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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Falklands War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falklands_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JAFF_and_CHILL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JAFF_and_CHILL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>JAFF and CHILL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JAFF_and_CHILL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_chaff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_chaff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern chaff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_chaff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_chaff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_chaff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types of chaff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_chaff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental and health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B0%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A)" title="نافذة (اسم رمزي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نافذة (اسم رمزي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Chaff" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chaff" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chaff" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCppel_(Radart%C3%A4uschung)" title="Düppel (Radartäuschung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Düppel (Radartäuschung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chaff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%87" title="خاشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paillette_(arm%C3%A9e)" title="Paillette (armée) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paillette (armée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekam_(militer)" title="Sekam (militer) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekam (militer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chaff" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A5" title="מוץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipolinis_at%C5%A1vaitas" title="Dipolinis atšvaitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dipolinis atšvaitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiradarsneeuw" title="Antiradarsneeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antiradarsneeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%95" title="チャフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chaff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_odbijaj%C4%85ce" title="Dipole odbijające – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dipole odbijające" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chaff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_(m%C4%83sur%C4%83_antiradar)" title="Chaff (măsură antiradar) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chaff (măsură antiradar)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дипольные отражатели – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дипольные отражатели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chaff (countermeasure)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window" title="Window – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Window" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarska_vaba" title="Radarska vaba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radarska vaba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silppu" title="Silppu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silppu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remsor" title="Remsor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Remsor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaf" title="Şaf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şaf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Дипольний відбивач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дипольний відбивач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E7%AE%94" title="干扰箔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="干扰箔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1115049#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Radar countermeasure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Special:EditPage/Chaff (countermeasure)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chaff%22+countermeasure">"Chaff" countermeasure</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chaff%22+countermeasure+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chaff%22+countermeasure&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chaff%22+countermeasure+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chaff%22+countermeasure">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chaff%22+countermeasure&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usnchaff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Usnchaff.jpg/220px-Usnchaff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Usnchaff.jpg/330px-Usnchaff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Usnchaff.jpg/440px-Usnchaff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Modern US Navy RR-144 (top) and RR-129 (bottom) chaff countermeasures and containers. Note how the strips of the RR-129 chaff (bottom) are of different widths, while those of the RR-144 (top) are all the same width. The RR-144 is designed to prevent interference with civil ATC radar systems.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chaff</b>, originally called <b>Window</b><sup id="cite_ref-WSC_Closing_the_Ring_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSC_Closing_the_Ring-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Düppel</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">radar countermeasure</a> involving the dispersal of thin strips of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallizing" title="Metallizing">metallized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">glass fiber</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">plastic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dispersed chaff produces a large <a href="/wiki/Radar_cross_section" title="Radar cross section">radar cross section</a> intended to blind or disrupt radar systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern military forces use chaff to distract <a href="/wiki/Active_radar_homing" title="Active radar homing">active radar homing missiles</a> from their targets. <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> can be equipped with chaff dispensing systems for self-defense. During its <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_flight_phases#Midcourse" title="Ballistic missile flight phases">midcourse phase</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a> may release chaff along with its other <a href="/wiki/Penetration_aid" title="Penetration aid">penetration aids</a>. </p><p>Contemporary radar systems can distinguish chaff from legitimate targets by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler effect</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chaff quickly loses speed after leaving an aircraft, and the resulting shift in <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the radar return can be measured. To counter this, a chaff cloud can be <a href="/wiki/Radar#Illumination" title="Radar">illuminated</a> by the defending vehicle with a doppler-corrected frequency. This is known as JAFF (jammer plus chaff) or CHILL (chaff-illuminated).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg/220px-Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg/330px-Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg/440px-Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> dropping chaff (the crescent-shaped white cloud on the left of the picture) over <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Thousand-bomber_raids" title="Thousand-bomber raids">thousand-bomber raid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of using chaff developed independently in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. In 1937, British researcher Gerald Touch, while working with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a> on radar, suggested that lengths of wire suspended from balloons or parachutes might overwhelm a radar system with false echoes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones197839_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197839-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/R._V._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="R. V. Jones">R. V. Jones</a> had suggested that pieces of metal foil falling through the air might do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978290_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978290-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1942, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment" title="Telecommunications Research Establishment">Telecommunications Research Establishment</a> (TRE) researcher <a href="/wiki/Joan_Curran" title="Joan Curran">Joan Curran</a> investigated the idea and came up with a scheme for dumping packets of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> strips from aircraft to generate a cloud of false echoes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early idea was to use sheets the size of a notebook page; these would be printed so they would also serve as <a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">propaganda leaflets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found that the most effective version was strips of black paper backed with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">aluminium foil</a>, exactly 27 cm × 2 cm (10.63 in × 0.79 in) and packed into bundles each weighing 1 pound (0.45 kg). The head of the TRE, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Percival_Rowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Percival Rowe">A. P. Rowe</a>, code-named the device "Window". In Germany, similar research had led to the development of <i>Düppel</i>. The German code name came from the estate where the first German tests with chaff took place, circa 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the British had passed the idea to the US via the <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a> developed a system for dispensing strips for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>, but it is not known if this was ever used. </p><p>The systems used the same concept of small <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> strips (or wires) cut to a half of the target radar's wavelength. When hit by the radar, such lengths of metal resonate and re-radiate the signal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposing defences would find it almost impossible to distinguish the aircraft from the echoes caused by the chaff. Other radar-confusing techniques included airborne jamming devices <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_electronic_warfare_equipment" title="List of World War II electronic warfare equipment">codenamed Mandrel, Piperack, Jostle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpet_(jammer)" title="Carpet (jammer)">Carpet</a>. Mandrel was an airborne jammer targeted at the German Freya radars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978295_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978295-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Carpet targeted the gun-laying <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar" title="Würzburg radar">Würzburg radar</a>. Ignorance about the extent of knowledge of the principle in the opposing air force led planners to judge that it was too dangerous to use, since the opponent could duplicate it. The British government's leading scientific adviser, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Professor Lindemann</a>, pointed out that if the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) used it against the Germans, the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> would quickly copy it and could launch a new <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">Blitz</a>. This caused concern in <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command" title="RAF Fighter Command">RAF Fighter Command</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command" title="Anti-Aircraft Command">Anti-Aircraft Command</a>, who managed to suppress the use of Window until July 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-299_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-299-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was felt that the new generation of centimetric radars available to Fighter Command would cope with <i>Luftwaffe</i> retaliation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two forms of RAF "Window" in a museum display cabinet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg/220px-RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg/330px-RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg/440px-RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Two forms of RAF "Window" radar countermeasure: chopped aluminium wire and paper backed with aluminium foil</figcaption></figure> <p>Examination of the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar" title="Würzburg radar">Würzburg radar</a> equipment brought back to the UK during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Biting" title="Operation Biting">Operation Biting</a> (February 1942) and subsequent reconnaissance revealed to the British that all German radars were operating in no more than three frequency ranges, making them prone to <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Travers_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Travers Harris">Arthur Travers "Bomber" Harris</a>, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a>, finally got approval to use Window as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gomorrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gomorrah">Operation Gomorrah</a>, the week long bombing campaign against <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. The first aircrew trained to use Window were in <a href="/wiki/No._76_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 76 Squadron RAF">76 Squadron</a>. Twenty-four crews were briefed on how to drop the bundles of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminised</a>-paper strips (treated-paper was used to minimise the weight and to maximise the time that the strips would remain in the air, prolonging the effect), one every minute through the flare chute, using a stopwatch to time them. The results proved spectacular. The radar-guided master searchlights wandered aimlessly across the sky. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> guns fired randomly or not at all and the night fighters, their radar displays swamped with false echoes, utterly failed to find the bomber stream. For over a week, Allied attacks devastated a vast area of Hamburg, resulting in more than 40,000 civilian deaths, with the loss of only 12 out of the 791 bombers on the first night. Squadrons quickly had special chutes fitted to their bombers to make chaff deployment even easier. Seeing this as a development that made it safer to go on operations, many crews got in as many trips as they could before the Germans found a counter-countermeasure. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Wurzburg_Display_-_Window_Effect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Giant_Wurzburg_Display_-_Window_Effect.jpg/220px-Giant_Wurzburg_Display_-_Window_Effect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Giant_Wurzburg_Display_-_Window_Effect.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The effect of chaff on the display of a <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar" title="Würzburg radar"><i>Würzburg Riese</i></a> radar. The effect of jamming appears in the left "jagged" half of the circular ring, contrasting with the normal "smooth" (unjammed) display on the right half of the circle with a real target at the 3 o'clock position – on the jammed left side, the real target "blip" would have been indistinguishable from the jamming.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the metal strips puzzled the German civilians at first, German scientists knew exactly what they were–<i>Düppel</i>—but had refrained from using it for the same reasons as Lindemann had pointed out to the British. For over a year the curious situation arose where both sides of the conflict knew how to use chaff to jam the other side's radar but had refrained from doing so for fear of their opponent replying in kind. Window rendered the ground-controlled <i>Himmelbett</i> (canopy bed) fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Kammhuber_Line" title="Kammhuber Line">Kammhuber Line</a> unable to track their targets in the night sky and rendered the early UHF-band <i>B/C</i> and <i>C-1</i> versions of the airborne intercept <a href="/wiki/Lichtenstein_radar" title="Lichtenstein radar">Lichtenstein radar</a> (following the capture of a <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88#Ju_88R" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88R-1</a> night fighter by the British in May 1943 equipped with it) useless, blinding radar-guided <a href="/wiki/Flak" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak">guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">spotlights</a> dependent on the ground-based radar. <i>Oberst</i> <a href="/wiki/Hajo_Herrmann" title="Hajo Herrmann">Hajo Herrmann</a> developed <i><a href="/wiki/Wilde_Sau" title="Wilde Sau">Wilde Sau</a></i> (Wild Boar) to cope with the lack of accurate ground guidance and led to the formation of three new fighter wings to use the tactic, numbered <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_300" title="Jagdgeschwader 300">JG 300</a>, JG 301 and JG 302. Ground operators would radio-direct single-seat fighters and night fighters to areas where the concentrations of chaff were greatest (which would indicate the source of the chaff) for the fighter pilots to see targets, often against the illumination from fires and searchlights below. A few of the single-seat fighters had the <a href="/wiki/Naxos_radar_detector" title="Naxos radar detector">FuG 350 <i>Naxos</i></a> device to detect <a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S</a> radar (the first airborne, ground scanning radar system) emissions from the bombers. </p><p>Six weeks after the Hamburg raid, the <i>Luftwaffe</i> used <i>Düppel</i> in 80 cm × 1.9 cm (31.50 in × 0.75 in) lengths during a raid on the night of 7/8 October 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In raids in 1943 and the "mini-blitz" of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a> between February and May 1944, <i>Düppel</i> allowed German bombers again to attempt operations over <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Although theoretically effective, the small number of bombers, notably in relation to the large RAF <a href="/wiki/Night-fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Night-fighter">night-fighter</a> force, doomed the effort from the start. The British fighters were able to go aloft in large numbers and often found the German bombers in spite of <i>Düppel</i>. The Germans obtained better results during the <a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">air raid on Bari</a> in Italy, on 2 December 1943, when Allied radars were deceived by the use of <i>Düppel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy,_James_Forrestal,_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg/220px-Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg/330px-Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg/440px-Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>Letter from Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> to Merwyn Bly</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the British discovery of it in 1942 by Joan Curran, chaff in the United States was co-invented by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a> and Navy engineer Merwyn Bly. Whipple proposed the idea to the Air Force he was working with at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_gazette_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard_gazette-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early tests failed as the foil strips stuck together and fell as clumps to little or no effect. Bly solved this by designing a cartridge that forced the strips to rub against it as they were expelled, gaining an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic charge">electrostatic charge</a>. Since the strips all had a similar charge they repelled each other, enabling the full countermeasure effect. After the war, Bly received the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Civilian_Service_Award" title="Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award">Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award</a> for his work. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theatre</a>, Navy Lieutenant Commander Sudo Hajime invented a Japanese version called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Giman-shi</i></span>, or "deceiving paper". It was first used with some success in mid 1943, during night battles over the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competing demands for the scarce aluminum necessary for its manufacture limited its use.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 21, 1945, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Giman-shi</i></span> was successfully used prior to a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a> attack on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Falklands_War">Falklands War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Falklands War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British warships in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> (1982) made heavy use of chaff. </p><p>During this war, British <a href="/wiki/Sea_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Harrier">Sea Harrier</a> aircraft lacked their conventional chaff-dispensing mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-304-35542-9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-304-35542-9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> engineers designed an improvised delivery system of <a href="/wiki/Welding_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding rod">welding rods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split_pin" title="Split pin">split pins</a> and string, which allowed six packets of chaff to be stored in the <a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air brake (aircraft)">airbrake</a> well and be deployed in flight. It was often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Heath_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath Robinson">Heath Robinson</a> chaff modification", due to its complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-297-84645-0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-297-84645-0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Special:EditPage/Chaff (countermeasure)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although chaff produces large amounts of scattered reflections potentially clogging a radar display it is easily filtered by virtue of it moving relatively slowly through the sky. </p><p>Radar can make use of the doppler effect to distinguish between chaff and target aircraft which are fast moving. </p><p>The doppler effect only occurs for the component of velocity parallel to the radar beam. </p><p>To overcome this in use large amounts of chaff are deployed and then the aircraft will turn so that it moves predominantly perpendicular to the radar source. It may also rotate to minimize its cross section exposed to the radar beam. </p><p>This leads to aircraft being more difficult to separate from the effectively stationary chaff and is known as "notching" as radar typically incorporate a notch of low sensitivity to frequencies associated with low velocity. </p><p>The effect is likely to be momentary against modern radar systems but can be prolonged by the use of Chill and Jaff as described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JAFF_and_CHILL">JAFF and CHILL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: JAFF and CHILL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the important qualities of chaff is that it is lightweight, allowing large amounts to be carried. As a result, after release it quickly loses any forward speed it had from the aircraft or rocket launcher, and then begins to fall slowly to the ground. From the viewpoint of an enemy radar, the chaff quickly decays to zero velocity. Modern radars use the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a> to measure the line-of-sight velocity of objects, and can thus distinguish chaff from an aircraft, which continues to move at high speed. This allows the radar to filter out the chaff from its display.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeri2006452_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri2006452-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counteract this filtering, the JAFF or CHILL technique has been developed. This uses an additional jammer broadcaster on the aircraft to reflect a signal off the chaff cloud that has the proper frequency to match that of the aircraft. This makes it impossible to use Doppler shift alone to filter out the chaff signal. In practice, the signal is deliberately noisy in order to present multiple false targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeri2006452_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri2006452-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In essence, the JAFF technique is a low-cost offboard decoy, moving the jammers from the launcher platform to the decoy, and using the chaff as a reflector to provide angular separation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeri2006452_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri2006452-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_chaff">Modern chaff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern chaff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While foil chaff is still used by certain aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a> bomber, this type is no longer manufactured. The chaff used by aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet</a> consists of aluminium-coated glass fibres. These fibre "<a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipoles</a>" are designed to remain airborne for as long as possible, having a typical diameter of 1 <a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">mil</a>, or 0.025 mm, and a typical length of 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) to over 2 inches (51 mm). Newer "superfine" chaff has a typical diameter of 0.7 mils (0.018 mm). The chaff is carried in tubular cartridges, which remain attached to the aircraft, each typically containing around 3 to 5 million chaff fibres. The chaff is ejected from the cartridge by a plastic piston driven by a small pyrotechnic charge.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_chaff">Types of chaff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of chaff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chaff countermeasures come in two main types: continuous wave (CW) chaff, used against radar-guided missiles that operate on a continuous frequency, and pulsed chaff, used against missiles that operate on a pulsed frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_and_health_effects">Environmental and health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental and health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is not a lot of research on the public health and environmental effects of chaff. A U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored 1998 research review stated that the "widespread environmental, human and agricultural impacts of chaff as currently used in training are negligible and far less than those from other man-made emissions."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">Anti-ballistic missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">Countermeasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure" title="Infrared countermeasure">Infrared countermeasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">Electronic countermeasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Flare (countermeasure)">Flare (countermeasure)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_36_SRBOC" title="Mark 36 SRBOC">SRBOC</a> (Super Rapid-Blooming Offboard Chaff), a shipboard chaff system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WSC_Closing_the_Ring-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSC_Closing_the_Ring_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1951" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston Spencer (1951). <i>The Second World War: Closing the Ring</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. p. 643.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+Closing+the+Ring&rft.pages=643&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company%2C+Boston&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhigham" class="citation web cs1">Whigham, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/military/it-looks-like-rain-but-its-actually-secret-military-exercises/news-story/0bd86fdc0b62ded8c5a32d04d96d78eb">"It looks like rain but it's actually secret military exercises"</a>. <i>news.com.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=It+looks+like+rain+but+it%27s+actually+secret+military+exercises&rft.aulast=Whigham&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Finnovation%2Fmilitary%2Fit-looks-like-rain-but-its-actually-secret-military-exercises%2Fnews-story%2F0bd86fdc0b62ded8c5a32d04d96d78eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarbacz1978" class="citation report cs1">Garbacz, R. J. (1978-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA080989">Chaff Radar Cross Section Studies and Calculations</a> (Report). Ohio State University Columbus Electroscience Lab.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Chaff+Radar+Cross+Section+Studies+and+Calculations&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Columbus+Electroscience+Lab&rft.date=1978-05-01&rft.aulast=Garbacz&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fcitations%2FADA080989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangChenZhuHuang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Husheng; Chen, Baixiao; Zhu, Dongchen; Huang, Fengsheng; Yu, Xiangzhen; Ye, Qingzhi; Cheng, Xiancheng; Peng, Shuai; Jing, Jiaqiu (2022-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Frsn2.12302">"Chaff identification method based on Range-Doppler imaging feature"</a>. <i>IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation</i>. <b>16</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1861–</span>1871. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Frsn2.12302">10.1049/rsn2.12302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-8784">1751-8784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IET+Radar%2C+Sonar+%26+Navigation&rft.atitle=Chaff+identification+method+based+on+Range-Doppler+imaging+feature&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1861-%3C%2Fspan%3E1871&rft.date=2022-08-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Frsn2.12302&rft.issn=1751-8784&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Husheng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Baixiao&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Dongchen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Fengsheng&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xiangzhen&rft.au=Ye%2C+Qingzhi&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Xiancheng&rft.au=Peng%2C+Shuai&rft.au=Jing%2C+Jiaqiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1049%252Frsn2.12302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emsopedia.org/entries/chaffs/">"Chaffs"</a>. <i>EMSOPEDIA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMSOPEDIA&rft.atitle=Chaffs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsopedia.org%2Fentries%2Fchaffs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197839-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones197839_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1978">Jones 1978</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978290-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978290_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1978">Jones 1978</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goebel. section 8.3 <i>The British Begin Countermeasures</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1978">Jones 1978</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978295-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978295_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1978">Jones 1978</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-299-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-299_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1978">Jones 1978</a>, p. 291-299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Blitz-Then and Now (Volume 3) page 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1967" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, D. M., Capt. USN (1967). <i>The Bari Incident</i>. no isbn. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. United States Naval Institute Proceedings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bari+Incident&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute.+United+States+Naval+Institute+Proceedings&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=D.+M.%2C+Capt.+USN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard_gazette-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvard_gazette_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGewertz2001" class="citation web cs1">Gewertz, Ken (18 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017091915/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/10.18/05-bigpic.html">"Fred Whipple: Stargazer"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette: The Big Picture</i>. President and Fellows of Harvard College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/10.18/05-bigpic.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette%3A+The+Big+Picture&rft.atitle=Fred+Whipple%3A+Stargazer&rft.date=2001-10-18&rft.aulast=Gewertz&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F2001%2F10.18%2F05-bigpic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bRaa7UuD6EC"><i>The Library of Congress World War II Companion</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416553069" title="Special:BookSources/9781416553069"><bdi>9781416553069</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Congress+World+War+II+Companion&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781416553069&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bRaa7UuD6EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillman2006" class="citation book cs1">Tillman, Barrett (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqe_hUBgO20C"><i>Clash of the carriers: the true story of the Marianas Turkey Shoot of World War II</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440623998" title="Special:BookSources/9781440623998"><bdi>9781440623998</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clash+of+the+carriers%3A+the+true+story+of+the+Marianas+Turkey+Shoot+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781440623998&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqe_hUBgO20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStem2010" class="citation book cs1">Stem, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDSAwAAQBAJ"><i>Fire From the Sky: Surviving the Kamikaze Threat</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473814219" title="Special:BookSources/9781473814219"><bdi>9781473814219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+From+the+Sky%3A+Surviving+the+Kamikaze+Threat&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781473814219&rft.aulast=Stem&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQDSAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-304-35542-9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-304-35542-9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharkey_Ward2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharkey Ward (2000). <i>Sea Harrier Over the Falklands (Cassell Military Paperbacks)</i>. Sterling*+ Publishing Company. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35542-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35542-9"><bdi>0-304-35542-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Harrier+Over+the+Falklands+%28Cassell+Military+Paperbacks%29&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Sterling%2A%2B+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-304-35542-9&rft.au=Sharkey+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-297-84645-0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-297-84645-0_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan,_David_L.2006" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, David L. (2006). <i>Hostile Skies: My Falklands Air War</i>. London: Orion Publishing. pp. 59, 73 and photo section. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84645-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84645-0"><bdi>0-297-84645-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hostile+Skies%3A+My+Falklands+Air+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=59%2C+73+and+photo+section&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-297-84645-0&rft.au=Morgan%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri2006452-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeri2006452_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeri2006452_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeri2006452_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeri2006">Neri 2006</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/systems/chaff.htm">Chaff - Radar Countermeasures</a>, at GlobalSecurity.org (website), Alexandria, Vermont. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://instruth.com/chaff-vs-flare-in-a-jet/">"Chaff Vs Flare in a Jet: Understanding the Differences - InsTruth"</a>. 2023-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaff+Vs+Flare+in+a+Jet%3A+Understanding+the+Differences+-+InsTruth&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstruth.com%2Fchaff-vs-flare-in-a-jet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goebel, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vc.airvectors.net/ttwiz.html"><i>The Wizard War: WW2 & The Origins Of Radar</i></a> v.2.0.2, retrieved 2021-05-26</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1978" class="citation book cs1">Jones, R. V. (1978). <i>Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-89746-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-89746-7"><bdi>0-241-89746-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Most+Secret+War%3A+British+Scientific+Intelligence+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-241-89746-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeri2006" class="citation book cs1">Neri, Filippo (2006). <i>Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems</i>. SciTech Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63-081534-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63-081534-9"><bdi>978-1-63-081534-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Electronic+Defense+Systems&rft.pub=SciTech+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-63-081534-9&rft.aulast=Neri&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaff+%28countermeasure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaff_(countermeasure)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chaff_(countermeasure)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chaff (countermeasure)">Chaff</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/brunel/A591545">BBC: The History of Radar</a></li> <li>Obituary of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Curran" title="Joan Curran">Joan Curran</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-joan-curran-1071704.html">The Independent, Feb 19, 1999 by Tam Dalyell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunprintershistory.com/factwindow.html">Window, The History of Sun Engraving and Sun Printers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/systems/chaff.htm">Global Security.org Discussion of Chaff</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Window">RAF Window</a> at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War3408" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template talk:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War3408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command#Strategic_bombing_1942-1945" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area Bombing Directive (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">Dehousing paper (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_directive" title="Casablanca directive">Casablanca directive (1943)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur "Bomber" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Frederick "Prof" Lindemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil targets (1940-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing of cities (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen#The_Allied_bombing_offensive" title="Submarine pen">U-boat pens (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)" title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)">Battle of Berlin (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bellicose" title="Operation Bellicose"><i>Bellicose</i> (Friedrichshafen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise"><i>Chastise</i> ("Dambusters" raid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurricane_(1944)" title="Operation Hurricane (1944)"><i>Hurricane</i> (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II"><i>Hydra</i> (Peenemünde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Blenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Boston (Douglas DB-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">"Oboe"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)" title="Gee-H (navigation)">Gee-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(radar)" title="Monica (radar)">"Monica" radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">Blockbuster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_bomb" title="Earthquake bomb">Earthquake bomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">Bouncing bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber_stream" title="Bomber stream">Bomber stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">Firebombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command#Invasion_of_Europe" title="RAF Fighter Command">Intruder operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Master_bomber" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Master Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">Shuttle bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">No. 1 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">No. 3 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF" title="No. 4 Group RAF">No. 4 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">No. 5 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group RCAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">No. 8 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Light Night Strike Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:WW2AirDefenceUK" title="Template:WW2AirDefenceUK">Aerial defence of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Air operations during the Battle of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_by_Moonlight:_Bomber_Command" title="Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command">Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115049#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata603" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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