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style="display:none">Finnish institution of higher education</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)" title="Special:EditPage/University of applied sciences (Finland)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22University+of+applied+sciences%22+Finland">"University of applied sciences" Finland</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22University+of+applied+sciences%22+Finland+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22University+of+applied+sciences%22+Finland&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22University+of+applied+sciences%22+Finland+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22University+of+applied+sciences%22+Finland">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22University+of+applied+sciences%22+Finland&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurea_ammattikorkeakoulu_tikkurila_250706.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Laurea_ammattikorkeakoulu_tikkurila_250706.JPG/220px-Laurea_ammattikorkeakoulu_tikkurila_250706.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Laurea_ammattikorkeakoulu_tikkurila_250706.JPG/330px-Laurea_ammattikorkeakoulu_tikkurila_250706.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Laurea_ammattikorkeakoulu_tikkurila_250706.JPG/440px-Laurea_ammattikorkeakoulu_tikkurila_250706.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Laurea University of Applied Sciences in <a href="/wiki/Tikkurila" title="Tikkurila">Tikkurila</a>, Vantaa</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>university of applied science</b> (<b>UAS</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">ammattikorkeakoulu (AMK)</i>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">yrkeshögskola</i>), is a <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland#Tertiary_education" title="Education in Finland">Finnish higher vocational institute</a> offering <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary level education</a>. In English, the institutes were called <b>polytechnics</b> before 2006. </p><p>Unlike universities, the UAS focus on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> by applying previous knowledge, rather than scientific discovery. They have a statutory objective in <a href="/wiki/Regional_development" title="Regional development">regional development</a>. As there is mandatory five-month practical training for all students, the UAS are a platform for dispersing applied knowledge throughout higher education. The UAS provide professionals for locally important purposes and are often governed by the municipality, though they receive most of the funding from the state. No <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition fees</a> are required from the students from <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/EEA" class="mw-redirect" title="EEA">EEA</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the AMK reform in 1993, the schools were usually called <i>opisto</i> and were considered vocational institutes, and were not considered universities. Their role was to give training for roles that need both practical skills and management work, such as a foreman in construction. In engineering, the degree was referred to as <i>opistoinsinööri</i> or <i>teknikko</i>. In construction, there was <i>rakennusinsinööri</i>, <i>rakennusarkkitehti</i> and <i>rakennusmestari</i>. </p><p>Until recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the UAS were granting only tertiary degrees (3–4 years) that are specialized to particular vocations (e.g. <i>insinööri</i>, translated into English as <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a>); they are different from, but in their level comparable to, academic <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> which are awarded by universities. In 2005, "higher AMK" degrees (which are translated into English as <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a>) have been introduced for holders of a UAS degree or a similar degree, like a bachelor's degree from a university, to continue studies while also working. The UAS do not grant the higher degrees of <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> granted by universities, and a holder of an UAS higher degree might need specific studies bridging the gap between the two orientations (academic and vocational) in order to be eligible for doctoral studies in universities. This is, however, not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_polytechnics_in_Finland" title="List of polytechnics in Finland">List of polytechnics in Finland</a></div> <p>As of June 2024, 22 universities of applied sciences operate under the direct administration of the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture. In addition, Åland administers Högskolan på Åland and the Police University of Applied Sciences in Tampere is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, making the total sum 24 across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five most popular polytechnics in Finland (as of 2020) are <a href="/wiki/Metropolia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Metropolia University of Applied Sciences">Metropolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Tampere University of Applied Sciences">Tampere UAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haaga-Helia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences">Haaga-Helia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turku_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Turku University of Applied Sciences">Turku UAS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South-Eastern_Finland_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences">XAMK</a> respectively. </p><p>The specific degree programs offered by the UAS varies and is largely based on local vocational needs and capacities, however, every UAS generally offers undergraduate as well as postgraduate programs in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, such as degree programs in <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Business management">business management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>. Other fields include <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>. </p><p>There are about 100,000 students in universities of applied sciences across Finland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pursuing_further_studies">Pursuing further studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pursuing further studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Finnish tertiary education system follows a “dual model”, where <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Finland" title="List of universities in Finland">Finnish universities</a> are tasked with scientific research and producing new knowledge whereas the UAS have a more vocational or R&D orientation. In light of this, although (akin to universities) tertiary level degrees are indeed offered by the UAS, they are not equivalent to Finnish university degrees per-se and inherent differences between the two institutes become especially prominent when a student wishes to make a shift from the former to the latter. Because degrees from a UAS are more oriented towards practical applications, if a holder of a UAS degree applies for a master's degree in a Finnish university and is admitted, he/she may still be obliged to complete up to 60 ETCS worth of theoretical studies in addition to the formal master's degree requirement, depending on the students background. </p><p>Since 2005, the Finnish Parliament has approved the creation of a higher UAS degree, that parallels the master's degree in universities. This has led to a small-scale boost in new degree programmes (in limited fields of education), to the extent of 60-90 ECTS credits. They will give similar qualifications as a university master's degree in the same areas of education. But a minimum amount of two years of work experience gained after the latest tertiary degree is needed to qualify for a UAS higher degree programme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 2010, there were nationwide discussions about the excessive number of students in the UAS, especially in the fields of Engineering and Business. This is connected to a problem in funding — the UAS receive their funding largely based on the students enrollment numbers (this is changing to a more management-by-results approach).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This has led to an oversupply of UAS-educated people, compared to the needs of the labour market — the unemployment of UAS graduates is 8%, on par with the general unemployment rate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some cuts to the number of student places were issued by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Finland)">Ministry of Education</a>, starting with a nationwide cut of 10% applied to the new student intake in 2007 and 2008. </p><p>The universities of applied science in Finland have been severely criticized for being too undemanding when offering degrees to new graduates as well as for lacking quality education.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English name "university of applied sciences" or the acronym "UAS" was universally applied on January 1, 2006 to all Finnish polytechnics. The name is borrowed from the English translation of the German "<a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a>". There is no legislation concerning the translation of the name. However, perhaps a more linguistically accurate direct translation would be <i>"higher vocational institute"</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Tampere University of Applied Sciences">Tampere University of Applied Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alumniblogi.samk.fi/2022/03/13/ammattikorkeakoulu-on-hyva-ponnahduslauta-tohtoriopintoihin/">"Ammattikorkeakoulu on hyvä ponnahduslauta tohtoriopintoihin"</a>. 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ammattikorkeakoulu+on+hyv%C3%A4+ponnahduslauta+tohtoriopintoihin&rft.date=2022-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falumniblogi.samk.fi%2F2022%2F03%2F13%2Fammattikorkeakoulu-on-hyva-ponnahduslauta-tohtoriopintoihin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+applied+sciences+%28Finland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://okm.fi/ammattikorkeakoulut">"Universities of Applied Sciences in Finland"</a>. Ministry of Education and Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universities+of+Applied+Sciences+in+Finland&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fokm.fi%2Fammattikorkeakoulut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+applied+sciences+%28Finland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/amk-kursseja-voi-suorittaa-lukematta-edes-tenttikysymyksia-nyt-rehtorineuvosto-panee-stopin-liian-helpoille-opinnoille/168ab409-095b-426b-96ae-82ed196aaf98">"Amk-kursseja voi suorittaa lukematta edes tenttikysymyksiä – Nyt rehtorineuvosto panee stopin liian helpoille opinnoille"</a>. tekniikkatalous. 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amk-kursseja+voi+suorittaa+lukematta+edes+tenttikysymyksi%C3%A4+%E2%80%93+Nyt+rehtorineuvosto+panee+stopin+liian+helpoille+opinnoille&rft.pub=tekniikkatalous&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tekniikkatalous.fi%2Fuutiset%2Famk-kursseja-voi-suorittaa-lukematta-edes-tenttikysymyksia-nyt-rehtorineuvosto-panee-stopin-liian-helpoille-opinnoille%2F168ab409-095b-426b-96ae-82ed196aaf98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+applied+sciences+%28Finland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/onko-amk-opintoja-nykyaan-jo-liian-helppo-suorittaa-johtaja-tyrmaa-monivalintatentit/01dea2aa-3ae8-4d88-a970-5a995266ebba">"Onko Amk-opintoja nykyään jo liian helppo suorittaa? Johtaja tyrmää monivalintatentit"</a>. talouselämä. 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onko+Amk-opintoja+nyky%C3%A4%C3%A4n+jo+liian+helppo+suorittaa%3F+Johtaja+tyrm%C3%A4%C3%A4+monivalintatentit&rft.pub=talousel%C3%A4m%C3%A4&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.talouselama.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fonko-amk-opintoja-nykyaan-jo-liian-helppo-suorittaa-johtaja-tyrmaa-monivalintatentit%2F01dea2aa-3ae8-4d88-a970-5a995266ebba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+applied+sciences+%28Finland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/nykyinen-tilanne-on-taysin-kestamaton-ammattikorkeakoulujen-opetuksen-laadulle-ja-maaralle-rajua-kritiikkia-opiskelijoilta/7712014#gs.dgwd3x">"Nykyinen tilanne on täysin kestämätön – ammattikorkeakoulujen opetuksen laadulle ja määrälle rajua kritiikkiä opiskelijoilta"</a>. mtvuutiset. 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nykyinen+tilanne+on+t%C3%A4ysin+kest%C3%A4m%C3%A4t%C3%B6n+%E2%80%93+ammattikorkeakoulujen+opetuksen+laadulle+ja+m%C3%A4%C3%A4r%C3%A4lle+rajua+kritiikki%C3%A4+opiskelijoilta&rft.pub=mtvuutiset&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtvuutiset.fi%2Fartikkeli%2Fnykyinen-tilanne-on-taysin-kestamaton-ammattikorkeakoulujen-opetuksen-laadulle-ja-maaralle-rajua-kritiikkia-opiskelijoilta%2F7712014%23gs.dgwd3x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+applied+sciences+%28Finland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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