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<li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Late antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Excavation and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subterranean_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subterranean_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subterranean features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subterranean_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principal_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Principal dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantities_of_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantities_of_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Quantities of materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantities_of_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimated_average_labour_figures_on_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimated_average_labour_figures_on_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Estimated average labour figures on site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimated_average_labour_figures_on_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_of_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_of_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works of art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_of_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_a_cultural_venue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_a_cultural_venue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use as a cultural venue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_as_a_cultural_venue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use as a cultural venue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_as_a_cultural_venue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opera_and_concerts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_and_concerts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Opera and concerts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_and_concerts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sporting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visiting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Visiting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baths of Caracalla</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="حمامات قرقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمامات قرقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Тэрмы Каракалы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмы Каракалы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Терми на Каракала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Терми на Каракала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termes_de_Caracal%C2%B7la" title="Termes de Caracal·la – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termes de Caracal·la" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallovy_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B" title="Caracallovy lázně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Caracallovy lázně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla-Thermen" title="Caracalla-Thermen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caracalla-Thermen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla_termid" title="Caracalla termid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Caracalla termid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Θέρμες του Καρακάλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θέρμες του Καρακάλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termas_de_Caracalla" title="Termas de Caracalla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termas de Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banejoj_de_Karakalo" title="Banejoj de Karakalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banejoj de Karakalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalaren_termak" title="Karakalaren termak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karakalaren termak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="حمام‌های کاراکالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمام‌های کاراکالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermes_de_Caracalla" title="Thermes de Caracalla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thermes de Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termas_de_Caracalla" title="Termas de Caracalla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termas de Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC_%EC%9A%95%EC%9E%A5" title="카라칼라 욕장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라칼라 욕장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարակալլայի բաղնիքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարակալլայի բաղնիքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakaline_terme" title="Karakaline terme – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karakaline terme" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme_di_Caracalla" title="Terme di Caracalla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terme di Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מרחצאות קרקלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרחצאות קרקלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermae_Antoninianae" title="Thermae Antoninianae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thermae Antoninianae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banierias_termal_de_Caracalla" title="Banierias termal de Caracalla – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Banierias termal de Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla_term%C3%A1i" title="Caracalla termái – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caracalla termái" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermen_van_Caracalla" title="Thermen van Caracalla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermen van Caracalla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E6%B5%B4%E5%A0%B4" title="カラカラ浴場 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラカラ浴場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallas_termer" title="Caracallas termer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Caracallas termer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termy_Karakalli" title="Termy Karakalli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termy Karakalli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termas_de_Caracala" title="Termas de Caracala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termas de Caracala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Термы Каракаллы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термы Каракаллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalove_terme" title="Karakalove terme – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karakalove terme" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Каракалине терме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каракалине терме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakaline_terme" title="Karakaline terme – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karakaline terme" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallan_kylpyl%C3%A4t" title="Caracallan kylpylät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Caracallan kylpylät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallas_termer" title="Caracallas termer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Caracallas termer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Paliguan_ni_Caracalla" title="Mga Paliguan ni Caracalla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Paliguan ni Caracalla" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baths_of_Caracalla&params=41_52_46_N_12_29_35_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°52′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.87944°N 12.49306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.87944; 12.49306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman bath, a landmark of Rome, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Baths of Caracalla</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Thermae Antoninianae</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baths_of_Caracalla,_facing_Caldarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Baths_of_Caracalla%2C_facing_Caldarium.jpg/270px-Baths_of_Caracalla%2C_facing_Caldarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Baths_of_Caracalla%2C_facing_Caldarium.jpg/405px-Baths_of_Caracalla%2C_facing_Caldarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Baths_of_Caracalla%2C_facing_Caldarium.jpg/540px-Baths_of_Caracalla%2C_facing_Caldarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The baths as viewed from the south-west. The <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a> would have been in the front of the image</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baths of Caracalla is located in Rome"><img alt="Baths of Caracalla is located in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/270px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/405px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/540px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.005%;left:61.312%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Baths of Caracalla"><img alt="Baths of Caracalla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Baths of Caracalla</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">The location of the baths in Rome during Antiquity</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_cb45333350e29b6ecb4625336abb2e65d03d16a9"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Baths_of_Caracalla&revid=1255178993&groups=_cb45333350e29b6ecb4625336abb2e65d03d16a9" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Baths_of_Caracalla&revid=1255178993&groups=_cb45333350e29b6ecb4625336abb2e65d03d16a9 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Terme di Caracalla</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><i><a href="/wiki/Regio_XII_Piscina_Publica" title="Regio XII Piscina Publica">Regio XII Piscina Publica</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baths_of_Caracalla&params=41_52_46_N_12_29_35_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°52′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.87944°N 12.49306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.87944; 12.49306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 m<sup>2</sup> (1,100,000 sq ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volume</th><td class="infobox-data">8,000,000 L (1,800,000 imp gal; 2,100,000 US gal) <span style="font-size:85%;">(baths' waters)</span><sup id="cite_ref-archtravel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archtravel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">40 m (130 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-archtravel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archtravel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category">Marble, <a href="/wiki/Pozzolana" title="Pozzolana">pozzolana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quick_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick lime">lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">probably 212-216/217<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">212-216/217</span>)</span> AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">circa 537<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">537</span>)</span> AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">in ruins</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Limited</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural styles</th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient Roman</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Baths of Caracalla</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural, artistic, historical, architectural, religious</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii, iv,</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/">Historic Centre of Rome...</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">List of ancient monuments<br />in Rome</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Baths of Caracalla</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Terme di Caracalla</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, were the city's second largest <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> public baths, or <i><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a></i>, after the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a>. The baths were likely built between AD 212 (or 211) and 216/217, during the reigns of emperors <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were in operation until the 530s and then fell into disuse and ruin. </p><p>Both during and since their operation as baths, they served as inspiration for many other notable buildings, ancient and modern, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a>, the original <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(1910%E2%80%931963)" title="Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963)">Pennsylvania Station</a> in New York City, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago Union Station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building" title="Senate of Canada Building">Senate of Canada Building</a>. Artworks recovered from the ruins include famous sculptures such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Bull" title="Farnese Bull">Farnese Bull</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Hercules" title="Farnese Hercules">Farnese Hercules</a></i>. </p><p>Today the Baths of Caracalla are a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction of the baths was probably initiated by emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and completed during the reign of his son, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>. They were inaugurated in AD 216. The baths were located in the southern area of the city, <a href="/wiki/Regio_XII_Piscina_Publica" title="Regio XII Piscina Publica">Regio XII Piscina Publica</a>, where members of the Severan family commissioned other construction works: the <i>Via Nova</i> leading to the baths and the <a href="/wiki/Septizodium" title="Septizodium">Septizodium</a> on nearby <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The site chosen for the baths formerly belonged to a vast garden estate known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">horti Asiniani</i></span>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio_(consul_40_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)">Gaius Asinius Pollio</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Bull" title="Farnese Bull">Farnese Bull</a></i> sculptural group that was later moved into the Baths of Caracalla was already present at the site in the time of Pollio, who had imported it to display in his gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estate of Pollio was appropriated by Caracalla to build his baths; the existing structures were demolished in some cases to their ground floors, filled in with earth and incorporated into the foundations of the new complex. The remains of one of these structures, a noble <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domus</i></span> (house), were excavated initially by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ficoroni" title="Francesco Ficoroni">Francesco Ficoroni</a> in the mid-18th century and again in 1860–67 by G.B. Guidi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently this two-storey domus deep below the baths, built in 134-138 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and partially demolished in 206 has been opened to the public revealing lavishly decorated frescoed ceilings and a <a href="/wiki/Lararium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lararium">lararium</a>, a room dedicated to Roman and Egyptian gods.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For work to have been mostly completed in the time of Caracalla, workers would have to have installed over 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (2,200 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of material every day for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work on additional decorations continued under Caracalla's successors <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>. The baths were likely mostly finished by 235. Later renovations were conducted under <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (after a fire) and by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a></i> was modified.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> </p><p>The building was heated by a <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">hypocaust</a>, a system of burning coal and wood underneath the ground to heat water provided by a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueduct</a>. The baths were free and open to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The baths were fully functional in the 5th century when they were referred to as one of the seven wonders of Rome. <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_of_Thebes" title="Olympiodorus of Thebes">Olympiodorus of Thebes</a> mentions a capacity of 1,600. This is interpreted to refer to the maximum number of simultaneous visitors, as the daily capacity is thought to have been 6,000 to 8,000 bathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>The baths remained in use until the 6th century. In the mid-4th century a Christian pilgrimage site came into being, known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">titulus Fasciolae</i></span>, close to the baths near the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Santi Nereo e Achilleo</a>. The baths thus became useful to pilgrims and the Church community for their water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 537 during the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (535–552)">Gothic War</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Vitiges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Vitiges (page does not exist)">King Vitiges</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> laid siege to Rome and severed the city's water supply. Shortly thereafter the baths were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located too far away from the still-populated area of Rome, the baths were mostly disused but in the 6th and 7th centuries were apparently used for the burials of pilgrims who died after being cared for in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Xenodochium" title="Xenodochium">xenodochium</a> of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. Some simple tombs from this era have been found inside the bath area.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> </p><p>Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a> may have had some work done on the aqueduct through the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>The earthquake of 847 destroyed much of the building, along with many other Roman structures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least since the 12th century the baths were used as a quarry for construction materials, and of decorative pieces to be reused in churches and palaces (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>During the 14th century, the area was used as vineyards and gardens. In the 15th century, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius II">Pius II</a> used stone from the Baths in the construction of the Loggia of the Benediction at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1524, Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a> granted an excavation license to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pucci" title="Lorenzo Pucci">Lorenzo Pucci</a> to remove unlimited quantities of columns, marble, travertine and other ancient stone from the Baths of Caracalla for a new palace the Cardinal was building near St. Peter's.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-16th century Clement's successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> had excavations conducted in the area during the construction of his new villa. Substantial architectural decoration remained standing at this time, as documented in the drawings of the Renaissance architects <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Dosio" title="Giovanni Antonio Dosio">Giovanni Antonio Dosio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Elder" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Elder">Antonio da Sangallo the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Baths_at_Caracalla_MET_DP222164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Interior_of_the_Baths_at_Caracalla_MET_DP222164.jpg/220px-Interior_of_the_Baths_at_Caracalla_MET_DP222164.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Interior_of_the_Baths_at_Caracalla_MET_DP222164.jpg/330px-Interior_of_the_Baths_at_Caracalla_MET_DP222164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Interior_of_the_Baths_at_Caracalla_MET_DP222164.jpg/440px-Interior_of_the_Baths_at_Caracalla_MET_DP222164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3889" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the Baths of Caracalla by <a href="/wiki/Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe_Ducros" title="Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros">Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros</a>, ca. 1780</figcaption></figure> <p>The excavations of Paul III between 1545 and 1547 uncovered many large statues made of marble and bronze, as well as innumerable architectural fragments, lamps, intaglios, and cameos. The quantity of materials was so great that a museum was created to house the collection, known as the Museo Farnese (relocated to the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples"> Real Museo Borbonico</a> in the late 18th century).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope granted the area to the Roman Seminary of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>. It was used as a playground for children. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a> may have brought children from his oratory here—he is believed to have commissioned the fresco <i>Madonna supported by an angel</i> still located in the <i>natatio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–2">: 10–2 </span></sup> </p><p>Between the 16th and 18th centuries interest in the structure was rekindled and several famous architects made drawings of the ruins (<a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Falda" title="Giovanni Battista Falda">Giovanni Battista Falda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Nolli" title="Giambattista Nolli">Giambattista Nolli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Sangallo" title="Giuliano da Sangallo">Giuliano da Sangallo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>The aqueduct serving the baths was in use up to the 19th century. The Aqua Antoniniana aqueduct, a branch of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a> also worked on under Diocletian, was specifically built to serve the baths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation_and_restoration">Excavation and restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Excavation and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_2023_-_Terme_(Baths_of)_Caracalla,_Arte_Romana,_Viale_Guido_Baccelli,_Rome,_Roma,_Lazio,_00154,_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9059" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of Dionysus from triclinium ceiling of home incorporated into Baths of Caracalla (Rome)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1824, excavations at the baths were conducted by Count Egidio di Velo, whose findings included the mosaics showing athletes now at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>. Further work followed by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Canina" title="Luigi Canina">Luigi Canina</a> in the <i>frigidarium</i> (until the mid-19th century) and then by Battista Guidi (1860–7).<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>From 1866 to 1869 restoration work in the central part of the complex revealed a torso of Hercules, porphyry columns and figure-adorned capitals. In 1870, the area became the property of the Italian government and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Rosa" title="Pietro Rosa">Pietro Rosa</a> conducted excavations in the eastern <i><a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestra</a></i>. In 1878–9, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Fiorelli" title="Giuseppe Fiorelli">Giuseppe Fiorelli</a> discovered mosaics in the <i>caldarium</i> and western <i>palaestra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>From the early 20th century, excavations expanded into the outer areas of the complex and downward, revealing the subterranean passages, including a <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a> (see below). Systematic work on the galleries, started in the 18th and 19th centuries, resumed after 1901. On the eastern side more work was done in the late 1930s, when an opera stage was installed in the <i>caldarium</i>. Except for some sketches no documentation of these restorations survives.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>Further restoration work took place in the 1980s, when thick vegetation and illegally built houses in the area were cleared away. The southern wall with its cisterns, the southwestern library and the octagonal hall known as the Temple of Jupiter were restored at that point. In 1998–9, the opera stage was dismantled and modern visitor facilities were added to the baths. They reopened to the public in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>The baths were the only archaeological site in Rome to be damaged by <a href="/wiki/2009_Italian_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Italian earthquake">an earthquake near L'Aquila</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They experienced minor damage in August 2016 from an <a href="/wiki/August_2016_Central_Italy_earthquake" title="August 2016 Central Italy earthquake">earthquake in central Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guard-2016quake_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-2016quake-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermes_de_Caracalla_-_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thermes_de_Caracalla_-_Plan.jpg/220px-Thermes_de_Caracalla_-_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thermes_de_Caracalla_-_Plan.jpg/330px-Thermes_de_Caracalla_-_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thermes_de_Caracalla_-_Plan.jpg/440px-Thermes_de_Caracalla_-_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Overview plan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baths_of_Caracalla_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Baths_of_Caracalla_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Baths_of_Caracalla_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Baths_of_Caracalla_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Baths_of_Caracalla_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Baths_of_Caracalla_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Baths_of_Caracalla_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Part of the internal section</figcaption></figure> <p>The bath complex covered approximately 25 hectares (62 acres). The complex is rectangular, measuring 337 m × 328 m. Its construction involved the moving of a substantial amount of earth, as parts of the nearby hills had to be removed or leveled into platforms. Several million bricks were used in the construction. The baths contained at least 252 columns, 16 of which had a height of over 12 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>Water was carried to the baths by the then newly constructed Acqua Antoniniana, from the major Acqua Marcia. The exact path of the aqueduct supplying the baths is not known as only a few segments have been discovered. The aqueduct connected to the southern side of the baths where it filled 18 cisterns. These in turn were connected by lead pipes with the baths proper.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–1">: 20–1 </span></sup> </p><p>The baths followed the "great Imperial baths" blueprint for Roman baths. They were more a leisure centre than just a series of baths. Besides being used for bathing, the complex also offered facilities for taking walks, reading/studying, exercise and body care. The main building stood in the centre with no connections to the surrounding walls, which housed the cisterns, two symmetrical libraries (south), two large <i><a href="/wiki/Exedra" title="Exedra">exedras</a></i> (east and west) and <i>tabernae</i> (shops) to the north. The surviving library measures 38 m × 22 m. Between the outer wall and the central complex were gardens (<i>xystus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–7">: 25–7 </span></sup> </p><p>The axis of the baths was laid out in a northeast to southwest fashion to make use of the sun's heat. The <i>caldarium</i> faced southwest, the <i>frigidarium</i> northeast. Overall, the bath area was arranged along a single linear axis. However, dressing rooms and <i>palaestra</i> were arranged symmetrically on both sides of the building, giving easier access and facilitating the flow of people in and out of the thermal area, thus increasing the number of potential users of the baths.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>The bath main building was 214 m × 110 m and the height to the top of the roof line was 44 m (145 ft); it covered <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2.6 hectares (<span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> acres) and could hold an estimated 1,600 bathers.<sup id="cite_ref-roth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_innen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Caracalla_innen.png/170px-Caracalla_innen.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Caracalla_innen.png/255px-Caracalla_innen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Caracalla_innen.png/340px-Caracalla_innen.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>The Baths of Caracalla (reconstructive drawing from 1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>The baths were the second to have a public <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> within the complex. Like other public libraries in Rome, there were two separate and equal sized rooms or buildings; one for <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> texts and one for <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language texts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving library had three walls covered by niches (a total of 32) that housed the books. A larger niche in the middle of the southern wall likely contained a statue. A masonry ledge in front of the three other walls probably served as a bench. The floor is made from marble.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–7">: 26–7 </span></sup> </p><p>The baths consisted of a central <i><a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a></i> (cold room) measuring 58 m × 24 m (190 ft × 79 ft) under three <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vaults</a> 32.9 m (108 ft) high, a double pool <i><a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a></i> (medium), and a circular <i><a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a></i> (hot room) 35 m (115 ft) in diameter, as well as two <i><a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestras</a></i> (gyms where wrestling and boxing were practiced). The northeastern end of the bath building contained a <i>natatio</i> or swimming pool.<sup id="cite_ref-roth_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>caldarium</i> had seven pools, the <i>frigidarium</i> four, the <i>tepidarium</i> two. Next to the <i>caldarium</i> were saunas (<i><a href="/wiki/Laconicum" title="Laconicum">laconica</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>The central room was the <i>frigidarium</i>, whose high roof was supported by eight giant columns made from Egyptian granite. Walls and floor were made from marble. The hall served a dual purpose: It was a meeting place and transition area for visitors heading for other parts of the bath. It also housed the cold baths, in the form of four pools, two of which were connected to the <i>tepidarium</i> and two of which communicated with the <i>natatio</i> via some waterfalls. In the middle of the <i>frigidarium</i> was another circular pool (now at the Archaeological Museum at Naples) surrounding a fountain. It was flanked by two additional brick pools.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–1">: 30–1 </span></sup> </p><p>The <i>caldarium</i> was a circular room with marble floors and topped by a dome of almost 36 m diameter, close to the size of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>'s dome. The weight of the dome was carried by just eight masonry pillars. Between them were glass windows that helped heat the large room (and reduced the weight of the walls). Its seven pools measured 9.5 m × 5 m (depth of 1 m). Only six of these remain. The seventh was replaced by a small apse during the restoration by Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–3">: 32–3 </span></sup> </p><p>The Olympic-sized <i>natatio</i> pool measured 50 m × 22 m. The walls rose to more than 20 m and the northern façade was structured by three huge columns made from grey granite. Between those columns were niches on several levels that housed ornamental statues.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>The <i>natatio</i> was roofless with bronze mirrors mounted overhead to direct sunlight into the pool area. The entire bath building was on a raised platform 6 m (20 ft) high to allow for storage and furnaces under the building.<sup id="cite_ref-roth_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subterranean_features">Subterranean features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subterranean features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_-_sotterranei_9280060.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caracalla_-_sotterranei_9280060.JPG/170px-Caracalla_-_sotterranei_9280060.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caracalla_-_sotterranei_9280060.JPG/255px-Caracalla_-_sotterranei_9280060.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caracalla_-_sotterranei_9280060.JPG/340px-Caracalla_-_sotterranei_9280060.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Tunnel with skylight</figcaption></figure> <p>Discovered in 1912 by Ettore Ghislanzoni, the <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a> at the baths is considered the largest documented gathering space for the worshippers of <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, the Persian god in vogue with the military and mostly lower-class men, in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The mithraeum was approximately 23 m (75 ft) long and 10 m (33 ft) wide with a cross-vaulted ceiling. It can be only roughly dated by the two main events associated with the baths: the mithraeum was created after the complex was completed circa AD 217 and it was probably no longer in use when the aqueduct supplying the complex was cut in the 530s.<sup id="cite_ref-archtravel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archtravel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Institute_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The floor of the main room was covered with a black and white mosaic. Benches lined the walls. A fresco portraying Mithra (or a torch bearer) is on the western wall. The only other ornamentation was a marble block, roughly carved into the shape of a snake. In the floor near the entrance a circular pit was found covered with a marble slab, with a terracotta bowl containing the remains of staves of wheat. A rectangular hole in the floor gives access to a small tunnel that runs under the center of the main hall into an adjoining room, where there is an entrance/exit with staircase. This, a unique feature in a mithraeum, has been controversial. Most scholars view this as a <i>fossa sanguinis</i>, a ritual pit over which the bull at the center of the Mithraic mythology was slaughtered, bathing one or more initiates in its blood. Others think it was used as a sort of stage trap door allowing a person to stage a surprising entry into the room.<sup id="cite_ref-archtravel_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archtravel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Institute_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40–3">: 40–3 </span></sup> </p><p>In a nearby room, a statue of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Anadyomene" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphrodite Anadyomene">Aphrodite Anadyomene</a> was found in 1912. It is now located in the Museo Nazionale Romano at the Baths of Diocletian.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41, 43">: 41, 43 </span></sup> </p><p>Apart from housing the mithraeum, the tunnels served to heat the baths and as sewers for the outflow of water. They were also used to store the fuel for the furnaces – which are estimated to have burned around 10 tons of wood per day. Storage capacity had been estimated at more than 2,000 t of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>Overall, these tunnels ran for hundreds of metres underneath the main structure. They were lit by skylight-type windows that allowed the air to circulate, thus keeping the stored wood from rotting.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p><p>An underground water mill was excavated beginning in 1912. First thought to be medieval in origin it is now considered to date to Antiquity. It may have been a part of the original workings of the baths. Fire damage indicates it was burned in the 3rd century, but rebuilt with some alterations.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermae_of_Caracalla,_Rome_Wellcome_M0004777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Thermae_of_Caracalla%2C_Rome_Wellcome_M0004777.jpg/220px-Thermae_of_Caracalla%2C_Rome_Wellcome_M0004777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Thermae_of_Caracalla%2C_Rome_Wellcome_M0004777.jpg/330px-Thermae_of_Caracalla%2C_Rome_Wellcome_M0004777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Thermae_of_Caracalla%2C_Rome_Wellcome_M0004777.jpg/440px-Thermae_of_Caracalla%2C_Rome_Wellcome_M0004777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2689" /></a><figcaption>Plans of the baths (more <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plans_of_the_Baths_of_Caracalla_(Rome)">here</a> )</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Principal_dimensions">Principal dimensions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Principal dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Precinct maximum: 412 m × 393 m (1,352 ft × 1,289 ft)</li> <li>Internal: 337 m × 328 m (1,106 ft × 1,076 ft)</li> <li>Central Block overall: 214 m × 110 m (702 ft × 361 ft)</li> <li><i>Natatio</i> (swimming pool): 54 m × 23 m (177 ft × 75 ft)</li> <li><i>Frigidarium</i>: 59 m × 24 m (194 ft × 79 ft), height of 41 m (135 ft)</li> <li><i>Caldarium</i>: 35 m (115 ft), height of 44 m (144 ft)</li> <li>Internal courts: 67 m × 29 m (220 ft × 95 ft)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantities_of_materials">Quantities of materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quantities of materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozzolana" title="Pozzolana">Pozzolana</a>: 341,000 m<sup>3</sup> (12,000,000 cu ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick lime">Quick lime</a>: 35,000 m<sup>3</sup> (1,200,000 cu ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a>: 341,000 m<sup>3</sup> (12,000,000 cu ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> for foundations: 150,000 m<sup>3</sup> (5,300,000 cu ft)</li> <li>Brick pieces for facing: 17.5 million</li> <li>Large Bricks: 520,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> columns in Central block: 252</li> <li>Marble for columns and decorations: 6,300 m<sup>3</sup> (220,000 cu ft)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estimated_average_labour_figures_on_site">Estimated average labour figures on site</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Estimated average labour figures on site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Excavation: 5,200 men</li> <li>Substructure: 9,500 men</li> <li>Central Block: 4,500 men</li> <li>Decoration: 1,800 men</li></ul> <p>The 12 m (39 ft) columns of the <i>frigidarium</i> were made of granite and they weighed close to 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_of_art">Works of art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works of art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The baths were originally ornamented with high-quality sculptures, estimated to have numbered more than 120. Despite their location in one of the city's working class areas, of all the antique baths in Rome the Baths of Caracalla were found to have contained the most lavish assortment of statues. Although many were destroyed in the Middle Ages to make lime, beginning in the 16th century under Pope Paul III Farnese, sculptures were excavated from the area to serve as decorations in newly built palazzi.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47, 51">: 47, 51 </span></sup> </p><p>Among the well-known pieces recovered from the Baths of Caracalla are the <i><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Bull" title="Farnese Bull">Farnese Bull</a></i> (probably from the eastern <i>palaestra</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Hercules" title="Farnese Hercules">Farnese Hercules</a></i> (from the <i>frigidarium</i>), now in the <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Museo Archeologico Nazionale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>; others are in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Capodimonte" title="Museo di Capodimonte">Museo di Capodimonte</a> there. One of the many statues is the colossal 4 m (13 ft) statue of <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–8">: 47–8 </span></sup> </p><p>Two granite tubs from the <i>frigidarium</i> were taken to <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a> where they still serve as <a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">fountains</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Rainaldi" title="Girolamo Rainaldi">Girolamo Rainaldi</a>. A granite column from the <i>natatio</i> was taken to Florence by <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Trinita" title="Piazza Santa Trinita">Piazza Santa Trinita</a>. It is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Justice,_Florence" title="Column of Justice, Florence">Column of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> In the Lateran Collection of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> are mosaics composed of rectangular panels depicting athletes, which were discovered in 1824 in two of the library <i>exedrae</i> to the east and west of the baths complex. They have been restored and are on display in the <a href="/wiki/Gregoriano_Profano_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregoriano Profano Museum">Gregoriano Profano Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farnese_Bull_MAN_Napoli_Inv6002_n07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Farnese Bull, now at Naples"><img alt="The Farnese Bull, now at Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Farnese_Bull_MAN_Napoli_Inv6002_n07.jpg/100px-Farnese_Bull_MAN_Napoli_Inv6002_n07.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Farnese_Bull_MAN_Napoli_Inv6002_n07.jpg/150px-Farnese_Bull_MAN_Napoli_Inv6002_n07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Farnese_Bull_MAN_Napoli_Inv6002_n07.jpg/200px-Farnese_Bull_MAN_Napoli_Inv6002_n07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="3330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Bull" title="Farnese Bull">Farnese Bull</a>, now at Naples</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercules_Farnese_3637104088_9c95d7fe3c_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the statues that adorned the baths was the Farnese Hercules, now at Naples"><img alt="One of the statues that adorned the baths was the Farnese Hercules, now at Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hercules_Farnese_3637104088_9c95d7fe3c_b.jpg/58px-Hercules_Farnese_3637104088_9c95d7fe3c_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hercules_Farnese_3637104088_9c95d7fe3c_b.jpg/87px-Hercules_Farnese_3637104088_9c95d7fe3c_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hercules_Farnese_3637104088_9c95d7fe3c_b.jpg/116px-Hercules_Farnese_3637104088_9c95d7fe3c_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="3452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the statues that adorned the baths was the <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Hercules" title="Farnese Hercules">Farnese Hercules</a>, now at Naples</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_Farnese_Brunnen_Detail_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of two granite basins from the Baths of Caracalla repurposed as a fountain in the Piazza Farnese"><img alt="One of two granite basins from the Baths of Caracalla repurposed as a fountain in the Piazza Farnese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Piazza_Farnese_Brunnen_Detail_1.jpg/120px-Piazza_Farnese_Brunnen_Detail_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Piazza_Farnese_Brunnen_Detail_1.jpg/180px-Piazza_Farnese_Brunnen_Detail_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Piazza_Farnese_Brunnen_Detail_1.jpg/240px-Piazza_Farnese_Brunnen_Detail_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="2390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of two granite basins from the Baths of Caracalla repurposed as a fountain in the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaico_di_gladiatori_dalle_terme_di_caracalla,_310_dc_ca._03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaics of athletes ca. 4th century AD from the baths, displayed in the Vatican Museums"><img alt="Mosaics of athletes ca. 4th century AD from the baths, displayed in the Vatican Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mosaico_di_gladiatori_dalle_terme_di_caracalla%2C_310_dc_ca._03.JPG/120px-Mosaico_di_gladiatori_dalle_terme_di_caracalla%2C_310_dc_ca._03.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mosaico_di_gladiatori_dalle_terme_di_caracalla%2C_310_dc_ca._03.JPG/180px-Mosaico_di_gladiatori_dalle_terme_di_caracalla%2C_310_dc_ca._03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mosaico_di_gladiatori_dalle_terme_di_caracalla%2C_310_dc_ca._03.JPG/240px-Mosaico_di_gladiatori_dalle_terme_di_caracalla%2C_310_dc_ca._03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaics of athletes ca. 4th century AD from the baths, displayed in the Vatican Museums</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10_2023_-_Terme_(Baths_of)_Caracalla,_Arte_Romana,_Viale_Guido_Baccelli,_Rome,_Roma,_Lazio,_00154,_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of Dionysus from triclinium ceiling of home incorporated into Baths of Caracalla"><img alt="Fresco of Dionysus from triclinium ceiling of home incorporated into Baths of Caracalla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9059" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of Dionysus from triclinium ceiling of home incorporated into Baths of Caracalla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_Detail_of_a_human_figure_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco Detail of a human figure"><img alt="Fresco Detail of a human figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fresco_Detail_of_a_human_figure_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg/120px-Fresco_Detail_of_a_human_figure_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fresco_Detail_of_a_human_figure_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg/180px-Fresco_Detail_of_a_human_figure_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fresco_Detail_of_a_human_figure_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg/240px-Fresco_Detail_of_a_human_figure_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco Detail of a human figure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Anubis,_the_Egyptian_god_of_death_and_the_afterlife_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of Anubis, the Egyptian god of death and the afterlife"><img alt="Fresco of Anubis, the Egyptian god of death and the afterlife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fresco_of_Anubis%2C_the_Egyptian_god_of_death_and_the_afterlife_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg/120px-Fresco_of_Anubis%2C_the_Egyptian_god_of_death_and_the_afterlife_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fresco_of_Anubis%2C_the_Egyptian_god_of_death_and_the_afterlife_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg/180px-Fresco_of_Anubis%2C_the_Egyptian_god_of_death_and_the_afterlife_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fresco_of_Anubis%2C_the_Egyptian_god_of_death_and_the_afterlife_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg/240px-Fresco_of_Anubis%2C_the_Egyptian_god_of_death_and_the_afterlife_Baths_of_Caracalla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of Anubis, the Egyptian god of death and the afterlife</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_of_mosaic_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of a mythological mosaic"><img alt="Fragment of a mythological mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fragment_of_mosaic_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Fragment_of_mosaic_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fragment_of_mosaic_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Fragment_of_mosaic_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fragment_of_mosaic_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Fragment_of_mosaic_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3365" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of a mythological mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma-Terme_di_caracalla2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic depicting a bull"><img alt="Mosaic depicting a bull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Roma-Terme_di_caracalla2.jpg/90px-Roma-Terme_di_caracalla2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Roma-Terme_di_caracalla2.jpg/135px-Roma-Terme_di_caracalla2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Roma-Terme_di_caracalla2.jpg/180px-Roma-Terme_di_caracalla2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic depicting a bull</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermes_de_Caracalla_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic with mythological creature"><img alt="Mosaic with mythological creature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thermes_de_Caracalla_011.jpg/90px-Thermes_de_Caracalla_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thermes_de_Caracalla_011.jpg/135px-Thermes_de_Caracalla_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thermes_de_Caracalla_011.jpg/180px-Thermes_de_Caracalla_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic with mythological creature</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Station_aerial_view,_1910s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pennsylvania_Station_aerial_view%2C_1910s.jpg/220px-Pennsylvania_Station_aerial_view%2C_1910s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pennsylvania_Station_aerial_view%2C_1910s.jpg/330px-Pennsylvania_Station_aerial_view%2C_1910s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pennsylvania_Station_aerial_view%2C_1910s.jpg/440px-Pennsylvania_Station_aerial_view%2C_1910s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8791" data-file-height="6873" /></a><figcaption>The original Pennsylvania Station, New York City (1910)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Baths of Caracalla (and especially the central <i>frigidarium</i>) had a significant impact on the architecture of many later buildings. In Roman times, these included the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 19th and early 20th century, the design of the baths was used as the inspiration for several modern structures, including <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Hall,_Liverpool" title="St George's Hall, Liverpool">St George's Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, the original <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(1910%E2%80%931963)" title="Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963)">Pennsylvania Station</a> (demolished in 1963) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building" title="Senate of Canada Building">Senate of Canada Building</a> in Ottawa or the main hall of the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusteum_(Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig)#/media/Datei:Augusteum_Wandelhalle_rückw._1905.JPG" class="extiw" title="de:Augusteum (Universität Leipzig)">University of Leipzig</a> (demolished in 1968). </p><p>The main halls of Penn Station, the Senate of Canada Building and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago Union Station</a> made use of direct copies of the <i>frigidarium's</i> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_a_cultural_venue">Use as a cultural venue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use as a cultural venue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_and_concerts">Opera and concerts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opera and concerts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central part of the bath complex (the <i>caldarium</i>) was the summer home of the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Opera">Rome Opera</a> company from 1937 to 1993. In 2001, use of the venue by the opera resumed but it now uses a temporary movable stage outside of the main structure, which reduces the stress on the antique ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-Booklet_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>It is also a concert venue, having achieved fame as the venue and backdrop for the first <a href="/wiki/Three_Tenors" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Tenors">Three Tenors</a> concert in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting">Sporting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sporting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area was used for the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Grand_Prix" title="Rome Grand Prix">Rome Grand Prix</a> four times between 1947 and 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a>, the venue hosted the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics">gymnastics</a> events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The baths were used as a filming location for <i><a href="/wiki/John_Wick:_Chapter_2" title="John Wick: Chapter 2">John Wick: Chapter 2</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visiting">Visiting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Visiting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extensive ruins of the baths have become a popular tourist attraction. The baths are open to the public for an admission fee. Access is limited to certain areas/walkways to avoid additional damage to the mosaic floors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Ancient Roman bath in Rome, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_public_baths" title="List of Roman public baths">List of Roman public baths</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-archtravel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archtravel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archtravel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archtravel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archtravel_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDowson2012" class="citation web cs1">Dowson, Thomas (22 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828222019/http://archaeology-travel.com/news/underground-at-baths-of-caracalla/">"Going Underground at the Baths of Caracalla - Archaeology Travel"</a>. <i>Archaeology Travel</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology-travel.com/news/underground-at-baths-of-caracalla/">the original</a> on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Travel&rft.atitle=Going+Underground+at+the+Baths+of+Caracalla+-+Archaeology+Travel&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.aulast=Dowson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology-travel.com%2Fnews%2Funderground-at-baths-of-caracalla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarre1999" class="citation book cs1">Scarre, Chris (1999). Scarre, Chris (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventywondersof00scar/page/178"><i>The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World: The Great Monuments and How They Were Built</i></a></span> (1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventywondersof00scar/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500050965" title="Special:BookSources/9780500050965"><bdi>9780500050965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventy+Wonders+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+The+Great+Monuments+and+How+They+Were+Built&rft.place=London&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780500050965&rft.aulast=Scarre&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseventywondersof00scar%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booklet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booklet_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarbagna2016" class="citation book cs1">Garbagna, Cristina, ed. (2016). <i>The Baths of Caracalla guide</i>. Mondadori Electa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-370-6302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-370-6302-3"><bdi>978-88-370-6302-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baths+of+Caracalla+guide&rft.pub=Mondadori+Electa&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-88-370-6302-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Carandini2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Carandini (2017). <i>Atlas of Ancient Rome</i>. Princetion University Press. pp. 379–380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=379-380&rft.pub=Princetion+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Andrea+Carandini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodolfo_Lanciani1897" class="citation book cs1">Rodolfo Lanciani (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinsandexcavat00lancgoog"><i>The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome</i></a>. Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinsandexcavat00lancgoog/page/n586">533</a>–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruins+and+Excavations+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=533-34&rft.pub=Boston%2C+New+York%2C+Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Rodolfo+Lanciani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruinsandexcavat00lancgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frescoed domus under Baths of Caracalla opens <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64499">http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64499</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Ancient Home Found Beneath the Baths of Caracalla Is Now on Display <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/baths-of-caracalla-unveils-frescoes-from-time-of-hadrian-180980332/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/baths-of-caracalla-unveils-frescoes-from-time-of-hadrian-180980332/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1980" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Charles (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wondersofancient00walk/page/92"><i>Wonders of the Ancient World</i></a></span>. New York: Crescent Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wondersofancient00walk/page/92">92–93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517318256" title="Special:BookSources/9780517318256"><bdi>9780517318256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonders+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780517318256&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwondersofancient00walk%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617225610/http://www.rome-guide.it/english/monuments/monuments_caracalla.html">"Rome Guide tourist information - Monuments · Caracalla Thermal Baths"</a>. <i>www.rome-guide.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rome-guide.it/english/monuments/monuments_caracalla.html">the original</a> on 2016-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rome-guide.it&rft.atitle=Rome+Guide+tourist+information+-+Monuments+%C2%B7+Caracalla+Thermal+Baths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rome-guide.it%2Fenglish%2Fmonuments%2Fmonuments_caracalla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Janet_DeLaine" title="Janet DeLaine">DeLaine, Janet</a> (1997), <i>The Baths of Caracalla: A study in the design, construction, and economics of large-scale building projects in Imperial Rome</i>, (1st ed.), London: JRA, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodolfo_Lanciani1899" class="citation book cs1">Rodolfo Lanciani (1899). <i>The Destruction of Ancient Rome</i>. Macmillan. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Rodolfo+Lanciani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Karmon2011" class="citation book cs1">David Karmon (2011). <i>The Ruin of the Eternal City</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruin+of+the+Eternal+City&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=David+Karmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodolfo_Lanciani1897" class="citation book cs1">Rodolfo Lanciani (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinsandexcavat00lancgoog"><i>The Ruins and excavations of ancient Rome: a companion book for students and travellers</i></a>. Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinsandexcavat00lancgoog/page/n589">536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruins+and+excavations+of+ancient+Rome%3A+a+companion+book+for+students+and+travellers&rft.pages=536&rft.pub=Boston%2C+New+York%2C+Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Rodolfo+Lanciani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruinsandexcavat00lancgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodolfo_Lanciani1897" class="citation book cs1">Rodolfo Lanciani (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinsandexcavat00lancgoog"><i>The Ruins and excavations of ancient Rome: a companion book for students and travellers</i></a>. Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinsandexcavat00lancgoog/page/n591">538</a>–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruins+and+excavations+of+ancient+Rome%3A+a+companion+book+for+students+and+travellers&rft.pages=538-9&rft.pub=Boston%2C+New+York%2C+Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Rodolfo+Lanciani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruinsandexcavat00lancgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/5114636/LAquila-earthquake-damaged-ancient-baths-in-Rome.html">"L'Aquila earthquake damaged ancient baths in Rome"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 6 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/5114636/LAquila-earthquake-damaged-ancient-baths-in-Rome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=L%27Aquila+earthquake+damaged+ancient+baths+in+Rome&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F5114636%2FLAquila-earthquake-damaged-ancient-baths-in-Rome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard-2016quake-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guard-2016quake_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2016" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (24 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/art-experts-earthquake-damage-historic-italian-buildings-amatrice">"Art experts fear serious earthquake damage to historic Italian buildings"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Art+experts+fear+serious+earthquake+damage+to+historic+Italian+buildings&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F24%2Fart-experts-earthquake-damage-historic-italian-buildings-amatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roth-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roth_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roth_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roth_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2007" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Leland M. (2007). <i>Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning</i> (2nd ed.). Boulder, Colo.: Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813390451" title="Special:BookSources/9780813390451"><bdi>9780813390451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Architecture%3A+Its+Elements%2C+History%2C+and+Meaning&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780813390451&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Leland+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLaine,(1997), <i>The baths of Caracalla</i>,(1st ed.), London: JRA. p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saverome.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/1152/">"Mithraeum at the Baths of Caracalla"</a>. <i>American Institute for Roman Culture</i>. 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Institute+for+Roman+Culture&rft.atitle=Mithraeum+at+the+Baths+of+Caracalla&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaverome.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2F1152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Ball_PlatnerThomas_Ashby1929" class="citation news cs1">Samuel Ball Platner; Thomas Ashby (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0054%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dthermae-antoninianae">"A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome;Thermae Antoninianae (Caracallae)"</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Rome%3BThermae+Antoninianae+%28Caracallae%29&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Samuel+Ball+Platner&rft.au=Thomas+Ashby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0054%253Aalphabetic%2Bletter%253DT%253Aentry%2Bgroup%253D1%253Aentry%253Dthermae-antoninianae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_White1985" class="citation web cs1">Donald White (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/roman-athletics/">"Roman Athletics: Classical Antecedents to the National Mania"</a>. Expedition Magazine. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Athletics%3A+Classical+Antecedents+to+the+National+Mania&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Expedition+Magazine&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Donald+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Froman-athletics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/museo-gregoriano-profano/Mosaici-delle-Terme-di-Caracalla.html">"Mosaic from the Baths of Caracalla"</a>. museivaticani.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mosaic+from+the+Baths+of+Caracalla&rft.pub=museivaticani.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museivaticani.va%2Fcontent%2Fmuseivaticani%2Fen%2Fcollezioni%2Fmusei%2Fmuseo-gregoriano-profano%2FMosaici-delle-Terme-di-Caracalla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Kalman & John Roaf, <i>Exploring Ottawa: An Architectural Guide to the Nation's Capital</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983), p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827184547/http://www.caracalla1947.com/more-on-caracalla-1947">"More on Caracalla 1947"</a>. <i>Caracalla 1947</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caracalla1947.com/more-on-caracalla-1947">the original</a> on 2016-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caracalla+1947&rft.atitle=More+on+Caracalla+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caracalla1947.com%2Fmore-on-caracalla-1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUpGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA454"><i>Architectural Record, Volumes 19–20</i></a>. F.W. Dodge Corporation. 1906. p. 454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Record%2C+Volumes+19%E2%80%9320&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=F.W.+Dodge+Corporation&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUpGAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Caracalla&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031012134/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/OR1960v1.pdf">1960 Summer Olympics official report.</a> Volume 1. pp. 76, 79.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202625/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/OR1960v2pt1.pdf">1960 Summer Olympic official report.</a> Volume 2. Part 1. p. 345.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rome-guide.it/english/monuments/monuments_caracalla.html">Caracalla Thermal Baths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617225610/http://www.rome-guide.it/english/monuments/monuments_caracalla.html">Archived</a> 2016-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome-panoramas-world-architecture/baths-caracalla">Baths of Caracalla | Art Atlas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121231846/https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome-panoramas-world-architecture/baths-caracalla">Archived</a> 2020-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucentini2012" class="citation book cs1">Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City</i></a>. Interlink. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623710088" title="Special:BookSources/9781623710088"><bdi>9781623710088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rome+Guide%3A+Step+by+Step+through+History%27s+Greatest+City&rft.pub=Interlink&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft.isbn=9781623710088&rft.aulast=Lucentini&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaMDAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaths+of+Caracalla" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thermae_Antoninianae" class="extiw" title="commons:Thermae Antoninianae">Thermae Antoninianae</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Landmarks of Rome</b><br />Baths of Caracalla </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Porta_Portese" title="Porta Portese">Portese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Giovanni_(Rome)" title="Porta San Giovanni (Rome)">San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Sebastiano" title="Porta San Sebastiano">San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Settimiana" title="Porta Settimiana">Settimiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Tiburtina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Cavalleggeri" title="Porta Cavalleggeri">Cavalleggeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pertusa" title="Porta Pertusa">Pertusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Santo_Spirito" title="Porta Santo Spirito">Santo Spirito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janiculum_walls" title="Janiculum walls">Janiculum Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Terreus" title="Murus Terreus">Terreus Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Romuli Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Caelimontana" title="Porta Caelimontana">Caelimontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Collina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Esquilina" title="Porta Esquilina">Esquilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Fontinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Viminale" title="Porta Viminale">Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Naevia" title="Porta Naevia">Naevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Querquetulana" title="Porta Querquetulana">Querquetulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Trigemina" title="Porta Trigemina">Trigemina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Obelisk of Minerveo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Ancient Roman<br />landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Triumphal arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Arch of Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Arch of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Novus" title="Arcus Novus">Arcus Novus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Aqueducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Sewers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Circi_Maximi" title="Cloaca Circi Maximi">Cloaca Circi Maximi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Public baths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero" title="Baths of Nero">Baths of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">Temple of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Forum_Holitorium)" title="Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina" title="Largo di Torre Argentina">Largo di Torre Argentina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Fora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Forum of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Holitorium" title="Forum Holitorium">Forum Holitorium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Gardens of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Palaces and <i>villae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Augustana" title="Domus Augustana">Domus Augustana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Domitian" title="Palace of Domitian">Palace of Domitian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Quintilii" title="Villa of the Quintilii">Villa of the Quintilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Sette_Bassi" title="Villa dei Sette Bassi">Villa of the <i>sette bassi</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Aemilia" title="Porticus Aemilia">Porticus Aemilia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium_of_Pomponius_Hylas" title="Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas">Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius" title="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eurysaces_the_Baker" title="Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker">Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hilarus_Fuscus" title="Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus">Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Haterii" title="Tomb of the Haterii">Tomb of the Haterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Via_Latina" title="Tombs of Via Latina">Tombs of Via Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Priscilla" title="Tomb of Priscilla">Tomb of Priscilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Roman Catholic<br />basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">S. Lorenzo fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">S. Agnese fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">S. Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino" title="Sant'Anastasia al Palatino">S. Anastasia al Palatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte" title="Sant'Andrea delle Fratte">S. Andrea delle Fratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">S. Andrea della Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_in_Via_Merulana" title="Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana">S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare,_Rome" title="Sant'Apollinare, Rome">S. Apollinare alle Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Ss. Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Balbina" title="Santa Balbina">S. Balbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolomeo_all%27Isola" title="San Bartolomeo all'Isola">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Bonifacio_ed_Alessio" title="Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio">Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Camillo_de_Lellis" title="San Camillo de Lellis">S. Camillo de Lellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">S. Carlo al Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Celso_e_Giuliano" title="Santi Celso e Giuliano">Ss. Celso e Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">S. Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Ss. Cosma e Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Crisogono, Rome">S. Crisogono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Via_Flaminia" title="Santa Croce in Via Flaminia">S. Croce in Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">S. Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio" title="Sant'Eugenio">S. Eugenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">S. Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">S. Francesca Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina"> S. Giovanni a Porta Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Ss. Giovanni e Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Damaso" title="San Lorenzo in Damaso">S. Lorenzo in Damaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina" title="San Lorenzo in Lucina">S. Lorenzo in Lucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Ausiliatrice,_Rome" title="Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome">S. Maria Ausiliatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Evangelista_al_Campidoglio,_Rome" title="San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome">S. Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">S. Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Miracoli_and_Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto" title="Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto">S. Maria in Montesanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">S. Maria in Cosmedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">S. Maria in Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">S. Maria in Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">S. Maria del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">S. Maria sopra Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">S. Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via" title="Santa Maria in Via">S. Maria in Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">S. Maria in Via Lata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">S. Maria della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">S. Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Ss. Nereo e Achilleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">S. Nicola in Carcere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio" title="San Pancrazio">S. Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">S. Prassede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">S. Pudenziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Ss. Quattro Coronati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">S. Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Maria" title="Sacro Cuore di Maria">Sacro Cuore di Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re" title="Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re">Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Ges%C3%B9_a_Castro_Pretorio" title="Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio">Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">S. Sebastiano fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite" title="San Silvestro in Capite">S. Silvestro in Capite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio" title="San Sisto Vecchio">S. Sisto Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea" title="Santa Sofia a Via Boccea">S. Sofia a Via Boccea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">S. Stefano Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Rome" title="Santa Teresa, Rome">S. Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Rome" title="San Vitale, Rome">S. Vitale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Other churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">List of churches in Rome</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Castles and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">Arx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi" title="Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi">Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Internationalis_Paulus_VI" title="Domus Internationalis Paulus VI">Domus Internationalis Paulus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Aragona_Gonzaga" title="Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga">Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini_ai_Giubbonari" title="Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari">Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese" title="Palazzo Borghese">Palazzo Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Palazzo Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta" title="Palazzo della Consulta">Palazzo della Consulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Fusconi-Pighini" title="Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini">Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustiniani,_Rome" title="Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome">Palazzo Giustinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palazzo di Giustizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pamphilj" title="Palazzo Pamphilj">Palazzo Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Poli" title="Palazzo Poli">Palazzo Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli" title="Palazzo Ruspoli">Palazzo Ruspoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Valentini" title="Palazzo Valentini">Palazzo Valentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vidoni-Caffarelli" title="Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli">Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Viminale" title="Palazzo del Viminale">Palazzo del Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Wedekind" title="Palazzo Wedekind">Palazzo Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Zuccari,_Rome" title="Palazzo Zuccari, Rome">Palazzo Zuccari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Api" title="Fontana delle Api">Api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Felice" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Felice">Acqua Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuino" title="Babuino">Babuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Barcaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">Il Facchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Moro" title="Fontana del Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasone" title="Nasone">Nasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Navicella,_Rome" title="Fontana della Navicella, Rome">Navicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome" title="Fountain of Neptune, Rome">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Nettuno,_Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">del Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pianto" title="Fontana del Pianto">Pianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli">di Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Colonna" title="Fontana di Piazza Colonna">di Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">di Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Piazza_dei_Quiriti" title="Fontana della Piazza dei Quiriti">della Piazza dei Quiriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Nicosia" title="Fontana di Piazza Nicosia">di Piazza Nicosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_in_Piazza_Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere">in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanone_di_Ponte_Sisto" title="Fontanone di Ponte Sisto">di Ponte Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Quattro Fiumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe" title="Fontana delle Tartarughe">Tartarughe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Tritons" title="Fountain of the Tritons">Tritons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Tritone,_Rome" title="Fontana del Tritone, Rome">Tritone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Altare della Patria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Verano" title="Campo Verano">Campo Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Capocci" title="Torre dei Capocci">Capocci Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Rome" title="Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome">Column of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Conti Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Hospital of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Milizie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Sisto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piazzas_in_Rome" title="Category:Piazzas in Rome">Squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Rome" title="List of streets in Rome">streets</a><br />and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Piazza d'Aracoeli">Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">Piazza San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Coronari" title="Via dei Coronari">Via dei Coronari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Veneto" title="Via Veneto">Via Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">Parks, gardens</a><br />and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Torlonia_(Rome)" title="Villa Torlonia (Rome)">Villa Torlonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_degli_Acquedotti" title="Parco degli Acquedotti">Parco degli Acquedotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">Museums and<br />art galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome">Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Esposizioni" title="Palazzo delle Esposizioni">Palazzo delle Esposizioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">La Bocca della Verità</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri_Sarcophagus" title="Velletri Sarcophagus">Velletri Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Hills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City<br />of Rome Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appian Way Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Bove" title="Capo di Bove">Capo di Bove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Orsini-Odescalchi" title="Castello Orsini-Odescalchi">Castello Orsini-Odescalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rome" title="Culture of Rome">Events and traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Enclave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Venues_of_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_(Rome)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Template:1960 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1960_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Template talk:1960 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1960_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1960 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Venues_of_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_(Rome)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Venues_of_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Venues of the 1960 Summer Olympics">Venues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acqua_Santa_Golf_Club_Course" title="Acqua Santa Golf Club Course">Acqua Santa Golf Club Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Tre_Fontane" title="Campo Tre Fontane">Campo Tre Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesano_Infantry_School_Range" title="Cesano Infantry School Range">Cesano Infantry School Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Artemio_Franchi" title="Stadio Artemio Franchi">Florence Communal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico_Carlo_Zecchini" title="Stadio Olimpico Carlo Zecchini">Grosseto Communal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Tommaso_Fattori" title="Stadio Tommaso Fattori">L'Aquila Communal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Albano" title="Lake Albano">Lake Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazio_Pigeon_Shooting_Stand" title="Lazio Pigeon Shooting Stand">Lazio Pigeon Shooting Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Armando_Picchi" title="Stadio Armando Picchi">Livorno Ardenza Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_San_Paolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadio San Paolo">Naples Saint Paul's Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Velodrome,_Rome" title="Olympic Velodrome, Rome">Olympic Velodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Congressi" title="Palazzo dei Congressi">Palazzo dei Congressi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PalaLottomatica" title="PalaLottomatica">Palazzo dello Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzetto_dello_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzetto dello sport">Palazzetto dello sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passo_Corese" title="Passo Corese">Passo Corese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Adriatico_%E2%80%93_Giovanni_Cornacchia" title="Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia">Pescara Adriatic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Piazza di Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscina_delle_Rose" title="Piscina delle Rose">Piscina delle Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Papa" title="Rocca di Papa">Pratoni del Vivaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Raccordo_Anulare" title="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Raccordo Anulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_dei_Marmi" title="Stadio dei Marmi">Stadio dei Marmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Flaminio" title="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico_del_Nuoto" title="Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto">Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_Shooting_Range" title="Umberto I Shooting Range">Umberto I Shooting Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Via Appia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Via Cristoforo Colombo">Via Cristoforo Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_di_Grottarossa" title="Via di Grottarossa">Via di Grottarossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olympic_venues_in_gymnastics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_venues_gymnastics" title="Template:Olympic venues gymnastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_venues_gymnastics" title="Template talk:Olympic venues gymnastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_venues_gymnastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic venues gymnastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olympic_venues_in_gymnastics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_gymnastics" title="List of Olympic venues in gymnastics">Olympic venues in gymnastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>: <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnastics_(artistic)_pictogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg/50px-Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg/75px-Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg/100px-Gymnastics_%28artistic%29_pictogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>: <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Vélodrome de Vincennes">Vélodrome de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Field_(St._Louis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Field (St. Louis)">Francis Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/White_City_Stadium" title="White City Stadium">White City Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Olympic_Stadium" title="Stockholm Olympic Stadium">Stockholm Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olympisch_Stadion_(Antwerp)" title="Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp)">Olympisch Stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stade_Yves-du-Manoir" title="Stade Yves-du-Manoir">Stade Yves-du-Manoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Amsterdam)" title="Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Waldb%C3%BChne" title="Waldbühne">Dietrich Eckart Open-Air Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/Earls_Court_Exhibition_Centre" title="Earls Court Exhibition Centre">Empress Hall, Earl's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6_Sports_Hall" title="Töölö Sports Hall">Messuhalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Festival_Hall,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival Hall, Melbourne">West Melbourne Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Gymnasium" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium">Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="National Auditorium">National Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olympiahalle" title="Olympiahalle">Olympiahalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Forum" title="Montreal Forum">Montreal Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Palace_of_Sports" title="Luzhniki Palace of Sports">Sports Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pauley_Pavilion" title="Pauley Pavilion">Pauley Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Gymnastics_Arena" title="Olympic Gymnastics Arena">Olympic Gymnastics Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palau_dels_Esports_de_Barcelona" title="Palau dels Esports de Barcelona">Palau dels Esports de Barcelona</a> (rhythmic), <a href="/wiki/Palau_Sant_Jordi" title="Palau Sant Jordi">Palau Sant Jordi</a> (artistic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Dome" title="Georgia Dome">Georgia Dome</a> (artistic), <a href="/wiki/Stegeman_Coliseum" title="Stegeman Coliseum">Stegeman Coliseum</a> (rhythmic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_SuperDome" title="Sydney SuperDome">Sydney SuperDome</a> (artistic, trampolining), <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Showground_(Olympic_Park)#The_Dome" title="Sydney Showground (Olympic Park)">The Dome & Exhibition Complex</a> (rhythmic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Galatsi_Olympic_Hall" title="Galatsi Olympic Hall">Galatsi Olympic Hall</a> (rhythmic), <a href="/wiki/O.A.C.A._Olympic_Indoor_Hall" title="O.A.C.A. Olympic Indoor Hall">Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall</a> (artistic, trampolining)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Indoor_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing National Indoor Stadium">Beijing National Indoor Stadium</a> (artistic, trampolining), <a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Technology_Gymnasium" title="Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium">Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium</a> (rhythmic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">North Greenwich Arena</a> (artistic, trampolining), <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a> (rhythmic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeunesse Arena">Arena Olímpica do Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ariake_Gymnastics_Centre" title="Ariake Gymnastics Centre">Ariake Gymnastics Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Accor_Arena" title="Accor Arena">Bercy Arena</a> (artistic, trampolining), <a href="/wiki/Porte_de_La_Chapelle_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Porte de La Chapelle Arena">Porte de La Chapelle Arena</a> (rhythmic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crypto.com_Arena" title="Crypto.com Arena">Crypto.com Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sleeman_Centre_(Brisbane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeman Centre (Brisbane)">Chandler Indoor Sports Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502098#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502098#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502098#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/169274945">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Caracalla-Thermen (Rom)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131683-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007291293205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20048917">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/989a2d44-7c59-4681-95a5-03d66dfa60cc">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/322942899">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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