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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kurins_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurins_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kurins of the Zaporozhian Host</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurins_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cossack_Regalia_(Kleinody)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cossack_Regalia_(Kleinody)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cossack Regalia (<i>Kleinody</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cossack_Regalia_(Kleinody)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliance_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alliance with Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Within the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_end_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host_(1775)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host_(1775)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The end of the Zaporozhian Host (1775)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host_(1775)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zaporozhian Cossacks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="قوزاق زاباروجيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوزاق زاباروجيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosacos_zaporizhians" title="Cosacos zaporizhians – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cosacos zaporizhians" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporojye_kazaklar%C4%B1" title="Zaporojye kazakları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zaporojye kazakları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Запарожскія казакі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Запарожскія казакі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Запароскія казакі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Запароскія казакі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Запорожки казаци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Запорожки казаци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporoges" title="Zaporoges – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zaporoges" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1poro%C5%BE%C5%A1t%C3%AD_koz%C3%A1ci" title="Záporožští kozáci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Záporožští kozáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosaciaid_Zaporizhzhia" title="Cosaciaid Zaporizhzhia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cosaciaid Zaporizhzhia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporogkosakker" title="Zaporogkosakker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zaporogkosakker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saporoger_Kosaken" title="Saporoger Kosaken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saporoger Kosaken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosacos_de_Zaporiyia" title="Cosacos de Zaporiyia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cosacos de Zaporiyia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporogoj" title="Zaporogoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zaporogoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhiako_kosakoak" title="Zaporizhiako kosakoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zaporizhiako kosakoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="کازاک‌های زاپوروژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کازاک‌های زاپوروژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosaques_zaporogues" title="Cosaques zaporogues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cosaques zaporogues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosacos_de_Zaporozhia" title="Cosacos de Zaporozhia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cosacos de Zaporozhia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%ED%8F%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%9E%90_%EC%BD%94%EC%9E%90%ED%81%AC" title="자포로자 코자크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자포로자 코자크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporo%C5%A1ki_kozaci" title="Zaporoški kozaci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zaporoški kozaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaki_Zaporizhia" title="Kazaki Zaporizhia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kazaki Zaporizhia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosacchi_di_Zapori%C5%BE%C5%BEja" title="Cosacchi di Zaporižžja – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cosacchi di Zaporižžja" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosaci_Zaporovienses" title="Cosaci Zaporovienses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cosaci Zaporovienses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizzsjai_koz%C3%A1kok" title="Zaporizzsjai kozákok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zaporizzsjai kozákok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozje-Kozakken" title="Zaporozje-Kozakken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zaporozje-Kozakken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ザポリージャ・コサック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザポリージャ・コサック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizjzjakosakkene" title="Zaporizjzjakosakkene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zaporizjzjakosakkene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozje-kosakkar" title="Zaporozje-kosakkar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zaporozje-kosakkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozacy_zaporoscy" title="Kozacy zaporoscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kozacy zaporoscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacos_zaporojianos" title="Cossacos zaporojianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cossacos zaporojianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaci_zaporojeni" title="Cazaci zaporojeni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cazaci zaporojeni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Запорожские казаки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Запорожские казаки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporo%C5%A1ki_kozaki" title="Zaporoški kozaki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zaporoški kozaki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Запорошки козаци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Запорошки козаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporo%C5%A1ki_kozaci" title="Zaporoški kozaci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zaporoški kozaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporoger" title="Zaporoger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zaporoger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporojye_kazaklar%C4%B1" title="Zaporojye kazakları – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Zaporojye kazakları" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporojya_Kazaklar%C4%B1" title="Zaporojya Kazakları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zaporojya Kazakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Запорозькі козаки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Запорозькі козаки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Cossack_Zaporozhia" title="Người Cossack Zaporozhia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Cossack Zaporozhia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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Ukraine</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cossacks" title="Category:Cossacks">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Zaporozhian Cossacks write to the Sultan of Turkey" by Ilya Repin (1844–1930)"><img alt=""Zaporozhian Cossacks write to the Sultan of Turkey" by Ilya Repin (1844–1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/180px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/270px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/360px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4122" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks">Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Cossack_host" title="Cossack host">Cossack hosts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Cossacks" title="Amur Cossacks">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Cossacks" title="Astrakhan Cossacks">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Cossack_Host" title="Azov Cossack Host">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Cossack_Host" title="Black Sea Cossack Host">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buh_Cossacks" title="Buh Cossacks">Buh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Line_Cossack_Host" title="Caucasus Line Cossack Host">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Cossack_Host" title="Danube Cossack Host">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cossacks" title="Free Cossacks">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Cossacks" title="Orenburg Cossacks">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cossacks" title="Red Cossacks">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semirechye_Cossacks" title="Semirechye Cossacks">Semirechye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Cossacks" title="Ural Cossacks">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri_Cossacks" title="Ussuri Cossacks">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Cossacks">Volga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zaporozhian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irkutsk_Cossacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irkutsk Cossacks (page does not exist)">Irkutsk Cossacks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Иркутские казаки">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Other Cossack groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Cossacks" title="Jewish Cossacks">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks_in_Turkey" title="Cossacks in Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buryat_Cossacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buryat Cossacks (page does not exist)">Buryat Cossacks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Бурятские казаки">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Cossacks" title="Registered Cossacks">Registered Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_uprisings" title="Cossack uprisings">Uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach" title="Treaty of Hadiach">Hadiach Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Colonisation of Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">De-Cossackization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XV_SS_Cossack_Cavalry_Corps" title="XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps">Cossacks in the SS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Notable Cossacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Doroshenko" title="Petro Doroshenko">Petro Doroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Yurlova" title="Marina Yurlova">Marina Yurlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Sahaidachny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachev" title="Yemelyan Pugachev">Yemelyan Pugachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Razin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepan Razin">Stepan Razin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sirko" title="Ivan Sirko">Ivan Sirko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shkuro" title="Andrei Shkuro">Andrei Shkuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_Timofeyevich" title="Yermak Timofeyevich">Yermak Timofeyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyhovsky" title="Ivan Vyhovsky">Ivan Vyhovsky</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Cossack terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Ataman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontusz" title="Kontusz">Kontusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurin" title="Kurin">Kurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotnia" title="Sotnia">Sotnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oseledets" title="Oseledets">Oseledets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Papakhi">Papakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastun" title="Plastun">Plastun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesaul" title="Yesaul">Yesaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanitsa" title="Stanitsa">Stanitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashka" title="Shashka">Shashka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szabla" title="Szabla">Szabla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack clothing (page does not exist)">Cossack clothing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="uk:Одяг запорозьких козаків">uk</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Казачья одежда">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack cuisine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#FFFF99; padding-bottom:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Cossack folklore</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharakternyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kharakternyk (page does not exist)">Kharakternyk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="uk:Козак-характерник">uk</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Характерник">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Mamay</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cossacks" title="Template:Cossacks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cossacks" title="Template talk:Cossacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cossacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cossacks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Zaporozhian Cossacks</b>, <b>Zaporozhian Cossack Army</b>, <b>Zaporozhian Host</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Військо Запорозьке</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="uk-Latn">Viisko Zaporozke</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Військо Запорізьке</span></span>, <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="uk-Latn">Viisko Zaporizke</i></span>) or simply <b>Zaporozhians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Запорожці</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zaporozhtsi</i></span>) were <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> who lived beyond (that is, downstream from) the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper Rapids">Dnieper Rapids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Registered_Cossacks" title="Registered Cossacks">Registered Cossacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Cossacks</a>, Zaporozhian Cossacks played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">history of Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a> grew rapidly in the 15th century from <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a> fleeing the more controlled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cossacks_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cossacks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became established as a well-respected political entity with a parliamentary system of government. During the course of the 16th, 17th and well into the 18th century, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were a strong political and military force that challenged the authority of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cossack_host" title="Cossack host">host</a> went through a series of conflicts and alliances involving the three powers, including supporting an uprising in the 18th century. Their leader signed a treaty with the Russians. This group was forcibly disbanded in the late 18th century by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, with much of the population relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> region on the south edge of the Russian Empire, while others founded cities in southern Ukraine and eventually became state peasants. The Cossacks served a valuable role of conquering the Caucasian tribes and in return enjoyed considerable freedom granted by the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsars</a>. </p><p>The name <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zaporozhtsi</i></span> comes from the location of their fortress, the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a>, in <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="uk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_(region)" title="Zaporizhzhia (region)">Zaporizhzhia</a></i></span> "land beyond the rapids", from Ukrainian <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="uk-Latn">za</i></span> "beyond" and <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="uk-Latn">poróhy</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA._1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA._1884.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA._1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA._1884.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA._1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA._1884.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA._1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Zaporozhian cossack by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Makovsky" title="Konstantin Makovsky">Konstantin Makovsky</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>It is not clear when the first Cossack communities on the Lower Dnieper began to form. There are signs and stories of similar people living in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> as early as the 12th century. At that time they were not called Cossacks, since <i>cossack</i> is a word that also in Turkic language means a "free man" which shares its etymology with the ethnic name "<a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a>". It later became a Ukrainian and Russian word for "<a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">freebooter</a>." The steppes to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> were inhabited by nomadic tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>. The role of these tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Cossacks is disputed, although later Cossack sources claimed a <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicised</a> <a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Cossack_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Cossack ancestry">Khazar ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlyk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlyk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korzh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korzh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also groups of people who fled into these wild steppes from the cultivated lands of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> in order to escape oppression or criminal pursuit. Their lifestyle largely resembled that of the people now called Cossacks. They survived chiefly from hunting and fishing and raiding Asiatic tribes for horses and food, but they also mixed with these nomads as well adopting a lot of their cultural traits. In the 16th century, a great organizer, <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Vyshnevetsky" title="Dmytro Vyshnevetsky">Dmytro Vyshnevetsky</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> noble, united these different groups into a strong military organization. </p><p>The Zaporozhian Cossacks had various social and ethnic origins but were predominantly made up of escaped serfs who preferred the dangerous freedom of the wild steppes, rather than life under the rule of Polish aristocrats. However, townspeople, lesser noblemen and even <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> also became part of the Cossack host. They had to accept <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> as their religion and adopt its rituals and prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-nru_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nomadic hypothesis was that the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> came from one or more nomadic peoples who at different times lived in the territory of the Northern Black Sea. According to this hypothesis the Cossacks' ancestors were the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Polovtsy (Cumans)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, and others. The nomadic hypothesis of the origin of the Cossacks was formed under the influence of the Polish historical school of the 16th-17th centuries and was connected with the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatian</a> origin of the gentry. According to the tradition of deriving the origin of the state or people from a certain people of antiquity, the Cossack chroniclers of the 18th century advocated the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Cossack_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Cossack ancestry">Khazar origin of the Cossacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnUre_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnUre-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the expansion of the source base and the formation of historical science, nomadic hypotheses were rejected by official historiography. For the first time, Alexander Rigelman pointed out the imperfection of the hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, the Russian scientist Gumilyov was an apologist for the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Polovtsian</a> origin of the Cossacks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Within_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="Within_the_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>Within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Special:EditPage/Zaporozhian Cossacks">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 16th century, with the dominance of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> as their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnUre_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnUre-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Registered_Cossacks" title="Registered Cossacks">Registered Cossacks</a> were a part of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth army</a> until 1699. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png/220px-Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png/330px-Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png/440px-Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slaves</a> were freed in 1616 when the Cossacks under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny</a> captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Kaffa</a> in Crimea</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the end of the 16th century, relations between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which were not cordial to begin with, were further strained by increasing Cossack aggression. From the second part of the 16th century, the Cossacks started raiding Ottoman territories. The Polish government could not control the fiercely independent Cossacks but, since they were nominally subjects of the Commonwealth, it was held responsible for raids by their victims. Reciprocally, the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> living under the Ottoman rule launched raids in the Commonwealth, mostly in the sparsely inhabited south-east territories of Ukraine. Cossacks, however, were raiding wealthy merchant port cities in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, which were just two days away by boat from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a>. </p><p>By 1615 and 1625, Cossacks had managed to raze townships on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> to flee his palace.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His nephew, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a>, fared little better as the recipient of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks">Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>, a ribald response to Mehmed's insistence that the Cossacks submit to his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consecutive treaties between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth called for both parties to keep the Cossacks and Tatars in check, but enforcement was almost non-existent on both sides. In internal agreements, forced by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, the Cossacks agreed to burn their boats and stop <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raiding</a>. However, boats could be rebuilt quickly, and the Cossack lifestyle glorified raids and looting. </p><p>During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> sometimes covertly employed Cossack raiders to ease Ottoman pressure on their own borders. Many Cossacks and Tatars shared an animosity towards each other due to the damage done by raids from both sides. Cossack raids followed by Tatar retaliation, or Tatar raids followed by Cossack retaliation, were an almost regular occurrence. The ensuing chaos and string of conflicts often turned the entire south-eastern Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth border into a low-intensity war zone and led to an escalation of Commonwealth–Ottoman warfare, from the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cecora_(1620)" title="Battle of Cecora (1620)">Battle of Cecora (1620)</a> and wars in 1633–34. </p><p>Cossack numbers expanded, with Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> running from <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a> to turn the Zaporozhian Cossacks into serfs eroded the Cossacks' once fairly strong loyalty towards the Commonwealth. Cossack ambitions to be recognised as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Polish–Lithuanian Two-Nations Commonwealth into a <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a> (with the Ukrainian Cossack people) made little progress, owing to the Cossacks' unpopularity. The Cossacks' strong historic allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> put them at odds with the <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a>-dominated Commonwealth. Tensions increased when Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to the suppression of the Orthodox church, making the Cossacks strongly anti-Catholic, which at that time was synonymous with anti-Polish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The waning loyalty of the Cossacks and the szlachta's arrogance towards them resulted in several Cossack uprisings against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early 17th century. Finally, the King's adamant refusal to bow to the Cossacks' demand to expand the <a href="/wiki/Registered_Cossacks" title="Registered Cossacks">Cossack Registry</a> was the last straw that prompted the largest and most successful of these: the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a>, which started in 1648. The uprising became one of a series of catastrophic events known as the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>, which greatly weakened the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and set the stage for its disintegration one hundred years later. Even though Poland probably had the best cavalry in Europe, their infantry was inferior. However, Ukrainian Cossacks possessed the best infantry during the middle 17th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since Poland recruited most of its infantry from Ukraine, once this became free from Polish rule, the army of the Commonwealth suffered greatly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg/220px-007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg/330px-007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg/440px-007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetmanate</a> and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under the rule of the Russian Empire (1751).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF_%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF_%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF_%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF_%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF_%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF_%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF_%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4064" /></a><figcaption>One of the unique granite columns with which the Cossacks marked their territory</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zaporozhian Host as a military-political establishment developed based upon unique traditions and customs called the Cossack Code,<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was formed mostly among the cossacks of Zaporozhian Host over decades. The host had its own military and territorially administrative division: 38 <a href="/wiki/Kurin" title="Kurin">kurins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sotnia" title="Sotnia">sotnia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Yevarnitskiy1890_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yevarnitskiy1890-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and five to eight <i>palanka</i>s (territorial districts) as well as an original system of administration with three levels: military leaders, military officials, leaders of march and palankas.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All officership (military starshyna) was elected by the General Military Council for a year on January 1.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the same customs and traditions the rights and duties of officers were explicitly codified.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zaporozhian Host developed an original judicial system, at the base of which lay the customary Cossack Code.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The norms of the code were affirmed by those social relations that have developed among cossacks.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources refer to the Zaporozhian Sich as a "cossack republic",<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the highest power in it belonged to the assembly of all its members, and because its leaders (<i><a href="/wiki/Starshina" title="Starshina">starshina</a></i>) were elected. </p><p>Officially the leader of Zaporozhian Host never carried the title of <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetman</a>, while all leaders of cossacks formations were unofficially referred to as one.<sup id="cite_ref-lviv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lviv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest body of administration in the Zaporozhian Host was the <i>Sich Rada</i> (council).<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was the highest legislative, administrative, and judicial body of the Zaporozhian Host.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decisions of the council were considered the opinion of the whole host and obligated to its execution each member of the cossack comradeship.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Sich Rada were reviewed issues of internal and foreign policies, conducted elections of military <i>starshina</i>, division of assigned land, punishment of criminals who committed the worst crimes etc.<sup id="cite_ref-sich_rada_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sich_rada-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zaporozhian Host, while being closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>, had its own administration and orders. For military operations, cossacks of the host organized into <i>Kish</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kish is an old term for a reinforced camp that was used in the 11th-16th centuries and later adopted by cossacks.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kish was the central body of government in Sich under jurisdiction of which were administrative, military, financial, legal, and other affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kish was elected on annual bases at the Sich Rada (Black Rada). Black Rada was a council of all cossacks. Kish election were taken place either on 1 January, 1 October (<a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a> holiday - Pokrova), or on the 2nd-3rd day of Easter.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a cossack military court, which severely punished violence and stealing among compatriots, bringing women to the Sich, consumption of alcohol in periods of conflict, etc. There were also <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, providing religious services and basic <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>. Principally, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> was preferred and was a part of the national identity. </p><p>In times of peace, Cossacks were engaged in their occupations, living with their families, studying strategy, languages and educating recruits. As opposed to other armies, Cossacks were free to choose their preferred weapon. Wealthy Cossacks preferred to wear heavy <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, while infantrymen preferred to wear simple clothes, although they also occasionally wore <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">mail</a>. </p><p>At that time, the Cossacks were one of the finest military organizations in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and were employed by Russian, Polish, and French empires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurins_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host">Kurins of the Zaporozhian Host</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kurins of the Zaporozhian Host"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Special:EditPage/Zaporozhian Cossacks">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Levushkovsky</li> <li>Plastunovsky</li> <li>Dyadkovsky</li> <li>Bryukhovetsky</li> <li>Vedmedovsky</li> <li>Platmyrovsky</li> <li>Pashkovsky</li> <li>Kushchevsky</li> <li>Kyslyakovsky</li> <li>Ivanovsky</li> <li>Konelovsky</li> <li>Serhiyevsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River">Donsky</a></li> <li>Krylovsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaniv" title="Kaniv">Kanivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baturyn" title="Baturyn">Baturynsky</a></li> <li>Popovychevsky</li> <li>Vasyurynsky</li> <li>Nezamaikovsky</li> <li>Irkliyevsky</li> <li>Shcherbynovsky</li> <li>Tytarovsky</li> <li>Shkurynsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurenivka" title="Kurenivka">Kurenevsky</a></li> <li>Rohovsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi" title="Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi">Korsunsky</a></li> <li>Kalnybolotsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uman" title="Uman">Humansky</a></li> <li>Derevyantsovsky</li> <li>Stebliyivsky-Higher</li> <li>Stebliyivsky-Lower</li> <li>Zherelovsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav" title="Pereiaslav">Pereyaslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltavsky</a></li> <li>Myshastovsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsky</a></li> <li>Tymoshevsky</li> <li>Velychkovsky</li></ul> </div> <p>Beside the above-mentioned kurins there also was a great number of other kurins outside the Host. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cossack_Regalia_(Kleinody)"><span id="Cossack_Regalia_.28Kleinody.29"></span>Cossack Regalia (<i>Kleinody</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cossack Regalia (Kleinody)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpg/220px-%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpg/330px-%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpg/440px-%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Zaporozhian cossack with <a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">bandura</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most important items of the host were the Cossack <i>Kleinody</i><sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (always in plural; related to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia" title="Imperial Regalia">Imperial Regalia</a>) that consisted of valuable military distinctions, regalia, and attributes of the Ukrainian Cossacks and were used until the 19th century. Kleinody were awarded to Zaporozhian Cossacks by the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a><sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 20 August 1576<sup id="cite_ref-cossackdom_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cossackdom-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Bohdan Ruzhynsky, among which were khoruhva, <a href="/wiki/Bunchuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunchuk">bunchuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulawa" title="Bulawa">bulawa</a> "mace" and a seal with a coat of arms on which was depicted a cossack with a <i>samopal</i> "rifle".<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kleinody were assigned to hetman's assistants for safekeeping, thus there have appeared such ranks as <i><a href="/wiki/Chor%C4%85%C5%BCy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorąży">chorąży</a></i> ("flag-bearer"), <i>bunchuzhny</i> ("staff-keeper"), etc. Later part of Cossack kleinody became <a href="/wiki/Pernach" title="Pernach">pernaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> (<i>lytavry</i>), kurin banners (badges), batons, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest symbol of power was the <i>bulawa</i> or mace carried by hetmans and kish-otamans.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> already from 1648 carried a silver gold-covered bulawa decorated with pearls and other valuable gem stones.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cossack colonels had pernachs (<i>shestoper</i>s) - smaller ribbed bulawas which were carried behind a belt.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cossack_army_in_1648.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cossack_army_in_1648.PNG/220px-Cossack_army_in_1648.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cossack_army_in_1648.PNG/330px-Cossack_army_in_1648.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cossack_army_in_1648.PNG/440px-Cossack_army_in_1648.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>Cossack army near Lublin in 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The seal of the Zaporozhian Host was produced in a round form out of silver with a depiction of cossack in a gabled cap on a head, in <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftan</a> with buttons on a chest, with a <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabre</a> (<i>shablya</i>), <a href="/wiki/Powder_flask" title="Powder flask">powder flask</a> on a side, and a self-made rifle (<i>samopal</i>) on the left shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the seal was an inscription «Печать славного Війська Запорізького Низового» ("Seal of the glorious Zaporozhian Host").<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palanka's and kurin's seals were either round or rectangular with images of lions, deers, horses, moon, stars, crowns, lances, sabers, and bows.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khoruhva was mostly of a crimson color embroidered with coats of arms, saints, crosses, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was always carried in front of the army next to the hetman or otaman.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A badge (<i>znachok</i>) was a name for a kurin's or company's (<a href="/wiki/Sotnia" title="Sotnia">sotnia</a>) banners.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a tradition when the newly elected colonel was required at his own expense prepare palanka's banner.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the banners was preserved until 1845 in <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> and was made out of tissue in two colors: yellow and blue.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kettledrums (lytavry) were large copper boilers that were fitted with a leather which served for transmission of various signals (calling cossacks to a council, raising an alarm etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Brandt_-_Potyczka_Kozak%C3%B3w_z_Tatarami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Zaporozhian cossacks fighting Tatars from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Brandt" title="Józef Brandt">Józef Brandt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each item of kleinody was granted to a clearly assigned member of cossack <i>starshina</i> (officership).<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the Zaporozhian Host, the bulawa was given to the otaman; the khoruhva - to the whole host although carried by a khorunzhy; the bunchuk also was given to otaman, but carried by a bunchuzhny or bunchuk comrade; the seal was preserved by a military judge, while the seals of the kurin - to the kurin otaman, and the seals of the palanka - to the colonel of a certain palanka; the kettledrums were in possession of a dovbysh (drummer); the staffs - to a military <a href="/wiki/Yesaul" title="Yesaul">osavul</a>; the badges were given to all the 38 kurins in possession to the assigned badge comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All kleinody items (except for the kettledrum sticks) were stored in the Sich's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sich_Pokrova_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sich Pokrova Church (page does not exist)">Pokrova</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_treasury" title="Church treasury">church treasury</a> and were taken out only on a special order of kish otaman.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kettledrum sticks were kept in the kurin with the assigned dovbysh.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, part of kleidony was considered a great silver <a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">inkwell</a> (<i>kalamar</i>), an attribute of a military scribe (<i>pysar</i>) of the Zaporozhian Host.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar kleinods had the officership of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>, cossacks of Kuban, Danube, and other cossack societies.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the destruction of the Sich and liquidation of Ukrainian Cossacks the kleinody were gathered and given away for storage in <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_Cathedral_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Transfiguration Cathedral (Saint Petersburg)">Transfiguration Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury" title="Kremlin Armoury">Kremlin Armoury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> as well as other places of storage.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 19th century the Hermitage stored 17 kurin banners and one khoruhva, the Transfiguration Cathedral contained 20 kurin banners, three bunchuks, one silver bulawa, and one silver gold-covered baton.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the fate of those national treasures of Ukrainian people is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in 1917 the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> adopted the decisions of returning them to Ukraine, however, due to the events of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of the same year the decision was not executed.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the proclamation of independence, the Ukrainian government has raised the issue of returning the national cultural valuables before the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>; no specific agreements have ever been reached, however.<sup id="cite_ref-kish_17-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alliance_with_Russia">Alliance with Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alliance with Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_Polish_captives_after_the_battle_of_Batoh_1652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Massacre_of_Polish_captives_after_the_battle_of_Batoh_1652.jpg/220px-Massacre_of_Polish_captives_after_the_battle_of_Batoh_1652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Massacre_of_Polish_captives_after_the_battle_of_Batoh_1652.jpg/330px-Massacre_of_Polish_captives_after_the_battle_of_Batoh_1652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Massacre_of_Polish_captives_after_the_battle_of_Batoh_1652.jpg/440px-Massacre_of_Polish_captives_after_the_battle_of_Batoh_1652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batih_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Batih massacre">Massacre of Polish captives</a> by Cossacks after the battle of Batoh 1652</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereyaslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pereyaslav">Treaty of Pereyaslav</a> in 1654, the Zaporozhian Host became a <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, although for a considerable period of time it enjoyed nearly complete <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> in 1657, his successor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyhovsky" title="Ivan Vyhovsky">Ivan Vyhovsky</a> initiated a turn towards Poland, alarmed by the growing Russian interference in the affairs of the Hetmanate. An attempt was made to return to the three-constituent Commonwealth of nations with the Zaporozhian cossacks joining the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach" title="Treaty of Hadiach">Treaty of Hadiach</a> (1658). The treaty was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> but was rejected at the Hermanivka Rada by the Cossack rank and file, who would not accept a union with Catholic Poland, which they perceived as an oppressor of Orthodox Christianity. The angered cossacks executed <i><a href="/wiki/Polkovnik" title="Polkovnik">Polkovniks</a></i> Prokip Vereshchaka and Stepan Sulyma, Vyhovsky's associates at the Sejm, and Vyhovsky himself narrowly escaped death.<sup id="cite_ref-Klio_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klio-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandt_Zaporizhian_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Brandt_Zaporizhian_Camp.jpg/220px-Brandt_Zaporizhian_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Brandt_Zaporizhian_Camp.jpg/330px-Brandt_Zaporizhian_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Brandt_Zaporizhian_Camp.jpg/440px-Brandt_Zaporizhian_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><i>Rear guard of the Zaporozhians</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Brandt" title="Józef Brandt">Józef Brandt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Zaporozhians maintained a largely separate government from the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a>. The Zaporozhians elected their own leaders, known as <a href="/wiki/Kish_otaman" title="Kish otaman">Kish otaman</a>, for one-year terms. In this period, friction between the cossacks of the Hetmanate and the Zaporozhians escalated. </p><p>The Cossacks had fought in the past for independence from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and they were later involved in several uprisings against the tsar, in fear of losing their privileges and autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Newland1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newland1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1709, for example, the Zaporozhian Host led by Kost Hordiienko joined Hetman <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a> against Russia. Mazepa was previously a trusted adviser and close friend to Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> but allied himself with <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> against Peter I.<sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010263_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010263-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> Peter ordered a retaliatory destruction of the Sich. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><i>Zaporozhian's Attack in steppes</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the death of Mazepa in <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> in 1709, his council elected his former general chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Pylyp_Orlyk" title="Pylyp Orlyk">Pylyp Orlyk</a>, as his successor. Orlyk issued the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pylyp_Orlyk" title="Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk">project of the Constitution</a>, where he promised to limit the authority of the Hetman, preserve the privileged position of the Zaporozhians, take measures towards achieving social equality among them, and steps towards the separation of the Zaporizhian Host from the Russian State—should he manage to obtain power in the Cossack Hetmanate. With the support of Charles XII, Orlyk made an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> and Ottomans against Russia, but following the early successes of their 1711 attack on Russia, their campaign was defeated, and Orlyk returned into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Subtelny2000_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subtelny2000-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000165_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000165-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zaporozhians built a new Sich under Ottoman protection, the Oleshky Sich on the lower Dnieper. </p><p>Although some of the Zaporozhian cossacks returned to Moscow's protection, their popular leader Kost Hordiienko was resolute in his anti-Russian attitude and no <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> was possible until his death in 1733.<sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010283_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010283-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Within_the_Russian_Empire">Within the Russian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Within the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22._Kozak_z_golovoju_tatarina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/22._Kozak_z_golovoju_tatarina.jpg/220px-22._Kozak_z_golovoju_tatarina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/22._Kozak_z_golovoju_tatarina.jpg/330px-22._Kozak_z_golovoju_tatarina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/22._Kozak_z_golovoju_tatarina.jpg/440px-22._Kozak_z_golovoju_tatarina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>"Cossack with a head of a Tatar."</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the years the friction between the Cossacks and the Russian tsarist government lessened, and privileges were traded for a reduction in Cossack autonomy. The Ukrainian Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected as Hetman <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Skoropadsky" title="Ivan Skoropadsky">Ivan Skoropadsky</a>, one of the "anti-Mazepist" polkovniks. While advocating for the preservation for the Hetmanate autonomy and privileges of the starshina, Skoropadsky was careful to avoid open confrontation and remained loyal to the union with Russia. To accommodate Russian military needs, Skoropadsky allowed for stationing of ten Russian <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> in the territory of the Hetmanate. At the same time, Cossacks took part in construction, fortification and channel development projects in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, as part of the effort by Peter the Great to establish the new Russian capital. Many did not return, and it is often stated that St. Peterburg "was built on bones".<sup id="cite_ref-Antonovych_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonovych-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1734, as Russia was preparing for a new war against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, an agreement was made between Russia and the Zaporozhian cossacks, the Treaty of Lubny. The Zaporozhian Cossacks regained all of their former lands, privileges, laws and customs in exchange for serving under the command of a Russian Army stationed in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>. A new <i>sich</i> (<i>Nova Sich</i>) was built to replace the one that had been destroyed by Peter the Great. Concerned about the possibility of Russian interference in Zaporozhia's internal affairs, the Cossacks began to settle their lands with Ukrainian peasants fleeing <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in Poland and Russia proper. By 1762, 33,700 Cossacks and over 150,000 peasants populated Zaporozhia.<sup id="cite_ref-Magocsi2010_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010283_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010283-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 18th century, much of the Cossack officer class in Ukraine was incorporated into the Russian nobility, but many of the rank and file Cossacks, including a substantial portion of the old Zaporozhians, were reduced to peasant status. They were able to maintain their freedom and continued to provide refuge for those fleeing serfdom in Russia and Poland, including followers of the Russian Cossack <a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachev" title="Yemelyan Pugachev">Yemelyan Pugachev</a>, which aroused the anger of Russian Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a>. As a result, by 1775 the number of runaway serfs from the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a> and Polish-ruled Ukraine to <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhia (region)">Zaporizhiya</a> rose to 100,000. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> (1774) annexed the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> into Russia, so the need for further southern frontier defence (which the Zaporozhians carried out) no longer existed. Colonisation of <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a> began; one of the colonies, located just next to the lands of the Zaporozhian Sich, was <a href="/wiki/New_Serbia_(historical_province)" title="New Serbia (historical province)">New Serbia</a>. This escalated conflicts over land ownership with the Cossacks,<sup id="cite_ref-Subtelny2000_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subtelny2000-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000187–188_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000187–188-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which often turned violent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_end_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host_(1775)"><span id="The_end_of_the_Zaporozhian_Host_.281775.29"></span>The end of the Zaporozhian Host (1775)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The end of the Zaporozhian Host (1775)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquidation_of_the_Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich">Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich</a></div> <p>The decision to disband the Sich was adopted at the court council of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> on 7 May 1775. General <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tekeli" title="Peter Tekeli">Peter Tekeli</a> received orders to occupy and liquidate the main Zaporozhian fortress, the Sich. The plan was kept secret and regiments returning from the Russo-Turkish war, in which Cossacks also participated, were mobilized for the operation. They included 31 regiments (65,000 men in total). The attack took place on 15 May and continued until 8 June. The order was given by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Potemkin" title="Grigory Potemkin">Grigory Potemkin</a>, who had formally become an honorary Zaporozhian Cossack under the name of Hrytsko Nechesa a few years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-shirokorad_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shirokorad-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potemkin was given a direct order from Empress Catherine II, which she explained in her Decree of 8 August 1775: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With this we would like to let our Empire and our faithful subjects be known that the Zaporozhian Sich is now destroyed and the name of Zaporozhian Cossacks is to be no more as well, mentioning of whom will be considered no less as an affront to our Imperial Majesty for their deeds and insolence for disobeying the will of our Imperial Majesty.<sup id="cite_ref-museum-ukraine_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-ukraine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 5 June 1775 General Tekeli's forces divided into five detachments and surrounded the Sich with artillery and infantry. The lack of southern borders and enemies in the past years had a profound effect on the combat-ability of the Cossacks, who realised the Russian infantry would destroy them after they were surrounded. To trick the Cossacks, a rumour was spread that the army was crossing Cossack lands en route to guard the borders. The surprise encirclement was a devastating blow to the morale of the Cossacks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kalnyshevsky" title="Petro Kalnyshevsky">Petro Kalnyshevsky</a> was given two hours to decide on the Empress's <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a>. Under the guidance of a <i>starshyna</i> Lyakh, behind Kalnyshevky's back a conspiracy was formed with a group of 50 Cossacks to go fishing in the river <a href="/wiki/Inhul" title="Inhul">Inhul</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> in Ottoman provinces. The pretext was enough to allow the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> to let the Cossacks out of the siege, who were joined by five thousand others. The fleeing Cossacks traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, where they formed the new <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danubian Sich</a>, under the protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>When Tekeli became aware of the escape, there was little left to do for the remaining 12,000 Cossacks. The Sich was razed to the ground. The Cossacks were disarmed in a mostly bloodless operation, while their treasury and archives were confiscated. Kalnyshevsky was arrested and exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Solovki_prison_camp" title="Solovki prison camp">Solovki</a>, where he lived in confinement to 112 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most upper level Cossack Council members, such as <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Holovaty" title="Pavlo Holovaty">Pavlo Holovaty</a> and Ivan Hloba, were repressed and exiled as well, although lower level commanders and rank and file Cossacks were allowed to join the Russian <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoon</a> regiments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_painter_-_Zaporozhian_Cossack_from_Crimea_(Cossack_Mamai)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Unknown_painter_-_Zaporozhian_Cossack_from_Crimea_%28Cossack_Mamai%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Unknown_painter_-_Zaporozhian_Cossack_from_Crimea_%28Cossack_Mamai%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Unknown_painter_-_Zaporozhian_Cossack_from_Crimea_%28Cossack_Mamai%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Unknown_painter_-_Zaporozhian_Cossack_from_Crimea_%28Cossack_Mamai%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Unknown_painter_-_Zaporozhian_Cossack_from_Crimea_%28Cossack_Mamai%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Unknown_painter_-_Zaporozhian_Cossack_from_Crimea_%28Cossack_Mamai%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption>Zaporozhian Cossack from Crimea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lander_und_Volkerkarte_Europas_-_fragment_-_by_Dietrich_Schafer_-_1918_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lander_und_Volkerkarte_Europas_-_fragment_-_by_Dietrich_Schafer_-_1918_AD.jpg/220px-Lander_und_Volkerkarte_Europas_-_fragment_-_by_Dietrich_Schafer_-_1918_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lander_und_Volkerkarte_Europas_-_fragment_-_by_Dietrich_Schafer_-_1918_AD.jpg/330px-Lander_und_Volkerkarte_Europas_-_fragment_-_by_Dietrich_Schafer_-_1918_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lander_und_Volkerkarte_Europas_-_fragment_-_by_Dietrich_Schafer_-_1918_AD.jpg/440px-Lander_und_Volkerkarte_Europas_-_fragment_-_by_Dietrich_Schafer_-_1918_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Historical approximate map of ethnic Ukrainians, c. 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The destruction of the Sich created difficulties for the Russian Empire. Supporting the increase in the privileges gained by the higher ranking leadership put a strain in the budget, whilst the stricter regulations of the regular Russian Army prevented many other Cossacks from integrating. The existence of the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danubian Sich</a>, which would support the Ottoman Empire in the next war, was also troublesome for the Russians. In 1784 Potemkin formed the <i>Host of the Loyal Zaporozhians</i> (Войско верных Запорожцев) and settled them between the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> rivers. For their invaluable service during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%9392)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)">Russo-Turkish War</a> (1787–1792), they were rewarded with the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> land and migrated there in 1792. </p><p>In 1828, the Danubian Sich ceased to exist after it was pardoned by Emperor Nicholas I, and under amnesty its members settled on the shores of the Northern <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> between <a href="/wiki/Berdyansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdyansk">Berdyansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Azov_Cossack_Host" title="Azov Cossack Host">Azov Cossack Host</a>. Finally in 1862 they too migrated to the Kuban and merged with the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a>. The Kuban Cossacks served Russia's interests right up to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and their descendants are now undergoing active regeneration both culturally and militarily. The 30,000 descendants of those Cossacks who refused to return to Russia in 1828 still live in the Danube delta region of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, where they pursue the traditional Cossack lifestyle of hunting and fishing and are known as <i>Rusnaks</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobrudja_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobrudja-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although in 1775 the Zaporozhian Host formally ceased to exist, it left a profound cultural, political and military legacy on <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and other states that came in contact with it. The shifting alliances of the Cossacks have generated controversy, especially during the 20th century. For Russians, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereyaslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pereyaslav">Treaty of Pereyaslav</a> gave the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> the impulse to take over the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenian</a> lands, claim rights as the sole successor of the Kievan Rus', and for the Russian Tsar to be declared the protector of all Russias, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> movement of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-utoronto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utoronto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chornomorci_1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chornomorci_1804.jpg/220px-Chornomorci_1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chornomorci_1804.jpg/330px-Chornomorci_1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chornomorci_1804.jpg/440px-Chornomorci_1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Cossack_Host" title="Black Sea Cossack Host">Black Sea Cossacks</a>, c. 1807</figcaption></figure> <p>Today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (February 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>, most of the Kuban Cossacks, modern descendants of the Zaporozhians, remain loyal towards Russia. Many fought in the local conflicts following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and today, just like before the revolution when they made up the private guard of the Emperor, the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Regiment" title="Kremlin Regiment">Kremlin Presidential Regiment</a> is made up of Kuban Cossacks.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> and the fall of the Zaporozhian Cossacks effectively marked the beginning of its end with <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">the Deluge</a>, which led to the gradual demise of the Commonwealth ending with the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> in the late 18th century. A similar fate awaited both the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire; having endured numerous raids and attacks from them both, the Zaporozhian Cossacks aided the Russian Army in ending Turkey's ambitions of expanding into northern and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, and like Poland, after the loss of Crimea, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:55-%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/55-%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder sleeve insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Army">Ukrainian Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/55th_Artillery_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="55th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)">55th Artillery Brigade "Zaporozhian Sich"</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The historical legacy of the Zaporozhian Cossacks shaped and influenced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a> in the latter half of the 19th century. Ukrainian historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kashchenko" title="Adrian Kashchenko">Adrian Kashchenko</a> (1858–1921),<sup id="cite_ref-Kashchenko_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashchenko-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olena_Apanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Olena Apanovich">Olena Apanovich</a><sup id="cite_ref-Apanovich_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apanovich-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others suggest that the final abolishment of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a> in 1775 was the demise of a historic Ukrainian stronghold. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Revolution of 1917</a>, corps of <a href="/wiki/Free_Cossacks" title="Free Cossacks">Free Cossacks</a> were organized in Ukraine to defend the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> era, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> aspect was officially discouraged in order to quell the rise of nationalist sentiment and Zaporozhian Cossacks' historical role of defending Muscovy from Turks was celebrated instead. In 1990, the Soviet government and Ukrainian independence movement cooperated to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/500th_anniversary_of_the_Zaporozhian_Sich" title="500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich">500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zaporozhian attire, songs, and music found their way into official state dance and music ensembles, and influenced the image of Ukraine in the years to come. Since the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence of Ukraine in 1991</a>, attempts at restoring the Cossack lifestyle have concentrated on politics, horsemanship and cultural endeavours.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, 2016, Cossack's songs of <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk Oblast</a> were inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">List of Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently the Zaporozhian Cossack stronghold <a href="/wiki/Khortytsia" title="Khortytsia">Khortytsia</a> is perceived to be a symbol of Ukrainian statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-radiosvoboda.org30782362_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiosvoboda.org30782362-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ukraine" title="Category:History of Ukraine">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of <span class="fn org label">Ukraine</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/80px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/120px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/160px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Ukraine">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in Ukraine">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_shipbuilding_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of shipbuilding in Ukraine">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology_in_Ukraine" title="History of technology in Ukraine">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of television in Ukraine">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish history</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Zaporozhian+Cossacks%22">"Zaporozhian Cossacks"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Zaporozhian+Cossacks%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Zaporozhian+Cossacks%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Zaporozhian+Cossacks%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Zaporozhian+Cossacks%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Zaporozhian+Cossacks%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Письмо запорожцев турецкому султану. — Русская старина за 1872 г., т. VI, с. 450—451. — Текст по двум спискам: сборнику XVIII века, сообщённому А. А. Шишковым, и списанный Н. И. Бахтиным из бумаг московского архива и сообщенный Н. Н. Селифонтовым. Ответ запорожцев по списку Н. И. Костомарова.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostapchuk, Victor. The Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Dnipro River Refugium., in Bernhardt, Johannes C., Markus Koller, and Achim Lichtenberger (Eds.), Mediterranean Rivers in Global Perspective. Leiden, Netherlands: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2019, pp. 273-302. ISBN 978-3-506-78636-4 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cossacks-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cossacks_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm">"Cossacks"</a>. <i>www.encyclopediaofukraine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.atitle=Cossacks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CC%255CO%255CCossacks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlyk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orlyk_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dogovor i postanovlenie mezhdu Get'manom Orlikom i voiskom Zaporozhskim v 1710", in: Chteniia v Imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh (Moscow 1858)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korzh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korzh_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ustnoe povestvovanie byvshego zaporozhtsa, zhitelya Yekaterinoslavskoi gubernii i uezda, sela Mikhailovskogo, Nikity Lyeontʹevicha Korzh [Oral Narrative of the Former Zaporozhian Cossack, a Resident of the Mikhailovsky Village in the Province of Yekaterinoslav, Nikita Leontovich Korzh]. Odessa: 1842.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nru-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nru_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nru.org.ua/pro-partiiu">"Партія"</a>. <i>www.nru.org.ua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%96+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96+%D0%B7+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97+-+%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukraine-eu.mfa.gov.ua%2Feu%2Fua%2Fpublication%2Fcontent%2F6162.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lviv-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lviv_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryskevych2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maryskevych, Taras (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701012429/http://history.franko.lviv.ua/PDF%20Final/A_M.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">Довідник з історії України</bdi></a> [<i>Handbook of History of Ukraine (Definitions of Hetman in the Handbook of the History of Ukraine)</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. franko.lviv.ua. pp. 97–98. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.franko.lviv.ua/PDF%20Final/A_M.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B7+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=franko.lviv.ua&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maryskevych&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.franko.lviv.ua%2FPDF%2520Final%2FA_M.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kish-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kish_17-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316051156/http://history.franko.lviv.ua/IIk_3.htm">"КІКАЛЬ ФРАНЦ"</a>. <i>history.franko.lviv.ua</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.franko.lviv.ua/IIk_3.htm">the original</a> on 16 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.franko.lviv.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%86%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC+%D0%A4%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.franko.lviv.ua%2FIIk_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cossackdom-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cossackdom_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cossackdom.com/articles/o/olinik_zkoloniz.htm">"Зимівник в колонізаційних процесах Південної України"</a>. <i>www.cossackdom.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cossackdom.com&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cossackdom.com%2Farticles%2Fo%2Folinik_zkoloniz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Painting in Dominican Cathedral, Lublin, described in: A. Saładiak (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/ukrainica/saladiak-a-pamiatki-i-zabytki-kultury-ukrainskiej-w-polsce/"><i>Pamiątki i zabytki kultury ukraińskiej w Polsce</i></a>, Burchard Edition, Warsaw, 1993 pp. 371-373 (Pol.) ISBN 83900398-1-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klio-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klio_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olena Rusyna, Viktor Horobets, Taras Chukhlib, "Neznaiyoma Klio: ukrainska istoriya v tayemnytsyah i kuryozah XV-XVIII stolittia", Kiev, Naukova Dumka (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-00-0804-X" title="Special:BookSources/966-00-0804-X">966-00-0804-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haidamaka.org.ua/0099.html">online fragment</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newland1991-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newland1991_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_J._Newland1991" class="citation book cs1">Samuel J. Newland (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8ideJ9KDh0C&pg=PA73"><i>Cossacks in the German army, 1941–1945</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3351-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-3351-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cossacks+in+the+German+army%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3351-0&rft.au=Samuel+J.+Newland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8ideJ9KDh0C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Stone2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Stone" title="David R. Stone">David R. Stone</a> (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok7iVsgiNmAC&pg=PA39"><i>A military history of Russia: from Ivan the Terrible to the war in Chechnya</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98502-8"><bdi>978-0-275-98502-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+military+history+of+Russia%3A+from+Ivan+the+Terrible+to+the+war+in+Chechnya&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-08&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98502-8&rft.au=David+R.+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dok7iVsgiNmAC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010263-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010263_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subtelny2000-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny2000_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny2000_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5uiWHgRphQC"><i>Ukraine: A History</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8390-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8390-6&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5uiWHgRphQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000165-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000165_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubtelny2000">Subtelny 2000</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010283-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010283_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010283_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonovych-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonovych_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volodymyr Antonovych, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exlibris.org.ua/kz/index.html">Pro kozatski chasy na Ukraïni", Kiev, "Dnipro", (1991), 5308014000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000187–188-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000187–188_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubtelny2000">Subtelny 2000</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shirokorad-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shirokorad_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirokorad2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shirokorad, Alexandr Borisovich (8 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108161844/http://nvo.ng.ru/notes/2007-06-08/8_zapor.html"><bdi lang="ru">Чьими рыцарями были запорожцы?</bdi></a> [Whose knights were the Zaporozhians?] (in Russian). NG.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvo.ng.ru/notes/2007-06-08/8_zapor.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%86%D1%8B%3F&rft.pub=NG.ru&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.aulast=Shirokorad&rft.aufirst=Alexandr+Borisovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvo.ng.ru%2Fnotes%2F2007-06-08%2F8_zapor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-ukraine-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum-ukraine_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magazine Museums of Ukraine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum-ukraine.org.ua/index.php?go=News&file=print&id=1418">Manifesto of Catherine II on Destruction of Zaporozhian Sich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916013659/http://www.museum-ukraine.org.ua/index.php?go=News&file=print&id=1418">Archived</a> 16 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ефименко П.С. "Калнишевскій, послъдній кошевой Запорожской Съчі. 1691 – 1803" // Русская старина. – 1875. – Т. XIV., (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobrudja-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dobrudja_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\D\O\Dobrudja.htm">"Dobrudja"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dobrudja&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%5CD%5CO%5CDobrudja.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utoronto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utoronto_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/cius/publications/books/pereiaslav.htm">"CIUS Press: Pereiaslav 1654: A Historiographical Study"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIUS+Press%3A+Pereiaslav+1654%3A+A+Historiographical+Study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoronto.ca%2Fcius%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fpereiaslav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC-Russia release from 24 September 2005, <i>В президентском полку прибыло</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/press/newsid_4277000/4277450.stm">[1]</a> by Olga Lestnikova</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashchenko-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kashchenko_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">", Adrian Kashchenko, "Opovidannia pro slavne viys'ko zaporoz'ke nyzove", Dnipropetrovsk, Sich, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7775-0301-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7775-0301-5">978-5-7775-0301-5</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apanovich-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apanovich_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">", Olena Apanovich, "Ne propala ihnya slava", "Vitchizna" Magazine, N 9, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/F/R/FreeCossacks.htm">Free Cossacks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30762308.html">"Архівні фото відзначення у 1990 році 500-ліття Запорозького козацтва"</a> [Archive photos of the 1990 commemoration of the 500th anniversary of Zaporozhian Cossacks]. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i> (in Ukrainian). 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%83+1990+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96+500-%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2020-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2F30762308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/119851/">Yanukovych cancels three decrees on Ukrainian Cossacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (30 December 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_Wagner" class="citation web cs1">Eugene Wagner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/cossacks-songs-of-dnipropetrovsk-region-01194">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. UNESCO official web-site<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Cossack%27s+songs+of+Dnipropetrovsk+Region%22&rft.pub=UNESCO+official+web-site&rft.au=Eugene+Wagner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Fen%2FUSL%2Fcossacks-songs-of-dnipropetrovsk-region-01194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZaporozhian+Cossacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radiosvoboda.org30782362-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radiosvoboda.org30782362_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30782362.html">Where to go on Independence Day: 21 sights for the statehood of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> (16 August 2020)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaporozhian_Cossacks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulyma_uprising" title="Sulyma uprising">Sulyma uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising">Pavlyuk uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barabash_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barabash Uprising (page does not exist)">Barabash Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohun_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohun Uprising (page does not exist)">Bohun Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliy_uprising" title="Paliy uprising">Paliy uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_Haidamak_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1734 Haidamak Uprising">1734 Haidamak Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1750_Haidamak_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1750 Haidamak Uprising (page does not exist)">1750 Haidamak Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliivshchyna" title="Koliivshchyna">Koliivshchyna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" 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href="/wiki/Armies_of_the_Rus%27_principalities" title="Armies of the Rus' principalities">Rus' principalities armies</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1240–1550)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Registered_Cossacks" title="Registered Cossacks">Registered Cossacks</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a></i> (1492–1648)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Zaporizhian Host</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a></i> (1648–1775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen" title="Ukrainian Sich Riflemen">Legion of Sich Riflemen</a></i> (1914–18)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a> (1917–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Riflemen" title="Sich Riflemen">Sich Riflemen</a> (1917–21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Ukrainian Galician Army</a> (1918–19)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a> (1918–21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Sich" title="Carpathian Sich">Carpathian Sich</a> (1938–39)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_in_exile" title="Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile">Ukrainian People's Republic in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sich Regiment of Horlis-Horskyi (1939–40)</li> <li>Polissia Sich (1941–42)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian National Government">Ukrainian National Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army">UPRA</a> (1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (1941–55)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cossacks" title="Red Cossacks">Red Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Army" title="Ukrainian Soviet Army">Ukrainian Soviet Army</a> (1918–19)</li> <li>none (1919–91), part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> (1992–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia"><i>Hryvnia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007534133505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\Z\A\ZaporizhiaThe">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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