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href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Official status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Writing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Modernization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Western dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Eastern dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helsinki_slang_(Stadin_slangi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helsinki_slang_(Stadin_slangi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Helsinki slang (Stadin slangi) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helsinki_slang_(Stadin_slangi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_chart_of_Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_chart_of_Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Dialect chart of Finnish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_chart_of_Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Linguistic registers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_registers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Linguistic registers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Standardization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colloquial_Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colloquial_Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Colloquial Finnish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colloquial_Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segmental_phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segmental_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Segmental phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segmental_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocalic_segments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocalic_segments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Vocalic segments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocalic_segments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Prosody </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphophonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphophonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Morphophonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphophonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Lexicon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lexicon subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Borrowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Borrowing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neologisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neologisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Neologisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neologisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loans_to_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loans_to_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Loans to other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loans_to_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sample texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_greetings_and_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_greetings_and_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Basic greetings and phrases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_greetings_and_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Tolkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Tolkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Influence on Tolkien </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Tolkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Finnish language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" > 175 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fins" title="Fins – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fins" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnische_Sprache" title="Finnische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Finnische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ፊንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suom%C3%A2kiel%C3%A2" title="Suomâkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Suomâkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फिनिश भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फिनिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Finnisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Finnisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Афинн бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Афинн бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الفنلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الفنلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_fin%C3%A9s" title="Idioma finés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma finés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_finland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma finlandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma finlandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%A9landia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Hĩlandiañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hĩlandiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_dili" title="Fin dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فنلاند دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فنلاند دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Finlandia" title="Basa Finlandia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ফিনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-l%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Hun-lân-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-lân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Фин теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фин теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Фінская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Фінская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Фински език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фински език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finski_jezik" title="Finski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Finski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finneg" title="Finneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Finneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C3%A8s" title="Finès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Finès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Финн чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Финн чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Pines" title="Pinulongang Pines – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Pines" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C5%A1tina" title="Finština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Finština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffinneg" title="Ffinneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffinneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsk_(sprog)" title="Finsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Finsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لفينلاندية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لفينلاندية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomagiella" title="Suomagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Suomagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnische_Sprache" title="Finnische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Finnische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%AF%DE%89%DE%A9" title="ސުއޯމީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސުއޯމީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Finšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Finšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soome_keel" title="Soome keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soome keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Φινλανδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φινλανδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Суоминь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Суоминь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_fin%C3%A9s" title="Idioma finés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma finés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finna_lingvo" title="Finna lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Finna lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiera" title="Finlandiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Finlandiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finngbe" title="Finngbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Finngbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان فنلاندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فنلاندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_bhasa" title="Finnish bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Finnish bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Finskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Finskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnois" title="Finnois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Finnois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsk" title="Finsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Finsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhionlainnis" title="An Fhionlainnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhionlainnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnlynnish" title="Finnlynnish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Finnlynnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_dili" title="Fin dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Fin dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionnlannais" title="Fionnlannais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fionnlannais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_finesa" title="Lingua finesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua finesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فنلاندي زوان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فنلاندي زوان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBn-l%C3%A0n-ng%C3%AE" title="Fûn-làn-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fûn-làn-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%80%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4" title="핀란드어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핀란드어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Pinilana" title="ʻŌlelo Pinilana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Pinilana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ֆիններեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիններեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़िनिश भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़िनिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Finšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Finšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finski_jezik" title="Finski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Finski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandana_linguo" title="Finlandana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Finlandana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Pinlandes" title="Pagsasao a Pinlandes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Pinlandes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Finlandia" title="Bahasa Finlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_finnese" title="Lingua finnese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua finnese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Финнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Финнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnska" title="Finnska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Finnska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_finlandese" title="Lingua finlandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua finlandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Suomi" title="Basa Suomi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Suomi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Фин тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Фин тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ფინური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%90%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فِنی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فِنی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Фин тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фин тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fynnek" title="Fynnek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fynnek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igifinilande" title="Igifinilande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igifinilande" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifini" title="Kifini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Суоми кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Суоми кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_f%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê fînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê fînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Финн тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Финн тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ພາສາແຟງລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາແຟງລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomu_vol%C5%ABda" title="Suomu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Suomu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Finnica" title="Lingua Finnica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Finnica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somu_valoda" title="Somu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Somu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Финн чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Финн чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Suomių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suomių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fins" title="Fins – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fins" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi_(lingua)" title="Suomi (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Suomi (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_kieli" title="Suomen kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Suomen kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_finlandesa" title="Lengua finlandesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua finlandesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_nyelv" title="Finn nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Finn nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Фински јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фински јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_fino%C3%A0" title="Fiteny finoà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny finoà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഫിന്നിഷ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിന്നിഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Whinirana" title="Reo Whinirana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Whinirana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फिनिश भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिनिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ფინური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="لغه فنلاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه فنلاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فلاندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلاندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Finland" title="Bahasa Finland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Finland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯐꯤꯟꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐꯤꯟꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADng-l%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Hŭng-làng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭng-làng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Суоминь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Суоминь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Фин хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фин хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဖင်လန်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖင်လန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fins" title="Fins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fins" title="Fins – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fins" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फिनिश भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फिनिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="フィンランド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィンランド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Финнийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Финнийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsk_spriak" title="Finsk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Finsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsk" title="Finsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Finsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsk" title="Finsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Finsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C3%A9s" title="Finés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Finés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Финн йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Финн йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_tili" title="Fin tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fin tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਿਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C3%A9s" title="Finés – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Finés" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="فينلينډي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فينلينډي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Фин кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Фин кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_finland%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga finlandèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga finlandèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pinlan" title="Tok Pinlan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Pinlan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnsche_Spraak" title="Finnsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Finnsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_fi%C5%84ski" title="Język fiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język fiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_finlandesa" title="Língua finlandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua finlandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_tili" title="Fin tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fin tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_tili" title="Fin tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_finlandez%C4%83" title="Limba finlandeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba finlandeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_finlandaisa" title="Lingua finlandaisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua finlandaisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinis_simi" title="Phinis simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phinis simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Фіньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фіньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Финский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Finelani" title="Faʻa Finelani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Finelani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_finlandesa" title="Limba finlandesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba finlandesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_leid" title="Finnish leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Finnish leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsk" title="Finsk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Finsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_finlandeze" title="Gjuha finlandeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha finlandeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_finlannisa" title="Lingua finlannisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua finlannisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Finnish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADn%C4%8Dina" title="Fínčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fínčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Finščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Finščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Соумьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Соумьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی فینلاندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی فینلاندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Фински језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фински језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finski_jezik" title="Finski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Finski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_kieli" title="Suomen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suomen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Finska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Finlandes" title="Wikang Finlandes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Finlandes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பின்னிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பின்னிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafinit" title="Tafinit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafinit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Фин теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фин теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-finlandees" title="Lia-finlandees – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-finlandees" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาฟินแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฟินแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони финӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони финӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fince" title="Fince – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Финн кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Финн кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Фінська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фінська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فنی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فنی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="فىنلاندىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىنلاندىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_finlandeze" title="Łéngua finlandeze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua finlandeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_kel%27" title="Suomen kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suomen kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%E1%BA%A7n_Lan" title="Tiếng Phần Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Phần Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomiy" title="Suomiy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Suomiy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soom%C3%B5_kiil" title="Soomõ kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Soomõ kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finw%C3%A8s" title="Finwès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Finwès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fins" title="Fins – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Fins" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandes" title="Finlandes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Finlandes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="芬兰语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="פיניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_F%C3%ADnl%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Èdè Fínlándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Fínlándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" title="芬蘭文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="芬蘭文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finki" title="Finki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Finki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomiu_kalba" title="Suomiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Suomiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="芬兰语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Finlandia" title="Basa Finlandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1412#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Finnic language mostly spoken in Finland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Finnish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">suomi, suomen kieli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈsuo̯mi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/Fi-suomi.ogg\/Fi-suomi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fi-suomi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Fi-suomi.ogg/Fi-suomi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fi-suomi.ogg" title="File:Fi-suomi.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (in small areas in <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.0 million <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: 4.75 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: 200,000-250,000 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: 8,000 (Kven) Russia (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a>): 8,500 US: 26,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-e18-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northern Finnic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Finnish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finnish_dialects" title="Southwest Finnish dialects">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavastian_dialects" title="Tavastian dialects">Tavastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ostrobothnian_dialect" title="South Ostrobothnian dialect">South Ostrobothnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Northern_Ostrobothnian_dialects" title="Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects">Central and Northern Ostrobothnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%A4pohjola_dialects" title="Peräpohjola dialects">Peräpohjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savonian_dialects" title="Savonian dialects">Savonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Karelian_dialects" title="South Karelian dialects">South Karelian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish alphabet">Finnish alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Braille">Finnish Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (official minority language) <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Language Planning Department of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=fi">fi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=141">fin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fin">fin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1717">nucl1717</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=41-AAA-a">41-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Spread_of_the_Finnish_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Spread_of_the_Finnish_language.png/320px-Spread_of_the_Finnish_language.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="544" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Spread_of_the_Finnish_language.png 1.5x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="598" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Primary spoken language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Minority spoken language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Finnish (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: suomi <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈsuo̯mi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/Fi-suomi.ogg\/Fi-suomi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fi-suomi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Fi-suomi.ogg/Fi-suomi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fi-suomi.ogg" title="File:Fi-suomi.ogg">ⓘ</a> or suomen kieli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> language family, spoken by the majority of the population in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland. Finnish is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</a> of Finland, alongside <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, both Finnish and <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a> (which has significant <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with Finnish<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>) are official <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a>, which like Meänkieli is mutually intelligible with Finnish, is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> counties of <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> by a minority of Finnish descent. Finnish is <a href="/wiki/Morphological_typology" title="Morphological typology">typologically</a> <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and uses almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixal affixation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> depending on their role in the <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>. Sentences are normally formed with <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> word order, although the extensive use of inflection allows them to be ordered differently. Word order variations are often reserved for differences in <a href="/wiki/Information_structure" title="Information structure">information structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish orthography</a> uses a Latin-script alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, and is <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic orthography">phonemic</a> to a great extent. <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">consonant length</a> are distinguished, and there are a range of <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> limits which diphthongs are possible. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Finnish belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>; as such, it is one of the few European languages that is not <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>. The Finnic branch also includes <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and a few minority languages spoken around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and in Russia's <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a>. The closest relative of Finnish is either <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a>, or depending on the definition, <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>. Finnic languages form a dialect continuum, where for instance Finnish and Estonian are not separated by any single isogloss that would separate dialects considered "Finnish" from those considered "Estonian", despite the two standard languages being not mutually intelligible.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Finnish demonstrates an affiliation with other <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>) in several respects including: <ul><li>Shared morphology: <ul><li>case suffixes such as <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> -n, <a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">partitive</a> -(t)a / -(t)ä ( < <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a> *-ta, originally <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">essive</a> -na / -nä ( < *-na, originally <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>)</li> <li>plural markers -t and -i- ( < Proto-Uralic *-t and *-j, respectively)</li> <li>possessive suffixes such as 1st person singular -ni ( < Proto-Uralic *-n-mi), 2nd person singular -si ( < Proto-Uralic *-ti).</li> <li>various derivational suffixes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> -tta/-ttä < Proto-Uralic *-k-ta)</li></ul></li> <li>Shared basic vocabulary displaying regular sound correspondences with the other Uralic languages (e.g. kala 'fish' ~ <a href="/wiki/North_Saami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="North Saami language">North Saami</a> guolli ~ <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> hal; and kadota 'disappear' ~ North Saami guođđit ~ Hungarian hagy 'leave (behind)'.</li></ul> Several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic language</a> somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a> belt around the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> region and/or the bend of the middle <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>. The strong case for Proto-Uralic is supported by common vocabulary with regularities in sound correspondences, as well as by the fact that the Uralic languages have many similarities in structure and grammar.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Despite having overlapping geographical distributions, Finnic languages and <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> are not closely related, and the hypothesis of a separate taxonomic "<a href="/wiki/Finno-Samic_languages" title="Finno-Samic languages">Finno-Samic</a>" node is controversial. The <a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Institute" title="Defense Language Institute">Defense Language Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, United States, classifies Finnish as a level III language (of four levels) in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomenkieliset_Suomessa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Suomenkieliset_Suomessa.png/220px-Suomenkieliset_Suomessa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Suomenkieliset_Suomessa.png/330px-Suomenkieliset_Suomessa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Suomenkieliset_Suomessa.png/440px-Suomenkieliset_Suomessa.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Share of Finnish speakers in the population of <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities of Finland</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finsktalande_s%C3%B6dra_sverige.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Finsktalande_s%C3%B6dra_sverige.svg/220px-Finsktalande_s%C3%B6dra_sverige.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Finsktalande_s%C3%B6dra_sverige.svg/330px-Finsktalande_s%C3%B6dra_sverige.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Finsktalande_s%C3%B6dra_sverige.svg/440px-Finsktalande_s%C3%B6dra_sverige.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Areas in Central and Southern Sweden with a Finnish-speaking population (2005)</figcaption></figure> Finnish is spoken by about five million people, most of whom reside in Finland. There are also notable Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The majority of the population of Finland (90.37% as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-lang_stats-12">[12]</a>) speak Finnish as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. The remainder speak <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a> (5.42%),<a href="#cite_note-lang_stats-12">[12]</a> one of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sámi</a> languages (for example <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt</a>), or another language as their first language. Finnish is spoken as a second language in Estonia by about 167,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Finnic varieties found in Norway's <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a>) and in northern Sweden (namely <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a>) have the status of official minority languages, and thus can be considered distinct languages from Finnish. However, since these languages are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>, one may alternatively view them as <a href="/wiki/Dialect#Dialect_or_language" title="Dialect">dialects of the same language</a>. No language census exists for Norway, neither for Kven, standard Finnish, or combined. As of 2023, 7,454 first- or second-generation immigrants from Finland were registered as having Norwegian residency,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> while as of 2021, 235 Finns were registered as foreigners studying at Norwegian higher education.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Norwegian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Norwegian Encyclopedia">Great Norwegian Encyclopedia</a> estimates Kven speakers at 2,000-8,000.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Altogether, this results in a total amount of Finnish-speakers roughly between 7,200 and 15,600. In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">latest census</a>, around 1000 people in Russia claimed to speak Finnish natively; however, a larger amount of 14,000 claimed to be able to speak Finnish in total.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> There are also forms of Finnish spoken by diasporas outside Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">American Finnish</a>, spoken by <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a>, spoken by <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finns" title="Siberian Finns">Siberian Finns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official status">edit</a>]</div> Today, Finnish is one of two <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of Finland (the other being Swedish), and has been an official language of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> since 1995. However, the Finnish language did not have an official status in the country during the <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">period of Swedish rule</a>, which ended in 1809. After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, and against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Fennoman_movement" title="Fennoman movement">Fennoman movement</a>, the language obtained its official status in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Finland" title="Diet of Finland">Finnish Diet</a> of 1863.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Finnish also enjoys the status of an official <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages in Sweden">minority language in Sweden</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Language_Convention" title="Nordic Language Convention">Nordic Language Convention</a>, citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> speaking Finnish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable to any interpretation or translation costs.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, concerns have been expressed about the future status of Finnish in Sweden, for example, where reports produced for the Swedish government during 2017 show that minority language policies are not being respected, particularly for the 7% of Finns settled in the country.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic family</a> of languages, of which Finnish is a member, are hypothesized to derive from a single ancestor language termed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a>, spoken sometime between 8,000 and 2,000 BCE (estimates vary) in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Over time, Proto-Uralic split into various <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter languages</a>, which themselves continued to change and diverge, yielding yet more descendants. One of these descendants is the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Finnic">Proto-Finnic</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> developed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[25]</a> Current models assume that three or more Proto-Finnic dialects evolved during the first millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[25]</a> These dialects were defined geographically, and were distinguished from one another along a north–south split as well as an east–west split. The northern dialects of Proto-Finnic, from which Finnish developed, lacked the mid vowel [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>]. This vowel was found only in the southern dialects, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votian</a>. The northern variants used third person singular pronoun hän instead of southern tämä (Est. tema). While the eastern dialects of Proto-Finnic (which developed in the modern-day eastern Finnish dialects, Veps, Karelian, and Ingrian) formed genitive plural nouns via plural stems (e.g., eastern Finnish kalojen < *kaloi-ten), the western dialects of Proto-Finnic (today's Estonian, Livonian and western Finnish varieties) used the non-plural stems (e.g., Est. kalade < *kala-ten). Another defining characteristic of the east–west split was the use of the <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive</a> suffix -(t)te, used only in the eastern dialects.<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch-bark_letter_292_real.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Birch-bark_letter_292_real.jpg/220px-Birch-bark_letter_292_real.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Birch-bark_letter_292_real.jpg/330px-Birch-bark_letter_292_real.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Birch-bark_letter_292_real.jpg/440px-Birch-bark_letter_292_real.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_letter_no._292" title="Birch bark letter no. 292">Birch bark letter no. 292</a> is the oldest known document in any Finnic language.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_letter_no._292" title="Birch bark letter no. 292">Birch bark letter no. 292</a> from the early 13th century is the first known document in any <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic language</a>; it is written in a variety that is closest to modern <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The first known written example of Finnish itself is found in a German travel journal dating back to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450: Mÿnna tachton gernast spuho sommen gelen Emÿna daÿda (Modern Finnish: "Minä tahdon kernaasti puhua suomen kielen, [mutta] en minä taida;" English: "I want to speak Finnish, [but] I am not able to").<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to the travel journal, the words are those of a Finnish bishop whose name is unknown. The erroneous use of gelen (Modern Finnish kielen) in the accusative case, rather than kieltä in the partitive, and the lack of the <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunction</a> mutta are typical of foreign speakers of Finnish even today.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> At the time, most priests in Finland <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-speaking Finns">spoke Swedish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> During the Middle Ages, when <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland was under Swedish rule</a>, Finnish was only <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken</a>. At the time, the language of <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">international commerce</a> was <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a>, the language of administration <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and religious ceremonies were held in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. This meant that Finnish speakers could use their mother tongue only in everyday life. Finnish was considered inferior to Swedish, and Finnish speakers were second-class members of society because they could not use their language in any official situations. There were even efforts to reduce the use of Finnish through parish clerk schools, the use of Swedish in church, and by having Swedish-speaking servants and maids move to Finnish-speaking areas.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/200px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/300px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/400px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>, a 19th-century drawing by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonnrot4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lonnrot4.jpg/220px-Lonnrot4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lonnrot4.jpg/330px-Lonnrot4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lonnrot4.jpg/440px-Lonnrot4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a> as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>, a Finnish bishop, in the 16th century. He based his writing system on the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Western_dialects">western dialects</a>. Agricola's ultimate plan was to <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">translate the Bible</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> but first he had to develop an <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> for the language, which he based on Swedish, German, and Latin. The Finnish <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> still relies on his innovations with regard to spelling, though Agricola used less systematic spelling than is used today.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Though Agricola's intention was that each <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">phoneme</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> under <a href="/wiki/Finnish_consonant_gradation#Qualitative_gradation" title="Finnish consonant gradation">qualitative consonant gradation</a>) should correspond to one letter, he failed to achieve this goal in various respects. For example, k, c, and q were all used for the phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/. Likewise, he alternated between dh and d to represent the allophonic [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>] (like th in English this), between dh and z to represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θː</a>/ (like th in thin, but longer in duration), and between gh and g to represent the allophonic [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]. Agricola did not consistently represent <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> in his orthography.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Others revised Agricola's work later, striving for a more systematic writing system. Along the way, Finnish lost several <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative consonants</a> in a process of <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a>. The sounds [ð] and [θ(ː)] disappeared from the language, surviving only in a small rural region in Western Finland.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the standard language, however, the effect of the lost sounds is thus: <ul><li>[ð] became [d]. The sound [ð] was written ⟨d⟩ or ⟨dh⟩ by Agricola. This sound was lost from most varieties of Finnish, either losing all phonetic realization or being pronounced as [r], [ɾ], [l], or [h] instead (depending on dialect and the position in the word). However, Agricola's spelling ⟨d⟩ prevailed, and the pronunciation in Standard Finnish became [d] through <a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">spelling pronunciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a></li> <li>[θː, θ] became [ts]. These interdental fricatives were written as ⟨tz⟩ (for both <a href="/wiki/Finnish_consonant_gradation" title="Finnish consonant gradation">grades</a>: geminate and short) in some of the earliest written records. Though these developed into a variety of other sounds depending on dialect ([tː, t], [ht, h], [ht, t], [sː, s], [tː, tː], or [ht, ht]), the standard language has arrived at <a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">spelling pronunciation</a> [ts] (which is treated as a <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> and hence not subject to consonant gradation).</li> <li>[ɣ] became: <ul><li>[ʋ] if it appeared originally between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">high</a> <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">round</a> vowels [u] and [y] (cf. suku 'kin, family' : suvun [genitive form] from earlier *suku : *suɣun, and kyky : kyvyn 'ability, skill' [nominative and genitive, respectively] from *kükü : *küɣün, contrasting with sika : sian 'pig, pork' [nominative and genitive] from *sika : *siɣan. A similar process explains the /f/ pronunciation for some English words with "gh", such as "tough"),</li> <li>[j] between a liquid consonant [l] or [r] and a vowel [e] (like in kuljen 'I go', a form of the verb kulkea 'to go' that was originally *kulɣen),</li> <li>and otherwise it was lost entirely.</li></ul></li></ul> Modern Finnish punctuation, along with that of Swedish, uses the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (:) to separate the <a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stem</a> of a word and its grammatical ending in some cases, for example after <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a>, as in EU:ssa 'in the EU'. (This contrasts with some other alphabetic writing systems, which would use other symbols, such as e.g. apostrophe, hyphen.) Since suffixes play a prominent role in the language, this use of the colon is quite common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization">Modernization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modernization">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Johan Vilhelm Snellman</a> and others began to stress the need to improve the status of Finnish. Ever since the days of Mikael Agricola, written Finnish had been used almost exclusively in religious contexts, but now Snellman's <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> ideas of Finnish as a fully-fledged national language gained considerable support. Concerted efforts were made to improve the status of the language and to modernize it, and by the end of the century Finnish had become a language of administration, journalism, literature, and science in Finland, along with Swedish. In 1853 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Europaeus" title="Daniel Europaeus">Daniel Europaeus</a> published the first Swedish-Finnish dictionary,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and between 1866 and 1880 <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a> compiled the first Finnish-Swedish dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In the same period, <a href="/wiki/Antero_Warelius" title="Antero Warelius">Antero Warelius</a> conducted ethnographic research and, among other topics, he documented the geographic distribution of the Finnish dialects.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The most important contributions to improving the status of Finnish were made by <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a>. His impact on the development of modern vocabulary in Finnish was particularly significant. In addition to compiling the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>, he acted as an arbiter in disputes about the development of standard Finnish between the proponents of western and eastern dialects, ensuring that the western dialects preferred by Agricola retained their preeminent role, while many originally dialect words from Eastern Finland were introduced to the standard language, thus enriching it considerably.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The first novel written in Finnish (and by a Finnish speaker) was <a href="/wiki/Seven_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Brothers">Seven Brothers</a> (Seitsemän veljestä), published by <a href="/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a> in 1870. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_dialects_and_forms_of_speech.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Finnish_dialects_and_forms_of_speech.png/330px-Finnish_dialects_and_forms_of_speech.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Finnish_dialects_and_forms_of_speech.png/495px-Finnish_dialects_and_forms_of_speech.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Finnish_dialects_and_forms_of_speech.png/660px-Finnish_dialects_and_forms_of_speech.png 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Map of Finnish dialects and forms of speech</figcaption></figure> The dialects of Finnish are divided into two distinct groups, Western and Eastern.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The dialects are largely mutually intelligible and are distinguished from each other by changes in vowels, diphthongs and rhythm, as well as in preferred grammatical constructions. For the most part, the dialects operate on the same phonology and grammar. There are only marginal examples of sounds or grammatical constructions specific to some dialect and not found in standard Finnish. Two examples are the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Rauma_dialect" title="Rauma dialect">Rauma dialect</a>, and the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">exessive case</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_dialects">Western dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ei_me_mitt%C3%A4_kaffelle_men%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ei_me_mitt%C3%A4_kaffelle_men%3F.jpg/220px-Ei_me_mitt%C3%A4_kaffelle_men%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ei_me_mitt%C3%A4_kaffelle_men%3F.jpg/330px-Ei_me_mitt%C3%A4_kaffelle_men%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ei_me_mitt%C3%A4_kaffelle_men%3F.jpg/440px-Ei_me_mitt%C3%A4_kaffelle_men%3F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> dialect is famous for its seemingly inverted questions. For example, "Ei me mittä kaffelle men?" looks like it means "So we don't go for a coffee?" but actually means "Shall we go for a coffee?"<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finnish_dialects" title="Southwest Finnish dialects">Southwest Finnish dialects</a> (lounaissuomalaismurteet) are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satakunta_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakunta (region)">Satakunta</a>. Their typical feature is abbreviation of word-final vowels, and in many respects they resemble Estonian. The Tavastian dialects (hämäläismurteet) are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a>. They are closest to the standard language, but feature some slight vowel changes, such as the opening of diphthong-final vowels (tie → tiä, miekka → miakka, kuolisi → kualis), the change of d to l (mostly obsolete) or trilled r (widespread, nowadays disappearance of d is popular) and the personal pronouns (me: meitin ('we: our'), te: teitin ('you: your') and he: heitin ('they: their')). <a href="/wiki/South_Ostrobothnian_dialect" title="South Ostrobothnian dialect">The South Ostrobothnian dialects</a> (eteläpohjalaismurteet) are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ostrobothnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ostrobothnia">Southern Ostrobothnia</a>. Their most notable feature is the pronunciation of "d" as a tapped or even fully trilled /r/. The Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects (keski- ja pohjoispohjalaismurteet) are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Central_Ostrobothnia" title="Central Ostrobothnia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ostrobothnia">Northern Ostrobothnia</a>. The Lapland dialects (lappilaismurteet) are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lapland,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland, Finland">Lapland</a>. The dialects spoken in the western parts of Lapland are recognizable by retention of old "h" sounds in positions where they have disappeared from other dialects. One form of speech related to Northern dialects, <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a>, which is spoken on the Swedish side of the border is recognized in Sweden as its own distinct language, having its own standardized language separate from Finnish.<a href="#cite_note-:3-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This form of speech developed from the border created between Sweden and Finland in 1809 when the Russian Empire annexed Finland. This caused the speakers of Meänkieli to be isolated from the developments of standard Finnish and instead be influenced by the Swedish language. However, it is still mutually intelligible with Finnish, and is thus sometimes considered a dialect of the Finnish language.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven language</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a>, in Norway. Its speakers are descendants of Finnish emigrants to the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a> is an official minority language in Norway. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_dialects">Eastern dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savonlinna_HyvveeVahvooMokkoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Savonlinna_HyvveeVahvooMokkoo.JPG/220px-Savonlinna_HyvveeVahvooMokkoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Savonlinna_HyvveeVahvooMokkoo.JPG/330px-Savonlinna_HyvveeVahvooMokkoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Savonlinna_HyvveeVahvooMokkoo.JPG/440px-Savonlinna_HyvveeVahvooMokkoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A sign in Savonian dialect: "You don't get cognac here, but fresh wheat buns and good strong Juhla Mokka-brand coffee you will have. Welcome."</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finnish_dialects" title="Eastern Finnish dialects">Eastern Finnish dialects</a></div> The Eastern dialects consist of the widespread Savonian dialects (savolaismurteet) spoken in <a href="/wiki/Savonia_(historical_province)" title="Savonia (historical province)">Savo</a> and nearby areas, and the South-Eastern dialects now spoken only in Finnish <a href="/wiki/South_Karelia" title="South Karelia">South Karelia</a>. The South Karelian dialects (eteläkarjalaismurteet) were previously also spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>. The Karelian Isthmus was evacuated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and refugees were resettled all over Finland. Most <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> were <a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Deportations of the Ingrian Finns">deported</a> to various interior areas of the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a>, a common feature of Uralic languages, had been lost in the Finnic branch, but it has been reacquired by most of these languages, including Eastern Finnish, but not Western Finnish. In Finnish orthography, this is denoted with a "j", e.g. vesj [vesʲ] "water", cf. standard vesi [vesi]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helsinki_slang_(Stadin_slangi)">Helsinki slang (Stadin slangi)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Helsinki slang (Stadin slangi)">edit</a>]</div> The first known written account in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_slang" title="Helsinki slang">Helsinki slang</a> is from the 1890 short story Hellaassa by young Santeri Ivalo (words that do not exist in, or deviate from, the standard spoken Finnish of its time are in bold): <blockquote lang="fi"> Kun minä eilen illalla palasin labbiksesta, tapasin Aasiksen kohdalla Supiksen, ja niin me laskeusimme tänne Espikselle, jossa oli mahoton hyvä piikis. Mutta me mentiin Studikselle suoraan Hudista tapaamaan, ja jäimme sinne pariksi tunniksi, kunnes ajoimme <a href="/wiki/Kaisaniemi" title="Kaisaniemi">Kaisikseen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slanginet-44">[44]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect_chart_of_Finnish">Dialect chart of Finnish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dialect chart of Finnish">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2.1-Finnish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/2.1-Finnish.png/300px-2.1-Finnish.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/2.1-Finnish.png/450px-2.1-Finnish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/2.1-Finnish.png/600px-2.1-Finnish.png 2x" data-file-width="3567" data-file-height="4620" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Finnish dialect areas before World War I<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Finnish dialects <ul><li>Western dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finnish_dialects" title="Southwest Finnish dialects">Southwest Finnish dialects</a> <ul><li>Proper Finnish dialects <ul><li>Northern dialect group</li> <li>Southern dialect group</li></ul></li> <li>Southwest Finnish middle dialects <ul><li>Pori region dialects</li> <li>Ala-Satakunta dialects</li> <li>dialects of Turku highlands</li> <li>Somero region dialects</li> <li>Western Uusimaa dialects</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_slang" title="Helsinki slang">Helsinki slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavastian_dialects" title="Tavastian dialects">Tavastian Dialects</a> <ul><li>Ylä-Satakunta dialects</li> <li>Heart Tavastian dialects</li> <li>Southern Tavastian dialects</li> <li>Southern-Eastern Tavastian dialects <ul><li>Hollola dialect group</li> <li>Porvoo dialect group</li> <li>Iitti dialect group</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ostrobothnian_dialect" title="South Ostrobothnian dialect">South Ostrobothnian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Northern_Ostrobothnian_dialects" title="Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects">Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects</a> <ul><li>Central Ostrobothnian dialects</li> <li>North Ostrobothnian dialects</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%A4pohjola_dialects" title="Peräpohjola dialects">Peräpohjola dialects</a> <ul><li>Torne dialects ("<a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a>" in Sweden)</li> <li>Kemi dialects</li> <li>Kemijärvi dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4llivare_dialects" title="Gällivare dialects">Gällivare dialects</a> ("Meänkieli" in Sweden)</li> <li>Finnmark dialects ("<a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven language</a>" in Northern Norway)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savonian_dialects" title="Savonian dialects">Savonian dialects</a> <ul><li>North Savonian dialects</li> <li>South Savonian dialects</li> <li>Middle dialects of Savonlinna region</li> <li>East Savonian dialects or North Karelian dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_dialect" title="Kainuu dialect">Kainuu dialects</a></li> <li>Central Finland dialects</li> <li>Päijänne Tavastia dialects</li> <li>Keuruu-Evijärvi dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland_Savonian_dialect" title="Värmland Savonian dialect">Savonian dialects of Värmland</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland_County" title="Värmland County">Värmland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innlandet" title="Innlandet">Innlandet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>; extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Karelian_dialects" title="South Karelian dialects">South Karelian dialects</a> <ul><li>Proper South Karelian dialects</li> <li>Middle dialects of Lemi region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_dialects" title="Ingrian dialects">Dialects of Ingria</a> (in Russia)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_registers">Linguistic registers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Linguistic registers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Finnish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Finnish language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Finnish+language%22">"Finnish language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Finnish+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Finnish+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Finnish+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Finnish+language%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Finnish+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2009) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FinnischesSchild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FinnischesSchild.jpg/220px-FinnischesSchild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FinnischesSchild.jpg/330px-FinnischesSchild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FinnischesSchild.jpg/440px-FinnischesSchild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Example of a participle construction</figcaption></figure> There are two main <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> of Finnish used throughout the country. One is the "standard language" (yleiskieli), and the other is the "<a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Finnish" title="Colloquial Finnish">spoken language</a>" (puhekieli). The standard language is used in formal situations like political speeches and newscasts. Its written form, the "book language" (kirjakieli), is used in nearly all written texts, not always excluding even the dialogue of common people in popular prose.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The spoken language, on the other hand, is the main variety of Finnish used in popular TV and radio shows and at workplaces, and may be preferred to a dialect in personal communication. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Standardization">edit</a>]</div> Standard Finnish is prescribed by the Language Office of the <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Institute for the Languages of Finland">Research Institute for the Languages of Finland</a> and is the language used in official communication. <a href="/wiki/Nykysuomen_sanakirja" title="Nykysuomen sanakirja">The Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish</a> (Nykysuomen sanakirja 1951–61), with 201,000 entries, was a <a href="/wiki/Prescriptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescriptive">prescriptive</a> dictionary that defined official language. An additional volume for words of foreign origin (Nykysuomen sivistyssanakirja, 30,000 entries) was published in 1991. An updated dictionary, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Dictionary_of_Modern_Finnish" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Dictionary of Modern Finnish">The New Dictionary of Modern Finnish</a> (Kielitoimiston sanakirja) was published in an electronic form in 2004 and in print in 2006. A <a href="/wiki/Descriptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive">descriptive</a> grammar (the <a href="/wiki/Iso_suomen_kielioppi" title="Iso suomen kielioppi">Large grammar of Finnish</a>, Iso suomen kielioppi,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 1,600 pages) was published in 2004. There is also an etymological dictionary, Suomen sanojen alkuperä, published in 1992–2000, and a handbook of contemporary language (Nykysuomen käsikirja). Standard Finnish is used in official texts and is the form of language taught in schools. Its spoken form is used in political speech, newscasts, in courts, and in other formal situations. Nearly all publishing and printed works are in standard Finnish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colloquial_Finnish">Colloquial Finnish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colloquial Finnish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Finnish" title="Colloquial Finnish">Colloquial Finnish</a></div> The colloquial language has mostly developed naturally from earlier forms of Finnish, and spread from the main cultural and political centres. The standard language, however, has always been a consciously constructed medium for literature. It preserves grammatical patterns that have mostly vanished from the colloquial varieties and, as its main application is writing, it features complex syntactic patterns that are not easy to handle when used in speech. The colloquial language develops significantly faster, and the grammatical and phonological changes also include the most common pronouns and suffixes, which amount to frequent but modest differences. Some sound changes have been left out of the formal language. For example, irregular verbs have developed in the spoken language as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> in some verbs of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_verb_conjugation#Type_III_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish verb conjugation">Type III</a> class (with subsequent vowel <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>), but only when the second syllable of the word is short. The result is that some forms in the spoken language are shortened, e.g. tule-n → tuu-n ('I come'), while others remain identical to the standard language hän tulee "he comes", never *hän tuu). However, the longer forms such as tule can be used in spoken language in other forms as well. The literary language certainly still exerts a considerable influence upon the spoken word, because illiteracy is nonexistent and many Finns are avid readers. In fact, it is still not entirely uncommon to meet people who "talk book-ish" (puhuvat kirjakieltä); it may have connotations of pedantry, exaggeration, moderation, weaseling or sarcasm (somewhat like heavy use of Latinate words in English, or more old-fashioned or "pedantic" constructions: compare the difference between saying "There's no children I'll leave it to" and "There are no children to whom I shall leave it"). More common is the intrusion of typically literary constructions into a colloquial discourse, as a kind of quote from written Finnish. It is quite common to hear book-like and polished speech on radio or TV, and the constant exposure to such language tends to lead to the adoption of such constructions even in everyday language. A prominent example of the effect of the standard language is the development of the consonant gradation form /ts : ts/ as in metsä : metsän, as this pattern was originally (1940) found natively only in the dialects of the southern Karelian isthmus and <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>. It has been reinforced by the spelling "ts" for the dental fricative [θː], used earlier in some western dialects. The spelling and the pronunciation this encourages however approximate the original pronunciation, still reflected in e.g. <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> /čč : č/ (meččä : mečän). In the spoken language, a fusion of Western /tt : tt/ (mettä : mettän) and Eastern /ht : t/ (mehtä : metän) has resulted in /tt : t/ (mettä : metän).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Neither of these forms are identifiable as, or originate from, a specific dialect. The orthography of informal language follows that of the formal. However, in signalling the former in writing, <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">syncope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> – especially internal – may occasionally amongst other characteristics be transcribed, e.g. menenpä → me(n)empä. This never occurs in the standard variety. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>formal language </td> <td>colloquial language </td> <td>meaning </td> <th>notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>hän menee he menevät </td> <td>se menee ne menee </td> <td>"he/she goes" "they go" </td> <td>loss of an <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a> contrast in pronouns (ne and se are inanimate in the formal language), and loss of a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> contrast on verbs in the 3rd person (menee is 3rd person singular in the formal language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>minä, minun, ... </td> <td>mä(ä)/mie, mun/miun, ... </td> <td>"I, my, ..." </td> <td>various alternative, usually shorter, forms of 1st and 2nd person pronouns </td></tr> <tr> <td>(minä) tulen (minä) olen </td> <td>mä tuun mä oon </td> <td>"I'm coming" or "I will come" "I am" or "I will be" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> before short vowels in certain <a href="/wiki/Finnish_verb_conjugation#Type_III_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish verb conjugation">Type III verbs</a> along with vowel <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>, and no <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-drop">pro-drop</a> (i.e., personal pronouns are usually mandatory in the colloquial language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>onko teillä eikö teillä ole </td> <td>o(n)ks teil(lä) e(i)ks teil(lä) oo </td> <td>"do you (pl.) have?" "don't you (pl.) have (it)?" </td> <td>vowel <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> and common use of the clitic -s in <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative sentence">interrogatives</a> (compare eiks to standard Estonian confirmatory interrogative eks) </td></tr> <tr> <td>(me) emme sano </td> <td>me ei sanota </td> <td>"we don't say" or "we won't say" </td> <td>the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar#Passive_voice" title="Finnish grammar">passive voice</a> is used in place of the first person plural </td></tr> <tr> <td>(minun) kirjani </td> <td>mun kirja </td> <td>"my book" </td> <td>lack of possessive clitics on nouns </td></tr> <tr> <td>(minä) en tiedä syödä </td> <td>mä en ti(i)ä syyä </td> <td>"I don't know" "to eat" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of [d] between vowels, and subsequent vowel <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a> (compare mä en ti(i)ä to standard Estonian ma ei tea or dialectal forms ma ei tia or ma ei tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kuusikymmentäviisi </td> <td>kuuskyt(ä)viis </td> <td>"sixty-five" </td> <td>abbreviated forms of numerals </td></tr> <tr> <td>punainen ajoittaa </td> <td>punane(n) ajottaa </td> <td>"red" "to time" </td> <td>unstressed diphthongs ending in /i/ become short vowels, and <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> of phrase-final -n </td></tr> <tr> <td>korjannee </td> <td>kai korjaa </td> <td>"probably will fix" </td> <td>absence of the <a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential mood</a>, use of kai 'probably' instead </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> There are noticeable differences between dialects. Here the formal language does not mean a language spoken in formal occasions but the standard language which exists practically only in written form. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segmental_phonology">Segmental phonology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Segmental phonology">edit</a>]</div> The phoneme inventory of Finnish is moderately small,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> with a great number of vocalic segments and a restricted set of consonant types, both of which can be long or short. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocalic_segments">Vocalic segments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vocalic segments">edit</a>]</div> Finnish monophthongs show eight vowel qualities that contrast in duration. Vowel <a href="/wiki/Allophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophony">allophony</a> is quite restricted. All vowels are possible in both initial and non-initial syllables, whether long or short. Long and short vowels are shown below. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Front </th> <th rowspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unrounded </th> <th>Rounded </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td>i iː </td> <td>y yː </td> <td>u uː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td>e eː </td> <td>ø øː </td> <td>o oː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td>æ æː </td> <td> </td> <td>ɑ ɑː </td></tr></tbody></table> The quality of long vowels mostly overlaps with the quality of short vowels, with the exception of u, which is centralized with respect to uu; long vowels do not morph into <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. There are eighteen diphthongs; like vowels, diphthongs do not have significant allophony. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Finnish has a small consonant inventory, in which voicing is mostly not distinctive and fricatives are scarce. In the table below, consonants in parentheses are either found only in a few recent loans or are allophones of other phonemes. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalv.</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[note 1]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[note 2]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> The short <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> only occurs in the sequence /ŋk/ in native vocabulary (where it could alternatively be analysed as an allophone of /n/), and the long velar nasal /ŋŋ/, written ⟨ng⟩, is the equivalent of /ŋk/ under weakening <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a> (type of <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>) and thus occurs only medially, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> – Helsingin kaupunki (city of Helsinki) /helsiŋki – helsiŋŋin/. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> /d/ is the equivalent of /t/ under weakening <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>, and thus in inherited vocabulary only occurs medially. Especially when spoken by older people, it is often more of an <a href="/wiki/Dental_and_alveolar_flaps#Alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental and alveolar flaps">alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">tap</a> than a true voiced stop, and the dialectal realization varies widely; see the main article on <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> Almost all consonants have phonemic short and long (<a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminated</a>) forms, although length is only contrastive in medial positions. Homosyllabic consonant clusters are mostly absent from native Finnish words, except for a small set of two-consonant sequences in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable codas</a>, e.g. ⟨rs⟩ in karsta. However, as many recently adopted loanwords contain clusters, e.g. strutsi from Swedish struts, ('ostrich'), they have been integrated to the modern language in varying degrees. Finnish is somewhat divergent from other Uralic languages in two respects: it has lost most of its fricatives and lost the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> and non-palatalized consonants. Finnish has only two fricatives in native words, /s/ and /h/. All other fricatives are recognized as foreign, of which Finnish speakers can usually reliably distinguish /f/ and /ʃ/. The alphabet includes ⟨z⟩, usually realized as the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> [ts], as in German. While standard Finnish has lost <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>, characteristic of Uralic languages, the eastern dialects and the Karelian language have redeveloped it. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> word d'uuri [dʲuːri], with a palatalized /dʲ/, is reflected by juuri in Finnish and <a href="/wiki/Savo_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Savo dialect">Savo dialect</a> vesj [vesʲ] is vesi in standard Finnish. The phoneme /h/ can vary allophonically between [ç~x~h~ɦ] i.e. vihko ['ʋiçko̞], kahvi ['kɑxʋi], raha ['rɑɦɑ]. A feature of Finnic phonology is the development of labial and rounded vowels in non-initial syllables, as in the word tyttö. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a> had only "a", "ä" and "i" in non-initial syllables; modern Finnish allows other vowels in non-initial syllables, although they are less common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prosody">edit</a>]</div> Characteristic features of Finnish (common to some other Uralic languages) are <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> morphology; owing to the extensive use of the latter, words can be quite long. The main stress is always on the first syllable, and is in average speech articulated by adding approximately 100 ms more length to the stressed vowel.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Stress does not cause any measurable modifications in vowel quality (very much unlike English). However, stress is not strong and words appear evenly stressed. In some cases, stress is so weak that the highest points of volume, pitch and other indicators of "articulation intensity" are not on the first syllable, although native speakers recognize the first syllable as being stressed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphophonology">Morphophonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Morphophonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_consonant_gradation" title="Finnish consonant gradation">Finnish consonant gradation</a></div> Finnish has several morphophonological processes that require modification of the forms of words for daily speech. The most important processes are <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>. Vowel harmony is a redundancy feature, which means that the feature [±back] is uniform within a word, and so it is necessary to interpret it only once for a given word. It is meaning-distinguishing in the initial syllable, and suffixes follow; so, if the listener hears [±back] in any part of the word, they can derive [±back] for the initial syllable. For example, from the stem tuote ('product') one derives tuotteeseensa ('into his product'), where the final vowel becomes the back vowel "a" (rather than the front vowel "ä") because the initial syllable contains the back vowels "uo". This is especially notable because vowels "a" and "ä" are different, meaning-distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, not interchangeable or <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a>. Finnish front vowels are not <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">umlauts</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ feature <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">dieresis</a>. Consonant gradation is a partly nonproductive<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> process for P, T and K in inherited vocabulary, with the oblique stem "weakened" from the nominative stem, or vice versa. For example, tarkka 'precise' has the oblique stem tarka-, as in tarkan 'of the precise'. There is also another gradation pattern, which is older, and causes simple elision of T and K in suffixes. However, it is very common since it is found in the partitive case marker: if V is a single vowel, V+ta → Va, e.g. *tarkka+ta → tarkkaa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish orthography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Finnish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Finnish language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Finnish+language%22">"Finnish language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Finnish+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Finnish+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Finnish+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Finnish+language%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Finnish+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abckiria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Abckiria.jpg/230px-Abckiria.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Abckiria.jpg/345px-Abckiria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Abckiria.jpg/460px-Abckiria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The first page of <a href="/wiki/Abckiria" title="Abckiria">Abckiria</a> (1543), the first book written in the Finnish language. The spelling of Finnish in the book had many inconsistencies: for example, the /k/ sound could be represented by ⟨c⟩, ⟨k⟩ or even ⟨g⟩; /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/ were represented by ⟨w⟩ and ⟨ij⟩ respectively, and /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ was represented by ⟨e⟩.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multispace_parking_meter_keyboard_(43594392672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Multispace_parking_meter_keyboard_%2843594392672%29.jpg/220px-Multispace_parking_meter_keyboard_%2843594392672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Multispace_parking_meter_keyboard_%2843594392672%29.jpg/330px-Multispace_parking_meter_keyboard_%2843594392672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Multispace_parking_meter_keyboard_%2843594392672%29.jpg/440px-Multispace_parking_meter_keyboard_%2843594392672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parking_meter" title="Parking meter">Parking meter</a> keyboard with the Finnish alphabet</figcaption></figure> Finnish is written with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> including the distinct characters ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩, and also several characters (⟨b, c, f, q, w, x, z, å, š⟩ and ⟨ž⟩) reserved for words of non-Finnish origin. The Finnish orthography follows the phonemic principle: each phoneme (meaningful sound) of the language corresponds to exactly one grapheme (independent letter), and each grapheme represents almost exactly one phoneme. This enables an easy spelling and facilitates reading and writing acquisition. The rule of thumb for Finnish orthography is write as you read, read as you write. However, morphemes retain their spelling despite <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>. Some orthographical notes: <ul><li>Long vowels and consonants are represented by double occurrences of the relevant graphemes. This causes no confusion, and permits these sounds to be written without having to nearly double the size of the alphabet to accommodate separate graphemes for long sounds. If a sequence of two identical vowels in different syllables occurs, it is written with an apostrophe, e.g. rei'itin "hole punch".</li> <li>The grapheme ⟨h⟩ covers all the allophones of /h/. In some positions, it has a fricative quality, which can be <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">voiced glottal</a> or voiceless <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">velar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">palatal</a>. This occurs after or between vowels, as in e.g. lahti, which is pronounced [lɑxti] with a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a> is not transcribed; the spelling of morphemes is immutable, such as tulen+pa [tulempa].</li> <li>Some consonants (⟨v, j, d⟩) do not have distinctive length (and consonant length generally is only contrastive in certain positions), and consequently their allophonic variation is typically not specified in spelling; e.g. rajaan [rajaan] ('I limit') vs. raijaan [raijjaan] ('I haul').</li> <li>Pre-1900s texts and personal names use ⟨w⟩ for ⟨v⟩. Both correspond to the same phoneme, the <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental approximant">labiodental approximant</a> /ʋ/, a ⟨v⟩ without the fricative ("hissing") quality of the English ⟨v⟩.</li> <li>The letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩ [æ] and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩ [ø], although written with <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">two dots</a>, do not represent <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">phonological umlauts</a> (as in German, for example), and they are considered independent graphemes; the letter shapes have been copied from Swedish. An appropriate parallel from the Latin alphabet are the characters ⟨C⟩ and ⟨G⟩ (uppercase), which historically have a closer kinship than many other characters (⟨G⟩ is a derivation of ⟨C⟩) but are considered distinct letters, and changing one for the other will change meanings.</li></ul> Although Finnish orthography is mostly <a href="/wiki/Shallow_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow orthography">shallow</a>, there are a few differences: <ul><li>The ⟨n⟩ in the sequence ⟨nk⟩ is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> /ŋ/, as in English. When not followed by ⟨k⟩, /ŋː/ is written ⟨ng⟩. The fact that two spellings correspond to this one sound (putting aside the difference in <a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">length</a>) can be seen as an exception to the general one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a> phenomena at word or clitic boundaries involving gemination (e.g., tule tänne is pronounced [tu.let.tæn.ne], not [tu.le.tæn.ne]) or the <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">place assimilation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a> (sen pupu would usually be pronounced as [sem.pu.pu], and onpa as [om.pɑ])</li> <li>The /j/ after the letter ⟨i⟩ is very weak or there is no /j/ at all, but in writing it is used; for example: urheilija. Indeed, the ⟨j⟩ is not used in writing words with consonant gradation such as aion and läksiäiset.</li></ul> When the appropriate characters are not available, the graphemes ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are usually converted to ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩, respectively. This is common in e-mail addresses and other electronic media where there may be no support for characters outside the basic <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set. Writing them as ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, following German usage, is rarer and usually considered incorrect, but formally used in passports and equivalent situations. Both conversion rules have minimal pairs which would no longer be distinguished from each other. The sounds ⟨š⟩ and ⟨ž⟩ are not a part of the Finnish language itself and have been introduced by the Finnish national languages body for more phonologically accurate transcription of loanwords (such as Tšekki, '<a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>') and foreign names. For technical reasons or convenience, the graphemes ⟨sh⟩ and ⟨zh⟩ are often used in quickly or less carefully written texts instead of ⟨š⟩ and ⟨ž⟩. This is a deviation from the phonetic principle, and as such is liable to cause confusion, but the damage is minimal as the transcribed words are foreign in any case. Finnish does not use the sounds ⟨z⟩, ⟨š⟩ or ⟨ž⟩, but for the sake of exactitude, they can be included in spelling. (The recommendation cites the Russian opera <a href="/wiki/Khovanshchina" title="Khovanshchina">Hovanštšina</a> as an example.) Many speakers pronounce all of them ⟨s⟩, or distinguish only between ⟨s⟩ and ⟨š⟩, because Finnish has no voiced sibilants.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The language may be identified by its distinctive lack of the letters ⟨b, c, f, q, w, x, z⟩ and ⟨å⟩. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:En_vittu_tii%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/En_vittu_tii%C3%A4.jpg/220px-En_vittu_tii%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/En_vittu_tii%C3%A4.jpg/330px-En_vittu_tii%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/En_vittu_tii%C3%A4.jpg/440px-En_vittu_tii%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>An example of the versatility of Finnish inflection. The label of this beer bottle reads Palaisiko eksän luo vai helvetissä - en vittu tiiä, meaning "Should I return to my ex or burn in Hell - I don't fucking know". The same word palaisiko can mean either "should I return" or "should I burn" depending on whether it is inflected from palata ("to return") or from palaa ("to burn").</figcaption></figure> Finnish is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic language</a> that employs extensive <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals. However, Finnish is not generally considered <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a>, its morpheme-to-word ratio being somewhat lower than a prototypical polysynthetic language (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a>).<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a> of Finnish is nominative–accusative, but there are two object <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: accusative and partitive. The contrast between accusative and partitive <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical object">object</a> cases is one of <a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">telicity</a>, where the accusative case denotes actions completed as intended (Ammuin hirven 'I shot the/an elk (dead)'), and the partitive case denotes incomplete actions (Ammuin hirveä 'I shot (at) the/an elk').<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Often telicity is confused with <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfectivity</a>, but these are distinct notions. Finnish in fact has a <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> perfective aspect, which in addition to the two inflectional tenses (past and present), yield a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>-like system consisting of four tense-aspect combinations: simple present, simple past, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> (present + perfective aspect) and <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> (past + perfective aspect). No morphological future tense is needed; context and the telicity contrast in object grammatical case serve to disambiguate present events from future events. For example, syön kalan 'I eat a fish (completely)' must denote a future event, since there is no way to completely eat a fish at the current moment (the moment the eating is complete, the simple past tense or the perfect must be used). By contrast, syön kalaa 'I eat a fish (not yet complete)' denotes a present event by indicating ongoing action. Finnish has three grammatical <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a>; <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite</a> verbs <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with subject nouns in person and number by way of suffixes. The (dictionary form) infinitive bears the suffix -ta/-tä (often <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> to -(d)a/-(d)ä due to <a href="/wiki/Finnish_consonant_gradation" title="Finnish consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> There is a so-called "passive voice" (sometimes called impersonal or indefinite) which differs from a true passive in various respects.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Transitivity is distinguished in the <a href="/wiki/Derivational_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivational morpheme">derivational</a> morphology of verbs, e.g. ratkaista 'to solve something' vs. ratketa 'to solve by itself'. There are also several <a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">frequentative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Momentane" title="Momentane">momentane</a> affixes which form new verbs derivationally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lexicon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus.jpg/220px-Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus.jpg/330px-Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus.jpg/440px-Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="3698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suomalaisen_Sana-Lugun_Coetus" title="Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus">Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus</a> (1745) by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Juslenius" title="Daniel Juslenius">Daniel Juslenius</a> was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.</figcaption></figure> Finnish has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses <a href="/wiki/Derivational_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivational morpheme">derivational</a> suffixes to a greater extent. As an example, take the word kirja "a book", from which one can form derivatives kirjain 'a letter' (of the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>), kirje 'a piece of correspondence, a letter', kirjasto 'a library', kirjailija 'an author', kirjallisuus 'literature', kirjoittaa 'to write', kirjoittaja 'a writer', kirjuri 'a scribe, a clerk', kirjallinen 'in written form', kirjata 'to write down, register, record', kirjasin 'a font', and many others. Here are some of the more common such suffixes. Which of each pair is used depends on the word being suffixed in accordance with the rules of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of Finnish derivational suffixes on nouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Used to create... </th> <th>Example(s) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>-ja / -jä </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">agents</a> from verbs </td> <td>lukea 'to read' → lukija 'reader' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-sto / -stö </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a> </td> <td>kirja 'a book' → kirjasto 'a library' laiva 'a ship' → laivasto 'navy, fleet' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-in </td> <td>instruments or tools </td> <td>kirjata 'to book, to file' → kirjain 'a letter' (of the alphabet) vatkata 'to whisk' → vatkain 'a whisk, mixer' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-uri / -yri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agents</a> or instruments </td> <td>kaivaa 'to dig' → kaivuri 'an excavator' laiva 'a ship' → laivuri 'shipper, shipmaster' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-os / -ös </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Result_nominal#:~:text=A%20result%20nominal%20is%20a,verb%20it%20is%20derived%20from.">result</a> nouns from verbs </td> <td>tulla 'to come' → tulos 'result, outcome' tehdä 'to do' → teos 'a piece of work' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ton / -tön </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> indicating the lack of something </td> <td>onni 'happiness' → onneton 'unhappy' koti 'home' → koditon 'homeless' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-kas / -käs </td> <td>adjectives from nouns </td> <td>itse 'self' → itsekäs 'selfish' neuvo 'advice' → neuvokas 'resourceful' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-va / -vä </td> <td>adjectives from verbs </td> <td>taitaa 'to be able' → taitava 'skillful' johtaa 'to lead' → johtava 'leading' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-llinen </td> <td>adjectives from nouns </td> <td>lapsi 'child' → lapsellinen 'childish' kauppa 'a shop, commerce' → kaupallinen 'commercial' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-la / -lä </td> <td>locations (places related to the stem) </td> <td>kana 'a hen' → kanala 'a henhouse' pappi 'a priest' → pappila 'a parsonage' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-lainen / -läinen </td> <td>inhabitants (of places), among others </td> <td>Englanti 'England' → englantilainen 'English person/thing' Venäjä 'Russia' → venäläinen 'Russian person or thing'. </td> <td>formed from -la / -lä plus <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-inen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-inen">-inen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Verbal derivational suffixes are extremely diverse; several <a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">frequentatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Momentane" title="Momentane">momentanes</a> differentiating <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a>, volitional-unpredictable and <a href="/wiki/Anticausative" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticausative">anticausative</a> are found, often combined with each other, often denoting indirection. For example, hypätä 'to jump', hyppiä 'to be jumping', hypeksiä 'to be jumping wantonly', hypäyttää 'to make someone jump once', hyppyyttää 'to make someone jump repeatedly' (or 'to boss someone around'), hyppyytyttää 'to make someone to cause a third person to jump repeatedly', hyppyytellä 'to, without aim, make someone jump repeatedly', hypähtää 'to jump suddenly' (in <a href="/wiki/Anticausative" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticausative">anticausative</a> meaning), hypellä 'to jump around repeatedly', hypiskellä 'to be jumping repeatedly and wantonly'. <a href="/wiki/Caritive" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive">Caritives</a> are also used in such examples as hyppimättä 'without jumping' and hyppelemättä 'without jumping around'. The diversity and compactness of both derivation and inflectional agglutination can be illustrated with istahtaisinkohankaan 'I wonder if I should sit down for a while after all' (from istua, 'to sit, to be seated'): <ul><li>istua 'to sit down' (istun 'I sit down')</li> <li>istahtaa 'to sit down for a while'</li> <li>istahdan 'I'll sit down for a while'</li> <li>istahtaisin 'I would sit down for a while'</li> <li>istahtaisinko 'should I sit down for a while?'</li> <li>istahtaisinkohan 'I wonder if I should sit down for a while'</li> <li>istahtaisinkohankaan 'I wonder if I should sit down for a while after all'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borrowing">Borrowing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Borrowing">edit</a>]</div> Over the course of many centuries, the Finnish language has borrowed many words from a wide variety of languages, most from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Owing to the different grammatical, phonological and phonotactic structure of the Finnish language, loanwords from Indo-European have been assimilated. While early borrowings, possibly even into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a>, from very early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> can be found, Finnic languages, including Finnish, have borrowed in particular from Baltic and Germanic languages, and to a lesser extent from Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (all of which are subgroupings of Indo-European). Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">a certain group</a> of very basic and neutral words exists in Finnish and other Finnic languages that are absent from other Uralic languages, but without a recognizable etymology from any known language. These words are usually regarded[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] as the last remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-European_languages" title="Paleo-European languages">Paleo-European</a> language spoken in Fennoscandia before the arrival of the proto-Finnic language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Words included in this group are e.g. jänis (hare), musta (black), saari (island), suo (swamp) and niemi (cape (geography)). Also some place names, like <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nne" class="mw-redirect" title="Päijänne">Päijänne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra">Imatra</a>, are probably from before the proto-Finnic era.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Often quoted loan examples are kuningas 'king' and ruhtinas '<a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">sovereign prince</a>, high ranking nobleman' from Germanic *kuningaz and *druhtinaz—they display a remarkable tendency towards phonological conservation within the language. Another example is äiti 'mother' (from Germanic *aiþį̄), which is interesting because borrowing of close-kinship vocabulary is a rare phenomenon. The original Finnish emo and emä occurs only in restricted contexts. There are other close-kinship words that are loaned from Baltic and Germanic languages (morsian 'bride', armas 'dear', huora 'whore'). Examples of the ancient Iranian loans are vasara 'hammer' from <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> vadžra, vajra and orja 'slave' from <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">arya</a>, airya 'man' (the latter probably via similar circumstances as slave from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slav</a> in many European languages<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a>). More recently, Swedish has been a prolific source of borrowings, and also, the Swedish language acted as a proxy for European words, especially those relating to government. Present-day Finland was a part of Sweden from the 12th century and was ceded to Russia in 1809, becoming an autonomous Grand Duchy. Swedish was retained as the official language and language of the upper class even after this. When Finnish was accepted as an official language, it gained legal equal status with Swedish. During the period of autonomy, Russian did not gain much ground as a language of the people or the government. Nevertheless, quite a few words were subsequently acquired from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (especially in older <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_slang" title="Helsinki slang">Helsinki slang</a>) but not to the same extent as with Swedish. In all these cases, borrowing has been partly a result of geographical proximity. Especially words dealing with administrative or modern culture came to Finnish from Swedish, sometimes reflecting the oldest Swedish form of the word (lag – laki, 'law'; län – <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">lääni</a>, 'province'; bisp – piispa, 'bishop'; jordpäron – peruna, 'potato'), and many more survive as informal synonyms in spoken or dialectal Finnish (e.g. likka, from Swedish flicka, 'girl', usually tyttö in Finnish). Some Slavic loanwords are old or very old, thus hard to recognize as such, and concern everyday concepts, e.g. papu 'bean', raja 'border' and pappi 'priest'. Notably, a few religious words such as Raamattu ('Bible') are borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>, which indicates language contact preceding the Swedish era. This is mainly believed to be result of trade with Novgorod from the 9th century on and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">missions</a> in the east in the 13th century. Most recently, and with increasing impact, English has been the source of new <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in Finnish. Unlike previous geographical borrowing, the influence of English is largely cultural and reaches Finland by many routes, including international business, music, film and TV (foreign films and programmes, excluding ones intended for a very young audience, are shown subtitled), literature, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> – the latter is now probably the most important source of all non-face-to-face exposure to English. The importance of English as the language of global commerce has led many non-English companies, including Finland's <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, to adopt English as their official operating language. Recently, it has been observed that English borrowings are also ousting previous borrowings, for example the switch from treffailla 'to date' (from Swedish, träffa) to deittailla from English 'to go for a date'. <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">Calques</a> from English are also found, e.g. kovalevy (hard disk), and so are grammatical calques, for example, the replacement of the impersonal (passiivi) with the English-style <a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">generic you</a>, e. g. sä et voi 'you cannot', instead of the proper impersonal ei voida 'one cannot' or impersonal third-person singular ei voi 'one cannot'. This construct, however, is limited to colloquial language, as it is against the standard grammar. However, Finnish and English have a considerably different <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonotactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish phonotactics">phonotactics</a>, discouraging direct borrowing. English loan words in Finnish slang include for example pleikkari 'PlayStation', hodari 'hot dog', and hedari 'headache', 'headshot' or 'headbutt'. Often these loanwords are distinctly identified as <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>, rarely being used in a negative mood or in formal language. Since English and Finnish grammar, pronunciation and phonetics differ considerably, most loan words are inevitably sooner or later <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> – translated into native Finnish – retaining the semantic meaning.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Moreover, neologisms are coined actively not only by the government, but also by the media. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neologisms">Neologisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Neologisms">edit</a>]</div> Some modern terms have been synthesised rather than borrowed, for example: <dl><dd>puhelin 'telephone' (from the stem puhel- 'talk' + instrument suffix -in to make 'an instrument for talking')</dd> <dd>tietokone 'computer' (literally: 'knowledge machine' or 'data machine')</dd> <dd>levyke 'diskette' (from levy 'disc' + a diminutive -ke)</dd> <dd>sähköposti 'email' (literally: 'electricity mail')</dd> <dd>linja-auto 'bus, coach' (literally: line-car)</dd> <dd>muovi 'plastic' (from muovata 'to mould, form or model, e.g. from clay'; compare plastic from Ancient Greek πλᾰστῐκός (plastikós) 'mouldable, fit for moulding')</dd></dl> Neologisms are actively generated by the Language Planning Office and the media. They are widely adopted. One would actually give an old-fashioned or rustic impression using forms such as kompuutteri (computer) or kalkulaattori (calculator) when the neologism is widely adopted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loans_to_other_languages">Loans to other languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Loans to other languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Finnish_origin" title="List of English words of Finnish origin">List of English words of Finnish origin</a></div> The most commonly used Finnish word in English is <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a>, which has also been loaned to many other languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sample texts">edit</a>]</div> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>: <dl><dd>Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.</dd> <dd>"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a></dd></dl> Excerpt from <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Linna" title="Väinö Linna">Väinö Linna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Soldier_(novel)" title="The Unknown Soldier (novel)">Tuntematon sotilas</a> (The Unknown Soldier); these words were also inscribed in the 20 <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">mark</a> note. <dl><dd>Hyväntahtoinen aurinko katseli heitä. Se ei missään tapauksessa ollut heille vihainen. Kenties tunsi jonkinlaista myötätuntoakin heitä kohtaan. Aika velikultia.</dd> <dd>"The sun smiled down on them. It wasn't angry – no, not by any means. Maybe it even felt some sort of sympathy for them. Rather dear, those boys."</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fi-Suomen_kieli_johdanto.ogg" title="File:Fi-Suomen kieli johdanto.ogg">Sample of spoken Finnish</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="78" data-mwtitle="Fi-Suomen_kieli_johdanto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Fi-Suomen_kieli_johdanto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Fi-Suomen_kieli_johdanto.ogg/Fi-Suomen_kieli_johdanto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Taken from Wikipedia article on the Finnish language in Finnish</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div>(translation from Liesl Yamaguchi's 2015 "Unknown Soldiers") <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_greetings_and_phrases">Basic greetings and phrases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Basic greetings and phrases">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Fi-Hyvää_huomenta.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fi-Hyv%C3%A4%C3%A4_huomenta.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Fi-Hyv%C3%A4%C3%A4_huomenta.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Fi-Hyv%C3%A4%C3%A4_huomenta.ogg/Fi-Hyv%C3%A4%C3%A4_huomenta.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFi-Hyv%C3%A4%C3%A4_huomenta.ogg&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption>Sample sound of Hyvää huomenta</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Finnish </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Greetings </th></tr> <tr> <td>(Hyvää) huomenta! </td> <td>(Good) morning! </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Hyvää) päivää! </td> <td>(Good) day! </td> <td>used on greeting and also when taking farewell </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Hyvää) iltaa! </td> <td>(Good) evening! </td> <td>used on greeting and also when taking farewell </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hyvää yötä! Öitä! </td> <td>Good night! Night! </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terve </td> <td>lit. 'Healthy!' </td> <td>Used on greeting, modified as Terve vaan! ('health continue!') </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moro Hei(ppa) Moi(kka) </td> <td>Hi! / Bye! </td> <td>Used on greeting and also when taking farewell </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moi moi! Hei hei! </td> <td>Bye! </td> <td>Used when taking farewell </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nähdään </td> <td>See you later! </td> <td>Lit. the passive form of nähdä 'to see' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Näkemiin </td> <td>Goodbye! </td> <td>Lit. 'Until seeing', illative of the third infinitive </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hyvästi </td> <td>Goodbye/Farewell </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hauska tutustua! Hauska tavata! </td> <td>Nice to meet you! </td> <td>Hauska tutustua is literally 'nice to get acquainted', and hauska tavata is literally 'nice to meet' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mitä kuuluu? Miten menee? </td> <td>How are you? How's it going? </td> <td>Mitä (sinulle/teille) kuuluu is literally 'what (to you) is heard?' or 'what concerns you?' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiitos hyvää Kiitos hyvin </td> <td>Fine, thank you. Well, thank you. </td> <td>Kiitos hyvää is an appropriate response to Mitä kuuluu?, whereas Kiitos hyvin is an appropriate response to Miten menee? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tervetuloa! </td> <td>Welcome! </td> <td>Tervetuloa is used in a broader range of contexts in Finnish than in English; for example to mean 'looking forward to seeing you' after arranging a visit </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Important words and phrases </th></tr> <tr> <td>Anteeksi </td> <td>Excuse me </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiitos Kiitoksia </td> <td>Thanks/Please </td> <td>Kiitos/kiitoksia are literally 'thanks', but are also used when requesting something, like 'please' in English </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiitos, samoin </td> <td>Thank you, likewise </td> <td>Lit. 'thank you, the same way' (used as a response to well-wishing) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ole hyvä </td> <td>You're welcome </td> <td>Lit. 'be good', also used when giving someone something to mean 'here you are' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyllä </td> <td>Certainly/yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joo </td> <td>Yeah </td> <td>More informal than kyllä </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ei </td> <td>No/it is not </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Voitko auttaa? </td> <td>Can you help? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apua! </td> <td>Help! </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Totta kai! Tietysti! Toki! </td> <td>Certainly! </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Paljon) onnea </td> <td>Good luck/congratulations </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olen pahoillani </td> <td>I'm sorry </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Odota </td> <td>Wait </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pieni hetki Pikku hetki Hetkinen </td> <td>One moment </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Otan osaa </td> <td>My condolences </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Minä) ymmärrän. </td> <td>I understand. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>En ymmärrä. </td> <td>I don't understand. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suomi </td> <td>Finland </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suomi Suomen kieli </td> <td>Finnish (language) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suomalainen </td> <td>(noun) Finn; (adjective) Finnish </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Tolkien">Influence on Tolkien</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Influence on Tolkien">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish influences on Tolkien</a></div> Professor <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, although best known as an author, had a keen interest in languages from a young age, and became a professional <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>, becoming Professor of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>. He described his first encounter with Finnish was: <dl><dd>"like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me..."<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%27s_language_strife" title="Finland's language strife">Finland's language strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cultural_and_academic_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish cultural and academic institutes">Finnish cultural and academic institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_numerals" title="Finnish numerals">Finnish numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_profanity" title="Finnish profanity">Finnish profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-speaking Finns">Swedish-speaking Finns</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rm.px/">StatFin -Väestörakenne - 11rm - Kieli sukupuolen mukaan kunnittain, 1990-2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minoritet.se/finska-spraket-i-sverige">Finska språket i Sverige</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-3"><a href="#cite_ref-e18_3-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fin/">Finnish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113305/http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751"><bdi lang="ru">О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия</bdi></a> (in Russian). Gov.karelia.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751">the original</a> on 11 October 2017. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315743547">10.4324/9781315743547</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74354-7"><bdi>978-1-315-74354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315743547&rft.isbn=978-1-315-74354-7&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418154217/http://www.norden.org/avtal/sprak/sk/sprak_sprak.asp">"Konvention mellan Sverige, Danmark, Finland, Island och Norge om nordiska medborgares rätt att använda sitt eget språk i annat nordiskt land"</a> [Convention between Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway on the right of Nordic citizens to use their own language in another Nordic country]. Nordic Council (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/avtal/sprak/sk/sprak_sprak.asp">the original</a> on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Council&rft.atitle=Konvention+mellan+Sverige%2C+Danmark%2C+Finland%2C+Island+och+Norge+om+nordiska+medborgares+r%C3%A4tt+att+anv%C3%A4nda+sitt+eget+spr%C3%A5k+i+annat+nordiskt+land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Favtal%2Fsprak%2Fsk%2Fsprak_sprak.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuosma2007" class="citation news cs1">Kuosma, Arja (22 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227013320/http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6777&lang=6">"20th anniversary of the Nordic Language Convention"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6777&lang=6">the original</a> on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=20th+anniversary+of+the+Nordic+Language+Convention&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft.aulast=Kuosma&rft.aufirst=Arja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fwebb%2Fnews%2Fnews.asp%3Fid%3D6777%26lang%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellmanMakashovaZhuhan2018" class="citation news cs1">Fellman, Fredrika; Makashova, Liliia; Zhuhan, Viktoriia (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/13/swedens-finns-fear-minority-language-rights-are-under-threat">"Sweden's Finns fear minority language rights are under threat"</a>. The Guardian. Gothenburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035758/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/13/swedens-finns-fear-minority-language-rights-are-under-threat">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sweden%27s+Finns+fear+minority+language+rights+are+under+threat&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.aulast=Fellman&rft.aufirst=Fredrika&rft.au=Makashova%2C+Liliia&rft.au=Zhuhan%2C+Viktoriia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmar%2F13%2Fswedens-finns-fear-minority-language-rights-are-under-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakro-Nagy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bakro-Nagy, M. (July 2005). "The Uralic Language Family. Facts, Myths and Statistics". Lingua. 115 (7): 1053–1062. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2004.01.008">10.1016/j.lingua.2004.01.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=The+Uralic+Language+Family.+Facts%2C+Myths+and+Statistics&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1053-%3C%2Fspan%3E1062&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2004.01.008&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft.aulast=Bakro-Nagy&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaakso2001" class="citation cs2">Laakso, Johanna (2001), "The Finnic languages", Circum-Baltic Languages, Studies in Language Companion Series, vol. 54, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. clxxix–ccxii, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fslcs.54.09laa">10.1075/slcs.54.09laa</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3057-7"><bdi>978-90-272-3057-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Finnic+languages&rft.btitle=Circum-Baltic+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+Companion+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eclxxix-%3C%2Fspan%3Eccxii&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fslcs.54.09laa&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3057-7&rft.aulast=Laakso&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaakso,_Johanna2000" class="citation web cs1">Laakso, Johanna (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826141005/http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/sugl/proj/finnic.html">"Omasta ja vieraasta rakentuminen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/sugl/proj/finnic.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007. <q>Recent research (Sammallahti 1977, Terho Itkonen 1983, Viitso 1985, 2000 etc., Koponen 1991, Salminen 1998 etc.) operates with three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects and considers the evolution of present-day Finnic languages (partly) as a result of interference and amalgamation of (proto-)dialects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Omasta+ja+vieraasta+rakentuminen&rft.date=2000-11&rft.au=Laakso%2C+Johanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fhum%2Fsugl%2Fproj%2Ffinnic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakró-NagyLaaksoSkribnik2022" class="citation book cs1">Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhgEAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876766-4"><bdi>978-0-19-876766-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Uralic+Languages&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876766-4&rft.aulast=Bakr%C3%B3-Nagy&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Laakso%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Skribnik%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fhgEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulf1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wulf, Christine (1982). "Zwei Finnische Sätze aus dem 15. Jahrhundert". Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher (in German). 2: 90–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ural-Altaische+Jahrb%C3%BCcher&rft.atitle=Zwei+Finnische+S%C3%A4tze+aus+dem+15.+Jahrhundert&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wulf&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotus.fi/files/1291/Kielen_aika.pdf">"Kielen aika: Valtionhallinnon 200-vuotisnäyttelystä Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskuksessa"</a> (PDF). Kotus.f i (in Finnish). 2 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180245/http://www.kotus.fi/files/1291/Kielen_aika.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotus.f+i&rft.atitle=Kielen+aika%3A+Valtionhallinnon+200-vuotisn%C3%A4yttelyst%C3%A4+Kotimaisten+kielten+tutkimuskeskuksessa&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Ffiles%2F1291%2FKielen_aika.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104119/http://svenskfinland.fi/historyfin.htm">"Historia"</a>. Svenskfinland.fi (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svenskfinland.fi/historyfin.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Svenskfinland.fi&rft.atitle=Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsvenskfinland.fi%2Fhistoryfin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemiläinen2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kemiläinen, Aira (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/tt/article/view/57138/19187">"Kansallinen identiteetti Ruotsissa ja Suomessa 1600–1700-luvuilla näkymä"</a> [National identity in Sweden and Finland in the 17th–18th centuries, an overview]. Tieteessä Tapahtuu (in Finnish). 22 (8). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014115/https://journal.fi/tt/article/view/57138/19187">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tieteess%C3%A4+Tapahtuu&rft.atitle=Kansallinen+identiteetti+Ruotsissa+ja+Suomessa+1600%E2%80%931700-luvuilla+n%C3%A4kym%C3%A4&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Kemil%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Aira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Ftt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F57138%2F19187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeininen" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Heininen, Simo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansallisbiografia.fi/english/person/14">"Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)"</a>. National Biography of Finland. Translated by Roderick, Fletcher. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107002449/https://kansallisbiografia.fi/english/person/14">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agricola%2C+Mikael+%281510%E2%80%931557%29&rft.btitle=National+Biography+of+Finland&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+Kirjallisuuden+Seura&rft.aulast=Heininen&rft.aufirst=Simo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansallisbiografia.fi%2Fenglish%2Fperson%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlund2012" class="citation book cs1">Nordlund, Taru (13 January 2012). "Standardization of Finnish orthography: From reformists to national awakeners". In Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (eds.). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. De Gruyter. pp. 351–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110288179.351">10.1515/9783110288179.351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028817-9"><bdi>978-3-11-028817-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standardization+of+Finnish+orthography%3A+From+reformists+to+national+awakeners&rft.btitle=Orthographies+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110288179.351&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028817-9&rft.aulast=Nordlund&rft.aufirst=Taru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRekunenYli-LuukkoYli-Paavola2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rekunen, Jorma; Yli-Luukko, Eeva; Yli-Paavola, Jaakko (19 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=613">"Eurajoen murre"</a>. Kauden murre (online publication: samples of Finnish dialects) (in Finnish). Kotus (The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809121407/https://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=613">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2007. <q>"θ on sama äänne kuin th englannin sanassa thing. ð sama äänne kuin th englannin sanassa this.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kauden+murre+%28online+publication%3A+samples+of+Finnish+dialects%29&rft.atitle=Eurajoen+murre&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.aulast=Rekunen&rft.aufirst=Jorma&rft.au=Yli-Luukko%2C+Eeva&rft.au=Yli-Paavola%2C+Jaakko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Findex.phtml%3Fs%3D613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäkkinen2019" class="citation book cs1">Häkkinen, Kaisa (2019). Spreading the Written Word: Mikael Agricola and the Birth of Literary Finnish. BoD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789522226747" title="Special:BookSources/9789522226747"><bdi>9789522226747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreading+the+Written+Word%3A+Mikael+Agricola+and+the+Birth+of+Literary+Finnish&rft.pub=BoD&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789522226747&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4kkinen&rft.aufirst=Kaisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajamaa2014" class="citation web cs1">Majamaa, Raija (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=2836">"Lönnrot, Elias (1802–1884)"</a>. The National Biography of Finland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141255/http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=2836">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Biography+of+Finland&rft.atitle=L%C3%B6nnrot%2C+Elias+%281802%E2%80%931884%29&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Majamaa&rft.aufirst=Raija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansallisbiografia.fi%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D2836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfck/0349.html">"Warelius, Anders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a> (in Swedish). 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054550/http://runeberg.org/nfck/0349.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warelius%2C+Anders&rft.btitle=Nordisk+familjebok&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfck%2F0349.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuusiAnttonen1985" class="citation book cs1">Kuusi, Matti; Anttonen, Pertti (1985). Kalevala-lipas. SKS, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Literature_Society" title="Finnish Literature Society">Finnish Literature Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-717-380-6" title="Special:BookSources/951-717-380-6"><bdi>951-717-380-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalevala-lipas&rft.pub=SKS%2C+Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=951-717-380-6&rft.aulast=Kuusi&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft.au=Anttonen%2C+Pertti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010503/http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/">"Suomen murteet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomen+murteet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetix.ofw.fi%2Fopinnot%2Fopintojaksot%2F8kieletkirjallisuus%2Faidinkieli%2Fmurteet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRistkari2014" class="citation book cs1">Ristkari, Maiju (2014). "Tavit Turun toreilla". Ankkojen Suomi. <a href="/wiki/Sanoma" title="Sanoma">Sanoma</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-32-3847-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-32-3847-6"><bdi>978-951-32-3847-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tavit+Turun+toreilla&rft.btitle=Ankkojen+Suomi&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Sanoma&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-951-32-3847-6&rft.aulast=Ristkari&rft.aufirst=Maiju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-41"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kolumnit_artikkelit_ja_esitelmat/kieli-ikkuna_(1996_2010)/mean_kieli_kieli_vai_murre">"Meän kieli – kieli vai murre?"</a>. Kotimaisten kielten keskus (in Finnish). 8 October 2002. Retrieved 24 September 2024. <q>Se virallinen kieli, jonka he koulussa oppivat, on ruotsi. Tästä johtuu, että useille meänkielisille suomenkielisen tekstin lukeminen ja varsinkin viranomaisten kieli on vaikeata, ylivoimaistakin.</q> [The official language they learn in school is Swedish. As a result, for many Meänkieli speakers, reading texts in Finnish, and especially the formal language, is difficult, even overwhelming.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotimaisten+kielten+keskus&rft.atitle=Me%C3%A4n+kieli+%E2%80%93+kieli+vai+murre%3F&rft.date=2002-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Fnyt%2Fkolumnit_artikkelit_ja_esitelmat%2Fkieli-ikkuna_%281996_2010%29%2Fmean_kieli_kieli_vai_murre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1110108/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Sveriges officiella minoritetsspråk: finska, meänkieli, samiska, romani, jiddisch och teckenspråk: en kort presentation</a> [The official minority languages of Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli, Sámi, Romani, Yiddish, and sign language: a short presentation] (PDF) (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska språknämnden">Svenska språknämnden</a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7297-611-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-7297-611-X"><bdi>91-7297-611-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903164456/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1110108/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+officiella+minoritetsspr%C3%A5k%3A+finska%2C+me%C3%A4nkieli%2C+samiska%2C+romani%2C+jiddisch+och+teckenspr%C3%A5k%3A+en+kort+presentation&rft.pub=Svenska+spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=91-7297-611-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1110108%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kielikello.fi/-/meankieli-yksi-ruotsin-vahemmistokielista">"Meänkieli, yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä – Kielikello"</a>. www.kielikello.fi (in Finnish). 31 December 1999. Retrieved 26 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kielikello.fi&rft.atitle=Me%C3%A4nkieli%2C+yksi+Ruotsin+v%C3%A4hemmist%C3%B6kielist%C3%A4+%E2%80%93+Kielikello&rft.date=1999-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kielikello.fi%2F-%2Fmeankieli-yksi-ruotsin-vahemmistokielista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slanginet-44"><a href="#cite_ref-slanginet_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauhanen2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kauhanen, Erkki Johannes (1 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203160855/http://koti.mbnet.fi/joyhan/K2.html">"Slangi.net: Slangin historia"</a> (in Finnish). Slangi.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koti.mbnet.fi/joyhan/K2.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slangi.net%3A+Slangin+historia&rft.pub=Slangi.net&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.aulast=Kauhanen&rft.aufirst=Erkki+Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoti.mbnet.fi%2Fjoyhan%2FK2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRantanenTolvanenRooseYlikoski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (8 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"</a>. PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1769648R">2022PLoSO..1769648R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0269648">10.1371/journal.pone.0269648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">9176854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675367">35675367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Best+practices+for+spatial+language+data+harmonization%2C+sharing+and+map+creation%E2%80%94A+case+study+of+Uralic&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0269648&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9176854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35675367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0269648&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1769648R&rft.aulast=Rantanen&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Tolvanen%2C+Harri&rft.au=Roose%2C+Meeli&rft.au=Ylikoski%2C+Jussi&rft.au=Vesakoski%2C+Outi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9176854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavolainen1998" class="citation web cs1">Savolainen, Erkki (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230210427/http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/">"Suomen murteet"</a> [Finnish dialects]. Internetix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/">the original</a> on 30 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internetix&rft.atitle=Suomen+murteet&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Savolainen&rft.aufirst=Erkki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetix.ofw.fi%2Fopinnot%2Fopintojaksot%2F8kieletkirjallisuus%2Faidinkieli%2Fmurteet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kielitoimistonohjepankki.fi/haku/yleiskieli/ohje/568">"Yleiskieli"</a>. Kotimaisten kielten keskus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143630/http://www.kielitoimistonohjepankki.fi/haku/yleiskieli/ohje/568">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotimaisten+kielten+keskus&rft.atitle=Yleiskieli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kielitoimistonohjepankki.fi%2Fhaku%2Fyleiskieli%2Fohje%2F568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Hakulinen, Auli et al. (2004): Iso suomen kielioppi. SKS:n toimituksia 950. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-746-557-2" title="Special:BookSources/951-746-557-2">951-746-557-2</a>. 1,600 pages </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010530/http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/ts-vasti.html">"Yleiskielen ts:n murrevastineet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/ts-vasti.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yleiskielen+ts%3An+murrevastineet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetix.ofw.fi%2Fopinnot%2Fopintojaksot%2F8kieletkirjallisuus%2Faidinkieli%2Fmurteet%2Fts-vasti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddieson2013" class="citation web cs1">Maddieson, Ian (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/valuesets/1A-fin">"Consonant Inventories"</a>. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504021126/https://wals.info/valuesets/1A-fin">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.atitle=Consonant+Inventories&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fvaluesets%2F1A-fin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirmseYlinen,_STervaniemi,_MVainio,_M2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kirmse, U; Ylinen, S; Tervaniemi, M; Vainio, M; Schröger, E; Jacobsen, T (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-ral5w6kctgza7">"Modulation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) to vowel duration changes in native speakers of Finnish and German as a result of language experience"</a>. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 67 (2): 131–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpsycho.2007.10.012">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18160160">18160160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psychophysiology&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+the+mismatch+negativity+%28MMN%29+to+vowel+duration+changes+in+native+speakers+of+Finnish+and+German+as+a+result+of+language+experience.&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpsycho.2007.10.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18160160&rft.aulast=Kirmse&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Ylinen%2C+S&rft.au=Tervaniemi%2C+M&rft.au=Vainio%2C+M&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6ger%2C+E&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Absz%3A352-2-ral5w6kctgza7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYli-Vakkuri1976" class="citation journal cs1">Yli-Vakkuri, Valma (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113640/http://www.suomenkielenseura.fi/wp-content/uploads/sj18_053-069_yli-vakkuri.pdf">"Onko suomen kielen astevaihtelu epäproduktiivinen jäänne?"</a> (PDF). Sananjalka (18). Suomen kielen seura. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30673%2Fsja.86402">10.30673/sja.86402</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suomenkielenseura.fi/wp-content/uploads/sj18_053-069_yli-vakkuri.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sananjalka&rft.atitle=Onko+suomen+kielen+astevaihtelu+ep%C3%A4produktiivinen+j%C3%A4%C3%A4nne%3F&rft.issue=18&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30673%2Fsja.86402&rft.aulast=Yli-Vakkuri&rft.aufirst=Valma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suomenkielenseura.fi%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsj18_053-069_yli-vakkuri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaukkonenRäikkälä1998" class="citation web cs1">Saukkonen, Pauli; Räikkälä, Anneli (30 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlang.name/arkisto/hatut.html">"Kirjaimet š ja ž suomen kielenoikeinkirjoituksessa"</a> [The letters š and ž in Finnish spelling]. Helsinki: KOTUS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304013809/http://www.mlang.name/arkisto/hatut.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kirjaimet+%C5%A1+ja+%C5%BE+suomen+kielenoikeinkirjoituksessa&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=KOTUS&rft.date=1998-01-30&rft.aulast=Saukkonen&rft.aufirst=Pauli&rft.au=R%C3%A4ikk%C3%A4l%C3%A4%2C+Anneli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlang.name%2Farkisto%2Fhatut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1978" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Edward (1978) [1970]. Language, an introduction to the study of speech. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-11074-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-246-11074-0"><bdi>0-246-11074-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8692297">8692297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+an+introduction+to+the+study+of+speech&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hart-Davis%2C+MacGibbon&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8692297&rft.isbn=0-246-11074-0&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratzer2004" class="citation cs2">Kratzer, Angelika (2004), "Telicity and the Meaning of Objective Case", The Syntax of Time, The MIT Press, pp. 389–424, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F6598.003.0017">10.7551/mitpress/6598.003.0017</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-27449-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-27449-4"><bdi>978-0-262-27449-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Syntax+of+Time&rft.atitle=Telicity+and+the+Meaning+of+Objective+Case&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F6598.003.0017&rft.isbn=978-0-262-27449-4&rft.aulast=Kratzer&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiparsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Kiparsky, Paul (2003). "Finnish noun inflection". In Diane Nelson; Satu Manninen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/finnish.article.pdf">Generative Approaches to Finnicand Saami Linguistics</a> (PDF). CSLI Publications. pp. 109–161. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904111250/https://web.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/finnish.article.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finnish+noun+inflection&rft.btitle=Generative+Approaches+to+Finnicand+Saami+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=CSLI+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kiparsky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2F~kiparsky%2FPapers%2Ffinnish.article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShore1988" class="citation journal cs1">Shore, Susanna (December 1988). "On the so-called Finnish passive". Word. 39 (3): 151–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1988.11435787">10.1080/00437956.1988.11435787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7956">0043-7956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=On+the+so-called+Finnish+passive&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1988.11435787&rft.issn=0043-7956&rft.aulast=Shore&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Häkkinen, Kaisa. Suomalaisten esihistoria kielitieteen valossa (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-717-855-7" title="Special:BookSources/951-717-855-7">951-717-855-7</a>). Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura 1996. See pages 166 and 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolopainen2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holopainen, Sampsa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanat.csc.fi/wiki/EVE:orja">"EVE:orja"</a>. Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja EVE (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707160420/https://sanat.csc.fi/wiki/EVE:orja">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suomen+vanhimman+sanaston+etymologinen+verkkosanakirja+EVE&rft.atitle=EVE%3Aorja&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Holopainen&rft.aufirst=Sampsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanat.csc.fi%2Fwiki%2FEVE%3Aorja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830002455/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1981" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981). "Letter no. 163 (to <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, 7 June 1953)". <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>. George Allen & Unwin. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-826005-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-826005-3"><bdi>0-04-826005-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+no.+163+%28to+W.+H.+Auden%2C+7+June+1953%29&rft.btitle=Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-04-826005-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2008" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Fred (2008). Finnish: An Essential Grammar. Routledge Essential Grammars (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43914-5"><bdi>978-0-415-43914-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.series=Routledge+Essential+Grammars&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43914-5&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2018" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Fred (2018). Finnish – A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0"><bdi>978-1-138-82104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+%E2%80%93+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82104-0&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1973" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, Arthur H (1973). Finnish. Teach Yourself Books. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-05782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-05782-7"><bdi>978-0-340-05782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish&rft.place=London&rft.series=Teach+Yourself+Books&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-340-05782-7&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinnish+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?l=Finnish">Collection of Finnish bilingual dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-finnish-course.php">FSI Finnish Language Course (Public Domain)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/06/14/finnish-phrases-suomen-kielen-fraaseja">Finnish phrases for beginners (Public Domain)</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Finnish language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Finnish">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Finnish language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Finnish" class="extiw" title="b:Finnish">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Finnish_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Finnish phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fi:">Finnish edition</a> of Wikipedia</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uralic_languages421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uralic_languages" title="Template talk:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uralic_languages421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro dialect">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/300px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/450px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/600px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoksha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoksha dialect (page does not exist)">Shoksha dialect</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Finland81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Finland" title="Template:Languages of Finland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Finland" title="Template talk:Languages of Finland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Finland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Finland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Finland81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages of Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sweden140" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sweden140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_minority_languages_of_Sweden" title="Official minority languages of Sweden">Recognized minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia489" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia489" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a>)2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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