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<span>Missile types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missile_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Missile types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Missile_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Infrared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>First generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Second generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Third generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Fourth generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_line-of-sight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_line-of-sight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Command line-of-sight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_line-of-sight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laser_guided" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_guided"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Laser guided</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_guided-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Against_military_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_military_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Against military aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_military_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_civilian_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_civilian_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Against civilian aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_civilian_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_cruise_missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_cruise_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Against cruise missiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_cruise_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countermeasures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Civilian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_by_manufacturing_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_by_manufacturing_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Weapons by manufacturing country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons_by_manufacturing_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weapons by manufacturing country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons_by_manufacturing_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Black market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Man-portable air-defense system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="نظام دفاع جوي محمول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام دفاع جوي محمول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9F%C4%B1nabil%C9%99n_hava_h%C3%BCcumundan_m%C3%BCdafi%C9%99_sistemi" title="Daşınabilən hava hücumundan müdafiə sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daşınabilən hava hücumundan müdafiə sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Пераносны зенітна-ракетны комплекс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пераносны зенітна-ракетны комплекс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Преносим зенитно-ракетен комплекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преносим зенитно-ракетен комплекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_defensa_a%C3%A8ria_port%C3%A0til" title="Sistema de defensa aèria portàtil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema de defensa aèria portàtil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANPADS" title="MANPADS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MANPADS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Portable_Air_Defense_System" title="Man Portable Air Defense System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Man Portable Air Defense System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_defensa_antia%C3%A9rea_port%C3%A1til" title="Sistema de defensa antiaérea portátil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de defensa antiaérea portátil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="سامانه پدافند هوایی همراه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه پدافند هوایی همراه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_portatif_de_d%C3%A9fense_antia%C3%A9rienne" title="Système portatif de défense antiaérienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système portatif de défense antiaérienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%B4%EB%8C%80%EC%9A%A9_%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5_%EB%AF%B8%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%BC" title="휴대용 방공 미사일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휴대용 방공 미사일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pertahanan_udara_portabel" title="Sistem pertahanan udara portabel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem pertahanan udara portabel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANPADS" title="MANPADS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MANPADS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="മാൻ പോർട്ടബിൾ എയർ ഡിഫൻസ് സിസ്റ്റം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൻ പോർട്ടബിൾ എയർ ഡിഫൻസ് സിസ്റ്റം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpads" title="Manpads – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manpads" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%BA%E5%B8%AF%E5%BC%8F%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="携帯式防空ミサイルシステム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="携帯式防空ミサイルシステム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rbart_luftvern" title="Bærbart luftvern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bærbart luftvern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulderavfyrt_luftvernmissil" title="Skulderavfyrt luftvernmissil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skulderavfyrt luftvernmissil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przeno%C5%9Bny_przeciwlotniczy_zestaw_rakietowy" title="Przenośny przeciwlotniczy zestaw rakietowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przenośny przeciwlotniczy zestaw rakietowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_defesa_antia%C3%A9rea_port%C3%A1til" title="Sistema de defesa antiaérea portátil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de defesa antiaérea portátil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Переносной зенитный ракетный комплекс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переносной зенитный ракетный комплекс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANPADS" title="MANPADS – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="MANPADS" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkap%C3%A4%C3%A4ohjus" title="Olkapääohjus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olkapääohjus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஆள் எடுத்துச் செல்லக்கூடிய வான்காப்பு முறைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆள் எடுத்துச் செல்லக்கூடிய வான்காப்பு முறைமை" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=MANPADS&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="MANPADS">MANPADS</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Portable surface-to-air missile weapons</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QW-2_MANPADS_of_Bangladesh_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/QW-2_MANPADS_of_Bangladesh_Army.jpg/250px-QW-2_MANPADS_of_Bangladesh_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/QW-2_MANPADS_of_Bangladesh_Army.jpg/330px-QW-2_MANPADS_of_Bangladesh_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/QW-2_MANPADS_of_Bangladesh_Army.jpg/500px-QW-2_MANPADS_of_Bangladesh_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3639" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Chinese made <a href="/wiki/QW-2_MANPADS" title="QW-2 MANPADS">QW-2 MANPADS</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA-16_and_SA-18_missiles_and_launchers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SA-16_and_SA-18_missiles_and_launchers.jpg/220px-SA-16_and_SA-18_missiles_and_launchers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SA-16_and_SA-18_missiles_and_launchers.jpg/330px-SA-16_and_SA-18_missiles_and_launchers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SA-16_and_SA-18_missiles_and_launchers.jpg/440px-SA-16_and_SA-18_missiles_and_launchers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-18</a> (Igla) missile with launch tube and gripstock (top) and an <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">SA-16</a> (Igla-1) missile and launch tube (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg/250px-Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg/330px-Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg/500px-Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Marine fires a FIM-92 Stinger missile during a July 2009 training exercise in California.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Man-portable air-defense systems</b> (<b>MANPADS</b> or <b>MPADS</b>) are portable <a href="/wiki/Shoulder-launched_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder-launched missile">shoulder-launched</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided weapons</a> and are a threat to low-flying <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> and also used against low-flying <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>. These short-range missiles can also be fired from vehicles, tripods, weapon platforms, and warships. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JASDF_Type91_SAM,_in_Alaska(USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-018%29.jpg/250px-JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-018%29.jpg/330px-JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-018%29.jpg/500px-JASDF_Type91_SAM%2C_in_Alaska%28USAF_photo_080613-F-4127S-018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japanese airmen</a> aiming a <a href="/wiki/Type_91_surface-to-air_missile" title="Type 91 surface-to-air missile">Type 91</a> Kai MANPADS at a mock airborne target in the Pacific Alaskan Range Complex as part of Red Flag – Alaska in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>MANPADS were developed in the 1950s to provide military ground forces with protection from jet aircraft. They have received a great deal of attention, partly because armed <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> groups have used them against commercial airliners. These missiles, affordable and widely available through a variety of sources, have been used successfully over the past three decades, both in military conflicts, by militant groups, and by terrorist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty-five countries, including China, Iran, Poland, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States produce man-portable air defense systems.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possession, export, and trafficking of such weapons is tightly controlled, due to the threat they pose to <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aviation</a>, although such efforts have not always been successful.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The missiles are about 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 ft) in length and weigh about 17 to 18 kg (37 to 40 lb), depending on the model. MANPADS generally have a target detection range of about 10 km (6 mi) and an engagement range of about 6 km (4 mi), so aircraft flying at 6,100 metres (20,000 ft) or higher are relatively safe.<sup id="cite_ref-schaffer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaffer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missile_types">Missile types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Missile types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redeye_Surface_to_Air_Missile_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Redeye_Surface_to_Air_Missile_Launch.jpg/220px-Redeye_Surface_to_Air_Missile_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Redeye_Surface_to_Air_Missile_Launch.jpg/330px-Redeye_Surface_to_Air_Missile_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Redeye_Surface_to_Air_Missile_Launch.jpg/440px-Redeye_Surface_to_Air_Missile_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">FIM-43C Redeye</a> missile just after launch, before the sustainer motor ignites</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenger_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Avenger_04.jpg/220px-Avenger_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Avenger_04.jpg/330px-Avenger_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Avenger_04.jpg/440px-Avenger_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Starstreak" title="Starstreak">Starstreak</a> SAM fired from a M1097 <a href="/wiki/AN/TWQ-1_Avenger" title="AN/TWQ-1 Avenger">AN/TWQ-1 Avenger</a> Air Defense platform.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared">Infrared</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">Infrared homing</a></div> <p>Infrared homing missiles are designed to home-in on a heat source on an aircraft, typically the <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">engine</a> exhaust plume, and detonate a <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warhead</a> in or near the heat source to disable the aircraft or to simply burst it into flames. These missiles use <a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">passive guidance</a>, meaning that they do not emit <a href="/wiki/Infrared_signature" title="Infrared signature">heat signatures</a>, making them difficult to detect by aircraft employing countermeasure systems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_generation">First generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sa-7.jpg/220px-Sa-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sa-7.jpg/330px-Sa-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sa-7.jpg/440px-Sa-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet <a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">9K32 Strela-2</a> in use.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first missiles deployed in the 1960s were infrared missiles. First generation MANPADS, such as the US <a href="/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">Redeye</a>, early versions of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">9K32 Strela-2</a>, and the Chinese <a href="/wiki/HN-5" title="HN-5">HN-5</a> (A copy of the Soviet Strela-2), are considered "tail-chase weapons" as their uncooled spin-scan <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">seekers</a> can only discern the superheated interior of the target's <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> from background noise. This means they are only capable of accurately tracking the aircraft from the rear when the engines are fully exposed to the missile's seeker and provide a sufficient thermal signature for engagement. First generation IR missiles are also highly susceptible to interfering thermal signatures from background sources, including the sun, which many experts feel makes them somewhat unreliable, and they are prone to erratic behaviour in the terminal phase of engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While less effective than more modern weapons, they remain common in irregular forces as they are not limited by the short shelf-life of gas coolant cartridges used by later systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_generation">Second generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Second generation infrared missiles, such as early versions of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">Stinger</a>, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/9K34_Strela-3" title="9K34 Strela-3">Strela-3</a>, and the Chinese <a href="/wiki/FN-6" title="FN-6">FN-6</a>, use gas-cooled seeker heads and a conical scanning technique, which enables the seeker to filter out most interfering background IR sources as well as permitting head-on and side engagement profiles. Later versions of the <a href="/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">FIM-43 Redeye</a> are regarded as straddling the first and second generations as they are gas-cooled but still use a spin-scan seeker.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_generation">Third generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Third generation infrared MANPADS, such as the French <a href="/wiki/Mistral_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistral missile">Mistral</a>, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">9K38 Igla</a>, and the US <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">Stinger B</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Rosette_seeker" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosette seeker">rosette scanning</a> detectors to produce a quasi-image of the target. Their seeker compares input from multiple detections bands, either two widely separated IR bands or IR and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a>, giving them much greater ability to discern and reject countermeasures deployed by the target aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-schaffer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaffer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRS2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_generation">Fourth generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fourth generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fourth generation missiles, such as the canceled American <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger Block 2</a>, Russian <a href="/wiki/SA-25" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-25">Verba</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/QW-4" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-4">QW-4</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/VSHORAD_(India)" title="VSHORAD (India)">VSHORAD</a> and Japanese <a href="/wiki/Type_91_surface-to-air_missile" title="Type 91 surface-to-air missile">Type 91 surface-to-air missile</a> use imaging infrared <a href="/wiki/Staring_array" title="Staring array">focal plane array</a> guidance systems and other advanced sensor systems, which permit engagement at greater ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-raytheon1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raytheon1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_line-of-sight">Command line-of-sight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Command line-of-sight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Command_line-of-sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line-of-sight">Command line-of-sight</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Command_guidance" title="Command guidance">Command guidance</a> (CLOS) missiles do not home in on a particular aspect (heat source or radio or radar transmissions) of the targeted aircraft. Instead, the missile operator or gunner visually acquires the target using a magnified optical sight and then uses radio controls to "fly" the missile into the aircraft. One of the benefits of such a missile is that it is virtually immune to flares and other basic countermeasure systems that are designed primarily to defeat IR missiles. The major drawback of CLOS missiles is that they require highly trained and skilled operators. Numerous reports from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> in the 1980s cite Afghan <a href="/wiki/Mujahedin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahedin">mujahedin</a> as being disappointed with the British-supplied <a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowpipe missile">Blowpipe</a> CLOS missile because it was too difficult to learn to use and highly inaccurate, particularly when employed against fast-moving jet aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-diplomat1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplomat1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given these considerations, many experts believe that CLOS missiles are not as ideally suited for untrained personnel use as IR missiles, which sometimes are referred to as "fire and forget" missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later versions of CLOS missiles, such as the British <a href="/wiki/Javelin_surface-to-air_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Javelin surface-to-air missile">Javelin</a>, use a solid-state television camera in lieu of the optical tracker to make the gunner's task easier. The Javelin's manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Thales_Air_Defence" title="Thales Air Defence">Thales Air Defence</a>, claims that their missile is virtually impervious to countermeasures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_guided">Laser guided</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laser guided"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Laser_guidance" title="Laser guidance">Laser guidance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beam_riding" title="Beam riding">beam riding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_RBS-70_team_during_Exercise_Talisman_Sabre_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Australian_RBS-70_team_during_Exercise_Talisman_Sabre_21.jpg/220px-Australian_RBS-70_team_during_Exercise_Talisman_Sabre_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Australian_RBS-70_team_during_Exercise_Talisman_Sabre_21.jpg/330px-Australian_RBS-70_team_during_Exercise_Talisman_Sabre_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Australian_RBS-70_team_during_Exercise_Talisman_Sabre_21.jpg/440px-Australian_RBS-70_team_during_Exercise_Talisman_Sabre_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4938" data-file-height="3292" /></a><figcaption>RBS 70 and operators in Australian service, 2021</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Laser_guidance" title="Laser guidance">Laser guided</a> MANPADS use beam-riding guidance where a sensor in the missile's tail detects the emissions from a laser on the launcher and attempts to steer the missile to fly at the exact middle of the beam, or between two beams. Missiles such as Sweden's <a href="/wiki/RBS-70" class="mw-redirect" title="RBS-70">RBS-70</a> and Britain's <a href="/wiki/Starstreak" title="Starstreak">Starstreak</a> can engage aircraft from all angles and only require the operator to continuously track the target using a joystick to keep the laser aim point on the target: the latest version of RBS 70 features a tracking engagement mode where fine aim adjustments of the laser emitter are handled by the launcher itself, with the user only having to make coarse aim corrections. Because there are no radio data links from the ground to the missile, the missile cannot be effectively jammed after it is launched. Even though beam-riding missiles require relatively extensive training and skill to operate, many experts consider these missiles particularly menacing due to the missiles' resistance to most conventional countermeasures in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_uses">Notable uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_military_aircraft">Against military aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Against military aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_aircraft_losses_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet aircraft losses in Afghanistan">List of Soviet aircraft losses in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_air_forces_in_the_Falklands_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine air forces in the Falklands War">Argentine air forces in the Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_air_forces_in_the_Falklands_War" class="mw-redirect" title="British air forces in the Falklands War">British air forces in the Falklands War</a>.</li> <li>On 27 February 1991, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>, an USAF <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> was shot down by an <a href="/wiki/Igla-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Igla-1">Igla-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 16 April 1994, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sea_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Harrier">Sea Harrier</a> of the 801 Naval Air Squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, operating from the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R07)" title="HMS Ark Royal (R07)">HMS <i>Ark Royal</i></a>, was brought down by an <a href="/wiki/Igla-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Igla-1">Igla-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 30 August 1995, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Operation Deliberate Force</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirage_2000D" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage 2000D">Mirage 2000D</a> was shot down over Bosnia by a heat-seeking <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">9K38 Igla</a> missile fired by air defense units of <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a>, prompting efforts to obtain improved defensive systems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 27 May 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Anza_(missile)" title="Anza (missile)">Anza Mk-II</a> was used to attack Indian aircraft during the Kargil conflict with India. A MiG-27 of the Indian Air Force was shot down by Pakistan Army Air Defence forces.<sup id="cite_ref-MKI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MKI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_aircraft_losses_in_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War">List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coalition_aircraft_crashes_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Coalition aircraft crashes in Afghanistan">List of Coalition aircraft crashes in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_shootdowns_and_accidents_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War">List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Khankala_Mi-26_crash" title="2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash">2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash</a>: On 19 August 2002, a Russian-made <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">Igla</a> shoulder-fired <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> hit an overloaded <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-26" title="Mil Mi-26">Mil Mi-26</a> <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>, causing it to crash into a <a href="/wiki/Minefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Minefield">minefield</a> at the main <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military base</a> at Khankala near the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. 127 Russian troops and crew were killed.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 South Ossetia War">2008 South Ossetia War</a>, Polish made <a href="/wiki/PZR_Grom" title="PZR Grom">PZR Grom</a> MANPADS were used by Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> <ul><li>On 3 February 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Sukhoi Su-25</a> piloted by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Filipov" title="Roman Filipov">Major Roman Filipov</a> was shot down by a MANPADS over rebel-held territory while conducting airstrikes over Syria's northwestern city of <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a><sup id="cite_ref-janes_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_civilian_aircraft">Against civilian aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Against civilian aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Air_Rhodesia_Flight_825" title="Air Rhodesia Flight 825">1978 Air Rhodesia Viscount shootdown</a> is the first example of a civilian airliner shot down by a man-portable surface-to-air missile. The pilot of the aircraft managed to make a controlled crash landing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Rhodesia_Flight_827" title="Air Rhodesia Flight 827">Air Rhodesia Flight 827</a> was also shot down in February 1979 by the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Strela_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela 2">Strela 2</a> missile. All 59 passengers and crew were killed.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1993_Sukhumi_airliner_attacks" title="1993 Sukhumi airliner attacks">1993 Sukhumi airliner attacks</a> involved 5 civilian aircraft shot down within a total of 4 days in <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, killing 108 people.<sup id="cite_ref-ngfact_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngfact-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 6 April 1994, a <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">surface-to-air missile struck</a> the wing of a <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_50" title="Dassault Falcon 50">Dassault Falcon 50</a> as it prepared to land in <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. A second missile hit its tail. Rwandan president <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a> and Burundian president <a href="/wiki/Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Cyprien Ntaryamira">Cyprien Ntaryamira</a> were among the nine passengers on board. The plane erupted into flames in mid-air before crashing into the garden of the presidential palace, exploding on impact. This incident was the ignition spark of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_LN_602" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionair Flight LN 602">1998 Lionair Flight LN 602 shootdown</a>: On 7 October 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Tamil Tigers</a> shot down an aircraft off the coast of Sri Lanka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Mombasa_hotel_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Mombasa hotel bombing">2002 Mombasa airliner attack</a>: On 28 November 2002, two <a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">shoulder-launched</a> <a href="/wiki/Strela_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela 2">Strela 2</a> (SA-7) <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> were fired at a chartered <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a> <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliner</a> as it took off from <a href="/wiki/Moi_International_Airport" title="Moi International Airport">Moi International Airport</a>. The missiles missed the aircraft which continued safely to <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, carrying 271 vacationers from Mombasa back to Israel. In photos, the missile systems were painted in light blue, the color used in the Soviet military for training material (a training SA-7 round would not have the guidance system).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Baghdad_DHL_attempted_shootdown_incident" title="2003 Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident">2003 Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident</a>: On 22 November 2003, an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a>B4-203F <a href="/wiki/Cargo_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo plane">cargo plane</a>, operating on behalf of <a href="/wiki/DHL_Aviation" title="DHL Aviation">DHL</a> was hit by an <a href="/wiki/SA-14" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-14">SA-14</a> missile, which resulted in the loss of its hydraulic systems. The crew later landed the crippled aircraft safely by using only <a href="/wiki/Flight_with_disabled_controls" title="Flight with disabled controls">differential engine thrust</a> by adjusting the individual throttle controls of each engine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Mogadishu_TransAVIAexport_Airlines_Il-76_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash">2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash</a>: On 23 March 2007, a <a href="/wiki/TransAVIAexport_Airlines" title="TransAVIAexport Airlines">TransAVIAexport Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> airplane crashed in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(March%E2%80%93April_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)">2007 Battle of Mogadishu</a>. Witnesses claim that a surface-to-air missile was fired immediately prior to the accident. However, Somali officials deny that the aircraft was shot down.</li></ul> <p>Over fifty MANPADS attacks on civilian aircraft are on record to 2007. Thirty-three aircraft were shot down killing over 800 people in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-dfat-manpads-jun-2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfat-manpads-jun-2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_cruise_missiles">Against cruise missiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Against cruise missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 October 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Ukrainian forces were recorded allegedly shooting down a Russian <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> using MANPADS.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, other instances have been videoed and shared on social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9k38_Igla_voilkh_stya%27Mercedes-Benz_Unimog_angsxhtoilya_Vohskteinggesxhtieur_Mexirhkyoth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/9k38_Igla_voilkh_stya%27Mercedes-Benz_Unimog_angsxhtoilya_Vohskteinggesxhtieur_Mexirhkyoth.jpg/250px-9k38_Igla_voilkh_stya%27Mercedes-Benz_Unimog_angsxhtoilya_Vohskteinggesxhtieur_Mexirhkyoth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/9k38_Igla_voilkh_stya%27Mercedes-Benz_Unimog_angsxhtoilya_Vohskteinggesxhtieur_Mexirhkyoth.jpg/330px-9k38_Igla_voilkh_stya%27Mercedes-Benz_Unimog_angsxhtoilya_Vohskteinggesxhtieur_Mexirhkyoth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/9k38_Igla_voilkh_stya%27Mercedes-Benz_Unimog_angsxhtoilya_Vohskteinggesxhtieur_Mexirhkyoth.jpg/500px-9k38_Igla_voilkh_stya%27Mercedes-Benz_Unimog_angsxhtoilya_Vohskteinggesxhtieur_Mexirhkyoth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>A 9K38 Igla (NATO reporting name: SA-18) dual missile launch platform mounted on a Mercedes-Benz <a href="/wiki/Unimog" title="Unimog">Unimog</a> of the Mexican Navy in a Mexican military parade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Man-portable air defense systems are a popular <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> item for insurgent forces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their proliferation became the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Wassenaar_Arrangement" title="Wassenaar Arrangement">Wassenaar Arrangement</a>'s <i>(WA)22 Elements for Export Controls of MANPADS</i>, the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> <i>Action Plan</i> of 2 June 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the October 2003 <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) Summit, <i>Bangkok Declaration on Partnership for the Future</i> and in July 2003 the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), Forum for Security Co-operation, <i>Decision No. 7/03: Man-portable Air Defense Systems</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Understanding the problem in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> remarked that there was "no threat more serious to aviation" than the missiles,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be used to shoot down helicopters and commercial airliners, and are sold illegally for as little as a few hundred dollars. The U.S. has led a global effort to dismantle these weapons, with over 30,000 voluntarily destroyed since 2003, but probably thousands are still in the hands of insurgents, especially in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, where they were looted from the military arsenals of the former dictator <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> as well. In August 2010, a report by the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> (FAS) confirmed that "only a handful" of illicit MANPADS were recovered from national resistance caches in Iraq in 2009, according to media reports and interviews with military sources.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the growing number of MANPADS attacks on civilian airliners, a number of different <a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">countermeasure</a> systems have been developed specifically to protect aircraft against the missiles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><b>AN/<a href="/wiki/ALQ-144" class="mw-redirect" title="ALQ-144">ALQ-144</a></b>, <b>AN/ALQ-147</b> and <b>AN/ALQ-157</b> are U.S.-produced systems, developed by Sanders Associates in the 1970s.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Directional_Infrared_Counter_Measures" title="Directional Infrared Counter Measures">AN/ALQ-212 ATIRCM, AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis</a></b> are NATO systems developed by <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> respectively.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian">Civilian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/CAMPS" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMPS">Civil Aircraft Missile Protection System</a></b> (CAMPS)—Developed by <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">Saab</a> Avitronics, <a href="/wiki/Chemring" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemring">Chemring</a> Countermeasures and Naturelink Aviation, using non-<a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic">pyrotechnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Decoy" title="Decoy">decoy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_by_manufacturing_country">Weapons by manufacturing country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Weapons by manufacturing country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%281%29.png/220px-Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%281%29.png/330px-Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%281%29.png/440px-Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Practice shooting from MANPADS</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%282%29.png/250px-Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%282%29.png/330px-Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%282%29.png/500px-Practice_shooting_from_MANPADS_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Departure of a rocket from MANPADS</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HS_M09_BOV-3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/HS_M09_BOV-3.JPG/250px-HS_M09_BOV-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/HS_M09_BOV-3.JPG/330px-HS_M09_BOV-3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/HS_M09_BOV-3.JPG/500px-HS_M09_BOV-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>HS M09 hybrid air-defense system on <a href="/wiki/BOV_(APC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BOV (APC)">BOV-3</a> vehicle with 8 × <a href="/wiki/Strela_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela 2">Strela 2</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>China</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HN-5" title="HN-5">HN-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN-6" class="mw-redirect" title="HN-6">HN-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-1" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-1">QW-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-11" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-11">QW-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-11G" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-11G">QW-11G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-1A" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-1A">QW-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-1M" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-1M">QW-1M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-2" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-2">QW-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-1_Vanguard#QW-3" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-1 Vanguard">QW-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FN-6" title="FN-6">FN-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QW-1_Vanguard" class="mw-redirect" title="QW-1 Vanguard">QW-1 Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TB-1" class="mw-redirect" title="TB-1">TB-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>France</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_(missile)" title="Mistral (missile)">Mistral</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_(missile)" title="Mistral (missile)">Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_(missile)" title="Mistral (missile)">Mistral 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_(missile)" title="Blowpipe (missile)">Blowpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin_(surface-to-air_missile)" title="Javelin (surface-to-air missile)">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_(missile)" title="Starburst (missile)">Starburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starstreak" title="Starstreak">Starstreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>India</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPDMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPDMS (page does not exist)">MPDMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSHORAD_(India)" title="VSHORAD (India)">VSHORAD</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Iran</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misagh-1" title="Misagh-1">Misagh-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misagh-2" title="Misagh-2">Misagh-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misagh-3" title="Misagh-3">Misagh-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem" title="Qaem">Qaem</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_VSHORAD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New VSHORAD (page does not exist)">New VSHORAD</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Japan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_91_surface-to-air_missile" title="Type 91 surface-to-air missile">Type 91 (SAM-2, SAM-2B)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Pakistan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anza_(missile)" title="Anza (missile)">Anza</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PZR_Grom" title="PZR Grom">PZR Grom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piorun_(missile)" title="Piorun (missile)">Piorun</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Romania</b> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-94_(Luftabwehrrakete)" class="extiw" title="de:CA-94 (Luftabwehrrakete)">CA-94</a>: <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-94_(Luftabwehrrakete)" class="extiw" title="de:CA-94 (Luftabwehrrakete)">CA-94M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Soviet Union/Russian Federation</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SA-7_Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-7 Grail">9K32M 'Strela-2' (SA-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA-14_Gremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-14 Gremlin">9K36 'Strela-3' (SA-14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA-16_Gimlet" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-16 Gimlet">9K310 'Igla-M' (SA-16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA-18_Grouse" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-18 Grouse">9K38 'Igla' (SA-18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA-24_Grinch" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-24 Grinch">9K338 ' Igla-S' (SA-24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K333_Verba" title="9K333 Verba">9K333 'Verba' (SA-25)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Sweden</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RBS_70" title="RBS 70">RBS 70</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RBS_70" title="RBS 70">RBS 70 NG</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>United States</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">FIM-43 'Redeye'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 'Stinger'</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South Korea</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiron (missile)">Chiron</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>North Korea</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HT-16PGJ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HT-16PGJ (page does not exist)">HT-16PGJ</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Turkey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungur_MANPAD" title="Sungur MANPAD">Sungur MANPAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PorSav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PorSav (page does not exist)">PorSav</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_market">Black market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Black market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most MANPADS are owned and accounted for by governments, political upheavals and corruption have allowed thousands of them to enter the black market. In the years 1998–2018, at least 72 non-state groups have fielded MANPADS.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilians in the United States cannot legally own MANPADS.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure" title="Infrared countermeasure">Infrared countermeasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countermeasure#Aerial_countermeasures" title="Countermeasure">Aerial countermeasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aircraft_Missile_Protection_System" title="Civil Aircraft Missile Protection System">Civil Aircraft Missile Protection System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_Guard" title="Flight Guard">Flight Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Guardian" title="Northrop Grumman Guardian">Northrop Grumman Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-portable_anti-tank_systems" title="Man-portable anti-tank systems">Man-portable anti-tank systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Portions of this article were taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/crsreports/crsdocuments/RL31741_02162006.pdf"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/crsreports/crsdocuments/RL31741_02162006.pdf">Homeland Security: Protecting Airliners from Terrorist Missiles<i></i></a><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swap.stanford.edu/20080605213757/http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/crsreports/crsdocuments/RL31741_02162006.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries" title="Stanford University Libraries">Stanford Web Archive</a>, CRS Report for Congress RL31741, February 16, 2006 by the Congressional Research Service, division of The Library of Congress which as a work of the Federal Government exists in the public domain.</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote 1 in original source (CRS RL31741): "Shoulder-fired SAMs have been used effectively in a variety of conflicts ranging from the Arab-Israeli Wars, Vietnam, the Iran-Iraq War, to the Falklands Conflict, as well as conflicts in Nicaragua, Yemen, Angola, and Uganda, the Chad-Libya Conflict, and the Balkans Conflict in the 1990s. Some analysts claim that Afghan mujahedin downed 269 Soviet aircraft using 340 shoulder-fired SAMs during the Soviet-Afghan War and that 12 of 29 Allied aircraft shot down during the 1991 Gulf War were downed by MANPADS."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRS1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRS1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CRS RL31741 page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade Bose, "Wassenaar Agreement Agrees on MANPADS Export Criteria", <i>Arms Control Today</i>, January/February 2001, p. 1., quoted in CRS RL31741</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/MANPADS/MANPADS.html">"MANPADS Proliferation - FAS"</a>. <i>Fas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831150206/http://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/MANPADS/MANPADS.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fas.org&rft.atitle=MANPADS+Proliferation+-+FAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fasmp%2Fcampaigns%2FMANPADS%2FMANPADS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan-portable+air-defense+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir021128_1_n.shtml">"Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis - Jane's 360"</a>. <i>Janes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060405042733/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir021128_1_n.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Janes.com&rft.atitle=Defence+%26+Security+Intelligence+%26+Analysis+-+Jane%27s+360&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Fsecurity%2Finternational_security%2Fnews%2Fjir%2Fjir021128_1_n.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan-portable+air-defense+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schaffer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schaffer_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaffer_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F-16.net&rft.atitle=Airframe+Details+for+F-16+%2384-1390&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f-16.net%2Faircraft-database%2FF-16%2Fairframe-profile%2F1720%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan-portable+air-defense+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3146139.stm">"UK: Igla missile's potent force"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208005624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3146139.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RayHaber+%7C+RaillyNews&rft.atitle=Delivery+of+PorSav+Very+Low+Altitude+Air+Defense+Missile+Starts&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raillynews.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fdeliveries-of-the-altitude-air-defense-missile-that-will-take-porsav-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan-portable+air-defense+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122552/https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-loose-shoot-and-scoot-missiles-and-the-threat-to-aviation">"The Loose "Shoot and Scoot" Missiles and the Threat to Aviation | the New Yorker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. 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Undated (published 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fas.org/irp/dia/manpads_components.pdf">https://fas.org/irp/dia/manpads_components.pdf</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man-portable_air-defense_system&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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