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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Gu%C3%A0n_(1000_w%C3%A9n)_-_Treasury_of_the_Ming_Dynasty_(1368-1399)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1_Gu%C3%A0n_%281000_w%C3%A9n%29_-_Treasury_of_the_Ming_Dynasty_%281368-1399%29_01.jpg/220px-1_Gu%C3%A0n_%281000_w%C3%A9n%29_-_Treasury_of_the_Ming_Dynasty_%281368-1399%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1_Gu%C3%A0n_%281000_w%C3%A9n%29_-_Treasury_of_the_Ming_Dynasty_%281368-1399%29_01.jpg/330px-1_Gu%C3%A0n_%281000_w%C3%A9n%29_-_Treasury_of_the_Ming_Dynasty_%281368-1399%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/1_Gu%C3%A0n_%281000_w%C3%A9n%29_-_Treasury_of_the_Ming_Dynasty_%281368-1399%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A banknote of 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)#Stringing_of_cash_coins" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">guàn</a></i> (or 1000 <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">wén</a></i>) issued between 1380 and the early 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Great Ming Treasure Note</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">大明宝钞</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">大明寶鈔</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dà míng bǎo chāo</span></i>) or <b>Da Ming Baochao</b> was a series of <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> issued during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. They were first issued in 1375 under the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>. Although initially the Great Ming Treasure Note paper money was successful, the fact that it was a <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">fiat currency</a> and that the government largely stopped accepting these notes caused the people to lose faith in them as a valid currency causing the price of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> relative to paper money to increase. The negative experiences with <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> that the Ming dynasty had witnessed signaled the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> to not repeat this mistake until the first Chinese banknotes after almost 400 years were issued again in response to the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a> during the mid-19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Ming_Treasure_Note&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precursor of <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a> (紙幣) known as "<a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">flying cash</a>" were issued by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>; however, these bills of exchange could in no way be considered to be a form of paper money as they were not meant to be a <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">medium of exchange</a> and were only negotiable between two distant points. The first true paper money in the world was issued under the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, these were <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory notes</a> issued by merchants in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhenzong" title="Emperor Zhenzong">Emperor Zhenzong</a> (997–1022) the government of the Song dynasty granted a monopoly for the production of Jiaozi notes to sixteen wealthy merchants in Sichuan, as these merchants were slow to redeem their banknotes and inflation started affecting these private banknotes the government <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalised</a> paper money in the year 1023 under the Bureau of Exchange. As these paper notes were backed by the government they were instantly successful and the people regarded them to be equally trustworthy as <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">cash coins</a>, other types of paper notes issued under the Song dynasty include the <a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> conquered China the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a> also issued paper money, the <a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a> (交鈔).<sup id="cite_ref-Inner_Mongolian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inner_Mongolian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–33">: 9–33 </span></sup> </p><p>Before the establishment of the Ming dynasty the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol people">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> had suffered from a severe case of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> which made the paper money issued by them worthless.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the reign of the Yuan dynasty <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">copper cash coins</a> remained in circulation with the inscriptions Zhida Tongbao (至大通寶), Dayuan Tongbao (大元通寶), and Zhizheng Tongbao (至正通寶) forming the majority of the circulating issues and "<a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">strings of cash coins</a>" remaining a currency unit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> then started to occupy a paramount place in the Mongol economy and was supplemented by government issued paper money.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> the Zhongtong Jiaochao (中統交鈔) was issued whose value was based on the fabric <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>. In the year 1271 the Zhiyuan Baochao (至元寶鈔) was issued which was supplemented with the silver-based Zhida Yinchao (至大銀鈔), but these circulated only for a year. The final series of paper money issued by the government of the Yuan dynasty from 1350 were the Zhizheng Jiaochao (至正交鈔). A major difference between how paper money was used under the Mongols and under the Song dynasty was that, in certain regions of the Yuan dynasty, paper notes were the only acceptable form of currency and <a href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">could not be exchanged in either copper cash coins or silver sycees</a>. Exchanging paper money into copper or silver was known as <i>duìxiàn</i> (兌現, "convert into specie") which was the main reason why earlier forms of paper money were deemed reliable. As these regions were completely dependent on paper money inflation hit them more severely as their notes could not be converted into a currency based on any intrinsic value, for this reason the Mongols allowed their subjects to continue using copper-alloy cash coins and issued new ones every now and then. During the last few decades of the Yuan dynasty the inflation caused people to lose their trust in paper money and <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> became the most common means of exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Ming_Treasure_Note&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Economy of the Ming dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing_plate_for_the_Ming_one_string_banknote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Printing_plate_for_the_Ming_one_string_banknote.jpg/220px-Printing_plate_for_the_Ming_one_string_banknote.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Printing_plate_for_the_Ming_one_string_banknote.jpg/330px-Printing_plate_for_the_Ming_one_string_banknote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Printing_plate_for_the_Ming_one_string_banknote.jpg/440px-Printing_plate_for_the_Ming_one_string_banknote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>A printing plate used for the production of 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)#Stringing_of_cash_coins" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">guàn</a></i> banknotes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first banknotes of the Ming dynasty bore the reign title of the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> and were issued in the year 1375, a year prior he created the Supervisorate of Paper Money (寶鈔提舉司, <i>bǎo chāo tí jǔ sī</i>) to supervise their production.<sup id="cite_ref-GoogleArtProject_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleArtProject-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial series of the Great Ming Tongxing Baochao (大明通行寶鈔, <i>dà míng tōng xíng bǎo chāo</i>) were made of <a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">mulberry bark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notes with the denomination of 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)#Stringing_of_cash_coins" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">guàn</a></i> could be exchanged for one thousand <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> cash coins throughout all of the Ming Empire, this was illustrated by an image of a string of bronze cash coins split into ten segments, smaller denominations contained images fewer segments of the string and were issued in 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 <i>wén</i>. The size of the 1 <i>guàn</i> was 36.4 × 22 cm making them the biggest paper notes ever produced in the history of China. All paper notes from this first series of the Great Ming Treasure Note contained the inscription that they were a valid currency issued by the Palace Secretariat (中書省, <i>zhōng shū shěng</i>), other texts explained that forgers would face punishment and those that expose these counterfeiters shall receive a high reward, finally the date of issuance would written with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">nianhao (or reign era)</a> first, then followed the Chinese characters for year, month, and day.<sup id="cite_ref-GoogleArtProject_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleArtProject-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to the paper money issued by the Song and Yuan dynasties, the Great Ming Treasure Note didn't have any geographical restrictions imposed upon them, nor did they have an <a href="/wiki/Expiration_date" title="Expiration date">expiration date</a>. Paper notes issued by the Ming dynasty contained the text that they would circulate forever, possibly reflecting the idea that the Ming state would be there to accept these banknotes forever as well.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC72_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC72-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Ming Treasure Note also wasn't backed by any forms of <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> or reserves and the government never set any limitations on their production. These circumstances all lead to the paper currency of the Ming dynasty to start suffering from <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, in the year 1376 new legislation was introduced to remove older more worn out notes from circulation by having them replaced for new banknotes at the cost of a fee known as "Gongmofei" (工墨費, <i>gōng mò fèi</i>) which was set at 30 <i>wén</i> per paper note. However, in the year 1380 a new law restricted the replacement of paper notes which were unreadable, this caused the people to accept these older banknotes at reduced value, during this time the government stopped accepting worn out banknotes and in some cases didn't even accept banknotes which frustrated the people. During this period the government of the Ming dynasty only threw more banknotes on the market in various forms such as military salaries (軍餉, <i>jūn xiǎng</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while they themselves hardly accepted or replaced any existing paper money causing the people to lose trust in the Great Ming Treasure Note. In the year 1380, the Imperial Secretariat was abolished, and the Ministry of Revenue (戶部, <i>hù bù</i>) was made responsible for the manufacture of the Great Ming Treasure Note paper notes, the Ministry of Works (工部, <i>gōng bù</i>) for that of the copper-alloy <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a> cash coins.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1389 the government of the Ming dynasty released treasury notes with lower denominations "as a help to the people" (以便民用) and improve internal trade, these were the denominations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 <i>wén</i> and depicted unstrung cash coins. Under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> the Great Ming Treasure Note was fixed to be the exclusive valid paper money for the rest of the dynasty and because of this the paper currency of the Ming would see no further alterations or reforms. </p><p>Overprinting led to severe hyperinflation and distrust of paper currency. The <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Emperor" title="Hongzhi Emperor">Hongzhi Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor" title="Zhengde Emperor">Zhengde Emperor</a> abolished the production and use of banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Inner_Mongolian_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inner_Mongolian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> In the year 1535, 1 <i>guàn</i> of paper money rather than being exchanged for 1000 copper-alloy cash coins was valued at only 0.28th of a coin.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalBankofBelgium_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalBankofBelgium-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposal was made in 1643 to reintroduce paper money in order to finance the expenditures caused by <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">the difficult situation</a> that the Ming dynasty faced at the time confronted by the rebel <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtCo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtCo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> planted a small stand of mulberry trees as an homage to these banknotes in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC72_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC72-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_specimens">Surviving specimens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Ming_Treasure_Note&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surviving specimens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%B3%E9%88%94_%E9%8A%AD%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E6%96%87%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%B3%E9%88%94_%E9%8A%AD%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E6%96%87%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3.jpg/220px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%B3%E9%88%94_%E9%8A%AD%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E6%96%87%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%B3%E9%88%94_%E9%8A%AD%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E6%96%87%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3.jpg/330px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%B3%E9%88%94_%E9%8A%AD%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E6%96%87%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%B3%E9%88%94_%E9%8A%AD%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E6%96%87%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3.jpg/440px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%B3%E9%88%94_%E9%8A%AD%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E6%96%87%E7%B4%99%E5%B9%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Da-Ming Tongxing Baochao (大明通行寳鈔) banknote on display at the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Tokyo-Mitsubishi_UFJ_Money_Museum" title="Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Money Museum">Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Money Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Note its size compared to modern <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollar</a> banknotes.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 20th century two discoveries were made where a large number of 1 <i>guàn</i> Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes were uncovered, the first of these discoveries occurred in the year 1900 when foreign forces occupied the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. During the occupation a number of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> had overthrown a sacred image of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> which uncovered a large number of gold and silver ingots alongside various gems and jewelry and a bundle of 1 <i>guàn</i> Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes, as these European soldiers were happy with the gems and <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> they acquired they handed the bundle of banknotes to <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> Surgeon Major <a href="/wiki/Louis_Livingston_Seaman" title="Louis Livingston Seaman">Louis Livingston Seaman</a>, who was a bystander and only unofficially present. Louis Seaman gave the bundle of banknotes to the museum of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University,_Shanghai" title="St. John's University, Shanghai">St. John's College</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. One of these banknotes was reproduced as a lithographic facsimile in the book <i><a href="/wiki/File:The_trade_and_administration_of_China_by_Hosea_Ballou_Morse_(1920).pdf" title="File:The trade and administration of China by Hosea Ballou Morse (1920).pdf">The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire</a></i> written by <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Ballou_Morse" title="Hosea Ballou Morse">Hosea Ballou Morse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheTradeandAdministrationofChina_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTradeandAdministrationofChina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another batch of 1 <i>guàn</i> banknotes was discovered when sometime in the year 1936 one of the walls surrounding the city of Beijing was torn down. When the labourers got to the huge gate in the wall, they uncovered a large bale of 1 <i>guàn</i> Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes which was buried in the wall itself. After the labourers removed the soiled and damaged notes, they started selling the banknotes to bystanders standing around them. The labourers only sold them for a few copper coins each which would only amount to a couple of cents in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">American currency</a> at the time. One of the bystandards who purchased one of these Great Ming Treasure Note notes was <a href="/wiki/Luther_Carrington_Goodrich" title="Luther Carrington Goodrich">Luther Carrington Goodrich</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yenching_University" title="Yenching University">Yenching University</a> who purchased two specimens for only a couple of coppers who later gave it to his friend Reverend Ballou who wrote about the account.<sup id="cite_ref-TheCurrencyCollector2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCurrencyCollector2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Sandrock relies in his paper heavily on the ''Ch'uan Pu T'ung Chih'' which is a work that contains a lot of fantasy banknotes designed to trick modern collectors, while his claims related to surviving specimens are based on more reliable modern sources. Note that no Later Zhou, Qara-Khitay, or Western Xia banknote has ever been recorded. (May 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to these circumstances it's relatively easy for modern <a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">collectors of banknotes and paper money</a> to acquire the 1 <i>guàn</i> banknotes which are the only pre-Qing Chinese banknotes available on the market. </p><p>A handful of notes from other denominations survive as they were issued only during the reign of the first emperor. These notes as well as printing plates for denominations that have no known surviving notes are held in Chinese museums.<sup id="cite_ref-Inner_Mongolian_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inner_Mongolian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016 art experts at Mossgreen's Auctions, a former auction house with a reputation for deceiving its bidders,<sup id="cite_ref-MossgreenIsFake_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MossgreenIsFake-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were reported to have found an anachronistic 1 <i>guàn</i> Great Ming Treasure Note banknote hidden inside of a 1-inch fold of a wooden <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">luohan</a> sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FoxNews_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoxNews-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this specimen later turned out to be fraudulent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Ming_Treasure_Note&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/57026-ming-dynasty-banknote-found-inside-sculpture.html">"Stashed Cash: Rare Ming Dynasty Banknote Found Inside Chinese Sculpture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Stashed+Cash%3A+Rare+Ming+Dynasty+Banknote+Found+Inside+Chinese+Sculpture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F57026-ming-dynasty-banknote-found-inside-sculpture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glahn, Richard von (2006). "Re-Examining the Authenticity of Song Paper Money Specimens", Journal of Song-Yuan Studies, 36: 79-106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, Chau-Nan, Chang Pin-Tsun, Chen, Shikuan. "The Sung and Ming Paper Monies: Currency Competition and Currency Bubbles", Journal of Macroeconomics, 17/2: 273-288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inner_Mongolian-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inner_Mongolian_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inner_Mongolian_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inner_Mongolian_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Inner_Mongolian" class="citation book cs1">The Inner Mongolian Numismatic Research Institute (1992). <i>A Compilation of Pictures of Chinese Ancient Paper Money</i> (Bilingual ed.). Beijing: The China Finance Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5049-0861-4" title="Special:BookSources/7-5049-0861-4"><bdi>7-5049-0861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compilation+of+Pictures+of+Chinese+Ancient+Paper+Money&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=Bilingual&rft.pub=The+China+Finance+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=7-5049-0861-4&rft.au=The+Inner+Mongolian+Numismatic+Research+Institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernholz, Peter (1997). "Paper Money Inflation, Prices, Gresham's Law and Exchange Rates in Ming China", Kredit und Kapital, 30/1: 35-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glahn, Richard von (2010). "Monies of Account and Monetary Transition in China, Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 53/3: 463-505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yang, Lien-Sheng (1975). "Monetary Terms in Chinese History", T'ung Pao: Journal of the Society for Oriental Numismatics, 1/2: 47-54 [reprinted from Chinese Culture, 1/4 (1958)].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, Kangying (2007). "A Study on the Song, Yuan and Ming Monetary Policies against the Context of Worldwide Hard Currency Flows during the 11th-16th Centuries, and their Impact on Ming Institutions and Changes", in Angela Schottenhammer, ed. The East Asian Maritime World 1400-1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz), 99-136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, S. Wells (1975). "Paper Money among the Chinese", T'ung Pao: Journal of the Society for Oriental Numismatics, 1/2: 38-40 [reprinted from The Chinese Repository, 20 (1851)].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoogleArtProject-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoogleArtProject_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoogleArtProject_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Arts & Culture</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/chinese-ming-banknote/7QEZmpS7JvAuUA?avm=4">Chinese Ming Banknote</a> from the collection of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Retrieved: 14 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_projects/complete_projects/ming_dynasty_paper_money.aspx">Ming dynasty paper money: scientific analysis -The inclusion of a fourteenth-century Ming note in “A History of the World in 100 Objects” has brought unprecedented attention to these objects</a> by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Wang" title="Helen Wang">Helen Wang</a>. Retrieved: 14 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC72-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC72_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC72_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode72/">"Episode 72 - Ming banknote"</a>. <i>A history of the world (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>)/</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+history+of+the+world+%28BBC+in+cooperation+with+the+British+Museum%29%2F&rft.atitle=Episode+72+-+Ming+banknote.&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fahistoryoftheworld%2Fabout%2Ftranscripts%2Fepisode72%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF游宇明2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">游宇明 (19 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2014/0819/c372329-25496409.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"大明寶鈔"七十年內貶值一百倍說明了什麼？"</a> (in Chinese (China)). people.cn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%B6%E9%88%94%22%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A7%E8%B2%B6%E5%80%BC%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%80%8D%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E%E4%BA%86%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%EF%BC%9F.&rft.pub=people.cn&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.au=%E6%B8%B8%E5%AE%87%E6%98%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.people.com.cn%2FBIG5%2Fn%2F2014%2F0819%2Fc372329-25496409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgePaperMoney_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich_Theobald2016" class="citation web cs1">Ulrich Theobald (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/papermoney.html">"Paper Money in Premodern China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinaknowledge" title="Chinaknowledge">Chinaknowledge</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paper+Money+in+Premodern+China.&rft.pub=Chinaknowledge&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.au=Ulrich+Theobald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fpapermoney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalBankofBelgium-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalBankofBelgium_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanneem2007" class="citation web cs1">Danneem (5 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2007/09/chinese-invention.htm">"Paper money, a Chinese invention? - First paper, then paper money. This is pure logic. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paper+money%2C+a+Chinese+invention%3F+-+First+paper%2C+then+paper+money.+This+is+pure+logic.+It+is+hardly+surprising+that+the+first+notes+or+better%2C+the+first+paper+money%2C+appeared+in+China.+With+the+invention+of+paper+and+printing+on+its+account%2C+this+country+was+almost+destined+to+produce+the+first+paper+money.&rft.pub=National+Bank+of+Belgium+Museum&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft.au=Danneem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbbmuseum.be%2Fen%2F2007%2F09%2Fchinese-invention.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThoughtCo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtCo_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallie_Szczepanski2017" class="citation web cs1">Kallie Szczepanski (8 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-paper-money-195167">"The Invention of Paper Money - History of Chinese Currency"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Mossgreen+director+Paul+Sumner+rejects+claims+collapsed+auction+house+was+a+%27ponzi+scheme%27.&rft.date=2018-05-06&rft.au=Jessica+Longbottom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmobile.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-05-06%2Fpaul-sumner-mossgreens-collapse-and-the-drysdale-painting%2F9726134%3Fpfmredir%3Dsm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoxNews-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FoxNews_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/science/stashed-cash-rare-ming-dynasty-banknote-found-inside-chinese-sculpture">"Stashed cash: Rare Ming Dynasty banknote found inside Chinese sculpture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> (originally published at <a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>)</i>. 2 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+%28originally+published+at+Live+Science%29.&rft.atitle=Stashed+cash%3A+Rare+Ming+Dynasty+banknote+found+inside+Chinese+sculpture.&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fscience%2Fstashed-cash-rare-ming-dynasty-banknote-found-inside-chinese-sculpture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Ming+Treasure+Note" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Ming_Treasure_Note&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). <i>Cast Chinese Coins</i>. <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Trafford Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412054669" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412054669">978-1412054669</a>.</li> <li>Huang Da (黃達), Liu Hongru (劉鴻儒), Zhang Xiao (張肖), ed. (1990). Zhongguo jinrong baike quanshu (中國金融百科全書) (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>: Jingji guanli chubanshe), Vol. 1, 94.</li> <li>Wu Chouzhong (吳籌中) (1993). "Zhongguo gudai zhibi (中國古代紙幣)", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu (中國大百科全書), Wenwu boguguan (文物·博物館) (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), 784.</li> <li>Xie Tianyu (謝天宇), ed. (2005). Zhongguo qianbi shoucang yu jianshang quanshu (中國錢幣收藏與鑒賞全書) (<a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>: Tianjin guji chubanshe), Vol. 2, 506, 508.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Ta-Ching_Government_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank">Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_(1941)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281941%29_01.jpg/75px-1_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281941%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281941%29_01.jpg/113px-1_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281941%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281941%29_01.jpg/150px-1_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281941%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privately produced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuangpiao" title="Zhuangpiao">Zhuangpiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_series_of_the_renminbi" title="First series of the renminbi">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Second series of the renminbi">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Third series of the renminbi">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fourth series of the renminbi">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fifth series of the renminbi">5th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_new_Taiwan_dollar_banknote" title="Fifth series of the new Taiwan dollar banknote">5th series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_one-cent_note" title="Hong Kong one-cent note">1¢</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_five-cent_note" title="Hong Kong five-cent note">5¢</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_ten-cent_note" title="Hong Kong ten-cent note">10¢</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_one-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong one-dollar note">$1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_five-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong five-dollar note">$5</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_ten-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong ten-dollar note">$10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_twenty-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong twenty-dollar note">$20</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_twenty_five-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong twenty five-dollar note">$25</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_fifty-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong fifty-dollar note">$50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_one_hundred-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong one hundred-dollar note">$100</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_one_hundred_and_fifty-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong one hundred and fifty-dollar note">$150</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_five_hundred-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong five hundred-dollar note">$500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_one_thousand-dollar_note" title="Hong Kong one thousand-dollar note">$1000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numismatic_charm" title="Chinese numismatic charm">Exonumia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Taiwanese_stimulus_coupons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">stimulus coupons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROC_consumer_voucher" title="ROC consumer voucher">ROC consumer voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Stimulus_Voucher" title="Triple Stimulus Voucher">Triple Stimulus Voucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">List of Chinese inventions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="History of the Ming dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1435)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Mian_rebellion" title="Wu Mian rebellion">Wu Mian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Mong_Mao_War_(1386%E2%80%931388)" title="Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)">Ming–Mong Mao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">Campaign against the Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buir_Lake" title="Battle of Buir Lake">Battle of Buir Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Kuan_rebellion" title="Lin Kuan rebellion">Lin Kuan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_Ganmeng_rebellion" title="Dao Ganmeng rebellion">Dao Ganmeng rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan_campaign" title="Jingnan campaign">Jingnan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">Ming–Turpan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" title="Ming conquest of Đại Ngu">Ming–Đại Ngu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang_(1407)" title="Battle of Palembang (1407)">Battle of Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherlen" title="Battle of Kherlen">Battle of Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">Campaigns against the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Ren_and_Xuan" title="Reign of Ren and Xuan">Reign of Ren and Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1435–1572)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luchuan%E2%80%93Pingmian_campaigns" title="Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns">Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">Tumu Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Beijing" title="Defense of Beijing">Defense of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Cao_Qin" title="Rebellion of Cao Qin">Rebellion of Cao Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_rebellions_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty">Miao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Anhua_rebellion" title="Prince of Anhua rebellion">Prince of Anhua rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Ning_rebellion" title="Prince of Ning rebellion">Prince of Ning rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Capture of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Ming_China" title="Japanese missions to Ming China">Japanese missions to Ming China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_incident" title="Ningbo incident">Ningbo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rites_Controversy" title="Great Rites Controversy">Great Rites Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_plot_of_Renyin_year" title="Palace plot of Renyin year">Renyin plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement" title="Luso-Chinese agreement">Luso-Chinese agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_whip_law" title="Single whip law">Single whip law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1572–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification#Jianzhou_war" title="Jurchen unification">Jianzhou war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou_rebellion" title="Bozhou rebellion">Bozhou rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_campaign_(1592)" title="Ordos campaign (1592)">Ordos campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_movement" title="Donglin movement">Donglin movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarh%C5%AB" title="Battle of Sarhū">Sarhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-An_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="She-An Rebellion">She-An Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions" title="Late Ming peasant rebellions">Peasant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiashen_Incident" title="Jiashen Incident">Jiashen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Ming dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(late)#Ming_dynasty_and_Southern_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">House of Zhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Princes of the Ming dynasty">Princes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vassal_prince_peerages_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of vassal prince peerages of the Ming dynasty">Vassal prince</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou#Ming_dynasty" title="Futou">Fotou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military of the Ming dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenjiying" title="Shenjiying">Shenjiying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military conquests of the Ming dynasty">Military conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Garrisons_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty">Nine Garrisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Frontiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_under_Ming_rule" title="Yunnan under Ming rule">Yunnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Compilations and Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-word_Eulogy" title="The Hundred-word Eulogy">The Hundred-word Eulogy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang-Ming_Zuxun" title="Huang-Ming Zuxun">Huang-Ming Zuxun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" title="Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty">Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Ming Veritable Records</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces and Mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_Palace" title="Chaotian Palace">Chaotian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Xiaoling">Ming Xiaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Ancestors_Mausoleum" title="Ming Ancestors Mausoleum">Ming Ancestors Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society and Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_poetry" title="Ming poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_in_Ming_China" title="Musicians in Ming China">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquerware_table" title="Chinese lacquerware table">Chinese lacquerware table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_presentation_porcelain" title="Ming presentation porcelain">Ming presentation porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_jar_with_carp_design" title="Covered jar with carp design">Covered jar with carp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongning_Temple_Stele" title="Yongning Temple Stele">Yongning Temple Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples#Ming_dynasty_Tai_history" title="Tai peoples">Tai history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Tongbao" title="Yongle Tongbao">Yongle Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template talk:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Currencies of China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency" title="History of Chinese currency">History of Chinese currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription" title="List of Chinese cash coins by inscription">List of Chinese cash coins by inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">By period (before 1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_coinage" title="Zhou dynasty coinage">Zhou dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_coinage" title="Han dynasty coinage">Han dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty_coinage" title="Xin dynasty coinage">Xin dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang_coinage" title="Southern Tang coinage">Southern Tang coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty_coinage" title="Liao dynasty coinage">Liao dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Shu_coinage" title="Da Shu coinage">Da Shu coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty_coinage" title="Southern Song dynasty coinage">Southern Song dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_coinage" title="Western Xia coinage">Western Xia coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_coinage_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Qi_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Qi coinage">Da Qi coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Yuan dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Ming dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Qing dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengbao_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengbao (currency)">Shengbao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha_coinage" title="Kucha coinage">Kucha coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_yuan" title="Manchukuo yuan">Manchukuo yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang_yuan" title="Mengjiang yuan">Mengjiang yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_coins" title="Xinjiang coins">Xinjiang coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_of_the_Red_Army_Command" title="Yuan of the Red Army Command">Yuan of the Red Army Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money#East,_South_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Shell money">Cowrie shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Bei" title="Tong Bei">Tong Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant-nose_coin" title="Ant-nose coin">Ant-nose coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_money" title="Knife money">Knife money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Yuan" title="Ying Yuan">Ying Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade_money" title="Spade money">Spade money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Cash coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">Strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Liang" title="Ban Liang">Ban Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhu" title="Wu Zhu">Wu Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">Sycee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Dragon_(coin)" title="Silver Dragon (coin)">Silver Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing and casting process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_coin" title="Mother coin">Mother coin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor coin">Ancestor coin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">Cash <i>(wén)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">Candareen <i>(fēn)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(unit)" title="Mace (unit)">Mace <i>(qián)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">Tael <i>(liǎng)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical exonumia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numismatic_charm" title="Chinese numismatic charm">Charms and amulets (Yansheng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_coin" title="Horse coin">Horse coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_protector_coin" title="Vault protector coin">Vault protector coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaona_Xinbao" title="Zhaona Xinbao">Zhaona Xinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_tally" title="Bamboo tally">Bamboo tally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_token_(alternative_currency)" title="Chinese token (alternative currency)">Token</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_customs_gold_unit" title="Chinese customs gold unit">Customs gold unit</a></li> <li>Fabi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Taiwan_dollar" title="Old Taiwan dollar">Old Taiwan dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gold_yuan" title="Chinese gold yuan">Chinese gold yuan</a></li> <li>Silver dollar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_new_Taiwan_dollar_banknote" title="Fifth series of the new Taiwan dollar banknote">5th</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_series_of_the_renminbi" title="First series of the renminbi">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Second series of the renminbi">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Third series of the renminbi">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fourth series of the renminbi">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fifth series of the renminbi">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_renminbi" title="Digital renminbi">Digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Ming_Treasure_Note&oldid=1256464020">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Ming_Treasure_Note&oldid=1256464020</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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