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<span>Sala di Costantino</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sala_di_Costantino-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sala di Costantino subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sala_di_Costantino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Vision_of_the_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Vision_of_the_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>The Vision of the Cross</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Vision_of_the_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Milvian_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Milvian_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>The Battle of Milvian 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanza_di_Eliodoro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Stanza di Eliodoro</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stanza_di_Eliodoro-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Stanza di Eliodoro</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stanza_di_Eliodoro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mass_at_Bolsena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mass_at_Bolsena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>The Mass at Bolsena</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mass_at_Bolsena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>Deliverance of Saint Peter</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanza_della_Segnatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanza_della_Segnatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Stanza della Segnatura</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stanza_della_Segnatura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Stanza della Segnatura</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stanza_della_Segnatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Disputation of the Holy Sacrament</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Parnassus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Parnassus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>The Parnassus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Parnassus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_School_of_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_School_of_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>The School of Athens</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_School_of_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Cardinal_Virtues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cardinal_Virtues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>The Cardinal Virtues</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cardinal_Virtues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanza_dell'incendio_del_Borgo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanza_dell'incendio_del_Borgo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stanza_dell'incendio_del_Borgo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stanza_dell'incendio_del_Borgo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Oath_of_Leo_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Oath_of_Leo_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>The Oath of Leo III</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Oath_of_Leo_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>The Coronation of Charlemagne</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_in_the_Borgo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_in_the_Borgo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Fire in the Borgo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_in_the_Borgo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Ostia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Ostia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span><i>The Battle of Ostia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Ostia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raphael Rooms</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84" title="غرف رافاييل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرف رافاييل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Станцы Рафаэля – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Станцы Рафаэля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стаи на Рафаело – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стаи на Рафаело" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estances_de_Rafael" title="Estances de Rafael – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estances de Rafael" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaelovy_s%C3%A1ly" title="Raffaelovy sály – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raffaelovy sály" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanzen_des_Raffael" title="Stanzen des Raffael – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanzen des Raffael" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB" title="Αίθουσες του Ραφαήλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίθουσες του Ραφαήλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estancias_de_Rafael" title="Estancias de Rafael – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estancias de Rafael" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelaj_%C4%88ambroj" title="Rafaelaj Ĉambroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rafaelaj Ĉambroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambres_de_Rapha%C3%ABl" title="Chambres de Raphaël – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chambres de Raphaël" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%98%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%A9" title="라파엘로의 방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라파엘로의 방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelove_sobe" title="Rafaelove sobe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rafaelove sobe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruangan_Rafael" title="Ruangan Rafael – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ruangan Rafael" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanze_di_Raffaello" title="Stanze di Raffaello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stanze di Raffaello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C" title="חדרי רפאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חדרי רפאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C4%93la_stancas" title="Rafaēla stancas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rafaēla stancas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelio_kambariai" title="Rafaelio kambariai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rafaelio kambariai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanze_di_Raffaello" title="Stanze di Raffaello – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanze di Raffaello" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%81%AE%E9%96%93" title="ラファエロの間 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラファエロの間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanze_Watyka%C5%84skie" title="Stanze Watykańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stanze Watykańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salas_de_Rafael" title="Salas de Rafael – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salas de Rafael" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Станцы Рафаэля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Станцы Рафаэля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaelove_siene" title="Raffaelove siene – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Raffaelove siene" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelove_stance" title="Rafaelove stance – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rafaelove stance" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelove_sobe" title="Rafaelove sobe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rafaelove sobe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaels_stanzer" title="Rafaels stanzer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rafaels stanzer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Raphael_Rooms&params=41.903611_N_12.456389_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°54′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°27′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.903611°N 12.456389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.903611; 12.456389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rooms in the Vatican painted by Raphael</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Raphael Rooms</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg/270px-Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg/405px-Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg/540px-Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="959" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Stanza della Segnatura</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="14" data-overlays="["_092508863003174e8f7b09d3c3eae1e5c999f6ca"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Raphael_Rooms&revid=1253428321&groups=_092508863003174e8f7b09d3c3eae1e5c999f6ca" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Raphael_Rooms&revid=1253428321&groups=_092508863003174e8f7b09d3c3eae1e5c999f6ca 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Raphael_Rooms&params=41.903611_N_12.456389_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°54′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°27′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.903611°N 12.456389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.903611; 12.456389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The four <b>Raphael Rooms</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Stanze di Raffaello</i>) form a suite of reception rooms in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, now part of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. They are famous for their <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> and his workshop. Together with <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a> frescoes, they are the grand fresco sequences that mark the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p><p>The <i>Stanze</i>, as they are commonly called, were originally intended as a suite of apartments for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>. He commissioned Raphael, then a relatively young artist from <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, and his studio in 1508 or 1509 to redecorate the existing interiors of the rooms entirely. It was possibly Julius' intent to outshine the apartments of his predecessor (and rival) <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, as the <i>Stanze</i> are directly above Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartment" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgia Apartment">Borgia Apartment</a>. They are on the second floor, overlooking the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Belvedere Courtyard</a>. </p><p>Running from east to west, as a visitor would have entered the apartment, but not following the sequence in which the <i>Stanze</i> were frescoed, the rooms are the <b>Sala di Costantino</b> ("Hall of Constantine"), the <b>Stanza di Eliodoro</b> ("Room of Heliodorus"), the <b>Stanza della Segnatura</b> ("Room of the Signatura"), and the <b>Stanza dell'Incendio del Borgo</b> ("The Room of the <i>Fire in the Borgo</i>"). </p><p>After the death of Julius in 1513, with two rooms frescoed, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> continued the program. Following Raphael's death in 1520, his assistants <a href="/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Penni" title="Gianfrancesco Penni">Gianfrancesco Penni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raffaellino_del_Colle" title="Raffaellino del Colle">Raffaellino del Colle</a> finished the project with the frescoes in the <i>Sala di Costantino</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scheme">Scheme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scheme of the works is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:centre"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Room of the Signatura</span> </th> <th width="20%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Room of Heliodorus</span> </th> <th width="20%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Room of the Fire in the Borgo</span> </th> <th width="20%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hall of Constantine</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>General view (I)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Estancia_del_Sello_(Vista_general_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg/40px-1_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg/60px-1_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg/80px-1_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_(Vista_general_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/8_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg/40px-8_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/8_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg/60px-8_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/8_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg/80px-8_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_(Vista_general_I).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/15_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_I%29.png/40px-15_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_I%29.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/15_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_I%29.png/60px-15_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_I%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/15_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_I%29.png/80px-15_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_I%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:113d_Sala_de_Constantino_(Vista,_d).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/113d_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_d%29.jpg/40px-113d_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_d%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/113d_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_d%29.jpg/60px-113d_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_d%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/113d_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_d%29.jpg/80px-113d_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_d%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>General view (II)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Estancia_del_Sello_(Vista_general_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/40px-2_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/60px-2_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/80px-2_Estancia_del_Sello_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_(Vista_general_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/9_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/40px-9_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/9_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/60px-9_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/9_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/80px-9_Estancia_de_Heliodoro_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_(Vista_general_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/16_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/40px-16_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/16_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/60px-16_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/16_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg/80px-16_Estancia_del_Incendio_del_Borgo_%28Vista_general_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:113e_Sala_de_Constantino_(Vista,_e).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/113e_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_e%29.jpg/40px-113e_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_e%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/113e_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_e%29.jpg/60px-113e_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_e%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/113e_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_e%29.jpg/80px-113e_Sala_de_Constantino_%28Vista%2C_e%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>East wall</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/40px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/60px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/80px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raphael_-_The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raphael_-_The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raphael_-_The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Battle_of_Ostia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raphael_-_Battle_of_Ostia.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Battle_of_Ostia.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raphael_-_Battle_of_Ostia.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Battle_of_Ostia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raphael_-_Battle_of_Ostia.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Battle_of_Ostia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg/40px-School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg/60px-School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg/80px-School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple" title="The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple">The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostia_(Raphael%27s_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ostia (Raphael's painting)">Battle of Ostia</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_the_Cross" title="The Vision of the Cross">The Vision of the Cross</a></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>South wall</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2984" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg/40px-Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg/60px-Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg/80px-Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal and Theological Virtues">Cardinal and Theological Virtues</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_at_Bolsena" title="The Mass at Bolsena">The Mass at Bolsena</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Fire_in_the_Borgo" title="The Fire in the Borgo">The Fire in the Borgo</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge_(Giulio_Romano)" title="The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (Giulio Romano)">The Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>West wall</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raphael1a.jpg/40px-Raphael1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raphael1a.jpg/60px-Raphael1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raphael1a.jpg/80px-Raphael1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raphael_-_The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raphael_-_The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raphael_-_The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3003" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giannfrancesco_Penni_-_Baptism_of_Constantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Giannfrancesco_Penni_-_Baptism_of_Constantine.jpg/40px-Giannfrancesco_Penni_-_Baptism_of_Constantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Giannfrancesco_Penni_-_Baptism_of_Constantine.jpg/60px-Giannfrancesco_Penni_-_Baptism_of_Constantine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Giannfrancesco_Penni_-_Baptism_of_Constantine.jpg/80px-Giannfrancesco_Penni_-_Baptism_of_Constantine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament" title="Disputation of the Holy Sacrament">Disputation of the Holy Sacrament</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila" title="The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila">The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne" title="The Coronation of Charlemagne">The Coronation of Charlemagne</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Constantine" title="The Baptism of Constantine">The Baptism of Constantine</a></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>North wall</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Parnassus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Raphael_-_The_Parnassus.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_The_Parnassus.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Raphael_-_The_Parnassus.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_The_Parnassus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Raphael_-_The_Parnassus.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_The_Parnassus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="3003" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg/40px-School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg/60px-School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg/80px-School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">The Parnassus</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter" title="Deliverance of Saint Peter">Deliverance of Saint Peter</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Oath_of_Leo_III" title="The Oath of Leo III">The Oath of Leo III</a></span></i> </td> <td><i><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/The_Donation_of_Constantine_(painting)" title="The Donation of Constantine (painting)">The Donation of Constantine</a></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Ceiling</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Selling_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Selling_Room.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Selling_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Selling_Room.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Selling_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Selling_Room.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Selling_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="3493" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Eliodorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Eliodorus.jpg/40px-Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Eliodorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Eliodorus.jpg/60px-Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Eliodorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Eliodorus.jpg/80px-Raphael_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Eliodorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perugino_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Perugino_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/40px-Perugino_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Perugino_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/60px-Perugino_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Perugino_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/80px-Perugino_-_Ceiling_of_the_Room_of_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="3098" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tommaso_Laureti_-_Ceiling_of_Room_of_Constantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tommaso_Laureti_-_Ceiling_of_Room_of_Constantine.jpg/40px-Tommaso_Laureti_-_Ceiling_of_Room_of_Constantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tommaso_Laureti_-_Ceiling_of_Room_of_Constantine.jpg/60px-Tommaso_Laureti_-_Ceiling_of_Room_of_Constantine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tommaso_Laureti_-_Ceiling_of_Room_of_Constantine.jpg/80px-Tommaso_Laureti_-_Ceiling_of_Room_of_Constantine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sala_di_Costantino">Sala di Costantino</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sala di Costantino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest of the twelve rooms is the <i>Sala di Costantino</i> ("Hall of Constantine"). Its paintings were not begun until Pope Julius and, indeed Raphael himself, had died. The room is dedicated to the victory of Christianity over paganism. Its frescoes represent this struggle from the life of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine</a>, and are the work of Giulio Romano, Gianfrancesco Penni and Raffaellino del Colle. Because they are not by the master himself, the frescos are less famous than works in the neighboring rooms. Continuing a long tradition of flattery, Raphael's assistants gave the features of the current pontiff, <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester</a> in the paintings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Vision_of_the_Cross"><i>The Vision of the Cross</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Vision of the Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_the_Cross" title="The Vision of the Cross">The Vision of the Cross</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg/550px-School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg/825px-School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg/1100px-School_of_Raphael_-_Vision_of_the_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption><i>The Vision of the Cross</i>, 1520–1524</figcaption></figure> <p>The fresco of <i>The Vision of the Cross</i> depicts the legendary story of a great cross appearing to Constantine as he marched to confront his rival <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>. The vision in the sky is painted with the words in Greek "Εν τούτω νίκα" ("By this, conquer", better known as the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces" title="In hoc signo vinces">In hoc signo vinces</a></i>) written next to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_Milvian_Bridge"><i>The Battle of Milvian Bridge</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Battle of Milvian Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge_(Giulio_Romano)" title="The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (Giulio Romano)">The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (Giulio Romano)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg/550px-Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg/825px-Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg/1100px-Giulio_Romano_-_The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Milvian Bridge</i>, 1520-1524</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Battle of Milvian Bridge</i> shows the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">battle</a> that took place on October 28, 312, following Constantine's vision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Baptism_of_Constantine"><i>The Baptism of Constantine</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Baptism of Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Constantine" title="The Baptism of Constantine">The Baptism of Constantine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/550px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/825px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/1100px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><i>The Baptism of Constantine</i>, 1517–1524</figcaption></figure> <p>The third painting in the sequence, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Constantine" title="The Baptism of Constantine">The Baptism of Constantine</a></i>, was most likely painted by <a href="/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Penni" title="Gianfrancesco Penni">Gianfrancesco Penni</a>, and shows the emperor being baptised by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Baptistery" title="Lateran Baptistery">Lateran Baptistery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. This follows the account of Constantine's baptism given in the <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Sylvester" title="Acts of Sylvester">Acts of Sylvester</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i>, rather than the alternate deathbed version recounted in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Life of Constantine</a></i>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Constantine" title="The Baptism of Constantine">The Baptism of Constantine</a></i>, Pope Sylvester I has the physical features of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (1523–1534), who ordered the completion of the Raphael Rooms. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Donation_of_Constantine"><i>The Donation of Constantine</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Donation of Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Donation_of_Constantine_(painting)" title="The Donation of Constantine (painting)">The Donation of Constantine (painting)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg/550px-School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg/825px-School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg/1100px-School_of_Raphael_-_Donation_of_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption><i>The Donation of Constantine</i>, 1520–1524</figcaption></figure> <p>The final painting in the sequence, <i>The Donation of Constantine</i>, records an event that supposedly took place shortly after Constantine's baptism, and was inspired by the famous <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">forged documents</a>, incorporated into Gratian's <i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum</a></i>, granting the Papacy sovereignty over Rome's territorial dominions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stanza_di_Eliodoro"><i>Stanza di Eliodoro</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stanza di Eliodoro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next room, going from East to West, is the <i>Stanza di Eliodoro</i> ("Room of Heliodorus"). Painted between 1511 and 1514, it takes its name from one of the paintings. The theme of this private chamber – probably an audience room – was the heavenly protection granted by Christ to the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four paintings are: <i>The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</i>, <i>The Mass at Bolsena,</i> <i>The Meeting of Pope Leo I and Attila,</i> and <i>The Deliverance of Saint Peter from Prison</i>. In the first two of these frescoes, Raphael flatteringly includes his patron, Pope Julius II, as participant or observer; the third, painted after Julius's death, includes a portrait of his successor, Leo X. </p><p>Raphael's style changed here from the <i>Stanza della Segnatura.</i> Instead of the static images of the Pope's library, he had dramatic narratives to portray, and his approach was to maximize the frescoes' expressive effects. He represented fewer, larger figures so that their actions and emotions have more direct impact on the viewers, and he used theatrical lighting effects to spotlight certain figures and heighten tension. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple"><i>The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple" title="The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple">The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Heliodorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Raphael_Heliodorus.jpg/550px-Raphael_Heliodorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Raphael_Heliodorus.jpg/825px-Raphael_Heliodorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Raphael_Heliodorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Raphael, <i>The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple,</i> 1511–1513</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</i> Raphael illustrated the biblical episode from <a href="/wiki/II_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="II Maccabees">II Maccabees</a> (3:21–28) about <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(minister)" title="Heliodorus (minister)">Heliodorus</a>, who was sent to seize the treasure preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, but was stopped when the prayer of the priest of the temple was answered by angels who flogged the intruder and an angelic rider who chased him from the temple. The composition is considerably more dramatic than Raphael's earlier frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura. Although the focal point is the still figure of the priest at prayer, Heliodorus and the angels rush forward into space, threatening to spill out of the painting. At the left Julius II, carried by the Swiss Guard in a chair, witnesses the event. His inclusion here refers to his battles to prevent secular leaders from usurping papal territories.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mass_at_Bolsena"><i>The Mass at Bolsena</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Mass at Bolsena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Mass_at_Bolsena" title="The Mass at Bolsena">The Mass at Bolsena</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massatbolsena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Massatbolsena.jpg/550px-Massatbolsena.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Massatbolsena.jpg/825px-Massatbolsena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Massatbolsena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Raphael, <i>The Mass at Bolsena,</i> 1512</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Mass at Bolsena</i> depicts the story of a Bohemian priest who in 1263 ceased to doubt the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a> when he saw the bread begin to bleed during its consecration at <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>. The cloth that was stained by the blood was held as a relic at the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a>; Julius II had visited Orvieto and prayed over the relic in 1506.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope is portrayed as a participant in the Mass and a witness to the miracle; he kneels to the right of the altar, with members of the Curia (also portraits) standing behind him. Raphael distinguishes the "real" thirteenth-century witnesses from those who are contemporaries of the pope by their degree of engagement in the event; the latter concentrate calmly on Julius kneeling at his devotions rather than responding to the miracle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila"><i>The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila" title="The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila">The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leoattila-Raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Leoattila-Raphael.jpg/550px-Leoattila-Raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Leoattila-Raphael.jpg/825px-Leoattila-Raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Leoattila-Raphael.jpg/1100px-Leoattila-Raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><i>The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila,</i> 1514</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila</i> depicts the storied parley between the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">the Hun conqueror</a>, and includes the legendary images of Saint Peter and <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Saint Paul</a> in the sky bearing swords. A fully developed drawing by Raphael indicates he planned to place the pope – portrayed with Julius's features – in the background; when Leo X became pope – and just happened to choose the name Leo – he must have encouraged the artist to bring the pope front and center and use his own portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter"><i>Deliverance of Saint Peter</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deliverance of Saint Peter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter" title="Deliverance of Saint Peter">Deliverance of Saint Peter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg/550px-Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg/825px-Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Raphael, <i>Deliverance of Saint Peter,</i> 1514</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Deliverance of Saint Peter</i> shows, in three episodes, how <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> was <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Saint Peter">liberated</a> from prison by an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>, as described in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts 12</a>. It symbolizes the power of the Vicar of Christ to escape human restraints. Julius II's titular church as cardinal, before he was elevated to the papacy, had been S. Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains), so the painting is at once a general reference to the papacy and a specific reference to Julius.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fresco is a study in light: natural moonlight, man-made torchlight, and God-provided angel light. It is the latter, of course, that outshines the others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stanza_della_Segnatura"><i>Stanza della Segnatura</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stanza della Segnatura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Stanza della segnatura</i> ("Room of the Signatura") was the first to be decorated by Raphael's frescoes. It was the study housing the library of Julius II, in which the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Signatura of Grace</a> tribunal was originally located. The artist's concept brings into harmony the spirits of Antiquity and Christianity and reflects the contents of the pope's library with themes of theology, philosophy, jurisprudence, and the poetic arts, represented in <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">tondi</a> above the lunettes of the walls. The theme of this room is worldly and spiritual wisdom and the harmony which <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanists">humanists</a> perceived between <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> teaching and <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>. The theme of wisdom is appropriate as this room was the council chamber for the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a>, where most of the important papal documents were signed and sealed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament"><i>Disputation of the Holy Sacrament</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disputation of the Holy Sacrament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament" title="Disputation of the Holy Sacrament">Disputation of the Holy Sacrament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_disputa_do_Sacramento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_disputa_do_Sacramento.jpg/550px-A_disputa_do_Sacramento.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_disputa_do_Sacramento.jpg/825px-A_disputa_do_Sacramento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_disputa_do_Sacramento.jpg/1100px-A_disputa_do_Sacramento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Raphael, <i>Disputation of the Holy Sacrament</i>, 1509-1510</figcaption></figure> <p>The first composition Raphael executed between 1509 and 1510<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <i>Disputation of the Holy Sacrament</i>, the traditional name for what is really an <i>Adoration of the Sacrament</i>. In the painting, Raphael created an image of the church, which is presented as spanning both heaven and earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Parnassus"><i>The Parnassus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Parnassus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">The Parnassus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffael_072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Raffael_072.jpg/550px-Raffael_072.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Raffael_072.jpg/825px-Raffael_072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Raffael_072.jpg/1100px-Raffael_072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>Raphael, <i>The Parnassus</i>, 1509-1511</figcaption></figure> <p>Raphael completed the second composition between 1509 and 1511.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represents <i>The Parnassus</i>, the dwelling place of the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and the Muses and the home of poetry, according to classical myth. In the fresco <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and the Muses are surrounded by poets from antiquity and Raphael's own time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_School_of_Athens"><i>The School of Athens</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The School of Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg/550px-Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg/825px-Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg/1100px-Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Raphael, <i>The School of Athens</i>, 1509-1511</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1509 and 1511, Raphael also completed another work on the wall opposite the <i>Disputa</i>. This third painting,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entitled <i>The School of Athens</i>, represents the degrees of knowledge or the truth acquired through reason. The fresco's position as well as the philosophers' walk in direction of the Holy Sacrament on the opposite wall suggested the interpretation of the whole room as the movement from the classical philosophy to the true religion and from the pre-Christian world to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was meant to reside over the philosophical section of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>'s library. It is perhaps Raphael's most famous fresco. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cardinal_Virtues"><i>The Cardinal Virtues</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Cardinal Virtues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues_(Raphael)" title="Cardinal and Theological Virtues (Raphael)">Cardinal and Theological Virtues (Raphael)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafael_-_Virtudes_Teologales_y_la_Ley_(Estancia_del_Sello,_Vaticano,_1511).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rafael_-_Virtudes_Teologales_y_la_Ley_%28Estancia_del_Sello%2C_Vaticano%2C_1511%29.jpg/550px-Rafael_-_Virtudes_Teologales_y_la_Ley_%28Estancia_del_Sello%2C_Vaticano%2C_1511%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rafael_-_Virtudes_Teologales_y_la_Ley_%28Estancia_del_Sello%2C_Vaticano%2C_1511%29.jpg/825px-Rafael_-_Virtudes_Teologales_y_la_Ley_%28Estancia_del_Sello%2C_Vaticano%2C_1511%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rafael_-_Virtudes_Teologales_y_la_Ley_%28Estancia_del_Sello%2C_Vaticano%2C_1511%29.jpg/1100px-Rafael_-_Virtudes_Teologales_y_la_Ley_%28Estancia_del_Sello%2C_Vaticano%2C_1511%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Raphael, <i>The Cardinal Virtues</i>, 1511</figcaption></figure> <p>The two scenes on the fourth wall, executed by the workshop, and the lunette above it, containing the <i>Cardinal Virtues</i>, were painted in 1511. <i>The Cardinal Virtues</i> allegorically presents the virtues of <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">fortitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">prudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stanza_dell'incendio_del_Borgo"><span id="Stanza_dell.27incendio_del_Borgo"></span>Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo</i> was named for the <i>Fire in the Borgo</i> fresco which depicts <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a> making the sign of the cross to extinguish a raging fire in the <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>. This room was prepared as a music room for Julius' successor, <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a>. The frescos depict events from the lives of Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a> and Leo IV. The other paintings in the room are <i>The Oath of Leo III</i>, <i>The Coronation of Charlemagne by Leo III</i>, and <i>The Battle of Ostia</i>. Though the <i>Fire in the Borgo</i> was based on Raphael's mature designs it was executed by his assistants, who painted the other three paintings without his guidance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Oath_of_Leo_III"><i>The Oath of Leo III</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Oath of Leo III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Oath_of_Leo_III" title="The Oath of Leo III">The Oath of Leo III</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg/550px-Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg/825px-Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg/1100px-Raphael_-_Oath_of_Leo_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>The Oath of Leo III, 1516–1517</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 23, 800 <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a>, Pope Leo III took an oath of purgation concerning charges brought against him by the nephews of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hadrian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Hadrian I">Pope Hadrian I</a>. This event is shown in <i>The Oath of Leo III</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne"><i>The Coronation of Charlemagne</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Coronation of Charlemagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne" title="The Coronation of Charlemagne">The Coronation of Charlemagne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Charlemagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raphael_Charlemagne.jpg/550px-Raphael_Charlemagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="463" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raphael_Charlemagne.jpg/825px-Raphael_Charlemagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Raphael_Charlemagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><i>The Coronation of Charlemagne</i>, 1516–1517</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Coronation of Charlemagne</i> shows how <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Imperator Romanorum</a> on Christmas Day, 800. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_in_the_Borgo"><i>Fire in the Borgo</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fire in the Borgo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Fire_in_the_Borgo" title="The Fire in the Borgo">The Fire in the Borgo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Chambre_de_Rapha%C3%ABl_-_L%27Incendie_du_Borgo_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/0_Chambre_de_Rapha%C3%ABl_-_L%27Incendie_du_Borgo_%281%29.JPG/550px-0_Chambre_de_Rapha%C3%ABl_-_L%27Incendie_du_Borgo_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="550" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/0_Chambre_de_Rapha%C3%ABl_-_L%27Incendie_du_Borgo_%281%29.JPG/825px-0_Chambre_de_Rapha%C3%ABl_-_L%27Incendie_du_Borgo_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/0_Chambre_de_Rapha%C3%ABl_-_L%27Incendie_du_Borgo_%281%29.JPG/1100px-0_Chambre_de_Rapha%C3%ABl_-_L%27Incendie_du_Borgo_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fire in the Borgo</i>, 1514–1517</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Fire in the Borgo</i> shows an event that is documented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i>: a fire that broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 847. According to the Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a> contained the fire with his benediction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_Ostia"><i>The Battle of Ostia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Battle of Ostia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostia_(Raphael%27s_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ostia (Raphael's painting)">Battle of Ostia (Raphael's painting)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Ostia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raphael_Ostia.jpg/550px-Raphael_Ostia.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raphael_Ostia.jpg/825px-Raphael_Ostia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Raphael_Ostia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Ostia</i>, 1514–1515</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Battle of Ostia</i> was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostia" title="Battle of Ostia">naval victory</a> of Leo IV over the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia Antica (archaeological site)">Ostia</a> in 849. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index of Vatican City-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Raphael" title="List of paintings by Raphael">List of paintings by Raphael</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelingintuscany.com/art/raphaelrooms.htm">"Raphael | Stanze in the Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican | Podere Santa Pia, Holiday house in the south of Tuscany"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509220337/http://www.travelingintuscany.com/art/raphaelrooms.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raphael+%26%23124%3B+Stanze+in+the+Palazzi+Pontifici%2C+Vatican+%26%23124%3B+Podere+Santa+Pia%2C+Holiday+house+in+the+south+of+Tuscany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelingintuscany.com%2Fart%2Fraphaelrooms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Rooms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Jones and Nicholas Penny, <i>Raphael,</i> New Haven, 1983, 113; Ingrid D. Rowland, "The Vatican Stanze," in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Raphael,</i> ed. <a href="/wiki/Marcia_B._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcia B. Hall">Marcia B. Hall</a>, Cambridge, 2005, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones and Penny, 117; Rowland, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones and Penny, 117; John Pope-Hennessy, <i>Raphael,</i> London, 1970, 112; Rowland, 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones & Penny, 118–121; Pope-Hennessy, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones & Penny, 118; Rowland,112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Raphael</i>, Phaidon Publishers, 1948, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael, Marcia B. Hall (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Raphael</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones and Penny, p. 74: "The execution of the <i>School of Athens</i> ... probably followed that of the <i>Parnassus</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Smolizza, <i>Rafael y el Amor. La Escuela de Atenas como protréptico a la filosofia</i>, in <i>Idea y Sentimiento. Itinerarios por el dibujo de Rafael a Cézanne</i>, Barcelona, 2007, pp. 29–77</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rijser, David. “Tradition and Originality in Raphael: The Stanza Della Segnatura, the Middle Ages and Local Traditions.” The Quest for an Appropriate Past in Literature, Art and Architecture, edited by Karl A.E. Enenkel and Konrad A. Ottenheym, vol. 60, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2019, pp. 106–126. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbqs5nk.11. Accessed 24 Mar. 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/SDR/SDR_00_Main.html">The Stanze of the Vatican - with virtual tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beckydaroff.com/arthistory/raphael/raphaelrooms.html">Visual Tour of the Raphael Rooms, with identifications of figures in frescoes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockholm360.net/list.php?id=vatican">Raphael Rooms' 360x180 degree panorama virtual tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/107497"><i>The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome</i></a>, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Raphael Rooms (pp. 111–123)</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raphael_Rooms_(Vatican_Museums)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Raphael Rooms 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aria-labelledby="Raphael" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Raphael" title="Template:Raphael"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Raphael" title="Template talk:Raphael"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Raphael" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Raphael"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Raphael" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Raphael" title="List of paintings by Raphael">List of paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baronci_Altarpiece" title="Baronci Altarpiece">Baronci Altarpiece</a></i> (1500–1501)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian_(Raphael)" title="Saint Sebastian (Raphael)">Saint Sebastian</a></i> (1501–1502)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ_(Raphael)" title="Resurrection of Christ (Raphael)">Resurrection of Christ</a></i> (1499–1502)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mond_Crucifixion" title="Mond Crucifixion">Mond Crucifixion</a></i> (1502–1503)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_the_Book" title="Madonna and Child with the Book">Madonna and Child with the Book</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1503</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solly_Madonna" title="Solly Madonna">Solly Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oddi_Altarpiece_(Raphael)" title="Oddi Altarpiece (Raphael)">Oddi Altar</a></i> (1502–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conestabile_Madonna" title="Conestabile Madonna">Conestabile Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1502</span>–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of a Man (Raphael)">Portrait of a Man</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1503</span>–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vision_of_a_Knight_(Raphael)" title="Vision of a Knight (Raphael)">Vision of a Knight</a></i> (1503–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_the_Virgin_(Raphael)" title="The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)">The Marriage of the Virgin</a></i> (1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diotallevi_Madonna" title="Diotallevi Madonna">Diotallevi Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Perugino_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait of Perugino (Raphael)">Portrait of Perugino</a></i> <span class="noitalic"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_Enthroned_with_Saints_(Raphael)" title="Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (Raphael)">Colonna Altarpiece</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1503</span>–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_(Raphael,_Louvre)" title="Saint George (Raphael, Louvre)">Saint George</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1503</span>–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Graces_(Raphael)" title="Three Graces (Raphael)">Three Graces</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1503</span>–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Raphael)" title="Saint Michael (Raphael)">Saint Michael</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>–1505)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Florentine period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Blessing_(Raphael)" title="Christ Blessing (Raphael)">Christ Blessing</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1502</span>–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Pietro_Bembo_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of Pietro Bembo (Raphael)">Portrait of Pietro Bembo</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Elisabetta_Gonzaga" title="Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga">Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga</a></i> <span class="noitalic"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Emilia_Pia_da_Montefeltro" title="Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro">Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro</a></i> <span class="noitalic"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Cowper_Madonna" title="Small Cowper Madonna">Small Cowper Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terranuova_Madonna" title="Terranuova Madonna">Terranuova Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_del_Granduca" title="Madonna del Granduca">Madonna del Granduca</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1505</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon_(Raphael)" title="Saint George and the Dragon (Raphael)">Saint George and the Dragon</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1505</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Man_with_an_Apple_(Raphael)" title="Young Man with an Apple (Raphael)">Young Man with an Apple</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1505</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_(Raphael)" title="Self-portrait (Raphael)">Self-portrait</a></i> (1504–1506)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_donna_gravida" title="La donna gravida">La donna gravida</a></i> (1505–1506)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_del_Cardellino" title="Madonna del Cardellino">Madonna del Cardellino</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1505</span>–1506)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_with_Unicorn" title="Young Woman with Unicorn">Young Woman with Unicorn</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1505</span>–1506)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_del_Prato_(Raphael)" title="Madonna del Prato (Raphael)">Madonna del Prato</a></i> (1506)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_with_Beardless_Saint_Joseph" title="Madonna with Beardless Saint Joseph">Madonna with Beardless Saint Joseph</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1506</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Agnolo_Doni" title="Portrait of Agnolo Doni">Portrait of Agnolo Doni</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1506</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro" title="Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro">Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1506</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Maddalena_Doni" title="Portrait of Maddalena Doni">Portrait of Maddalena Doni</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1506</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ansidei_Madonna" title="Ansidei Madonna">Ansidei Madonna</a></i> (1505–1507)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Pinks" title="Madonna of the Pinks">Madonna of the Pinks</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1506</span>–1507)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Madonna" title="Bridgewater Madonna">Bridgewater Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1507</span>–1508)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Raphael)" title="The Deposition (Raphael)">The Deposition</a></i> (1507)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino" title="Madonna of the Baldacchino">Madonna of the Baldacchino</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1506</span>–1508)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_belle_jardini%C3%A8re" title="La belle jardinière">La belle jardinière</a></i> (1507–1508) (completed by <a href="/wiki/Ridolfo_Ghirlandaio" title="Ridolfo Ghirlandaio">Ridolfo Ghirlandaio</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canigiani_Holy_Family" title="Canigiani Holy Family">Canigiani Holy Family</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1507</span>–1508)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colonna_Madonna" title="Colonna Madonna">Colonna Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1507</span>–1508)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_(La_Muta)" title="Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta)">Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta)</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1507</span>–1508)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esterhazy_Madonna" title="Esterhazy Madonna">Esterhazy Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1508</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niccolini-Cowper_Madonna" title="Niccolini-Cowper Madonna">Niccolini-Cowper Madonna</a></i> (1508)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempi_Madonna" title="Tempi Madonna">Tempi Madonna</a></i> (1508)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_of_Alexandria_(Raphael)" title="Saint Catherine of Alexandria (Raphael)">Saint Catherine of Alexandria</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1507</span>–1509)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Tommaso_Inghirami" title="Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami">Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1509</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garvagh_Madonna" title="Garvagh Madonna">Garvagh Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1509</span>–1510)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese" title="Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese">Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1509</span>–1511)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Cardinal_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of a Cardinal (Raphael)">Portrait of a Cardinal</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510</span>–1511)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alba_Madonna" title="Alba Madonna">Alba Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1511</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Loreto" title="Madonna of Loreto">Madonna of Loreto</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1511</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prophet_Isaiah_(Raphael)" title="The Prophet Isaiah (Raphael)">The Prophet Isaiah</a></i> (1511–1512)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Foligno" title="Madonna of Foligno">Madonna of Foligno</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1511</span>–1512)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Portrait of Pope Julius II">Portrait of Pope Julius II</a></i> (1511, 1512)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(Raphael)" title="Galatea (Raphael)">Galatea</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1512</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_with_the_Fish" title="Madonna with the Fish">Madonna with the Fish</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1512</span>–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Seggiola" title="Madonna della Seggiola">Madonna della Seggiola</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span>–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Candelabra" title="Madonna of the Candelabra">Madonna of the Candelabra</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span>–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span>–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_dell%27Impannata" title="Madonna dell'Impannata">Madonna dell'Impannata</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span>–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Tenda" title="Madonna della Tenda">Madonna della Tenda</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span>–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of a Young Man (Raphael)">Portrait of a Young Man</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span>–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibyls_(Raphael)" title="Sibyls (Raphael)">Sibyls</a></i> (1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Bindo_Altoviti" title="Portrait of Bindo Altoviti">Portrait of Bindo Altoviti</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1512</span>–1515)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione">Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1514</span>–1515)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Falling_on_the_Way_to_Calvary" title="Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary">Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1514</span>–1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_the_World_(Raphael)" title="Creation of the World (Raphael)">Creation of the World</a></i> (1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Andrea_Navagero_and_Agostino_Beazzano" title="Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano">Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano</a></i> (1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Bibbiena_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena (Raphael)">Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1516</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_velata" title="La velata">La velata</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1516</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Raphael)" title="Visitation (Raphael)">Visitation</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1517</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecstasy_of_Saint_Cecilia" title="The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia">The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1514</span>–1517)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_with_the_Blue_Diadem" title="Madonna with the Blue Diadem">Madonna with the Blue Diadem</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510</span>–1518)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_of_Francis_I" title="Holy Family of Francis I">Holy Family of Francis I</a></i> (1518)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_Vanquishing_Satan" title="Saint Michael Vanquishing Satan">Saint Michael Vanquishing Satan</a></i> (1518)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_Vision_(Raphael)" title="Ezekiel's Vision (Raphael)">Ezekiel's Vision</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Isabel_de_Requesens_y_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Cardona-Anglesola" title="Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola">Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_and_the_Dragon_(Raphael)" title="Saint Margaret and the Dragon (Raphael)">Saint Margaret and the Dragon</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fornarina" title="La Fornarina">La Fornarina</a></i> (1518–1519)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Holy_Family" title="Small Holy Family">Small Holy Family</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>–1519) (with <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_(Raphael,_Strasbourg)" title="Portrait of a Young Woman (Raphael, Strasbourg)">Portrait of a Young Woman</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>–1519) (with <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a></i> (1516–1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Madonna_de_Bogota_(Raphael)" title="La Madonna de Bogota (Raphael)">Madonna de Bogota</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1517</span>–1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Leo_X_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)">Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>–1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Rose_(Raphael)" title="Madonna of the Rose (Raphael)">Madonna of the Rose</a></i> (1518–1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_a_Friend" title="Self-Portrait with a Friend">Self-Portrait with a Friend</a></i> (1518–1520)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphael Rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">The Parnassus</a></i> (1509–1511)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i> (1509–1511)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament" title="Disputation of the Holy Sacrament">Disputation of the Holy Sacrament</a></i> (1510–1511)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues_(Raphael)" title="Cardinal and Theological Virtues (Raphael)">Cardinal and Theological Virtues</a></i> (1511)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple" title="The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple">The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</a></i> (1511–1512)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_at_Bolsena" title="The Mass at Bolsena">The Mass at Bolsena</a></i> (1512–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_of_Leo_the_Great_and_Attila" title="The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila">The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila</a></i> (1513–1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter" title="Deliverance of Saint Peter">Deliverance of Saint Peter</a></i> (1514)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fire_in_the_Borgo" title="The Fire in the Borgo">The Fire in the Borgo</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1514</span>–1517) (executed by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Tapestry cartoons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Miraculous Draught of Fishes</a></i> (1514–1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Christ's Charge to Peter</a></i> (1514–1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Healing of the Lame Man</a></i> (1514–1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Death of Ananias</a></i> (1514–1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Conversion of the Proconsul</a></i> (1514–1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Sacrifice at Lystra</a></i> (1514–1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Saint Paul Preaching in Athens</a></i> (1514–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_(Raphael)" title="Lucretia (Raphael)">Lucretia</a></i> (1500s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(Raphael)" title="Adoration of the Shepherds (Raphael)">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1508</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonah_(Lorenzetto)" title="Jonah (Lorenzetto)">Jonah</a></i> (1520) (executed by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzetto" title="Lorenzetto">Lorenzetto</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elijah_(Lorenzetto)" title="Elijah (Lorenzetto)">Elijah</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>–1524) (executed by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzetto" title="Lorenzetto">Lorenzetto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_da_Montelupo" title="Raffaello da Montelupo">Raffaello da Montelupo</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Chapel" title="Chigi Chapel">Chigi Chapel</a> (1507–1520) (continued by other architects)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Jacopo_da_Brescia" title="Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia">Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia</a> (1515–1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Branconio_dell%27Aquila" title="Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila">Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eligio_degli_Orefici" title="Sant'Eligio degli Orefici">Sant'Eligio degli Orefici</a> (1509–1575) (completed by <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Peruzzi" title="Baldassare Peruzzi">Baldassare Peruzzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastiano_da_Sangallo" title="Bastiano da Sangallo">Bastiano da Sangallo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a> (1518–1525) (completed by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo the Younger</a> and other disciples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a> (decoration)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Santi" title="Giovanni Santi">Giovanni Santi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperia_Cognati" title="Imperia Cognati">Imperia Cognati</a> (mistress and model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_Luti" title="Margarita Luti">Margarita Luti</a> (mistress and model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a> (disciple and collaborator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_and_La_Fornarina" title="Raphael and La Fornarina"><i>Raphael and La Fornarina</i> (1813 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(opera)" title="Raphael (opera)"><i>Raphael</i> (1894 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fornarina_(film)" title="La Fornarina (film)"><i>La Fornarina</i> (1944 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffaello_MPLM" title="Raffaello MPLM"><i>Raffaello</i> Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Raffaello" title="SS Raffaello">SS <i>Raffaello</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(crater)" title="Raphael (crater)">Raphael (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_loggias" title="Vatican loggias">Vatican loggias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi" title="Lorenzo di Credi">Lorenzo di Credi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>2</small></sup> Attributed</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High_Renaissance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High_Renaissance" title="Template:High Renaissance"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High_Renaissance" title="Template talk:High Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High_Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High_Renaissance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariotto_Albertinelli" title="Mariotto Albertinelli">Mariotto Albertinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Aretusi" title="Pellegrino Aretusi">Pellegrino Aretusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Beretta" title="Ludovico Beretta">Ludovico Beretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretto_da_Brescia" title="Moretto da Brescia">Moretto da Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Cairano" title="Gasparo Cairano">Gasparo Cairano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Clovio" title="Giulio Clovio">Giulio Clovio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Correggio" title="Antonio da Correggio">Antonio da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_delle_Croci" title="Bernardino delle Croci">Bernardino delle Croci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Genga" title="Girolamo Genga">Girolamo Genga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto" title="Lorenzo Lotto">Lorenzo Lotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maffeo_Olivieri" title="Maffeo Olivieri">Maffeo Olivieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Peruzzi" title="Baldassare Peruzzi">Baldassare Peruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto" title="Andrea del Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Sodoma" title="Il Sodoma">Il Sodoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagnino" title="Tamagnino">Tamagnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_Vecchio" title="Palma Vecchio">Palma Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vassilacchi" title="Antonio Vassilacchi">Antonio Vassilacchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1492–1498</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i> (1498–1499)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> (1500)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i> (1501–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1502–1516</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (1506–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a> (1508–1512)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphael Rooms</a> (1509–1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a></i> (1516–1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a></i> (1536–1541)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardeschi" title="Leonardeschi">Leonardeschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">The Lives</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Giulio_Romano" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Giulio_Romano" title="Template:Giulio Romano"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Giulio_Romano" title="Template talk:Giulio Romano"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giulio_Romano" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Giulio Romano"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giulio_Romano" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fire_in_the_Borgo" title="The Fire in the Borgo">The Fire in the Borgo</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1514</span>–1517) (original design by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_under_an_Oak_Tree" title="Holy Family under an Oak Tree">Holy Family under an Oak Tree</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Isabel_de_Requesens_y_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Cardona-Anglesola" title="Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola">Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>) (with <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_(Raphael,_Strasbourg)" title="Portrait of a Young Woman (Raphael, Strasbourg)">Portrait of a Young Woman</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>–1519) (with <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Holy_Family" title="Small Holy Family">Small Holy Family</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span>–1519) (primarily by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Perla_(painting)" title="La Perla (painting)">La Perla</a></i> (1518–1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deesis_with_Saint_Paul_and_Saint_Catherine" title="Deesis with Saint Paul and Saint Catherine">Deesis with Saint Paul and Saint Catherine</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Mirror_(Giulio_Romano)" title="Woman with a Mirror (Giulio Romano)">Woman with a Mirror</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Cat_(Romano)" title="Madonna of the Cat (Romano)">Madonna of the Cat</a></i> (1522–1523)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge_(Giulio_Romano)" title="The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (Giulio Romano)">The Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a></i> (1520–1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lovers_(Giulio_Romano)" title="The Lovers (Giulio Romano)">The Lovers</a></i> (1524–1525)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Giants_(Romano)" title="Fall of the Giants (Romano)">Fall of the Giants</a></i> (1532–1534)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Lante_al_Gianicolo" title="Villa Lante al Gianicolo">Villa Lante al Gianicolo</a> (1520–1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Te" title="Palazzo del Te">Palazzo del Te</a> (1524–1534)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> (master and collaborator)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Museums_and_art_galleries_in_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rome_museums" title="Template:Rome museums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rome_museums" title="Template talk:Rome museums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rome_museums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rome museums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Museums_and_art_galleries_in_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Museums and art galleries in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">List of museums in Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Corsini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Museum_of_Palazzo_Massimo" title="National Roman Museum of Palazzo Massimo">Palazzo Massimo</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome"> Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats-Shelley_Memorial_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats-Shelley Memorial House">Keats-Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anima_Mundi,_Vatican_City" title="Anima Mundi, Vatican City">Anima Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_Religious_Art,_Vatican_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of Modern Religious Art, Vatican Museums">Modern Religious Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio_Cristiano" title="Museo Pio Cristiano">Museo Pio Cristiano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Vatican Historical Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vatican_City_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template talk:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vatican_City_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">List of sovereigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General for Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#History" title="Vatican City">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Cortile del Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Ungheresi" title="Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi">Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Nuovo_(Rome)" title="Borgo Nuovo (Rome)">Borgo Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Vecchio_(Rome)" title="Borgo Vecchio (Rome)">Borgo Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Scossacavalli" title="Piazza Scossacavalli">Piazza Scossacavalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="St._Peter&#039;s_Basilica" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hall" title="Clementine Hall">Clementine Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stufetta_del_cardinal_Bibbiena" title="Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena">Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Scala Regia (Vatican)">Scala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">altarpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Vaticana">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art,_Vatican_Museums" title="Collection of Modern and Contemporary Art, Vatican Museums">Modern and Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Pio-Clementino_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Pio-Clementino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Chiaramonti_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Chiaramonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Etrusco_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Egiziano_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Egiziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio_Cristiano" title="Museo Pio Cristiano">Pio Cristiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_Mundi,_Vatican_City" title="Anima Mundi, Vatican City">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gallery_of_Maps" title="Vatican Gallery of Maps">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_dei_Palafrenieri" title="Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri">Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Holy Spirit Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Egidio_in_Borgo" title="Sant'Egidio in Borgo">Sant'Egidio in Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Martino_e_Sebastiano_degli_Svizzeri" title="Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri">Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_(Fazzini)" title="The Resurrection (Fazzini)">The Resurrection</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passetto_di_Borgo" title="Passetto di Borgo">Passetto di Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pellegrino_in_Vaticano" title="San Pellegrino in Vaticano">San Pellegrino in Vaticano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pellegrino" title="Porta San Pellegrino">Porta San Pellegrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciolo_d%27Italia" title="Ricciolo d'Italia">Ricciolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Tower_(Vatican_City)" title="Saint John's Tower (Vatican City)">Saint John's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pharmacy" title="Vatican Pharmacy">Vatican Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City#Executive" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Communications" title="Vatican City">Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va [Internet domain]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Vaticane" title="Poste Vaticane">Poste Vaticane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy" title="Secretariat for the Economy">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Railway" title="Vatican Railway">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Culture" title="Vatican City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">AT telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Vatican_City" title="List of archives in Vatican City">Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Apostolic Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Demographics" title="Vatican City">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Film_Library" title="Vatican Film Library">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philatelic_and_Numismatic_Office_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State">Philatelic and Numismatic Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Media" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Mass media in Vatican City">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News_App" title="Vatican News App">Vatican News App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope2you" title="Pope2you">Pope2you</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Amateur_Sports_Association" title="Vatican Amateur Sports Association">Amateur Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_cricket_team" title="Vatican City cricket team">Cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_national_football_team" title="Vatican City national football team">National football team</a> (Men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Vatican City women's national football team">National football team</a> (Women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Athletics" title="Vatican Athletics">Vatican Athletics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="artist's palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/19px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/29px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/38px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/15px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/29px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Landmarks of Rome</b><br />Raphael Rooms </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Landmarks of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Walls and gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Ardeatina" title="Porta Ardeatina">Ardeatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Asinaria" title="Porta Asinaria">Asinaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Latina" title="Porta Latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Metronia" title="Porta Metronia">Metronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Nomentana" title="Porta Nomentana">Nomentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pinciana" title="Porta Pinciana">Pinciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_del_Popolo" title="Porta del Popolo">Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Portese" title="Porta Portese">Portese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Giovanni_(Rome)" title="Porta San Giovanni (Rome)">San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Sebastiano" title="Porta San Sebastiano">San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Settimiana" title="Porta Settimiana">Settimiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Tiburtina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Cavalleggeri" title="Porta Cavalleggeri">Cavalleggeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pertusa" title="Porta Pertusa">Pertusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Santo_Spirito" title="Porta Santo Spirito">Santo Spirito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janiculum_walls" title="Janiculum walls">Janiculum Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Terreus" title="Murus Terreus">Terreus Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Romuli Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Caelimontana" title="Porta Caelimontana">Caelimontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Collina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Esquilina" title="Porta Esquilina">Esquilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Fontinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Viminale" title="Porta Viminale">Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Naevia" title="Porta Naevia">Naevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Querquetulana" title="Porta Querquetulana">Querquetulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Trigemina" title="Porta Trigemina">Trigemina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Obelisk of Minerveo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Ancient Roman<br />landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Triumphal arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Arch of Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Arch of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Novus" title="Arcus Novus">Arcus Novus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Aqueducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Sewers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Circi_Maximi" title="Cloaca Circi Maximi">Cloaca Circi Maximi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Public baths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero" title="Baths of Nero">Baths of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">Temple of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Forum_Holitorium)" title="Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina" title="Largo di Torre Argentina">Largo di Torre Argentina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Fora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Forum of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Holitorium" title="Forum Holitorium">Forum Holitorium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Gardens of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Palaces and <i>villae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Augustana" title="Domus Augustana">Domus Augustana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Domitian" title="Palace of Domitian">Palace of Domitian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Quintilii" title="Villa of the Quintilii">Villa of the Quintilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Sette_Bassi" title="Villa dei Sette Bassi">Villa of the <i>sette bassi</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Aemilia" title="Porticus Aemilia">Porticus Aemilia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium_of_Pomponius_Hylas" title="Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas">Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius" title="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eurysaces_the_Baker" title="Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker">Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hilarus_Fuscus" title="Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus">Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Haterii" title="Tomb of the Haterii">Tomb of the Haterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Via_Latina" title="Tombs of Via Latina">Tombs of Via Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Priscilla" title="Tomb of Priscilla">Tomb of Priscilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Roman Catholic<br />basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">S. Lorenzo fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">S. Agnese fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">S. Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino" title="Sant'Anastasia al Palatino">S. Anastasia al Palatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte" title="Sant'Andrea delle Fratte">S. Andrea delle Fratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">S. Andrea della Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_in_Via_Merulana" title="Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana">S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare,_Rome" title="Sant'Apollinare, Rome">S. Apollinare alle Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Ss. Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Balbina" title="Santa Balbina">S. Balbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolomeo_all%27Isola" title="San Bartolomeo all'Isola">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Bonifacio_ed_Alessio" title="Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio">Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Camillo_de_Lellis" title="San Camillo de Lellis">S. Camillo de Lellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">S. Carlo al Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Celso_e_Giuliano" title="Santi Celso e Giuliano">Ss. Celso e Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">S. Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Ss. Cosma e Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Crisogono, Rome">S. Crisogono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Via_Flaminia" title="Santa Croce in Via Flaminia">S. Croce in Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">S. Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio" title="Sant'Eugenio">S. Eugenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">S. Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">S. Francesca Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina"> S. Giovanni a Porta Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Ss. Giovanni e Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Damaso" title="San Lorenzo in Damaso">S. Lorenzo in Damaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina" title="San Lorenzo in Lucina">S. Lorenzo in Lucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Ausiliatrice,_Rome" title="Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome">S. Maria Ausiliatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Evangelista_al_Campidoglio,_Rome" title="San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome">S. Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">S. Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Miracoli_and_Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto" title="Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto">S. Maria in Montesanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">S. Maria in Cosmedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">S. Maria in Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">S. Maria in Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">S. Maria del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">S. Maria sopra Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">S. Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via" title="Santa Maria in Via">S. Maria in Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">S. Maria in Via Lata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">S. Maria della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">S. Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Ss. Nereo e Achilleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">S. Nicola in Carcere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio" title="San Pancrazio">S. Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">S. Prassede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">S. Pudenziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Ss. Quattro Coronati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">S. Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Maria" title="Sacro Cuore di Maria">Sacro Cuore di Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re" title="Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re">Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Ges%C3%B9_a_Castro_Pretorio" title="Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio">Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">S. Sebastiano fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite" title="San Silvestro in Capite">S. Silvestro in Capite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio" title="San Sisto Vecchio">S. Sisto Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea" title="Santa Sofia a Via Boccea">S. Sofia a Via Boccea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">S. Stefano Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Rome" title="Santa Teresa, Rome">S. Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Rome" title="San Vitale, Rome">S. Vitale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Other churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">List of churches in Rome</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Castles and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">Arx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi" title="Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi">Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Internationalis_Paulus_VI" title="Domus Internationalis Paulus VI">Domus Internationalis Paulus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Aragona_Gonzaga" title="Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga">Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini_ai_Giubbonari" title="Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari">Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese" title="Palazzo Borghese">Palazzo Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Palazzo Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta" title="Palazzo della Consulta">Palazzo della Consulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Fusconi-Pighini" title="Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini">Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustiniani,_Rome" title="Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome">Palazzo Giustinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palazzo di Giustizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pamphilj" title="Palazzo Pamphilj">Palazzo Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Poli" title="Palazzo Poli">Palazzo Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli" title="Palazzo Ruspoli">Palazzo Ruspoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Valentini" title="Palazzo Valentini">Palazzo Valentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vidoni-Caffarelli" title="Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli">Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Viminale" title="Palazzo del Viminale">Palazzo del Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Wedekind" title="Palazzo Wedekind">Palazzo Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Zuccari,_Rome" title="Palazzo Zuccari, Rome">Palazzo Zuccari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Api" title="Fontana delle Api">Api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Felice" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Felice">Acqua Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuino" title="Babuino">Babuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Barcaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">Il Facchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Moro" title="Fontana del Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasone" title="Nasone">Nasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Navicella,_Rome" title="Fontana della Navicella, Rome">Navicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome" title="Fountain of Neptune, Rome">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Nettuno,_Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">del Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pianto" title="Fontana del Pianto">Pianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli">di Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Colonna" title="Fontana di Piazza Colonna">di Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">di Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Piazza_dei_Quiriti" title="Fontana della Piazza dei Quiriti">della Piazza dei Quiriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Nicosia" title="Fontana di Piazza Nicosia">di Piazza Nicosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_in_Piazza_Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere">in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanone_di_Ponte_Sisto" title="Fontanone di Ponte Sisto">di Ponte Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Quattro Fiumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe" title="Fontana delle Tartarughe">Tartarughe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Tritons" title="Fountain of the Tritons">Tritons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Tritone,_Rome" title="Fontana del Tritone, Rome">Tritone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Altare della Patria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Verano" title="Campo Verano">Campo Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Capocci" title="Torre dei Capocci">Capocci Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Rome" title="Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome">Column of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Conti Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Hospital of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Milizie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Sisto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piazzas_in_Rome" title="Category:Piazzas in Rome">Squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Rome" title="List of streets in Rome">streets</a><br />and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Piazza d'Aracoeli">Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">Piazza San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Coronari" title="Via dei Coronari">Via dei Coronari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Veneto" title="Via Veneto">Via Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">Parks, gardens</a><br />and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Torlonia_(Rome)" title="Villa Torlonia (Rome)">Villa Torlonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_degli_Acquedotti" title="Parco degli Acquedotti">Parco degli Acquedotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">Museums and<br />art galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome">Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Esposizioni" title="Palazzo delle Esposizioni">Palazzo delle Esposizioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">La Bocca della Verità</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri_Sarcophagus" title="Velletri Sarcophagus">Velletri Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Hills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City<br />of Rome Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appian Way Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Bove" title="Capo di Bove">Capo di Bove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Orsini-Odescalchi" title="Castello Orsini-Odescalchi">Castello Orsini-Odescalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rome" title="Culture of Rome">Events and traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Enclave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172268564">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/669152139970511100008">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/112538641X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810560597005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/16641">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500308649">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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