="Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act">Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act</a></i>, the USFWS administers the <a href="/wiki/National_Eagle_Repository" title="National Eagle Repository">National Eagle Repository</a> and the permit system for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> religious use of eagle feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These exceptions often only apply to Native Americans that are registered with the federal government and are enrolled with a federally recognized tribe. </p><p>In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the USFWS began to incorporate the research of tribal scientists into conservation decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came on the heels of Native American <a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">traditional ecological knowledge</a> (TEK) gaining acceptance in the scientific community as a reasonable and respectable way to gain knowledge of managing the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, other natural resource agencies within the United States government, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, have taken steps to be more inclusive of tribes, native people, and tribal rights.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has marked a transition to a relationship of more co-operation rather than the tension between tribes and government agencies seen historically. Today, these agencies work closely with tribal governments to ensure the best conservation decisions are made and that tribes retain their sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_fleet">Former fleet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Former fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1940 to 1970, the FWS (from 1956 the USFWS) operated a fleet of seagoing vessels. The fleet included <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">fisheries science</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Research ship">research ships</a>, fishery patrol vessels, and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">cargo liners</a>. </p><p>The Fish Commission operated a small fleet of research ships and fish-culture vessels. The Bureau of Fisheries inherited these in 1903, and then greatly expanded its fleet of seagoing vessels, including both patrol vessels for fishery enforcement in the Territory of Alaska<sup id="cite_ref-afscearly_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afscearly-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a cargo liner — known as the "Pribilof <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">tender</a>" — to provide transportation for passengers and haul cargo to, from, and between the Pribilof Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-pribiloftenders_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pribiloftenders-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, the Bureau of Biological Survey operated a vessel of its own, <a href="/wiki/MV_Brown_Bear" title="MV Brown Bear"><i>Brown Bear</i></a>. Upon its creation in 1940, the FWS inherited the BOF's fleet and <i>Brown Bear</i>. </p><p>By 1940, no fisheries research vessels remained in commission, the BOF having decommissioned the last one, <a href="/wiki/USS_Patuxent_(AT-11)" title="USS Patuxent (AT-11)">USFS <i>Albatross II</i></a>, in 1932;<sup id="cite_ref-dayp6_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dayp6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only in the late 1940s did the FWS begin to commission new research ships. Although between 1871 and 1940 the Fish Commission and BOF had never had more than three fisheries research ships in commission at the same time<sup id="cite_ref-dayp7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dayp7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — and had three in commission simultaneously only in two years out of their entire combined history<sup id="cite_ref-dayp7_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dayp7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — by March 1950, the FWS fleet included 11 seagoing fisheries research and exploratory fishing vessels either in service or under construction,<sup id="cite_ref-dayp7_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dayp7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its fishery enforcement force in the Territory of Alaska included 29 <a href="/wiki/Patrol_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol vessel">patrol vessels</a> and about 100 <a href="/wiki/Speedboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedboat">speedboats</a>, as well as 20 airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1956 reorganization that created the USFWS, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF) assumed the responsibility within the USFWS for the operation of the seagoing vessels of the fleet. </p><p>The USFWS continued fishery enforcement in Alaska until after Alaska became a state in January 1959, but by 1960 had turned over enforcement responsibilities and some of the associated vessels to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alaska" title="Government of Alaska">Government of Alaska</a> as the latter assumed the responsibility for fishery enforcement in its waters.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USFWS continued to operate fisheries research ships and the Pribilof tender until the BCF's seagoing fleet was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> (NMFS), an element of NOAA, upon the creation of NOAA on October 3, 1970. Although the NMFS continued to operate the Pribilof tender until 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-afscmvpribilof_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afscmvpribilof-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rest of the ships were transferred from the NMFS to a unified <a href="/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA ships and aircraft">NOAA fleet</a> during 1972 and 1973. The modern NOAA fleet therefore traces its ancestry in part to the USFWS fleet operated by the BCF. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albatross_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Albatross_III.jpg/220px-Albatross_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Albatross_III.jpg/330px-Albatross_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Albatross_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>US FWS <i>Albatross III</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_FWS_Blue_Wing.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/US_FWS_Blue_Wing.PNG/220px-US_FWS_Blue_Wing.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/US_FWS_Blue_Wing.PNG/330px-US_FWS_Blue_Wing.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/US_FWS_Blue_Wing.PNG/440px-US_FWS_Blue_Wing.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>US FWS <i>Blue Wing</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_John_R._Manning_(FWS_1002).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/RV_John_R._Manning_%28FWS_1002%29.JPG/220px-RV_John_R._Manning_%28FWS_1002%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/RV_John_R._Manning_%28FWS_1002%29.JPG/330px-RV_John_R._Manning_%28FWS_1002%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/RV_John_R._Manning_%28FWS_1002%29.JPG/440px-RV_John_R._Manning_%28FWS_1002%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>US FWS <i>John R. Manning</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Oregon_(FWS_1600).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/RV_Oregon_%28FWS_1600%29.JPG/220px-RV_Oregon_%28FWS_1600%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/RV_Oregon_%28FWS_1600%29.JPG/330px-RV_Oregon_%28FWS_1600%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/RV_Oregon_%28FWS_1600%29.JPG/440px-RV_Oregon_%28FWS_1600%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>US FWS <i>Oregon</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Penguin_II.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MV_Penguin_II.JPG/220px-MV_Penguin_II.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MV_Penguin_II.JPG/330px-MV_Penguin_II.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MV_Penguin_II.JPG/440px-MV_Penguin_II.JPG 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>US FWS <i>Penguin II</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Both before and after the FWS became the USFWS in 1956, ships of its fleet used the prefix <span class="nowrap">"US FWS"</span> while in commission. The BOF usually named its ships after aquatic birds, and ships the FWS inherited from the BOF in 1940 retained those names in FWS service. However, the FWS/USFWS thereafter usually named vessels it acquired after people who were notable in the history of fisheries and fisheries science. A partial list of ships of the FWS and USFWS fleet: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Albatross_III" title="US FWS Albatross III">US FWS <i>Albatross III</i></a> (research vessel, 1948–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Albatross_IV" title="NOAAS Albatross IV">US FWS <i>Albatross IV</i></a> (research vessel, USFWS 1963–1970, then NOAA 1970–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Auklet" title="USFS Auklet">US FWS <i>Auklet</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1917–1940, then FWS 1940–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Blue_Wing" title="USFS Blue Wing">US FWS <i>Blue Wing</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1924–1940, then FWS 1940–1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Brant" title="USFS Brant">US FWS <i>Brant</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1926–1940, then FWS 1940–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Brown_Bear" title="MV Brown Bear">US FWS <i>Brown Bear</i></a> (research vessel, Bureau of Biological Survey 1934–1940, then FWS 1940–1942, USFWS 1965–1970, NMFS 1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Charles_H._Gilbert" title="US FWS Charles H. Gilbert">US FWS <i>Charles H. Gilbert</i></a> (research vessel, FWS/USFWS 1952–1970, then NOAA 1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Crane" title="USFS Crane">US FWS <i>Crane</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1928–1940, then FWS/USFWS 1940–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_David_Starr_Jordan" title="NOAAS David Starr Jordan">US FWS <i>David Starr Jordan</i></a> (research vessel, USFWS 1966–1970, then NOAA 1970–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Delaware_II" title="NOAAS Delaware II">US FWS <i>Delaware II</i></a> (research vessel, USFWS 1968–1970, then NOAA 1970–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Dennis_Winn" title="US FWS Dennis Winn">US FWS <i>Dennis Winn</i></a> (Pribilof tender and cargo liner, 1948–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Eider" title="USFS Eider">US FWS <i>Eider</i></a> (Pribilof tender and patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940, then FWS 1940–1942 and 1946–late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_George_B._Kelez" title="NOAAS George B. Kelez">US FWS <i>George B. Kelez</i></a> (research vessel 1962–1970, then NOAA 1970–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Henry_O%27Malley" title="US FWS Henry O'Malley">US FWS <i>Henry O'Malley</i></a> (research vessel 1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Hugh_M._Smith" title="US FWS Hugh M. Smith">US FWS <i>Hugh M. Smith</i></a> (research vessel 1949–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_John_N._Cobb" title="NOAAS John N. Cobb">US FWS <i>John N. Cobb</i></a> (research vessel FWS/USFWS 1950–1970, then NOAA 1970–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_John_R._Manning" title="US FWS John R. Manning">US FWS <i>John R. Manning</i></a> (research vessel 1950–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Raeo" title="USS Raeo">US FWS <i>Kittiwake</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940, then FWS 1940–late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Calypso_(SP-632)" title="USS Calypso (SP-632)">US FWS <i>Merganser</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940, then FWS 1940–ca. 1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Miller_Freeman" title="NOAAS Miller Freeman">US FWS <i>Miller Freeman</i></a> (research vessel USFWS 1967–1970, then NOAA 1975–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Murre" title="USFS Murre">US FWS <i>Murre</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1917–1940, then FWS 1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Murre_II" title="NOAAS Murre II">US FWS <i>Murre II</i></a> (research vessel FWS/USFWS 1949–1970, then NOAA 1970–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Oregon" title="NOAAS Oregon">US FWS <i>Oregon</i></a> (research vessel FWS/USFWS 1956–1970, then NOAA 1970–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Pelican" title="USFS Pelican">US FWS <i>Pelican</i></a> (research and patrol vessel, BOF 1930–1940, then FWS/USFWS 1940–1958, NMFS ca. 1970/1971 to 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Penguin" title="USFS Penguin">US FWS <i>Penguin</i></a> (Pribilof tender, BOF 1930–1940, then FWS 1940–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Penguin_II" title="US FWS Penguin II">US FWS <i>Penguin II</i></a> (Pribilof tender, 1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_FWS_Pribilof" title="US FWS Pribilof">US FWS <i>Pribilof</i></a> (Pribilof tender USFWS 1963–1970, then NMFS 1970–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Scoter" title="USFS Scoter">US FWS <i>Scoter</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1922–1940, then FWS 1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFS_Teal" title="USFS Teal">US FWS <i>Teal</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1928–1940, then FWS/USFWS 1940–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAAS_Townsend_Cromwell" title="NOAAS Townsend Cromwell">US FWS <i>Townsend Cromwell</i></a> (research vessel 1964–1975, then NOAA 1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Edithena" title="USS Edithena">US FWS <i>Widgeon</i></a> (patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940, then FWS 1940–ca. 1944–1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, the methods used by USFWS's <a href="/wiki/Animal_Damage_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Damage Control Program">Animal Damage Control Program</a> were featured in the <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Poisoning_Pigeons_in_the_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisoning Pigeons in the Park">Poisoning Pigeons in the Park</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Renner" title="Jeremy Renner">Jeremy Renner</a> plays a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service predator control specialist in the 2017 film <i><a href="/wiki/Wind_River_(film)" title="Wind River (film)">Wind River</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Related governmental agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coastal_Cooperative_Statistics_Program" title="Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program">Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Forensics_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory">National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Fisheries_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partners_for_Fish_and_Wildlife" title="Partners for Fish and Wildlife">Partners for Fish and Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_matters">Regulatory matters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Regulatory matters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Barrier_Resources_Act" title="Coastal Barrier Resources Act">Coastal Barrier Resources Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacey Act">Lacey Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listing_priority_number" title="Listing priority number">Listing priority number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972">Marine Mammal Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge_System_Administration_Act_of_1966" title="National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966">National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966</a></li> <li>Ramsar Wetlands Convention<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikes_Act" title="Sikes Act">Sikes Act</a></li> <li>The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_management">Wildlife management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Wildlife management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Day#International_Migratory_Bird_Day" title="Bird Day">International Migratory Bird Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Babbitt" title="Sierra Club v. Babbitt">Sierra Club v. Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_environmental_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of environmental events">Timeline of environmental events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Bird_Rescue_and_Research" title="Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research">Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_list_of_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species">United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_topics">Other related topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other related topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Game_and_Fish_Department" title="Arizona Game and Fish Department">Arizona Game and Fish Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Survey_of_Fishing,_Hunting,_and_Wildlife-Associated_Recreation" title="National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation">National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge_Association" title="National Wildlife Refuge Association">National Wildlife Refuge Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Game_Warden_Museum" title="North American Game Warden Museum">North American Game Warden Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_id1none"><a href="#ref_id1none"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> USFWS headquarters has a <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, US mailing address.<sup id="cite_ref-Address_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Address-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ECount-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECount_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECount_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECount_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/help/about_us.html">"About the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"</a>. <i>fws.gov</i>. United States Fish and Wildlife Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fws.gov&rft.atitle=About+the+U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fhelp%2Fabout_us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Eliot_Crafton2021" class="citation report cs1">R. Eliot Crafton (January 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11470">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2021 Appropriations</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service%3A+FY2021+Appropriations&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.au=R.+Eliot+Crafton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FIF%2FIF11470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Address-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Address_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Address_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patch.com/virginia/fallschurch/us-fish-and-wildlife-service-moving-to-baileys-crossroads">"US Fish and Wildlife Service Moving to Bailey's Crossroads?"</a>. <i>Falls Church, VA Patch</i>. August 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Falls+Church%2C+VA+Patch&rft.atitle=US+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service+Moving+to+Bailey%27s+Crossroads%3F&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fvirginia%2Ffallschurch%2Fus-fish-and-wildlife-service-moving-to-baileys-crossroads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030554/https://www.gsa.gov/node/78593">"GSA Announces New Lease for US Fish and Wildlife Service"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsa.gov/node/78593">the original</a> on November 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GSA+Announces+New+Lease+for+US+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsa.gov%2Fnode%2F78593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/outdoors/2017/jun/05/zinke-taps-utah-wildlife-director-head-us-fish-and-wildlife-service/">"Zinke taps Utah wildlife director to head US Fish and Wildlife Service"</a>. <i>Spokesman.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman.com&rft.atitle=Zinke+taps+Utah+wildlife+director+to+head+US+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fblogs%2Foutdoors%2F2017%2Fjun%2F05%2Fzinke-taps-utah-wildlife-director-head-us-fish-and-wildlife-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.fws.gov/news/historic/1940/19400630.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111025039/http://www.fws.gov/news/historic/1940/19400630.pdf">Archived</a> November 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bestplacestowork.org/BPTW/rankings/agency.php?code=IN15&q=scores_subcomponent">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306132541/http://www.bestplacestowork.org/BPTW/rankings/agency.php?code=IN15&q=scores_subcomponent">Archived</a> March 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/offices/orgcht.html">USFWS – National Organizational Chart</a>. Fws.gov. Retrieved on August 12, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lead-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lead_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/alaska/press-release/2022-03/martha-williams-sworn-director-fish-and-wildlife-service">"Director Martha Williams"</a>. <i>fws.gov</i>. United States Fish and Wildlife Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fws.gov&rft.atitle=Director+Martha+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Falaska%2Fpress-release%2F2022-03%2Fmartha-williams-sworn-director-fish-and-wildlife-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/Subpages/AboutUs/AboutUs1.htm">"About WSFR"</a>. <i>US Fish and Wildlife Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Cannes%3A+Weinstein+Co.+Nabs+Jeremy+Renner+Drama+%27Wind+River%27+%28Exclusive%29&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fweinstein-nabs-jeremy-renner-drama-wind-river-cannes-894008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/international/wildlife-without-borders/ramsar-wetlands-convention.html">"Ramsar Wetlands Convention"</a>. <i>www.fws.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fws.gov&rft.atitle=Ramsar+Wetlands+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Finternational%2Fwildlife-without-borders%2Framsar-wetlands-convention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/international/cites/">"CITES"</a>. <i>www.fws.gov</i>. March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fws.gov&rft.atitle=CITES&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Finternational%2Fcites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015042201445&view=1up&seq=163&skin=2021">Day, Albert M., "The Fish and Wildlife Service — Ten Years of Progress," <i>Commercial Fisheries Review</i>, March 1950, p. 1.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cof/data_rescue_fish_commission_annual_reports.html">US fishery agency Annual Reports 1871–1940 and 1947–1979</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105083641/http://www.summitdaily.com/article/20100220/NEWS/100229988/-1/RSS">Director of US Fish and Wildlife Service dies at Keystone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/2010_02_20_release.cfm">DOI Secretary Ken Salazar's Statement on the Passing of Fish and Wildlife Service Director Sam Hamilton</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Biological Survey, Bureau of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Biological_Survey,_Bureau_of">"Biological Survey, Bureau of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+Survey%2C+Bureau+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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Reclamation and Enforcement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Office of the Solicitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Natural_Resources_Revenue" title="Office of Natural Resources Revenue">Office of Natural Resources Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Utah_Project_Completion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Utah Project Completion Act">Central Utah Project Completion Act Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Board" title="Indian Arts and Crafts Board">Indian Arts and Crafts Board</a></li> 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template talk:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">United States government agencies</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">Global Change Research Program</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Surface Mining">Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic and Atmospheric Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li>Office of Environmental Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratories and Technology Centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Water_and_Climate_Center" title="National Water and Climate Center">National Water and Climate Center</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Utilities Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Directorate_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="DHS Directorate for Science and Technology">Science and Technology Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health <br />and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research,_Development_and_Engineering_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command">Combat Capabilities Development Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Domestic_Climate_Policy" title="White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy">Climate Policy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_on_Clean_Energy_Innovation_and_Implementation" title="White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation">Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Climate" title="U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate">U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_environmental_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template talk:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_environmental_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a><br /> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Oklahoma" title="Hughes v. Oklahoma">Hughes v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujan_v._National_Wildlife_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation (page does not exist)">Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BP_P.L.C._v._Mayor_and_City_Council_of_Baltimore" title="BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore">BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. SCRAP</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Edison_Co._v._People_Against_Nuclear_Energy" title="Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy">Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">CAA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Train_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPA" title="Massachusetts v. EPA">Massachusetts v. EPA</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_v._Duke_Energy_Corp." title="Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.">Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power_Co._v._Connecticut" title="American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut">American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._EPA" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HollyFrontier_Cheyenne_Refining,_LLC_v._Renewable_Fuels_Assn." title="HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.">HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">RCRA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">ESA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Sweet_Home_Chapter_of_Communities_for_a_Great_Oregon" title="Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon">Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_v._Sierra_Club" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club">United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">CWA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal legislation</a>,<br /> treaties,<br />and lower court<br />decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks%E2%80%93McLean_Act" title="Weeks–McLean Act">Weeks–McLean Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission" title="Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission">Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission</a></i> (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Improvement_Act" title="Environmental Quality Improvement Act">Environmental Quality Improvement Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="Coastal Zone Management Program">Coastal Zone Management Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974, 1986, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act" title="Water Resources Development Act">Water Resources Development Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1974" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1974">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1976" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1990" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1990">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1992" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1992">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1996" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1999" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1999">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2000" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">2007</a>, 2014, 2016, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA (Superfund)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act" title="Emergency Wetlands Resources Act">Emergency Wetlands Resources Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Species_Prevention_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1992" title="Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992">Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</a></i> (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Louisiana v. Biden</a></i> (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining_Reclamation_and_Enforcement" title="Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement">Office of Surface Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Regulations</a><br /> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">Citizen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">Corporate average fuel economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Executive Order 13432</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">LDV Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">Maximum contaminant level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Review" title="New Source Review">New Source Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-To-Exceed" title="Not-To-Exceed">Not-To-Exceed (NTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_financing" title="PACE financing">PACE financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Presidential Climate Action Plan">Presidential Climate Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608 Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_New_Alternatives_Policy" title="Significant New Alternatives Policy">Significant New Alternatives Policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Climate" title="State of the Climate">State of the Climate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Tailoring Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load" title="Total maximum daily load">Total maximum daily load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">Toxicity category rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Remedial_Action" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action">Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674113#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122877477">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133611990">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16041-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006435">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12046241v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12046241v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35567895">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003197143&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/453140">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90186069">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202010524">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604675205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510208606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07557701?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500278690">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Etats-Unis. 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