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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_and_military_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_military_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Political and military pressure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_military_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firebombing_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firebombing_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Firebombing research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firebombing_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Target selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Gomorrah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Gomorrah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Operation Gomorrah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation_Gomorrah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation Gomorrah subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation_Gomorrah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_RAF_raid_24/25_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_RAF_raid_24/25_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 First RAF raid 24/25 July </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_RAF_raid_24/25_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_USAAF_raid_25_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_USAAF_raid_25_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 First USAAF raid 25 July </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_USAAF_raid_25_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_USAAF_raid_26_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_USAAF_raid_26_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Second USAAF raid 26 July </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_USAAF_raid_26_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_RAF_raid_27/28_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_RAF_raid_27/28_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Second RAF raid 27/28 July </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_RAF_raid_27/28_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_RAF_raid_29/30_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_RAF_raid_29/30_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Third RAF raid 29/30 July </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_RAF_raid_29/30_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_RAF_raid_2/3_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_RAF_raid_2/3_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Fourth RAF raid 2/3 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_RAF_raid_2/3_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_Operation_Gomorrah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_Operation_Gomorrah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Overview Operation Gomorrah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_Operation_Gomorrah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Military consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_press_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_press_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Contemporary press reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_press_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bombing of Hamburg in World War II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasie_Gomorrha" title="Operasie Gomorrha – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Operasie Gomorrha" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قصف هامبورغ في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصف هامبورغ في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Бомбардировки на Хамбург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бомбардировки на Хамбург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberiadur-brezel_Gomorrah" title="Oberiadur-brezel Gomorrah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oberiadur-brezel Gomorrah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_Gomorra" title="Operació Gomorra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Operació Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Gomora" title="Operace Gomora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Gomora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardementet_af_Hamborg_under_2._verdenskrig" title="Bombardementet af Hamborg under 2. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bombardementet af Hamborg under 2. verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gomorrha" title="Operation Gomorrha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Gomorrha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%93%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Επιχείρηση Γόμορρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιχείρηση Γόμορρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Gomorra" title="Operación Gomorra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardado_de_Hamburgo_dum_la_Dua_Mondmilito" title="Bombardado de Hamburgo dum la Dua Mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bombardado de Hamburgo dum la Dua Mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomorra_operazioa" title="Gomorra operazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gomorra operazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="بمباران هامبورگ در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بمباران هامبورگ در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Gomorrhe" title="Opération Gomorrhe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Gomorrhe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B0%84%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%A8%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%ED%8F%AD%EA%B2%A9" title="제2차 세계 대전 기간의 함부르크 폭격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전 기간의 함부르크 폭격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeboman_Hamburg_selama_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Pengeboman Hamburg selama Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengeboman Hamburg selama Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Gomorrah" title="Operazione Gomorrah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Gomorrah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ოპერაცია გომორა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერაცია გომორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_bomb%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa" title="Hamburg bombázása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamburg bombázása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardement_op_Hamburg" title="Bombardement op Hamburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bombardement op Hamburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2" title="ハンブルク空襲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンブルク空襲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasjon_Gomorrah" title="Operasjon Gomorrah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Operasjon Gomorrah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Gomora" title="Operacja Gomora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Gomora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Gomorra" title="Operação Gomorra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бомбардировка Гамбурга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бомбардировка Гамбурга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaatio_Gomorrah" title="Operaatio Gomorrah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Operaatio Gomorrah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombningarna_av_Hamburg_under_andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Bombningarna av Hamburg under andra världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bombningarna av Hamburg under andra världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&params=53_33_3_N_9_59_37_E_">53°33′3″N 9°59′37″E / 53.55083°N 9.99361°E / 53.55083; 9.99361</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bombing of Hamburg</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing during World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/300px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/450px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg/600px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1772" /></a> Aftermath in the <a href="/wiki/Eilbek" title="Eilbek">Eilbek</a> district of Hamburg. This picture was taken after much of the rubble had been cleared, probably after <a href="/wiki/VE_day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE day">VE day</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 September 1939 – 14 April 1945</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg, Germany">Hamburg</a>, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&params=53_33_3_N_9_59_37_E_">53°33′3″N 9°59′37″E / 53.55083°N 9.99361°E / 53.55083; 9.99361</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><img alt="" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Up to 104 aircraft shot down</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Up to 40,000 people killed</td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure. As a large city and industrial centre, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyards</a>, <a href="/wiki/U-boat_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat pen">U-boat pens</a>, and the Hamburg-Harburg area <a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">oil refineries</a> were attacked throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1992149-1">[1]</a> As part of a sustained campaign of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing during World War II</a>, the attack during the last week of July 1943, code named Operation Gomorrah, created one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorms</a> raised by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> in World War II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2006-2">[2]</a> killing an estimated 37,000 people in Hamburg,<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-3">[3]</a> wounding 180,000 more,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and destroying 60% of the city's houses.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-3">[3]</a> Hamburg was selected as a target because it was considered particularly susceptible to attack with incendiaries, which, from the experience of <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, were known to inflict more damage than just high explosive bombs. Hamburg also contained a high number of targets supporting the German war effort and was relatively easy for navigators to find. Careful research was done on behalf of both the RAF and USAAF to discover the optimum mix of high explosives and incendiaries. Before the development of the firestorm in Hamburg, there had been no rain for some time and everything was very dry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005a-4">[4]</a> The unusually warm weather and good conditions ensured that the bombing was highly concentrated around the intended targets, and helped the resulting conflagration create a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which became a 460-metre-high (1,510 ft) tornado of fire. Various other previously used techniques and devices were instrumental as well, such as <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">area bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H2S_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="H2S radar">H2S radar</a>, which came together to work with particular effectiveness. An early form of <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(radar_countermeasure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaff (radar countermeasure)">chaff</a>, code named "Window", was successfully used for the first time by the RAF – clouds of aluminium foil strips dropped by Pathfinders as well as the initial bomber stream – in order to completely cloud German radar. The raids inflicted severe damage to German armaments production in Hamburg. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> The name Gomorrah comes from that of one of the two Canaanite cities of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> whose destruction is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>: "Then the Lord rained <a href="/wiki/Fire_and_brimstone" title="Fire and brimstone">brimstone and fire</a> on Sodom and Gomorrah, from the Lord out of the heavens." – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 19:24 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_military_pressure">Political and military pressure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political and military pressure">edit</a>]</div> RAF Bomber Command had made raids on Germany from the early days of World War II. Initially, only military targets were attacked. Navigation to the target over a blacked-out wartime landscape was extremely poor, as was bombing accuracy if the target city (let alone the actual military target) could be found. Consequently bombing operations were very open to criticism as a waste of resources, since such poor results were achieved. The extent of this failure was exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">War Cabinet</a> in August 1941 by the <a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report</a>, which by analysing 600 photographs of raids in the previous three months, found that only a third of crews that claimed to have reached their targets had actually dropped their bombs within five miles (8.0 km) of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199230–31-5">[5]</a> Opinion on targeting steadily shifted as the war progressed, and by November 1940, the view was developing that the civilian population of Germany was a legitimate target in "<a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>". By June 1941, RAF thinking had been reversed from seeing any civilian casualties as collateral damage when attacking a military target, to deliberately targeting civilians in an attempt to destroy their morale. This was expected to reduce industrial production and therefore hinder the German war effort. The target was no longer factories, but the people who worked in them and their homes in the surrounding area. This became known as "<a href="/wiki/Area_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Area bombing">area bombing</a>". This change was not driven by the inaccuracy of bombing at this stage, but by studying which aspects of the German <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">Blitz</a> on Britain had had most effect. Factories had been found to be relatively difficult to destroy, but workers needed somewhere to live, and their housing was much more easily made unusable. The absenteeism of de-housed workers was considered to have a bigger effect on industrial production than the level of damage that could be caused, with the same effort, to the factories in which they worked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013255–259-6">[6]</a> Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur "Bomber" Harris</a> had taken charge of the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> in February 1942. In the same month, the USAAF <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">8th Bomber Command</a> set up a headquarters in the United Kingdom ready for the deployment of American units to Britain. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> was optimistic that bombing had war-winning potential, despite his appeal to Hitler in September 1939 to avoid bombing civilians. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was similarly enthusiastic to bomb Germany. This gave both air forces the political support to deal, at this stage, with criticism of their ineffectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013280,_282,_284-7">[7]</a> The build up of the 8th Bomber Command was slow and though some small scale raids were made in France during the latter half of 1942, capability to attack Germany was not obtained until 1943. The British resources were also limited. The Western Allies had had to tell the Soviet Union that any idea of opening a second front in Europe in the summer of 1942 was unfeasible. The only thing Churchill had to offer <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> was a bombing campaign against Germany. This was hard for the RAF to deliver, but it meant that the bombing of Germany could not be abandoned, so Harris would ultimately get the heavy bombers needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013296-8">[8]</a> By the time of the big raid on Hamburg at the end of July 1943, both air forces needed a significant success to justify their existence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firebombing_research">Firebombing research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Firebombing research">edit</a>]</div> Britain's experience of being bombed in the Blitz had contributed to the RAF's thinking on how to conduct a bombing campaign. It had become clear that incendiaries could inflict much more damage than high explosive bombs. Detailed study of this was carried out by the Research and Experiment unit, RE8, (set up in November 1941). The details of how German houses were constructed were examined and tests were carried out on models to determine how effective an incendiary attack would be. The precise ratio of high explosive bombs and incendiaries was calculated. The high explosive was to blow out windows and make fire fighting dangerous. High explosive bombs with delayed action fuses were included in the mix to further suppress any fire fighting effort. The quantity of incendiaries delivered had to be high enough to totally overwhelm any fire fighting capability, so that a <a href="/wiki/Conflagration" title="Conflagration">conflagration</a> could become established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013327–331-9">[9]</a> The Americans took a high level of interest in the British research on the effect of incendiaries. American expertise and experiments added to the planning of fire bombing raids. Despite belief to the contrary, US aircraft also carried a carefully considered mix of high explosive and incendiary bombs. Large quantities of US-made oil-based incendiaries went into service with the 8th Bomber Command shortly before the Hamburg raid – this was preferred by the Americans to the 4 lb (1.8 kg) <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>-cased <a href="/wiki/Thermite" title="Thermite">thermite</a> bomb used by the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013327–331-9">[9]</a> It is clear that the effectiveness of the Hamburg raid relied to a large extent on the careful research on how best to cause a large fire in a German city – as opposed to the popular view that it was some sort of accidental occurrence due to unusual weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013327-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_selection">Target selection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Target selection">edit</a>]</div> A number of factors led to Hamburg being chosen for the planned firebombing raid. The construction of the city meant its vulnerability was considered "outstanding". It was Germany's second largest city. The city's shipbuilding industry made it a priority target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnemy_Branch1944303–328-11">[11]</a> It also had more industrial targets of interest to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Warfare">Ministry of Economic Warfare</a> than most other German cities. It was reasonably close to the bomber bases in Britain, so giving a short flight, with less exposure to anti-aircraft fire and fighters. Hamburg's position, close to the coast and on a prominent river made the target easy to find.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013327,_331-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Gomorrah">Operation Gomorrah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation Gomorrah">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II%22">"Bombing of Hamburg in World War II"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_on_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Attack_on_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Attack_on_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Attack_on_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Attack_on_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Attack_on_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Attack_on_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> over Hamburg, 30/31 January 1943</figcaption></figure> Operation Gomorrah, was a campaign of air raids which began on 24 July 1943 and lasted for eight days and seven nights. It was at the time the heaviest assault in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_aerial_warfare" title="History of aerial warfare">history of aerial warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENA_staff2009-13">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Before July 1943, RAF Bomber Command's focus had been on the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> industrial region which had been the target of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">a five-month-long campaign</a>. Operation Gomorrah was carried out by RAF Bomber Command (including <a href="/wiki/RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RCAF">RCAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF">RAAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Forces_in_France_and_Great_Britain" title="Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain">Polish</a> Squadrons) and the <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> Eighth Air Force. The British conducted night raids and the USAAF daylight raids. The initial attack on Hamburg included two new introductions to the British planning: they used "Window", later known as <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a>, to confuse the German radar, while the <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathfinder Force">Pathfinder Force</a> aircraft, which normally kept radio silence, reported the winds they encountered, and this information was processed and relayed to the bomber force navigators. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_RAF_raid_24/25_July">First RAF raid 24/25 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First RAF raid 24/25 July">edit</a>]</div> The first raid on Hamburg was planned for the night of 23 July, but the raid was delayed by one day because of bad weather. Between 21:45 and 23:00[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] on 24 July 791 bombers<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> took off from their airfields. At 00:57 Pathfinder aircraft, guided only by <a href="/wiki/H2S_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="H2S radar">H2S radar</a>, started to drop yellow <a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">target indicators</a> and flares. This was followed by others dropping red target indicators visually by the light of the flares. <a href="/wiki/No._35_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 35 Squadron RAF">No. 35 Squadron</a> led the target marking and, thanks to the clear weather and H2S radar, accuracy was good, with markers falling close to the aiming point scattered over five districts. At 01:02 the main force started to bomb; this continued until 01:50 in six waves. Less than half of the bombers dropped their bombs within a three mile radius of the aiming point. Around Hamburg the Germans had lit red decoy fires which caused a hundred bombers to bomb those in error. Still, large areas were set on fire in the five districts marked by the Pathfinders. During the raid a large (6-mile) <a href="/wiki/Creepback" title="Creepback">creepback</a> developed which saved the city centre from catastrophe but caused other districts to the north to be set on fire as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983121–171-15">[14]</a> While some 40,000 firemen were available to tackle fires, control of their resources was damaged when the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> caught fire and rubble blocked the passage of fire engines through the city streets;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005250-16">[15]</a> fires were still burning three days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005252-17">[16]</a> During the early stages of the raid, some bombs fell on the <a href="/wiki/Blohm%2BVoss" title="Blohm+Voss">Blohm and Voss</a> shipyard, where three <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> were destroyed: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1011" title="German submarine U-1011">U-1011</a> and U-1012 were hit on their <a href="/wiki/Slipway" title="Slipway">slipways</a> and never repaired, and U-996 sank at the dockside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohwer2005264-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983167-19">[18]</a> The local police estimated the number of deaths at 1500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983172-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_USAAF_raid_25_July">First USAAF raid 25 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First USAAF raid 25 July">edit</a>]</div> A second, daylight, raid by the USAAF was conducted on 25 July. 323 aircraft attacked Hamburg, <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warnem%C3%BCnde" title="Warnemünde">Warnemünde</a>. 127 aircraft were assigned to bomb the <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%2B_Voss" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm + Voss">Blohm and Voss</a> shipyard and the <a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%B6ckner_%26_Co_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Klöckner & Co SE">Klöckner</a> aero-engine factory in Hamburg. On the outward leg of the raid, the formation was attacked by about 30 German fighters. Only two bombers were lost before reaching the target. 90 out of 127 <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses</a> reached Hamburg at 16:40. Despite being partly covered in smoke from the previous night bombing, some buildings in the shipyard were hit but the vital U-boat construction slipways were not damaged. The aero-engine factory was completely covered by smoke and secondary targets were bombed instead, including a generating station. Two large liners used as a depot and barracks ship were hit and sunk. German flak damaged 78 aircraft; ten of the damaged bombers that had to leave the formation were finished off by fighters. Over the North Sea on the way back to bases, the formation was attacked by eight night-fighters operating from Holland but they achieved nothing, whilst losing one of their number<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983189–241-21">[20]</a> Air reconnaissance on 25 July at 18:30 revealed that Hamburg was still covered in smoke from the previous raids, so another attack by the main force of bomber command on Hamburg for that night was cancelled and instead 705 bombers raided <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> that night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996412–413-22">[21]</a> Six <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">De Havilland Mosquitos</a> of <a href="/wiki/No._139_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 139 Squadron RAF">No. 139 Squadron RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Light_Night_Striking_Force" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Light Night Striking Force</a> (LNSF) carried out a nuisance raid in order to keep the city on a state of alert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983243–244-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_USAAF_raid_26_July">Second USAAF raid 26 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second USAAF raid 26 July">edit</a>]</div> On 26 July the USAAF continued its attacks against targets in North-Germany. The same six <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_group" title="Bombardment group">bombardment groups</a> that had bombed Hamburg the previous day, were ordered to bomb the same targets. The other bombardment groups attacked the <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Conti</a> rubber plant in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>. Due to problems with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">combat boxes</a> and many early returns, only 54 aircraft bombed Hamburg. There was no cloud nor much smoke from burning buildings, but the Germans managed in time to conceal the harbour with artificial smoke. Again secondary targets were bombed: some buildings on the <a href="/wiki/Howaldtswerke-Deutsche_Werft" title="Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft">Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft</a> U-boat shipyard were hit but no important installations were damaged. The power station in Neuhof was put out of order for one month and deprived Hamburg of 40% of its electricity capacity at a critical moment. All planes bombarded within a minute at 12:00. The German flak managed to damage only two airplanes, which were lost during the homebound journey to England. German fighters concentrated their attacks against the Hanover raid which lost 22 airplanes. The results of the bombing in Hanover were amplified by the fact that most of the firemen were sent as reinforcement to Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983245–257-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_RAF_raid_27/28_July">Second RAF raid 27/28 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second RAF raid 27/28 July">edit</a>]</div> There was no RAF raid by the main force in the night of 26 July; Bomber Command rarely sent out its main force on three consecutive nights. Six Mosquitos of No. 139 Squadron RAF carried out a nuisance strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983259-25">[24]</a> On the night of 27 July, shortly before midnight,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahnsenStürmer41-26">[25]</a> 787 RAF aircraft – 74 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellingtons</a>, 116 <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirlings</a>, 244 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Handley Page Halifaxes</a> and 353 <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancasters</a> – bombed Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a> The aiming points were the dense housing of the working-class districts of <a href="/wiki/Billwerder" title="Billwerder">Billwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgfelde" title="Borgfelde">Borgfelde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_Hamburg" title="Hamm, Hamburg">Hamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammerbrook" title="Hammerbrook">Hammerbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohenfelde,_Hamburg" title="Hohenfelde, Hamburg">Hohenfelde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rothenburgsort" title="Rothenburgsort">Rothenburgsort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013334-28">[27]</a> The unusually dry and warm weather, the concentration of the bombing in one area and firefighting limitations due to <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">blockbuster bombs</a> used in the early part of the raid – and the recall of Hanover's firecrews to their own city – culminated in a <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorm</a>. The tornadic fire created a huge inferno with winds of up to 240 km/h (150 mph) reaching temperatures of 800 °C (1,470 °F)<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and up to altitudes in excess of 300 metres (1,000 ft), incinerating more than 21 square kilometres (8 sq mi) of the city. <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a> streets appeared to burst into flame (in fact, it was the phosphorus from the fire bombs that was burning), and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> from damaged and destroyed ships, barges and storage tanks spilled into the water of the canals and the harbour, causing them to ignite as well. An estimated 18,474 people died on this night. A large number of those killed were seeking safety in <a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">air raid shelters</a> and cellars. The firestorm consumed the oxygen in the burning city above and the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> poisoned those sheltering below.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013334-28">[27]</a> The furious winds created by the firestorm had the power to sweep people up off the streets like dry leaves. Four square miles (10 km2) of the city's center were ablaze just 30 minutes after the start of the firestorm.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_RAF_raid_29/30_July">Third RAF raid 29/30 July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Third RAF raid 29/30 July">edit</a>]</div> Hamburg was only attacked in the night of 28 July by four Mosquitos executing a nuisance raid, a raid by the main force was impossible because of the smoke of the previous bombardment which would hide target indicators. On 29 July a photo reconnaissance <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> from <a href="/wiki/No._542_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 542 Squadron RAF">No. 542 Squadron RAF</a> reported good weather and no problems with smoke so a third RAF raid was ordered. 777 bombers took off, of which 707 reached Hamburg. There were still fires burning which made visual marking possible, but still the Pathfinders used H2S radar to execute their markings. The Pathfinders missed the aiming point by two miles and marked a district South of the region destroyed in the previous raid. Bombers flew in from the North and because a creepback of four miles developed, the districts <a href="/wiki/Barmbek" title="Barmbek">Barmbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a> were very hard hit. Small fires developed easily into large fires as by this time the firefighting effort had collapsed because of the earlier raids. The Germans did not record specific data for this raid, the number of victims is unknown but on this night 370 people died by carbon monoxide poisoning in a large public shelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996414–415-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983313–330-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_RAF_raid_2/3_August">Fourth RAF raid 2/3 August</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fourth RAF raid 2/3 August">edit</a>]</div> On 30 July Bomber Command was ordered to attack towns in Italy. These raids were canceled the same day, but too late to mount a raid to Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983331–332-33">[32]</a> A planned raid on 31 July was cancelled due to thunderstorms over the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2005270-34">[33]</a> Because of bad weather, the next attack on Hamburg was delayed until 2 August. Despite weather reconnaissance reports about possible storms close to Hamburg, 737 bombers took off. Five bombers were shot down by night fighters over the North Sea. Just before reaching the German coast, the bomber stream met a severe storm which forced many aircraft to abort or to bomb alternative targets. <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> and other towns as far as 100 miles away from Hamburg reported bombs. At least four bombers crashed because of the storm. Only 400 bombers reached Hamburg but as the Pathfinders could not execute an effective marking, most of the bombs fell scattered over the city and its environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996415–416-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983333–354-36">[35]</a> During this raid, the Germans further developed tactics to counter the effects of "Window": a running commentary was broadcasting all available data about the bomber stream. Some night fighters operated independently from ground radar guidance and used this information to search for targets. This tactic would later be further developed into what became known as "<a href="/wiki/Zahme_Sau" title="Zahme Sau">Zahme Sau</a>". Five bombers were shot down by night fighters over the North Sea, eight were destroyed around Hamburg and a further eleven were lost on the homebound journey. Because of the storm, the bomber stream became less concentrated and some bombers lost the protection of "Window" and fell victim to night fighters operating in the <a href="/wiki/Kammhuber_Line" title="Kammhuber Line">Kammhuber Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983333–354-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_Operation_Gomorrah">Overview Operation Gomorrah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overview Operation Gomorrah">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 3,000 sorties were flown, 9,000 tons of bombs were dropped and over 250,000 homes and houses were destroyed. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Airplanes sortied </th> <th>Airplanes bombed </th> <th>Bomb tonnage </th> <th>Airplanes lost </th> <th>Victims </th></tr> <tr> <td>24/25 July </td> <td>791<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996411-37">[36]</a> </td> <td>728<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996411-37">[36]</a> </td> <td>2284 tons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996411-37">[36]</a> </td> <td>12<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996411-37">[36]</a> </td> <td>1,500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996412-38">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 July </td> <td>123<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2007394-39">[38]</a> </td> <td>90<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2007394-39">[38]</a> </td> <td>186 tons </td> <td>15<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2007394-39">[38]</a> </td> <td>20<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983219-40">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 July </td> <td>121<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2007395-41">[40]</a> </td> <td>54<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2007395-41">[40]</a> </td> <td>120 tons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983252-42">[41]</a> </td> <td>2<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2007395-41">[40]</a> </td> <td>150<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983254-43">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27/28 July </td> <td>787<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>729<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>2326 tons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>17<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>40,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996414-45">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29/30 July </td> <td>777<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>707<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>2318 tons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>28<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996413-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>no data </td></tr> <tr> <td>2/3 August </td> <td>740<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996415-46">[45]</a> </td> <td>393<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2007393-47">[46]</a> </td> <td>1416 tons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983356-48">[47]</a> </td> <td>30<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrookEveritt1996415-46">[45]</a> </td> <td>no data </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> The death toll from Operation Gomorrah will always be uncertain, but the most accepted single number is now 37,000. If a range is stated, this is generally between 34,000 (from police records) and 40,000 (a commonly used figure in Germany before the end of the war). Most of the dead were unidentified. By 1 December 1943, there were 31,647 confirmed dead, but of these only 15,802 were based on the identification of a body. In some cases, the numbers of people who had perished in cellars converted into "air protection rooms" could only be estimated from the quantity of ash left on the floor. Those who died represented about 2.4% of the total population of Hamburg at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335,_435,_437-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other effects">edit</a>]</div> In the first week after the raid, about one million people evacuated the city. 61% of the housing stock was destroyed or damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335-50">[49]</a> The city's labour force was reduced by ten percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961260–261-51">[50]</a> No subsequent city raid shook Germany as did that on Hamburg; documents show that German officials were thoroughly alarmed and there is some indication from later Allied interrogations of Nazi officials that Hitler stated that further raids of similar weight would force Germany out of the war. The industrial losses were severe: Hamburg never recovered to full production, only doing so in essential armaments industries (in which maximum effort was made).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961261-52">[51]</a> Figures given by German sources indicate that 183 large factories were destroyed out of 524 in the city and 4,118 smaller factories out of 9,068 were destroyed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other losses included damage to or destruction of 580 industrial concerns and armaments works, 299 of which were important enough to be listed by name. Local transport systems were completely disrupted and did not return to normal for some time. Dwellings destroyed amounted to 214,350 out of 414,500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961262-53">[52]</a> Hamburg was hit by air raids another 69 times before the end of World War II. In total, the RAF dropped 22,580 long tons of bombs on Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_consequences">Military consequences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military consequences">edit</a>]</div> The huge amount of damage to Hamburg precipitated a number of large changes to German air defence systems. Priority was given to fighter production. Research was intensified for more effective radar technology. Both aircraft and guns were diverted away from the front line to defend Germany. By August of 1943, 45 per cent of all German fighters were now located on the home front, with additional units in northern France. At the same time, heavy anti-aircraft guns in Germany were increased by over 25 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335-336-55">[54]</a> The reallocation of much of the industrial war production of Germany to home defence was an unintended consequence of Operation Gomorrah. The fighting fronts suffered due to a lack of air support as resource was devoted to fighter aircraft back in the Reich. Anti-aircraft units in Germany made greatly increased demands for personnel and, later in the war, used 25 per cent of all ammunition. It can therefore be argued that the military results of the overall bombing campaign was greater than anything arising from economic or morale effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013406–408-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_press_reports">Contemporary press reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary press reports">edit</a>]</div> There was press coverage of the Hamburg raids as they were taking place, with for instance both <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> of London and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> running stories on 26 July 1943, after the raids had commenced but a day before the firestorm raid took place, that emphasized the large size and coordinated British-American nature of the bombing campaign against the city.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv/400px--Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="400" height="288" data-durationhint="97" data-mwtitle="Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="200" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv/Bombing_of_Hamburg.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="334" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABombing_of_Hamburg.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABombing_of_Hamburg.ogv&lang=mk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mk" label="македонски ‪(mk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>This American propaganda film footage<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> covers the Eighth Air Force's bombing of Hamburg. The bombing caused large-scale destruction of the city's residential areas.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-3">[3]</a></figcaption></figure> The destruction of Hamburg became a major news story at the time and caused a great impression as to the extent of the damage and loss of life. By 3 August 1943, just as the raids were concluding, military expert <a href="/wiki/George_Fielding_Eliot" title="George Fielding Eliot">George Fielding Eliot</a> was analyzing the subject at length in his syndicated column published in US newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-tnb-3aug-60">[59]</a> Newspaper editorials and cartoons also referred to the complete destruction of Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-tnb-3aug-60">[59]</a> A report from the <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association" title="Newspaper Enterprise Association">Newspaper Enterprise Association</a>'s London correspondent on 9 August speculated on how quickly Berlin could "be eliminated" in the same fashion.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> At the same time in Germany itself, the Hamburg raids were seen as a far worse development than major German military reverses then taking place <a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">on the Eastern Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">in Sicily and Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Initial eyewitness accounts by foreign nationals who had been in Hamburg did not attempt to give numerical figures for the destruction, instead describing it as beyond belief.<a href="#cite_note-t-2aug43-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-up-9aug43-64">[63]</a> As one 9 August 1943 <a href="/wiki/United_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="United Press">United Press</a> story about a Swiss merchant's account related, it was a "hell released" by a "devil's concert" that amounted to "Hamburg's ceaseless, inescapable destruction on a scale that defies the imagination."<a href="#cite_note-up-9aug43-64">[63]</a> Even the German press, which had previously downplayed or not discussed bombings of German cities, here emphasized the effects on Hamburg and the numbers of refugees coming from there.<a href="#cite_note-t-2aug43-63">[62]</a> Later in August, New York Times foreign correspondent <a href="/wiki/C._L._Sulzberger" title="C. L. Sulzberger">C. L. Sulzberger</a> relayed a German belief that there had been 200,000 deaths, which he viewed as credible.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> By November 1943, a Swiss dispatch to Swedish newspapers gave a figure of 152,000 killed in the Hamburg bombing, but without supplying an explanation for the source of the number.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Just a few months after the European war's conclusion, newspaper accounts described the findings of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey" title="United States Strategic Bombing Survey">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a> (USSBS), publicly released on 30 October 1945, which gave the German estimates of 60,000–100,000 deaths in the Hamburg bombings.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> And even higher numbers sometimes were still used. During the 1949–50 debate within the U.S. government about whether to proceed with development of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>, arguments based on morality were made against developing a weapon whose main utility seemed to be killing massive numbers of civilians with one detonation. Objecting to this line of reasoning, Senator <a href="/wiki/Brien_McMahon" title="Brien McMahon">Brien McMahon</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Atomic_Energy" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy</a>, wrote a letter to President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in which he asked, "Where is the valid ethical distinction between the several Hamburg raids that produced 135,000 fatalities," the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">March 1945 firebombing of Tokyo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Hiroshima">atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a>, and the proposed thermonuclear weapon. McMahon concluded that "There is no moral dividing line that I can see" between any of these.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> The totally-destroyed quarter of Hammerbrook, in which mostly <a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">port workers</a> lived, was rebuilt not as a housing area but as a commercial area. The adjoining quarter of Rothenburgsort shared the same fate since only a small area of housing was rebuilt. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn" title="Hamburg U-Bahn">underground line</a> that connected both areas with the central station was not rebuilt, either. In the destroyed residential areas, many houses were rebuilt across the street and so no longer form connected blocks. The hills of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96jendorfer_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Öjendorfer Park">Öjendorfer Park</a> are formed by the debris of destroyed houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauls2006-69">[68]</a> In January 1946, Major Cortez F. Enloe, a surgeon in the USAAF who worked on the USSBS, said that the fire effects of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki</a> "were not nearly as bad as the effects of the R.A.F. raids on Hamburg on July 27th 1943". He estimated that more than 40,000 people died in Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It was quite a surprise to us when the first Hamburg raid took place because you used some new device [chaff] which was preventing the anti-aircraft guns to find your bombers, so you had a great success and you repeated these attacks on Hamburg several times and each time the new success was greater and the depression was larger, and I have said, in those days, in a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Air Ministry</a>, that if you would repeat this success on four or five other German towns, then we would collapse. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_War_(TV_series)" title="The Secret War (TV series)">The Secret War</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/170px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/255px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg/340px-St._Nikolai_Memorial_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3134" data-file-height="4740" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture at the main memorial in the ruins of the Nikolaikirche</figcaption></figure> Several memorials in Hamburg are reminders of the air raids of World War II: <ul><li>The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/St._Nikolai_(Hamburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nikolai (Hamburg)">Nikolaikirche</a> (St Nicholas Church), which was largely destroyed during the bombing, have been made into a memorial against war. The spire of the church survived the attacks.</li> <li>Memorial at the Hamburger Strasse for those who died in a shelter under the <a href="/wiki/Karstadt" title="Karstadt">Karstadt</a> department store at the corner of Desenißstrasse and Hamburger Strasse. The department store was hit by a bomb on the night of 29 July. The people in the air raid shelter below were killed by the heat and carbon monoxide poisoning.</li> <li>The victims of the air raids were buried on the <a href="/wiki/Ohlsdorf_Cemetery" title="Ohlsdorf Cemetery">Ohlsdorf Cemetery</a> in mass graves. The <a href="/wiki/Ohlsdorf_Cemetery#Monument_for_the_victims_of_the_Hamburg_firestorm" title="Ohlsdorf Cemetery">memorial "Passage over the Styx"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Marcks" title="Gerhard Marcks">Gerhard Marcks</a> is in the centre and shows how <a href="/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a> ferries a young couple, a mother with her child, a man and a person who is despairing over the <a href="/wiki/River_Styx" class="mw-redirect" title="River Styx">river Styx</a>.</li> <li>Many houses rebuilt after World War II have a memorial plaque with the inscription "Destroyed 1943 – 19** Rebuilt," as a reminder of their destruction during the air raids of July 1943.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Raids on Hamburg during Second World War </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Date </th> <th style="width:15%;">Target/Type </th> <th>Roundel and notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>night of 10/11 September 1939 </td> <td>leaflets </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 10 RAF aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommanddiary1939html_Sep–Dec_39]-71">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night 17/18 May 1940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">oil installations</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 48 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampdens</a> attacked Hamburg oil installations.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-40-May-Jun-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night 27/28 May 1940 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hampdens attacked oil refineries near Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-40-May-Jun-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night 30/31 May1940 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg oil refineries were bombed.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-40-May-Jun-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June–October 1940 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> were frequent targets during the Battle of Britain (June–October 1940) but lack of bombing accuracy meant that little damage was done,<a href="#cite_note-RAF-40-BoB-Jun-Oct-73">[72]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report</a> (August 1941)). </td></tr> <tr> <td>night 20/21 October 1940 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 12 fires with little loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-40-BoB-Jun-Oct-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night 24/25 October 1940 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 13 fires with little loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-40-BoB-Jun-Oct-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nights of 15/16 November and 16/17 November 1940 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> over 200 aircraft. On the first night damage was caused to the Blohm & Voss shipyard and over 60 fires were started. On the second night only 60 aircraft found their target and damage was far less.<a href="#cite_note-74">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommanddiary1940_2html_Jul–Dec_40]-75">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 12/13 March 1941 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin bombed by a total of 257<a href="#cite_note-RAF-41-January-76">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 13/14 March 1941 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 51 people were killed, the highest number in a single raid to date<a href="#cite_note-RAF-41-January-76">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1941 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> During this month Hamburg was a main target.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-41-January-76">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1941 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg was bombed several times during the month. Raids now usually contained about 100 bombers.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-41-May-77">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 11/12 May 1941 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 92 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-41-May-77">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 27/28 June 1941 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> a raid on Bremen but most bombed Hamburg – an error of 50 miles (80 km); 11 out of 35 bombers were shot down by night fighters.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-41-May-77">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 14/15 January 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 95 aircraft. Only 48 aircraft claimed to have bombed Hamburg. <a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Altona_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Altona railway station">Altona station</a> was hit and 12 fires, 7 of them large ones, were started. Six people killed and 22 injured. No aircraft reported lost.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Jan-78">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 15/16 January 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 96 aircraft. 52 bombers claimed to have bombed Hamburg successfully. 36 fires started 3 of which were large, 3 people killed and 25 injured. 11 Bombers lost.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Jan-78">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 17/18 January 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Bremen was the main target for 83 aircraft, but Hamburg was bombed as a secondary target causing 11 fires and casualties of 5 dead and 12 injured in Hamburg. Four bombers lost.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Jan-78">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 16/17 February 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> one or two bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandapr42html_Apr_42]-79">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 8/9 April 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> largest raid to date on a single target. Carried out by 272 aircraft. Raid was considered a failure. 17 people were killed and 119 injured. 5 planes lost.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Apr-80">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 17/18 April 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 173 aircraft. 75 fires, 33 classed as large were started. Twenty-three people were killed and 66 injured. Eight aircraft lost.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Apr-80">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 3/4 May 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 81 aircraft, dispatched on the 100th anniversary of a great fire in Hamburg. 53 aircraft were estimated to have hit the target. 113 fires started, of which 57 were large. 77 were killed, 243 injured and 1,624 bombed out. 5 aircraft were lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmay42html_May_42]-81">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 26/27 July 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 403 aircraft. Widespread damage was caused, mostly in housing and semi-commercial districts rather than in the docks and industrial areas. At least 800 fires started, 523 of which were large. 823 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 damaged. More than 14,000 people were bombed out. 337 people were killed and 1,027 injured. 29 aircraft were lost, 7.2% of the force.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Jul-82">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 28/29 July 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 256 aircraft. Due to bad weather only 68 bombed in the target area. Fifty-six fires, 15 of them large, were started. Thirteen people were killed and 48 injured. Bomber losses were high, 15.3% for the main group bombing that night.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Jul-82">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day of 3 August 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 10 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Aug-83">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day of 18 August 1942 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> single Mosquito.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-42-Aug-83">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day of 19 September 1942 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 2 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpswebarchiveorgweb20040929002140httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandsep42html_Sep_42]-84">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 13/14 October 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> light secondary target raid. 2 large fires were started. 8 people were killed and 43 injured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandoct42html_Oct_42]-85">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 9/10 November 1942 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 213 aircraft. There were 26 fires started of which 3 were large. 3 people killed and 16 injured. 15 aircraft lost, 7.0% of the force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov42html_Nov_42]-86">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 30/31 January 1943 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 148 aircraft. It was the first H2S radar-assisted attack of the war. H2S use was not successful and the bombs were scattered. Of 119 fires set, 71 were large. 58 people were killed and 164 injured. 5 aircraft were lost, 3.4% of the force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan43html_Jan_43]-87">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 3/4 February 1943 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 263 aircraft. Bad weather affected the bombers with many turning back early. Damage was light for what was planned to be a large raid. 16 bombers were lost, 6.1% of the force, many to nightfighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandfeb43html_Feb_43]-88">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 3/4 March 1943 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 417 aircraft. The Pathfinders marked the wrong target, mistaking a mud bank for the docks with their H2S radar, so most of the bombs landed 13 miles (21 km) downstream from the centre of Hamburg, around the small town of <a href="/wiki/Wedel" title="Wedel">Wedel</a>. Those bombs which landed on Hamburg did considerable damage starting 100 fires, killing 27 people and injuring 95. The damage to Wedel was extensive. 10 aircraft lost, 2.4% of the force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmar43html_Mar_43]-89">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13/14 April 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 2 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandapr43html_Apr_43]-90">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 June 1943 </td> <td>Blohm & Voss </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission Number 67: 275 B-17 were to attack <a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">submarine pens</a> and industrial areas of Hamburg and Bremen, but the primary targets were obscured by cloud so the bombers hit 167 bomb "targets of opportunity in NW Germany".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron43jun43htm_Jun_43]-91">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/384th_Bombardment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="384th Bombardment Group">384th Bombardment Group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> were involved in the attack of an initial 19 aircraft, 11 aborted the mission and only 5 joined the combat wing.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 26/27 June 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 4 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jun-93">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 28/29 June 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 4 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jun-93">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 3/4 July 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 4 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 5/6 July 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 4 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 24/25 July 1943 </td> <td>large raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 791 aircraft marked the opening of the "Battle of Hamburg" or so called "Operation Gomorrah raid". A countermeasure against the radar-directed German nightfighters in the form of "Window" was used for the first time. In the clear weather visual and H2S marking was accurate and on the town centre. 728 aircraft dropped their bombs in 50 minutes. Less than half the force bombed within three miles (4.8 km) of the centre with a bomb creepback of six miles (9.7 km). Damage was caused in the central and north-western districts, particularly in Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hoheluft. The Rathaus (Town Hall), the St. Nikolai church, the main police station, the main telephone exchange and the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Hagenbeck Zoo</a> were among the well-known landmarks to be hit. About 1,500 people were killed which was the largest outside the range of the <a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">"Oboe"</a> radio navigation system which helped to concentrate the bombing pattern. Thanks to the use of Window only 12 aircraft were lost, 1.5% of the force.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978195-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 July 1943 </td> <td>Blohm and Voss shipyard Klöckner aero-engine factory </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a>Mission Number 76. It is planned that 127 B-17 will bomb two targets at Hamburg but due to smoke, only 90 planes from the <a href="/wiki/91st_Bombardment_Group" title="91st Bombardment Group">91st</a>, <a href="/wiki/351st_Missile_Wing" title="351st Missile Wing">351st</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_1" title="Space Delta 1">381st</a>, <a href="/wiki/303rd_Air_Expeditionary_Group" title="303rd Air Expeditionary Group">303rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/379th_Air_Expeditionary_Wing" title="379th Air Expeditionary Wing">379th</a>, <a href="/wiki/384th_Air_Expeditionary_Wing" title="384th Air Expeditionary Wing">384th</a> bomb group ( six out of nine bomb groups of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Bombardment_Wing" title="1st Bombardment Wing">1st Bombardment Wing</a>) bomb secondary targets in a 15-minute period starting at 16:30. 15 B-17s were lost, and American casualties were one killed, five wounded and 150 missing.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Jul-43-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978208-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983194-97">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 July 1943 </td> <td>Blohm and Voss shipyard Klöckner aero-engine factory </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a>Mission Number 77. 121 B-17s dispatched against Hanover (54) and the U-boat yards at Hamburg between 11:59 and 12:00 (71).<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Jul-43-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978208-96">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 26/27 July 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 6 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978210-98">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 27/28 July 1943 </td> <td>Large raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 787 aircraft guided in by Pathfinders using H2S bombed about two miles (3.2 km) east of city centre. Due to the unseasonally dry conditions, a firestorm was created in the built-up working-class districts of Hammerbrook, Hamm, Borgfelde and Rothenburgsort. The bombing was more concentrated than the RAF was usually able to manage at this stage of the war. In just over half an hour it is estimated that 550–600 bomb loads fell into an area measuring only two by one mile (3.2 by 1.6 km) and this gradually spread the fire eastward. The firestorm lasted for about three hours, consuming approximately 16,000 multi-storeyed apartment buildings and killing an estimated 40,000 people, most of them by carbon monoxide poisoning when all the air was drawn out of their basement shelters. Fearing further raids, two-thirds of Hamburg's population, approximately 1,200,000 people, fled the city in the aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978211-99">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 28/29 July 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 4 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 29/30 July 1943 </td> <td>Large raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 777 aircraft guided in by pathfinders marking using H2S. The plan was to bomb the untouched northern suburbs. But a mistake in mapping led to the bombing of an area just north of the area devastated by the firestorm three nights before. The residential areas of Wandsbek and Barmbek districts and parts of the Uhlenhorst and <a href="/wiki/Winterhude" title="Winterhude">Winterhude</a> were severely damaged and widespread fires but no firestorm. Twenty-eight aircraft 3.6% of the force was lost.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-43-Jul-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978248-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 2/3 August 1943 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 740 aircraft dispatched on a raid to Hamburg but bad weather stopped all but a few bombers reaching Hamburg; many bombed secondary targets instead. 30 aircraft, 4.1% of the force was lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978261-101">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 22/23 August 1943 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 6 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandaug43html_Aug_43]-102">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 5/6 November 1943 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg and other cities raided by a total of 26 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov43html_Nov_43]-103">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 1/2 January 1944 </td> <td>diversionary raid (Berlin) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 15 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan44html_Jan_44]-104">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 11/12 March 1944 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 20 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmar44html_Mar_44]-105">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 6/7 April 1944 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 35 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Apr-106">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 26/27 April 1944 </td> <td>diversionary raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 16 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Apr-106">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 28/29 April 1944 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 26 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Apr-106">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 June 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 421: B-17s bombed Hamburg-Ebano (18), Hamburg-Eurotank (54), Hamburg-<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_companies_by_employees_in_1938" title="List of German companies by employees in 1938">Ossag</a> (38), and Hamburg-Schindler (36).<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Jun-44-107">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 June 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 425: B-17s bombed oil refineries at Hamburg/Deut.Petr.AG (53), Harburg/Ebano (60),Hamburg/Eurotank (107), Hamburg/<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_companies_by_employees_in_1938" title="List of German companies by employees in 1938">Rhenania-Ossag</a> (50), Harburg/Rhenania (53), Hamburg/Schliemanns (54), and Hamburg/Schindler (26).<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Jun-44-107">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 22/23 June 1944 </td> <td>diversionary raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 29 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjun44html_Jun_44]-108">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 22/23 July 1944 </td> <td>diversionary raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 26 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Jul-109">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 26/27 July 1944 </td> <td>diversionary raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 30 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Jul-109">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 29/29 July 1944 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 307 aircraft. The raid was not a success, the bombing was scattered and German sources estimated that only 120 bombers landed their load on the city. 22 aircraft were lost mainly to night fighters.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Jul-109">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 August 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a>Mission 514: 181 B-17s bombed Hamburg refineries.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Aug-44-110">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 August 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 524: Hamburg oil refineries bombed at Hamburg/Deutsche (54), Hamburg/Eband [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] (33), Hamburg/Rhenania (61), Hamburg/<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_companies_by_employees_in_1938" title="List of German companies by employees in 1938">Rhenania-Ossag</a> (62), Hamburg/Schlieman (32), and Hamburg/Schulau (72 B-17s).<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Aug-44-110">[108]</a> Rhenania-Ossag was a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 26/27 August 1944 </td> <td>diversionary nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 13 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Aug-111">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 29/30 August 1944 </td> <td>diversionary nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> Hamburg was one of five cities bombed by a total of 53 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Aug-111">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 6/7 September 1944 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 32 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Sep-112">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 26/27 September 1944 </td> <td>diversionary nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 6 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Sep-112">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 30/1 October 1944 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 46 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Oct-113">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 October 1944 </td> <td>oil refinery (Harburg/Rhenania) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 667: 121 of 406 dispatched B-24s bombed the Harburg/Rhenania oil refinery.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Oct-44-114">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 12/13 October 1944 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 52 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Oct-113">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 October 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 688: 455 B-17s dispatched to hit the Harburg (221, including those of the 447th BG) and Rhenania oil refineries (214) at Hamburg. 297 B-17s dispatched to hit the primary hit secondaries, Harburg (179) and Rhenania oil refineries (106) at Hamburg; cloud cover limited accuracy, devastation of Harburg city<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Oct-44-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978345-115">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 October 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 693: 357 B-24s were dispatched to hit the Harburg oil refinery (72) and Rhenania oil refinery (67) at Hamburg, 28 bomb Hamburg targets of opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Oct-44-114">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 November 1944 </td> <td>oil refinery </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 700: 257 B-17s were dispatched to hit the Harburg oil plant at Hamburg (238), 186 of 193 B-17s hit the Rhenania oil plant at Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Nov-44-116">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 November 1944 </td> <td>ordnance depots </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Air_Corps_Hap_Arnold_Wings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/US_Army_Air_Corps_Hap_Arnold_Wings.svg/12px-US_Army_Air_Corps_Hap_Arnold_Wings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/US_Army_Air_Corps_Hap_Arnold_Wings.svg/18px-US_Army_Air_Corps_Hap_Arnold_Wings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/US_Army_Air_Corps_Hap_Arnold_Wings.svg/24px-US_Army_Air_Corps_Hap_Arnold_Wings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> US <a href="/wiki/IX_Tactical_Air_Command" title="IX Tactical Air Command">Ninth (Tactical) Air Force</a>: send 160 B-26s and A-20s to attack ammunition, ordnance, and supply depots in Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Nov-44-116">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 November 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 704: 291 B-17s were dispatched to hit the Harburg (142) and Rhenania (138) oil refineries at Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Nov-44-116">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 11/12 November 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 237 Lancasters and 8 Mosquitoes of No 5 Group were dispatched to hit the Rhenania-Ossag oil refinery Harburg, which had been attacked several times by American day bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov44html_Nov_44]-117">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 November 1944 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 720: 366 B-24s were sent to hit the Dpag (178) and Rhenania (171) oil plants at Hamburg.(cloud cover limited accuracy, devastigation of <a href="/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg" title="Harburg, Hamburg">Harburg</a> city)<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Nov-44-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978347-118">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 30/1 December 1944 </td> <td>diversionary raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 53 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Dec-119">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 11/12 December 1944 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 28 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Dec-119">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 27/28 December 1944 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 7 Mosquitoes hit Hamburg-Wandsbek and -Barmbek at 3 am.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-44-Dec-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978348-120">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December 1944 </td> <td>Blohm & Voss </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 772: 526 B-17s were dispatched to hit oil industry targets at Hamburg (68), the Wilhelmsburg refinery at Harburg (92), the Grassbrook refinery at Hamburg (71) and the industrial area at Hamburg (72).<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Dec-44-121">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 16/17 January 1945 </td> <td>diversionary nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 9 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan45html_Jan_45]-122">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 February 1945 </td> <td>Blohm & Voss </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> The 384 BG bombed the Hamburg submarine yards.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 February 1945 </td> <td>oil refineries </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 845: 362 B-17s were sent to hit the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Albrecht 278</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Harburg 70</a> oil refineries at Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron45feb45htm_Feb_45]-123">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 March 1945 </td> <td>oil refinery </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 865: 120 of 126 B-24s hit the Harburg oil refinery at Hamburg without loss.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Mar-45-124">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8/9 March 1945 </td> <td>Blohm & Voss </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 312 aircraft, including those of the <a href="/wiki/No._466_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 466 Squadron RAAF">No. 466 Squadron RAAF</a>, bombed Blohm & Voss to destroy the type XXI <a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a> (cloud cover limited accuracy).<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Mar-125">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 March 1945 </td> <td>Blohm & Voss </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> The No. 466 Squadron RAAF bombed Blohm & Voss.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Mar-125">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 March 1945 </td> <td>oil refinery </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 881: 469 of 485 B-17s bomb the Wilhelmsburg oil refinery at Hamburg; one other hits a target of opportunity; one B-17 was lost and 41 damaged; three airmen were wounded and 10 were missing in action.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Mar-45-124">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 March 1945 </td> <td>shipyards, docs and oil installations </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> Mission 898: 451 bombers and 355 fighters were dispatched to bomb the shipyard and dock area at Hamburg and an oil refinery. All the targets were bombed including the Blohm & Voss U-boat yard.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Mar-45-124">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 21/22 March 1945 </td> <td>oil refinery (Erdölwerke) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 159 aircraft put the refinery out of action for the rest of the war.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Mar-125">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 March 1945 </td> <td>oil depot </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a>Mission 918: 530 B-17s were sent to bomb 2 U-boat yards oil depot at Hamburg. 64 bomb the yards and 169 the depot. 263 bomb the port area at Hamburg (the secondary target) and one bombs Bremen (a target of opportunity). Bombing was both visual and using H2X radar.<a href="#cite_note-McKillop-Mar-45-124">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 30/31 March 1945 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> raid by 43 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Mar-125">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day of 31 March 1945 </td> <td>Blohm & Voss </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 469 aircraft to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Type_XXI_U-boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Type XXI U-boat">Type XXI U-boats</a> under construction. Cloud cover prevented serious damage to the target, but there was considerable damage to houses, factories, energy supplies and communications over a wide area of southern Hamburg. 11 aircraft lost mainly to German day fighters.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Mar-125">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 2/3 April 1945 </td> <td>nuisance raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 1 Mosquito.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Apr-126">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 April 1945 </td> <td>U-boat yard </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/12px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/18px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png/24px-Eighth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_%28World_War_II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="336" /></a> A <a href="/wiki/Disney_bomb" title="Disney bomb">'Disney' mission</a>: 22 of 24 B-17s bomb the Finkenwarder U-boat yard at Hamburg without loss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron45apr45htm_Apr_45]-127">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 8/9 April 1945 </td> <td>shipyard </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 440 aircraft – partial cloud caused the raid to become dispersed. There was some damage to the yards but it was not clear whether the damage was American or British or both.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Apr-126">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day of 9 April 1945 </td> <td>oil storage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 57 Lancasters of <a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">No. 5 Group RAF</a> attacked oil-storage tanks (40 aircraft) and U-boat shelters (17 aircraft of <a href="/wiki/No._617_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 617 Squadron RAF">No. 617 "Dambuster" Squadron</a> with <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Slam bomb">Grand Slam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a> bombs). Both attacks were successful. 2 Lancasters were lost from the raid on the oil tanks.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Apr-126">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night of 9/10 April 1945 </td> <td>diversionary raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 24 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Apr-126">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The night of 13/14 April 1945 </td> <td>diversionary raid </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/12px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/18px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> 87 Mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-45-Apr-126">[124]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> 73 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellingtons</a>, 347 <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancasters</a>, 246 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Handley Page Halifaxes</a>, 125 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_Stirlings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Short Stirlings (page does not exist)">Short Stirlings</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> These two nights of bombing were only 24 hours after a very large raid by the German Luftwaffe on <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> on the night of 14/15 November 1940. The raid must have been planned more than 24 hours in advance, so although these raids are often stated to be revenge attacks, it is unlikely that they were planned to be so. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1992149-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine1992149_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1992">Levine 1992</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2006-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2006_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2006">Dyson 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore2021" class="citation web cs1">Blakemore, Erin (22 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722181412/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-bombing-of-hamburg-foreshadowed-the-horrors-of-hiroshima">"The bombing of Hamburg foreshadowed the horrors of Hiroshima"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. 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BBC. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Operation+Gomorrah%3A+Firestorm+created+%27Germany%27s+Nagasaki%27&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Greig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-43546839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2001" class="citation book cs1">Neillands, Robin (2001). The Bomber War: Theallied Air Offensive on Germany. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983356_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook1983">Middlebrook 1983</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335,_435,_437-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335,_435,_437_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2013">Overy 2013</a>, p. 335, 435, 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2013">Overy 2013</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961260–261-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961260–261_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklandWebster1961">Frankland & Webster 1961</a>, pp. 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961261-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961261_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklandWebster1961">Frankland & Webster 1961</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961262-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklandWebster1961262_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklandWebster1961">Frankland & Webster 1961</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103946/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%201571.html">"Target Analysis: Tonnage of Bombs Dropped and Number of Sea Mines Laid by R.A.F. Bomber Command: Monthly from September, 1939, to May, 1945"</a>. Flight. 9 August 1945. p. 154. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%201571.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight&rft.atitle=Target+Analysis%3A+Tonnage+of+Bombs+Dropped+and+Number+of+Sea+Mines+Laid+by+R.A.F.+Bomber+Command%3A+Monthly+from+September%2C+1939%2C+to+May%2C+1945&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1945-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1945%2F1945%2520-%25201571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335-336-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2013335-336_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2013">Overy 2013</a>, p. 335-336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013406–408-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2013406–408_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2013">Overy 2013</a>, p. 406–408. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS67976442/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=TTDA&xid=9f23e021">"Two Raids On Hamburg"</a>. The Times. 26 July 1943. p. 4 – via The Times Digital Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Raids+On+Hamburg&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1943-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCS67976442%2FTTDA%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3DTTDA%26xid%3D9f23e021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/07/26/87421868.html?pageNumber=1">"Biggest RAF–U.S. Raids on Riech Blast Hamburg, Hit Baltic Cities"</a>. The New York Times. United Press. 26 July 1943. pp. 1, 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biggest+RAF%E2%80%93U.S.+Raids+on+Riech+Blast+Hamburg%2C+Hit+Baltic+Cities&rft.pages=1%2C+7&rft.date=1943-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1943%2F07%2F26%2F87421868.html%3FpageNumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrew2017" class="citation book cs1">Crew, David F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kk_DwAAQBAJ">Bodies and Ruins: Imagining the Bombing of Germany, 1945 to the Present</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13013-9"><bdi>978-0-472-13013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+and+Ruins%3A+Imagining+the+Bombing+of+Germany%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-472-13013-9&rft.aulast=Crew&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3kk_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tnb-3aug-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnb-3aug_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnb-3aug_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEliot1943" class="citation news cs1">Eliot, George Fielding (3 August 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74317650/">"The Military Situation"</a>. The Nashville Banner. New York Tribune. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nashville+Banner&rft.atitle=The+Military+Situation&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1943-08-03&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=George+Fielding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F74317650%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> Also editorial "Hamburg Is No More" and cartoon "Blasted Right Out Into the Open", same page. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1943" class="citation news cs1">Wolfe, Tom (9 August 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74396035/">"Berlin May Be Next Target In Allies' Plan of Bombing"</a>. The Evening Standard. Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Newspaper Enterprise Association. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Berlin+May+Be+Next+Target+In+Allies%27+Plan+of+Bombing&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1943-08-09&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F74396035%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOur_Diplomatic_Correspondent1943" class="citation news cs1">Our Diplomatic Correspondent (9 August 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS67845385/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=TTDA&xid=55a26514">"Anxiety Grows In Germany"</a>. The Times. p. 4 – via The Times Digital Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Anxiety+Grows+In+Germany&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1943-08-09&rft.au=Our+Diplomatic+Correspondent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCS67845385%2FTTDA%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3DTTDA%26xid%3D55a26514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-t-2aug43-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t-2aug43_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t-2aug43_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOur_Special_Correspondent1943" class="citation news cs1">Our Special Correspondent (2 August 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS69418242/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=TTDA&xid=ea62d788">"Evacuation Of Hamburg"</a>. 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Santa Maria Daily Times. United Press. 9 August 1943. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Maria+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Hamburg+Scene+of+Horror&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1943-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F74317459%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSulzberger1943" class="citation news cs1">Sulzberger, C. L. (28 August 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/08/28/85078303.html?pageNumber=3">"Raid Terror Seen Mounting in Reich"</a>. The New York Times. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Raid+Terror+Seen+Mounting+in+Reich&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1943-08-28&rft.aulast=Sulzberger&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1943%2F08%2F28%2F85078303.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73969484/the-minneapolis-star/">"8,000,000 Nazis Homeless as Result of Allied Bombings"</a>. Minneapolis Star Journal. Associated Press. 5 November 1943. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis+Star+Journal&rft.atitle=8%2C000%2C000+Nazis+Homeless+as+Result+of+Allied+Bombings&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1943-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F73969484%2Fthe-minneapolis-star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusic1945" class="citation news cs1">Music, Frances (30 October 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74369850/">"305,000 Civilians Killed in Germany By Allied Bombers"</a>. The Daily Courier. Connellsville, Pennsylvania. International News Service. pp. 1, 5 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Courier&rft.atitle=305%2C000+Civilians+Killed+in+Germany+By+Allied+Bombers&rft.pages=1%2C+5&rft.date=1945-10-30&rft.aulast=Music&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F74369850%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungSchilling2019" class="citation book cs1">Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019). Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 77, 179n38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4516-4"><bdi>978-1-5017-4516-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super+Bomb%3A+Organizational+Conflict+and+the+Development+of+the+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=77%2C+179n38&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-4516-4&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Schilling%2C+Warner+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauls2006-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauls2006_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPauls2006">Pauls 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706070809/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%200061.html">"News in Brief"</a>. Flight. 10 January 1946. p. 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%200061.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight&rft.atitle=News+in+Brief&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1946-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1946%2F1946%2520-%25200061.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommanddiary1939html_Sep–Dec_39]-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommanddiary1939html_Sep–Dec_39]_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1939.html">Sep–Dec 39</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-40-May-Jun-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-40-May-Jun_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-40-May-Jun_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-40-May-Jun_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary_france.html">The Battle of France (May–Jun 1940)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-40-BoB-Jun-Oct-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-40-BoB-Jun-Oct_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-40-BoB-Jun-Oct_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-40-BoB-Jun-Oct_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary_bob.html">The Battle of Britain (June–October 1940)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommanddiary1940_2html_Jul–Dec_40]-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommanddiary1940_2html_Jul–Dec_40]_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1940_2.html">Jul–Dec 40</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-41-January-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-41-January_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-41-January_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-41-January_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_1.html">Jan–Apr 41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-41-May-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-41-May_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-41-May_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-41-May_77-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_2.html">May–Aug 41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-42-Jan-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Jan_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Jan_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Jan_78-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan42.html">Jan 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandapr42html_Apr_42]-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandapr42html_Apr_42]_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr42.html">Apr 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-42-Apr-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Apr_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Apr_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr42.html">Apr 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmay42html_May_42]-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmay42html_May_42]_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/may42.html">May 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-42-Jul-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Jul_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Jul_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul42.html">Jul 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-42-Aug-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Aug_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-42-Aug_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug42.html">Aug 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpswebarchiveorgweb20040929002140httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandsep42html_Sep_42]-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpswebarchiveorgweb20040929002140httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandsep42html_Sep_42]_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040929002140/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep42.html">Sep 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandoct42html_Oct_42]-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandoct42html_Oct_42]_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct42.html">Oct 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov42html_Nov_42]-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov42html_Nov_42]_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov42.html">Nov 42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan43html_Jan_43]-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan43html_Jan_43]_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan43.html">Jan 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandfeb43html_Feb_43]-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandfeb43html_Feb_43]_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb43.html">Feb 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmar43html_Mar_43]-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmar43html_Mar_43]_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar43.html">Mar 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandapr43html_Apr_43]-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandapr43html_Apr_43]_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr43.html">Apr 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron43jun43htm_Jun_43]-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron43jun43htm_Jun_43]_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/43/jun43.htm">Jun 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreller2014">Preller 2014</a>, 384th BG Mission 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-43-Jun-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-43-Jun_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-43-Jun_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun43.html">Jun 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978195-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978195_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-McKillop-Jul-43-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Jul-43_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Jul-43_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/43/jul43.htm">Jul 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978208-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978208_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978208_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983194-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlebrook1983194_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddlebrook1983">Middlebrook 1983</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978210-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978210_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978211-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978211_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978248-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978248_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978261-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978261_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandaug43html_Aug_43]-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandaug43html_Aug_43]_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug43.html">Aug 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov43html_Nov_43]-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov43html_Nov_43]_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov43.html">Nov 43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan44html_Jan_44]-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan44html_Jan_44]_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan44.html">Jan 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmar44html_Mar_44]-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandmar44html_Mar_44]_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar44.html">Mar 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-44-Apr-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Apr_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Apr_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Apr_106-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr44.html">Apr 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McKillop-Jun-44-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Jun-44_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Jun-44_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/44/jun44.htm">June</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjun44html_Jun_44]-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjun44html_Jun_44]_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun44.html">Jun 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-44-Jul-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Jul_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Jul_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Jul_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html">Jul 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McKillop-Aug-44-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Aug-44_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Aug-44_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/44/aug44.htm">Aug 44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-44-Aug-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Aug_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Aug_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug44.html">Aug 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-44-Sep-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Sep_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Sep_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040929001716/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep44.html">Sep 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-44-Oct-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Oct_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Oct_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct44.html">Oct 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McKillop-Oct-44-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Oct-44_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Oct-44_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Oct-44_114-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/44/oct44.htm">Oct 44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978345-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978345_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-McKillop-Nov-44-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Nov-44_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Nov-44_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Nov-44_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Nov-44_116-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/44/nov44.htm">Nov 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov44html_Nov_44]-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandnov44html_Nov_44]_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov44.html">Nov 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978347-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978347_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-44-Dec-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Dec_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Dec_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-44-Dec_119-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec44.html">Dec 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978348-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunswig1978348_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunswig1978">Brunswig 1978</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-McKillop-Dec-44-121"><a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Dec-44_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/44/dec44.htm">Dec 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan45html_Jan_45]-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERAF_staff2005[httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk20070706011932httpwwwrafmodukbombercommandjan45html_Jan_45]_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan45.html">Jan 45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron45feb45htm_Feb_45]-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron45feb45htm_Feb_45]_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/45/feb45.htm">Feb 45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McKillop-Mar-45-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Mar-45_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Mar-45_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Mar-45_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKillop-Mar-45_124-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/45/mar45.htm">Mar 45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-45-Mar-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Mar_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Mar_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Mar_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Mar_125-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Mar_125-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar45.html">Mar 45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-45-Apr-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Apr_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Apr_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Apr_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Apr_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF-45-Apr_126-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRAF_staff2005">RAF staff 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr45.html">Apr 45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron45apr45htm_Apr_45]-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKillop2004[httppermanentaccessgpogovlps51153airforcehistoryusaafchron45apr45htm_Apr_45]_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKillop2004">McKillop 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/45/apr45.htm">Apr 45</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahnsenStürmer" class="citation cs2">Bahnsen, Uwe; Stürmer, Kerstin von, Die Stadt, die sterben sollte, Hamburg im Bombenkrieg, Juli 1943, p. 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Stadt%2C+die+sterben+sollte%2C+Hamburg+im+Bombenkrieg%2C+Juli+1943&rft.pages=41&rft.aulast=Bahnsen&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft.au=St%C3%BCrmer%2C+Kerstin+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunswig1978" class="citation cs2">Brunswig, Hans (1978), Feuersturm über Hamburg, Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, p. 195, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87943-570-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-87943-570-7"><bdi>3-87943-570-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feuersturm+%C3%BCber+Hamburg&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Motorbuch+Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=3-87943-570-7&rft.aulast=Brunswig&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyson2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Dyson, Freeman</a> (1 November 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2006/11/01/227625/a-failure-of-intelligence/">"Part I: A Failure of Intelligence"</a>, Technology Review, retrieved 13 May 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+A+Failure+of+Intelligence&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2006%2F11%2F01%2F227625%2Fa-failure-of-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnemy_Branch1944" class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/The_Bomber%27s_Baedeker_1.pdf">The Bomber's Baedeker (Part I, Aachen – Küstrin): Guide to the Economic Importance of German Towns and Cities</a> (PDF), London: Enemy Branch, 1944, p. i,303-328, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1427322522">1427322522</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131176036" class="extiw" title="d:Q131176036">Q131176036</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bomber%26%2339%3Bs+Baedeker+%28Part+I%2C+Aachen+%E2%80%93+K%C3%BCstrin%29%3A+Guide+to+the+Economic+Importance+of+German+Towns+and+Cities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=i%2C303-328&rft.pub=Enemy+Branch&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1427322522&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fa%2Fa8%2FThe_Bomber%2527s_Baedeker_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranklandWebster1961" class="citation cs2">Frankland, Noble; Webster, Charles (1961), The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945, Volume II: Endeavour, Part 4, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 260–261</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+Offensive+Against+Germany%2C+1939%E2%80%931945%2C+Volume+II%3A+Endeavour%2C+Part+4&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Frankland&rft.aufirst=Noble&rft.au=Webster%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine1992" class="citation cs2">Levine, Alan J (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ99c7ZlxxQC">The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945</a>, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 149, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6"><bdi>978-0-275-94319-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Bombing+of+Germany%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94319-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Alan+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZ99c7ZlxxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Keith (2007). Inferno: The Devastation of Hamburg, 1943. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91557-6"><bdi>978-0-670-91557-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inferno%3A+The+Devastation+of+Hamburg%2C+1943&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-670-91557-6&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKillop2004" class="citation cs2">McKillop, Jack (2 July 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps51153/airforcehistory/usaaf/chron/index.htm">United States Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology of World War II</a>, U.S. Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection (FDLP/EC) Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II%3A+Combat+Chronology+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=U.S.+Federal+Depository+Library+Program+Electronic+Collection+%28FDLP%2FEC%29+Archive&rft.date=2004-07-02&rft.aulast=McKillop&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.access.gpo.gov%2Flps51153%2Fairforcehistory%2Fusaaf%2Fchron%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrook1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Middlebrook, Martin (1983). Hamburg Juli '43 (in German). Ernst Kabel Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921909-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-921909-72-4"><bdi>3-921909-72-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Juli+%2743&rft.pub=Ernst+Kabel+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-921909-72-4&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrookEveritt1996" class="citation book cs1">Middlebrook, Martin; Everitt, Chris (1996). The Bomber Command War Diaries. An operational reference book 1939–1945. 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January 2009, retrieved 13 May 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cabinet+Papers+1915%E2%80%931978%3A+Glossary+%E2%80%93+B&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fhelp%2Fglossary-b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvery2013" class="citation cs2">Overy, Richard (2013), The Bombing War, Europe 1939–45 (Kindle, 2014 ed.), London: Penguin Books Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-92782-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-92782-4"><bdi>978-0-141-92782-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+War%2C+Europe+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Kindle%2C+2014&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-141-92782-4&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPauls2006" class="citation cs2">Pauls, Simone (17 August 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.mopo.de/archiv/2006/20060817/hamburg/panorama/so_paradiesisch_schoen_ist_hamburgs_osten.html">"So paradiesisch schön ist Hamburgs Osten"</a>, Hamburger Morgenpost, ARCHIV: Hamburgs grüne Oasen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamburger+Morgenpost&rft.atitle=So+paradiesisch+sch%C3%B6n+ist+Hamburgs+Osten&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.aulast=Pauls&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.mopo.de%2Farchiv%2F2006%2F20060817%2Fhamburg%2Fpanorama%2Fso_paradiesisch_schoen_ist_hamburgs_osten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreller2014" class="citation cs2">Preller, Fred (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.384thbombgroup.com/_content/_pages/One384thMission.php?MissionKey=2">"384th BG Mission 2"</a>, 384th Bomb Group (Heavy), 384thbombgroup.com, retrieved 9 September 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=384th+BG+Mission+2&rft.btitle=384th+Bomb+Group+%28Heavy%29&rft.pub=384thbombgroup.com&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Preller&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.384thbombgroup.com%2F_content%2F_pages%2FOne384thMission.php%3FMissionKey%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRAF_staff2005" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html">Bomber Command Campaign Diary</a>, Bomber Command 60th Anniversary, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, 6 April 2005, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131324214" class="extiw" title="d:Q131324214">Q131324214</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2007, retrieved 26 November 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary&rft.series=Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fdiary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRohwer2005" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer, J. (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-119-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-119-8"><bdi>978-1-59114-119-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+War+at+Sea+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-119-8&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRAF_staff2005a" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/hamburg.html">"Hamburg, 28th July 1943"</a>, Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary, UK Crown, 6 April 2005a, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/hamburg.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2007, retrieved 22 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=Hamburg%2C+28th+July+1943&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fhamburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation cs2">Wilson, Kevin (2005), Bomber Boys, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84637-6"><bdi>978-0-297-84637-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Boys&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84637-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoebler1995" class="citation web cs1">Doebler, Joachim (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doebler-online.de/pdf/dfg-en.pdf">"Life beneath the Facades of Bombed-out Streets. Housing Situation in post-war Hamburg"</a> (PDF). Indian Architect & Builder, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1995). Doebler-online.de. pp. 102–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Architect+%26+Builder%2C+Vol.+9%2C+No.+3+%281995%29&rft.atitle=Life+beneath+the+Facades+of+Bombed-out+Streets.+Housing+Situation+in+post-war+Hamburg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Doebler&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doebler-online.de%2Fpdf%2Fdfg-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Friedrich_(author)" title="Jörg Friedrich (author)">Friedrich, Jörg</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firebombingofger00frie">The Fire: The bombing of Germany, 1940–1945</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13380-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13380-4"><bdi>0-231-13380-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire%3A+The+bombing+of+Germany%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-231-13380-4&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirebombingofger00frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrayling2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> (7 March 2006). <a href="/wiki/Among_the_Dead_Cities" title="Among the Dead Cities">Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Walker_Books" title="Walker Books">Walker Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1471-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1471-4"><bdi>0-8027-1471-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62741565">62741565</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23276829M">23276829M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1219602" class="extiw" title="d:Q1219602">Q1219602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Dead+Cities%3A+The+History+and+Moral+Legacy+of+the+WWII+Bombing+of+Civilians+in+Germany+and+Japan&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Walker+Books&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62741565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23276829M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-8027-1471-4&rft.au=A.+C.+Grayling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Hansen" title="Randall Hansen">Hansen, Randall</a> (2009), Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany. New York: New American Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-22759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-22759-1">978-0-451-22759-1</a></li> <li>Middlebrook, Martin. The Battle of Hamburg: allied bomber forces against a German city in 1943 (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofhamburga00midd">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNossack2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Nossack" title="Hans Erich Nossack">Nossack, Hans</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endhamburg194300noss">The End: Hamburg 1943</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-59556-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-59556-0"><bdi>0-226-59556-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End%3A+Hamburg+1943&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-59556-0&rft.aulast=Nossack&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendhamburg194300noss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebald2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Sebald" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfried Sebald">Sebald, Winfried</a> (2003). On the Natural History of Destruction. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50484-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50484-2"><bdi>0-375-50484-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Natural+History+of+Destruction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-50484-2&rft.aulast=Sebald&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anesi.com/ussbs02.htm">Interrogation of Captured Prisoners, United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report, (European War), 30 September 1945</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpaight1944" class="citation book cs1">Spaight, James M. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BombingVindicated">Bombing Vindicated</a>. G. Bles. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1201928">1201928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombing+Vindicated&rft.pub=G.+Bles&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1201928&rft.aulast=Spaight&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBombingVindicated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Hamburg+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> (Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the UK <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031130094844/http://www.seniorennet-hamburg.de/zeitzeugen/vergessen/sindel5.htm">Memories of a 24-year-old woman (in German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terribleland.shawwebspace.ca">Memories of a 12 year-old girl</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hamburg" title="Portal:Hamburg">Hamburg portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 30em; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/topicalbumgallery/2405/gefangen_im_glut_orkan.html">„Gefangen im Glut-Orkan"</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operation_Gomorrha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Operation Gomorrha">Operation Gomorrha</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101003105517/http://www.seniorennet-hamburg.de/zeitzeugen/vergessen/english/klank1_eng.htm">An eyewitness account</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefieldsww2.com/remnants-from-world-war-ii-in-hamburg.html">Remnants from world war II in Hamburg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II19064" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II19064" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid" title="Aarhus Air Raid">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Mailly-le-Camp" title="Bombardment of Mailly-le-Camp">Mailly-le-Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bamberg" title="Bombing of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Celle" title="Bombing of Celle">Celle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Bombing of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Bombing of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg" title="Bombing of Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stralsund_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stralsund in World War II">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">Kassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Amsterdam" title="Bombing of Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)#Destruction_in_World_War_II" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Stein_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Zürich_and_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Zürich and Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgrade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chiba_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Chiba in World War II">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui in World War II">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kumagaya" title="Bombing of Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya" title="Bombing of Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockpit" title="Operation Cockpit">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Penang" title="Air raids on Penang">George Town</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chad4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War3408" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template talk:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War3408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command#Strategic_bombing_1942-1945" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area Bombing Directive (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">Dehousing paper (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_directive" title="Casablanca directive">Casablanca directive (1943)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur "Bomber" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Frederick "Prof" Lindemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil targets (1940-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing of cities (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen#The_Allied_bombing_offensive" title="Submarine pen">U-boat pens (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)" title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)">Battle of Berlin (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport (1944)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bellicose" title="Operation Bellicose">Bellicose (Friedrichshafen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Chastise ("Dambusters" raid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurricane_(1944)" title="Operation Hurricane (1944)">Hurricane (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Hydra (Peenemünde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Blenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Boston (Douglas DB-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">Chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">"Oboe"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)" title="Gee-H (navigation)">Gee-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(radar)" title="Monica (radar)">"Monica" radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">Blockbuster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_bomb" title="Earthquake bomb">Earthquake bomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">Bouncing bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber_stream" title="Bomber stream">Bomber stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">Firebombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command#Invasion_of_Europe" title="RAF Fighter Command">Intruder operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Master_bomber" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Master Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">Shuttle bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">No. 1 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">No. 3 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF" title="No. 4 Group RAF">No. 4 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">No. 5 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group RCAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">No. 8 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Light Night Strike Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:WW2AirDefenceUK" title="Template:WW2AirDefenceUK">Aerial defence of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Air operations during the Battle of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_Moonlight:_Bomber_Command" title="Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command">Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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