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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Provisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subtitle_A:_General_Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_A:_General_Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Subtitle A: General Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_A:_General_Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_B:_Office_of_Solid_Waste;_Authorities_of_the_Administrator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_B:_Office_of_Solid_Waste;_Authorities_of_the_Administrator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subtitle B: Office of Solid Waste; Authorities of the Administrator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_B:_Office_of_Solid_Waste;_Authorities_of_the_Administrator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_C:_"Cradle_to_Grave"_requirements_for_hazardous_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_C:_"Cradle_to_Grave"_requirements_for_hazardous_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subtitle C: "Cradle to Grave" requirements for hazardous waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_C:_"Cradle_to_Grave"_requirements_for_hazardous_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_D:_Non-hazardous_Solid_Wastes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_D:_Non-hazardous_Solid_Wastes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Subtitle D: Non-hazardous Solid Wastes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_D:_Non-hazardous_Solid_Wastes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_wastes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_wastes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Special wastes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_wastes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_E:_Department_of_Commerce_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_E:_Department_of_Commerce_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Subtitle E: Department of Commerce responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_E:_Department_of_Commerce_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_F:_Federal_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_F:_Federal_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Subtitle F: Federal responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_F:_Federal_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_G:_Miscellaneous_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_G:_Miscellaneous_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Subtitle G: Miscellaneous provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_G:_Miscellaneous_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_H:_Research,_Development,_Demonstration_and_Information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_H:_Research,_Development,_Demonstration_and_Information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Subtitle H: Research, Development, Demonstration and Information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_H:_Research,_Development,_Demonstration_and_Information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_I:_Underground_Storage_Tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_I:_Underground_Storage_Tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Subtitle I: Underground Storage Tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_I:_Underground_Storage_Tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_J:_Medical_Waste_(expired)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_J:_Medical_Waste_(expired)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Subtitle J: Medical Waste (expired)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_J:_Medical_Waste_(expired)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendments_and_related_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendments_and_related_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amendments and related legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amendments_and_related_legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superfund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Superfund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superfund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazardous_and_Solid_Waste_Amendments_of_1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazardous_and_Solid_Waste_Amendments_of_1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazardous_and_Solid_Waste_Amendments_of_1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_Disposal_Program_Flexibility_Act_of_1996" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Disposal_Program_Flexibility_Act_of_1996"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Resource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act%22">"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Resource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Resource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Resource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Resource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Other short titles</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to provide technical and financial assistance for the development of management plans and facilities for the recovery of energy and other resources from discarded materials and for the safe disposal of discarded materials, and to regulate the management of hazardous waste.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">RCRA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Solid Waste Utilization Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">October 21, 1976</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg2795.pdf">94-580</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">90 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-90-2795">2795</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-82">ch. 82</a> § 6901 et seq.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d094:SN02150:@@@R">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/94th-congress/senate-bill/2150">S. 2150</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a>) on July 21, 1975</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/Senate_Public_Works_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Public Works Committee">Senate Public Works Committee</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee</a></li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on June 30, 1976 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/94-1976/s977">88-3</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on September 27, 1976 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/94-1976/h1235">367-8</a>, in lieu of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/94th-congress/house-bill/14496">H.R. 14496</a>) with amendment</li><li><b>Senate agreed to House amendment</b> on September 30, 1976 (agreed)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> on October 21, 1976</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_430" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 430">430</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/141/">141</a> (1977)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallstrom_v._Tillamook_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallstrom v. Tillamook County (page does not exist)">Hallstrom v. Tillamook County</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_493" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 493">493</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/493/20/">20</a> (1990)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Energy_v._Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Energy v. Ohio (page does not exist)">Department of Energy v. Ohio</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_503" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 503">503</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/503/607/">607</a> (1992)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_Chicago_v._Environmental_Defense_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of Chicago v. Environmental Defense Fund (page does not exist)">City of Chicago v. Environmental Defense Fund</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_511" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 511">511</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/511/328/">328</a> (1994)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meghrig_v._KFC_Western,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc. (page does not exist)">Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_516" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 516">516</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/516/479/">479</a> (1996)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_567" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 567">567</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/567/343/">343</a> (2012)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</b> (<b>RCRA</b>), enacted in 1976, is the primary <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal law</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> governing the disposal of <a href="/wiki/Solid_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste">solid waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RCRA_statute_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCRA_statute-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_goals">History and goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> enacted RCRA to address the increasing problems the nation faced from its growing volume of municipal and industrial waste. RCRA was an amendment of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965</a>. The act set national goals for: </p> <ul><li>Protecting <a href="/wiki/Human_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Human health">human health</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> from the potential hazards of waste disposal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>.</li> <li>Reducing the amount of waste generated, through <a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">source reduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a></li> <li>Maintaining <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> standards.</li> <li>Ensuring the <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">management of waste</a> in an environmentally sound manner.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-RCRA_History_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-RCRA_History-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The RCRA program is a joint federal and state endeavor, with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) providing basic requirements that states then adopt, adapt, and enforce.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RCRA is now most widely known for the regulations promulgated under it that set standards for the treatment, storage and disposal of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> in the United States. However, it also plays an integral role in the management of municipal and industrial waste as well as <a href="/wiki/Underground_storage_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground storage tanks">underground storage tanks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPA has published waste management <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>, which are codified in <a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a> at parts 239 through 282.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations regarding management of hazardous waste begin in part 260.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States are authorized to operate their own hazardous waste programs, which must be at least as stringent as federal standards, and are tasked with creating state implementation plans for managing solid waste.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In California, the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Toxic_Substances_Control" title="California Department of Toxic Substances Control">Department of Toxic Substances Control</a> (DTSC) is the primary authority enforcing the RCRA requirements, as well as the California Hazardous Waste Control Law (HWCL) of 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_Waste_Types.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Solid_Waste_Types.jpg/220px-Solid_Waste_Types.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Solid_Waste_Types.jpg/330px-Solid_Waste_Types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Solid_Waste_Types.jpg/440px-Solid_Waste_Types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Types of solid waste</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_A:_General_Provisions">Subtitle A: General Provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subtitle A: General Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Congressional Findings; Objectives and National Policy</li> <li>Definitions</li> <li>Interstate Cooperation; Application of Act and Integration with Other Acts</li> <li>Financial Disclosure; Solid Waste Management Information and Guidelines</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_B:_Office_of_Solid_Waste;_Authorities_of_the_Administrator"><span id="Subtitle_B:_Office_of_Solid_Waste.3B_Authorities_of_the_Administrator"></span>Subtitle B: Office of Solid Waste; Authorities of the Administrator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subtitle B: Office of Solid Waste; Authorities of the Administrator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Office of Solid Waste and Interagency Coordinating Committee</li> <li>Authorities of EPA Administrator</li> <li>Resource Recovery and Conservation Panels; Grants</li> <li>Annual Report; Office of Ombudsman</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazardous_Waste_Identification_Process_-_EPA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hazardous_Waste_Identification_Process_-_EPA.png/220px-Hazardous_Waste_Identification_Process_-_EPA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hazardous_Waste_Identification_Process_-_EPA.png/330px-Hazardous_Waste_Identification_Process_-_EPA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Hazardous_Waste_Identification_Process_-_EPA.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Hazardous waste identification process</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_C:_"Cradle_to_Grave"_requirements_for_hazardous_waste"><span id="Subtitle_C:_.22Cradle_to_Grave.22_requirements_for_hazardous_waste"></span>Subtitle C: "Cradle to Grave" requirements for hazardous waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subtitle C: "Cradle to Grave" requirements for hazardous waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arguably the most notable provisions of the RCRA statute are included in Subtitle C, which directs EPA to establish controls on the management of hazardous wastes from their point of generation, through their transportation and treatment, storage and/or disposal. Because RCRA requires controls on hazardous waste generators (i.e., sites that generate hazardous waste), transporters, and treatment, storage and disposal facilities (i.e., facilities that ultimately treat/dispose of or recycle the hazardous waste), the overall regulatory framework has become known as the "cradle to grave" system. States are authorized to implement their own hazardous waste programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statute imposes stringent recordkeeping and reporting requirements on generators, transporters, and operators of treatment, storage and disposal facilities handling hazardous waste. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:What_is_Municipal_Solid_Waste_(MSW)%3F_(13763187415).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/What_is_Municipal_Solid_Waste_%28MSW%29%3F_%2813763187415%29.jpg/220px-What_is_Municipal_Solid_Waste_%28MSW%29%3F_%2813763187415%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/What_is_Municipal_Solid_Waste_%28MSW%29%3F_%2813763187415%29.jpg/330px-What_is_Municipal_Solid_Waste_%28MSW%29%3F_%2813763187415%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/What_is_Municipal_Solid_Waste_%28MSW%29%3F_%2813763187415%29.jpg/440px-What_is_Municipal_Solid_Waste_%28MSW%29%3F_%2813763187415%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>EPA graphic explaining municipal solid waste</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_D:_Non-hazardous_Solid_Wastes">Subtitle D: Non-hazardous Solid Wastes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subtitle D: Non-hazardous Solid Wastes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subtitle D provides criteria for <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> and other waste disposal facilities, and banned open landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA published its initial standards in 1979 for "sanitary" landfills that receive municipal solid waste.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "solid waste" definition includes garbage (e.g., food containers, coffee grounds), non-recycled household appliances, residue from incinerated automobile tires, refuse such as metal scrap, construction materials, and <a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">sludge</a> from <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">drinking water treatment</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subtitle D also exempted certain hazardous wastes from the Subtitle C regulations, such as hazardous wastes from households and from conditionally exempt small quantity generators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_wastes">Special wastes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special wastes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980 Congress designated several kinds of industrial wastes as "special wastes," which are exempt from Subtitle C, including oil and gas exploration and production wastes (such as drill cuttings, <a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">produced water</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluids</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">coal combustion residuals</a> generated by electric power plants and other industries, <a href="/wiki/Mining_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining waste">mining waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cement_kiln" title="Cement kiln">cement kiln</a> dust.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-Special_Wastes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-Special_Wastes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See</i> <a href="#Solid_Waste_Disposal_Amendments_of_1980">Solid Waste Disposal Amendments of 1980</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_E:_Department_of_Commerce_responsibilities">Subtitle E: Department of Commerce responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subtitle E: Department of Commerce responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Development of Specifications for secondary materials; Development of markets for recovered material.</li> <li>Technology promotion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_F:_Federal_responsibilities">Subtitle F: Federal responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subtitle F: Federal responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Application of Federal, State and Local Law to Federal Facilities</li> <li>Federal procurement</li> <li>Cooperation with EPA; Applicability of solid waste disposal guidelines to executive agencies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_G:_Miscellaneous_provisions">Subtitle G: Miscellaneous provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subtitle G: Miscellaneous provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a> protection. Employees in the United States who believe they were fired or suffered another adverse action related to enforcement of this law have 30 days to file a written complaint with the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>.</li> <li>Citizen Suits; Imminent Hazard suits</li> <li>Petition for regulations; Public participation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_H:_Research,_Development,_Demonstration_and_Information"><span id="Subtitle_H:_Research.2C_Development.2C_Demonstration_and_Information"></span>Subtitle H: Research, Development, Demonstration and Information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subtitle H: Research, Development, Demonstration and Information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Research, Demonstrations, Training; Special Studies</li> <li>Coordination, collection, dissemination of information</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_I:_Underground_Storage_Tanks">Subtitle I: Underground Storage Tanks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subtitle I: Underground Storage Tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Background</dt></dl> <p>The operation of underground storage tanks (USTs) became subject to the RCRA regulatory program with enactment of the <a href="#Hazardous_and_Solid_Waste_Amendments_of_1984">Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984</a> (HSWA).<sup id="cite_ref-HSWA_statute_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSWA_statute-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time there were about 2.1 million tanks subject to federal regulation, and the EPA program led to closure and removal of most substandard tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009 there were approximately 600,000 active USTs at 223,000 sites subject to federal regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_UST_2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_UST_2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Regulatory requirements</dt></dl> <p>The federal UST regulations cover tanks storing <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> or listed hazardous substances, and define the <a href="/wiki/Underground_storage_tank#Tank_types" title="Underground storage tank">types</a> of tanks permitted. EPA established a tank notification system to track UST status. UST regulatory programs are principally administered by state and U.S. territorial agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Learn_about_UST_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Learn_about_UST-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regulations set standards for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> monitoring</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_Spill_Containment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary Spill Containment (page does not exist)">Secondary Containment</a></li> <li>Release detection, prevention and correction</li> <li>Spill prevention</li> <li>Overfill prevention (for petroleum products)</li> <li>Restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Land_disposal_unit" title="Land disposal unit">land disposal</a> of untreatable hazardous waste products.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986</a> (SARA) required owners and operators of USTs to ensure corrective action is completed when a tank is in need of repair, or removal, when it is necessary to protect human health and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-SARA_1986_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARA_1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendments established a trust fund to pay for the cleanup of leaking UST sites where responsible parties cannot be identified.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also recommended that above-ground storage tanks are used whenever possible.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitle_J:_Medical_Waste_(expired)"><span id="Subtitle_J:_Medical_Waste_.28expired.29"></span>Subtitle J: Medical Waste (expired)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subtitle J: Medical Waste (expired)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RCRA Subtitle J regulated medical waste in four states (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and expired on March 22, 1991. (<i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Medical_Waste_Tracking_Act" title="Medical Waste Tracking Act">Medical Waste Tracking Act</a>.) State environmental and health agencies regulate medical waste, rather than EPA. Other federal agencies have issued safety regulations governing the handling of medical waste, including the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendments_and_related_legislation">Amendments and related legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amendments and related legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_Waste_Disposal_Amendments_of_1980">Solid Waste Disposal Amendments of 1980</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Solid Waste Disposal Amendments of 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress exempted several types of wastes from classification as hazardous under Subtitle C in its 1980 amendment to RCRA. The <i>Solid Waste Disposal Amendments of 1980</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designated the following categories as "special wastes" and not subject to the stricter permitting requirements of Subtitle C: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">coal combustion residuals</a> (CCR) generated by <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">electric power plants</a> and other industries, including <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> waste and <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization wastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining waste">mining waste</a> from ore mines and mineral mines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_kiln" title="Cement kiln">cement kiln</a> dust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">produced water</a>, and other wastes from oil and gas wells.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA-Special_Wastes_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-Special_Wastes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These legislative exemptions, known as the "Bevill exclusion" and the "Bentsen exclusion", were intended to be temporary, pending studies conducted by EPA and subsequent determinations as to whether any of these waste categories should be classified as hazardous. In its reviews following the 1980 amendments, EPA determined that most of the exempted waste types would continue to be classified as non-hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS-Luther_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-Luther-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulations">Regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: EPA finalized the 'Part A' CCR reg in 2020 and the 'Legacy Surface Impoundments' reg in 2024.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>EPA published a CCR regulation in 2015 that would restrict the continued use of unlined <a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">ash ponds</a> (surface impoundments) by coal-fired power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This regulation, was which was modified by the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been challenged in litigation and remanded to EPA for further revision by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the court decision, EPA published a proposed rule on December 2, 2019 that would establish an August 31, 2020 deadline for facilities to stop placing ash in unlined impoundments. The proposal would also provide additional time for some facilities—up to eight years—to find alternatives for managing ash wastes before closing surface impoundments.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superfund">Superfund</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Superfund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response,_Compensation,_and_Liability_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act">Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act</a> (CERCLA), also known as "Superfund," was enacted in 1980 to address the problem of remediating abandoned hazardous waste sites, by establishing <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">legal liability</a>, as well as a trust fund for cleanup activities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general CERCLA applies to contaminated sites, while RCRA's focus is on controlling the ongoing generation and management of particular waste streams. RCRA, like CERCLA, has provisions to require cleanup of contaminated sites that occurred in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazardous_and_Solid_Waste_Amendments_of_1984">Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984 Congress expanded the scope of RCRA with the enactment of Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA).<sup id="cite_ref-HSWA_statute_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSWA_statute-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendments strengthened the law by covering small quantity generators of hazardous waste and establishing requirements for hazardous waste <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incinerators</a>, and the closing of substandard <a href="/wiki/Landfills" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfills">landfills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-RCRA_History_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-RCRA_History-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_Disposal_Program_Flexibility_Act_of_1996">Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996</i> allowed some flexibility in the procedures for land disposal of certain wastes. For example, a waste is not subject to land disposal restrictions if it is sent to an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a> facility, a municipal <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plant, or is treated in a "zero discharge" facility.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment,_storage,_and_disposal_facility_permits"><span id="Treatment.2C_storage.2C_and_disposal_facility_permits"></span>Treatment, storage, and disposal facility permits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Treatment, storage, and disposal facility permits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) manage hazardous waste under RCRA Subtitle C and generally must have a permit in order to operate. While most facilities have RCRA permits, some continue to operate under what is called "interim status." Interim status requirements appear in 40 CFR Part 265.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The permitting requirements for TSDFs appear in 40 CFR Parts 264 and 270.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TSDFs manage (treat, store, or dispose) hazardous waste in units that may include: container storage areas, tanks, surface impoundments, waste piles, land treatment units, landfills, incinerators, containment buildings, and/or drip pads. The unit-specific permitting and operational requirements are described in further detail in 40 CFR Part 264, Subparts J through DD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_law">Case law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey"><i>City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</i></a>, 437 U.S. 617 (1978). The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> held that states could not discriminate against another state's articles of commerce. A New Jersey statute that prohibited the importation of waste that originated or was collected outside New Jersey was held to violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hallstrom v. Tillamook County</i>, 493 U.S. 20 (1990). The Supreme Court held that a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">citizen suit</a> under the RCRA must be dismissed if the plaintiff fails to meet the statute's notice and 60-day delay requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Department of Energy v. Ohio</i>, 503 U.S. 607 (1992). The Supreme Court held that Congress did not waive the federal government's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> from liability for civil fines imposed by a state for past violations of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (CWA) or RCRA.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc.</i>, 516 U.S. 479 (1996). The Supreme Court held that the RCRA does not authorize a citizen suit to recover past cleanup costs when the toxic waste does not, at the time of suit, continue to pose an endangerment to health or the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States"><i>Southern Union Co. v. United States</i></a>, 567 U.S. 343 (2012). The Supreme Court held that any fact, other than a prior conviction, that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum must be submitted to the jury and determined <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">beyond a reasonable doubt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formerly_Used_Defense_Sites" title="Formerly Used Defense Sites">Formerly Used Defense Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste_in_the_United_States" title="Hazardous waste in the United States">Hazardous waste in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_waste_policy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste policy in the United States">Solid waste policy in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RCRA_statute-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RCRA_statute_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/94/580">94–580</a>, 90 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-90-2795">2795</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/6901">§ 6901</a> <i>et seq.,</i> October 21, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-RCRA_History-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA-RCRA_History_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA-RCRA_History_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-resource-conservation-and-recovery-act">"EPA History: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act"</a>. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+History%3A+Resource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+%28EPA%29&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fepa-history-resource-conservation-and-recovery-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf">“Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress.”</a> EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/chapter-I/subchapter-I">"40 CFR Subchapter I - SOLID WASTES ."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/laws-regs/regs-haz.htm">"Hazardous Waste Regulations."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976-10-21). Subtitle D—State or Regional Solid Waste Plans. Section 4003. "Minimum Requirements for Approval of Plans." <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/6943">§ 6943</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA (1979-09-13). "Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices; Final rule." <i>Federal Register,</i> 44 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/fr/44/53438">53438</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/html/">"Municipal Solid Waste"</a>. 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L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/96/510">96–510</a>, 94 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-94-2767">2767</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/9601">§ 9601</a> <i>et seq.,</i> December 11, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/104/public/119?link-type=html">104–119 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/104/public/119?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, 110 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-110-830">830</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/6924">§ 6924</a>. March 26, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=385ea9ac5d6e0fb83be2351f0836eb09&rgn=div5&view=text&node=40:25.0.1.1.6&idno=40">"Part 265 – Interim Status Standards For Owners And Operators Of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, And Disposal Facilities."</a> <span><a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">40 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-265">265</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=385ea9ac5d6e0fb83be2351f0836eb09&rgn=div5&view=text&node=40:25.0.1.1.5&idno=40">"Part 264 – Standards For Owners And Operators Of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, And Disposal Facilities."</a> <span><a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">40 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-264">264</a></span>.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=58204e14b6f985f03d09f71e683c830c&rgn=div5&view=text&node=40:26.0.1.1.4&idno=40">"Part 270 – EPA Administered Permit Programs: The Hazardous Waste Permit Program ."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828081206/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=58204e14b6f985f03d09f71e683c830c&rgn=div5&view=text&node=40:26.0.1.1.4&idno=40">Archived</a> 2010-08-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span><a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">40 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-270">270</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/511/328/">"City of Chicago v. Environmental Defense Fund, 511 U.S. 328 (1994)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=City+of+Chicago+v.+Environmental+Defense+Fund%2C+511+U.S.+328+%281994%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F511%2F328%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/493/20/">"Hallstrom v. Tillamook County, 493 U.S. 20 (1989)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Hallstrom+v.+Tillamook+County%2C+493+U.S.+20+%281989%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F493%2F20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/503/607/">"Department of Energy v. Ohio, 503 U.S. 607 (1992)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Department+of+Energy+v.+Ohio%2C+503+U.S.+607+%281992%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F503%2F607%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/516/479/">"Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc., 516 U.S. 479 (1996)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Meghrig+v.+KFC+Western%2C+Inc.%2C+516+U.S.+479+%281996%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F516%2F479%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States">"Southern Union Co. v. United States"</a>, <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2023-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Southern+Union+Co.+v.+United+States&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouthern_Union_Co._v._United_States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/resource-conservation-and-recovery-act-rcra-orientation-manual">RCRA Orientation Manual (EPA, 2014): A good textbook-length introduction to RCRA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/rcraonline">RCRA Online: database of documents covering a wide range of RCRA issues and topics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/permit/prmtguid.htm">"Hazardous Waste Permitting Process: A Citizens Guide"</a> - EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf">Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress</a>, a report by the EPA Alumni Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanjour.info">Collected Papers of William Sanjour</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Sanjour" title="William Sanjour">a retired EPA employee and whistleblower</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/rcra">RCRA laws and regulations</a> from the EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-resource-conservation-and-recovery-act">RCRA summary</a> from the EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-82">As codified in 42 U.S.C. chapter 82</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">LII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title42/chapter82&edition=prelim">As codified in 42 U.S.C. chapter 82</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-893/uslm/COMPS-893.xml">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> aka RCRA (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-893/pdf/COMPS-893.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-893/">details</a>) as amended in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li>40 CFR <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-I">chapter I → subchapter I</a> ("Solid Wastes", parts 239–299) in the <a 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class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">38th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1974–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">40th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1973–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">MI–5</a> (1949–1973)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Amendments_of_1974" title="Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974">Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act_of_1974" title="Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974">Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act" title="Education for All Handicapped Children Act">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords#Ford_Administration" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Nixon pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_inflation_now" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip inflation now">Whip inflation now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li>Assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_Sacramento" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_San_Francisco" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1975 State of the Union Address">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1976 State of the Union Address">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1977 State of the Union Address">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Gerald_Ford" title="List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Birthsite_and_Gardens" title="Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens">Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._Boyhood_Home" title="President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home">President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._House" title="Gerald R. Ford Jr. House">Gerald R. Ford Jr. House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">Confirmation as Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEI_World_Forum" title="AEI World Forum">AEI World Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Electoral history of Gerald Ford">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States House of Representatives elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1954 United States House of Representatives elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1958 United States House of Representatives elections">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Carter transition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>1976 Republican National Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_Strikes_Again" title="The Pink Panther Strikes Again">The Pink Panther Strikes Again</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_vs._Muhammad_Ali" title="Superman vs. Muhammad Ali">Superman vs. Muhammad Ali</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)" title="Dynasty (1981 TV series)">Dynasty</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betty_Ford_Story" title="The Betty Ford Story">The Betty Ford Story</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assassins_(musical)" title="Assassins (musical)">Assassins</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Two_Bad_Neighbors" title="Two Bad Neighbors">Two Bad Neighbors</a>" (1996)</li> <li><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a></i> (2010)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Machine" title="The Political Machine">The Political Machine</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler">The Butler</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_International_Airport" title="Gerald R. Ford International Airport">Gerald R. Ford International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Gerald_R._Ford_Award" title="NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award">Gerald R. Ford Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Ford School of Public Policy">Ford School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford House Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gerald_R._Ford" title="USS Gerald R. Ford">USS <i>Gerald R. Ford</i> (CVN-78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Freeway" title="Gerald R. Ford Freeway">Gerald R. Ford Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Gerald_Ford" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Statue of Gerald Ford">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_King" title="Charles Henry King">Charles Henry King</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lynch_King_Sr." title="Leslie Lynch King Sr.">Leslie Lynch King Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ayer_Gardner_Ford" title="Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford">Dorothy Gardner Ford</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Rudolff_Ford" title="Gerald Rudolff Ford">Gerald Rudolff Ford</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gardner_Ford" title="Thomas Gardner Ford">Thomas Gardner Ford</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gerald Ford">Michael Gerald Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardner Ford">John Gardner Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ford" title="Steven Ford">Steven Meigs Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ford_Bales" title="Susan Ford Bales">Susan Ford Bales</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(dog)" title="Liberty (dog)">Liberty</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">← Spiro Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gerald_Ford" title="Category:Gerald Ford">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_environmental_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template talk:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_environmental_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a><br /> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Oklahoma" title="Hughes v. Oklahoma">Hughes v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujan_v._National_Wildlife_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation (page does not exist)">Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BP_P.L.C._v._Mayor_and_City_Council_of_Baltimore" title="BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore">BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. SCRAP</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Edison_Co._v._People_Against_Nuclear_Energy" title="Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy">Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">CAA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Train_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPA" title="Massachusetts v. EPA">Massachusetts v. EPA</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_v._Duke_Energy_Corp." title="Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.">Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power_Co._v._Connecticut" title="American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut">American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._EPA" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HollyFrontier_Cheyenne_Refining,_LLC_v._Renewable_Fuels_Assn." title="HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.">HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RCRA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">ESA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Sweet_Home_Chapter_of_Communities_for_a_Great_Oregon" title="Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon">Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_v._Sierra_Club" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club">United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">CWA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal legislation</a>,<br /> treaties,<br />and lower court<br />decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks%E2%80%93McLean_Act" title="Weeks–McLean Act">Weeks–McLean Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission" title="Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission">Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission</a></i> (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Improvement_Act" title="Environmental Quality Improvement Act">Environmental Quality Improvement Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="Coastal Zone Management Program">Coastal Zone Management Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974, 1986, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act" title="Water Resources Development Act">Water Resources Development Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1974" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1974">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1976" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1990" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1990">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1992" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1992">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1996" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1999" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1999">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2000" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">2007</a>, 2014, 2016, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA (Superfund)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act" title="Emergency Wetlands Resources Act">Emergency Wetlands Resources Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Species_Prevention_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1992" title="Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992">Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</a></i> (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Louisiana v. Biden</a></i> (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining_Reclamation_and_Enforcement" title="Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement">Office of Surface Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Regulations</a><br /> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">Citizen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">Corporate average fuel economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Executive Order 13432</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">LDV Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">Maximum contaminant level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Review" title="New Source Review">New Source Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-To-Exceed" title="Not-To-Exceed">Not-To-Exceed (NTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_financing" title="PACE financing">PACE financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Presidential Climate Action Plan">Presidential Climate Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608 Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_New_Alternatives_Policy" title="Significant New Alternatives Policy">Significant New Alternatives Policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Climate" title="State of the Climate">State of the Climate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Tailoring Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load" title="Total maximum daily load">Total maximum daily load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">Toxicity category rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Remedial_Action" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action">Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>   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