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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_women's_rights_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_women's_rights_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Early women's rights conventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_women's_rights_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seneca_Falls_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seneca_Falls_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Seneca Falls convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seneca_Falls_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 National conventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthony–Stanton_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthony–Stanton_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Anthony–Stanton collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthony–Stanton_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_Loyal_National_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_Loyal_National_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Women's Loyal National League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_Loyal_National_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Equal_Rights_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Equal_Rights_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 American Equal Rights Association </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Equal_Rights_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 New England Woman Suffrage Association </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fifteenth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fifteenth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 The Fifteenth Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fifteenth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Departure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Departure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 New Departure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Departure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_v._Susan_B._Anthony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_v._Susan_B._Anthony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 United States v. Susan B. Anthony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_v._Susan_B._Anthony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Woman_Suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Woman_Suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 History of Woman Suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Woman_Suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_the_women's_suffrage_amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_the_women's_suffrage_amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.14 Introduction of the women's suffrage amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_the_women's_suffrage_amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_female_candidates_for_national_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_female_candidates_for_national_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.15 Early female candidates for national office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_female_candidates_for_national_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_successes_and_failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_successes_and_failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.16 Initial successes and failures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_successes_and_failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 1890–1919 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1890–1919-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1890–1919 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1890–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merger_of_rival_suffrage_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_of_rival_suffrage_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Merger of rival suffrage organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_of_rival_suffrage_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 National American Woman Suffrage Association </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MacKenzie_v._Hare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MacKenzie_v._Hare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 MacKenzie v. Hare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MacKenzie_v._Hare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Opposition to women's suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_against_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_against_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Women against suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_against_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Southern strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-black_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-black_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Anti-black racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-black_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Woman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Woman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 New Woman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Woman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_suffrage_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_suffrage_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 New suffrage organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_suffrage_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-College_Equal_Suffrage_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_Equal_Suffrage_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 College Equal Suffrage League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_Equal_Suffrage_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equality_League_of_Self-Supporting_Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equality_League_of_Self-Supporting_Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Equality League of Self-Supporting Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equality_League_of_Self-Supporting_Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Council_of_Women_Voters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Council_of_Women_Voters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 National Council of Women Voters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Council_of_Women_Voters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Woman's_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Woman's_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 National Woman's Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Woman's_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_States_Woman_Suffrage_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_States_Woman_Suffrage_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.5 Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_States_Woman_Suffrage_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffrage_periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffrage_periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Suffrage periodicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffrage_periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turn_of_the_tide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turn_of_the_tide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Turn of the tide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turn_of_the_tide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Nineteenth Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_Nineteenth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_Nineteenth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_the_Nineteenth_Amendment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_Nineteenth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Native American women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_U.S._territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_U.S._territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 In U.S. territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_U.S._territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_the_voting_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_the_voting_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Changes in the voting population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_the_voting_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_representation_and_government_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_representation_and_government_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Changes in representation and government programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_representation_and_government_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Notable legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Socio-economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Queering_the_suffrage_movement"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Queering_the_suffrage_movement""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 "Queering the suffrage movement" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Queering_the_suffrage_movement"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wikipedia_articles_on_women's_suffrage_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia_articles_on_women's_suffrage_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Wikipedia articles on women's suffrage by state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia_articles_on_women's_suffrage_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Anti-suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Women's suffrage in the United States</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="تصويت النساء في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصويت النساء في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে নারীদের ভোটাধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে নারীদের ভোটাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_des_Frauenwahlrechts_in_den_USA" title="Geschichte des Frauenwahlrechts in den USA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte des Frauenwahlrechts in den USA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_femenino_en_Estados_Unidos" title="Sufragio femenino en Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sufragio femenino en Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_vote_des_femmes_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Droit de vote des femmes aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit de vote des femmes aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1_%EC%B0%B8%EC%A0%95%EA%B6%8C" title="미국의 여성 참정권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 여성 참정권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qo%CA%BBshma_Shtatlarida_ayollarning_saylov_huquqi" title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarida ayollarning saylov huquqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarida ayollarning saylov huquqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%90_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="د امریکا په متحده ایالاتو کې د مېرمنو د رایې ورکولو حق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> 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by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a>, or the right of women to vote, was established in the United States over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, first in various <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">states</a> and localities, then nationally in 1920 with the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The demand for women's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s, emerging from the broader movement for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. In 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, the first women's rights convention, passed a resolution in favor of women's suffrage despite opposition from some of its organizers, who believed the idea was too extreme.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> By the time of the first <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> in 1850, however, suffrage was becoming an increasingly important aspect of the movement's activities. The first national <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> organizations were established in 1869 when two competing organizations were formed, one led by <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> and the other by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Watkins_Harper" title="Frances Ellen Watkins Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a>. After years of rivalry, they merged in 1890 as the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NAWSA) with Anthony as its leading force. The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a> (WCTU), which was the largest women's organization at that time, was established in 1873 and also pursued women's suffrage, giving a huge boost to the movement.<a href="#cite_note-MarionOliver2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burlingame2004-5">[5]</a> Hoping that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> would rule that <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a> had a constitutional right to vote, suffragists made several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed <a href="/wiki/Lawsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawsuits">lawsuits</a> when they were turned away. Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum. After the Supreme Court ruled against them in the 1875 case <a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a>, suffragists began the decades-long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchise</a> women. Much of the movement's energy, however, went toward working for suffrage on a state-by-state basis. These efforts included pursuing officeholding rights separately in an effort to bolster their argument in favor of voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> The first state to grant women the right to vote had been <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> in 1869, followed by <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> in 1870, <a href="/wiki/1893_Colorado_women%27s_suffrage_referendum" title="1893 Colorado women's suffrage referendum">Colorado</a> in 1893, Idaho in 1896, Washington<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> in 1910, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_California" title="Women's suffrage in California">California</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in 1911, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Oregon">Oregon</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Women's suffrage in Arizona">Arizona</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> in 1912, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Montana" title="Women's suffrage in Montana">Montana</a> in 1914, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_North_Dakota" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, New York,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Rhode_Island" title="Women's suffrage in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> in 1917, Louisiana,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Oklahoma,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and Michigan<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> (NWP), a group focused on the passage of a national suffrage amendment. Over 200 NWP supporters, the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a>, were arrested in 1917 while picketing the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, some of whom went on <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> and endured <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">forced feeding</a> after being sent to prison. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a>, the two-million-member NAWSA also made a national suffrage amendment its top priority. After a hard-fought series of votes in the U.S. Congress and in state legislatures, the Nineteenth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution on August 18, 1920.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It states, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_history">National history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: National history">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">Women's suffrage in states of the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Most of the early U.S. states, continuing in their pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> traditions as <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">British colonies</a>, adopted constitutions that expressly denied women the right to vote. The basis for this practice was rooted in traditional societal views and legal doctrines. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> adopted the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture</a>, which held that a married woman was a "feme covert" with no legal personhood of her own and who was legally considered indistinct from her husband. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_voting_activity">Early voting activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early voting activity">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Taft" title="Lydia Taft">Lydia Taft</a> (1712–1778), a wealthy widow, was allowed to vote in town meetings in <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Uxbridge, Massachusetts">Uxbridge, Massachusetts</a> in 1756.<a href="#cite_note-address-19">[19]</a> No other women in the colonial era are known to have voted.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> constitution of 1776 enfranchised all adult inhabitants who owned a specified amount of property. Laws enacted in 1790 and 1797 referred to voters as "he or she", and women regularly voted. A law passed in 1807, however, excluded women from voting in that state.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Kentucky passed the first statewide woman suffrage law in the antebellum era (since New Jersey revoked their woman suffrage rights in 1807) in 1838 – allowing voting by any widow or feme sole (legally, the head of household) over 21 who resided in and owned property subject to taxation for the new county's "common school" system.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> This partial suffrage rights for women were not expressed as for whites only.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_women's_rights_movement">Emergence of the women's rights movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emergence of the women's rights movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg/220px-Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg/330px-Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg/440px-Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></figcaption></figure> The demand for women's suffrage<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> emerged as part of the broader movement for women's rights. In the UK in 1792, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> wrote a pioneering book called <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In Boston in 1838 <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a> published The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women, which was widely circulated.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1845, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a> published <a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a>, a key document in American <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> that first appeared in serial form in 1839 in <a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalist</a> journal that Fuller edited.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:17.6em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The very truths you are now contending for, will, in fifty years, be so completely imbedded in public opinion that no one need say one word in their defense; whilst at the same time new forms of truth will arise to test the faithfulness of the pioneer minds of that age, and so on eternally. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Angela Grimké, 1851, in a letter to Elizabeth Cady Stanton<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></cite> </div> Significant barriers had to be overcome, however, before a campaign for women's suffrage could develop significant strength. One barrier was strong opposition to women's involvement in public affairs, a practice that was not fully accepted even among reform activists. Only after fierce debate were women accepted as members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> at its convention of 1839, and the organization split at its next convention when women were appointed to committees.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Opposition was especially strong against the idea of women speaking to audiences of both men and women. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Frances Wright</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> woman, was subjected to sharp criticism for delivering public lectures in the U.S. in 1826 and 1827. When the <a href="/wiki/Grimk%C3%A9_sisters" title="Grimké sisters">Grimké sisters</a>, who had been born into a slave-holding family in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, spoke against slavery throughout the northeast in the mid-1830s, the ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational Church</a>, a major force in that region, published a statement condemning their actions. Despite the disapproval, in 1838 <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké</a> spoke against slavery before the Massachusetts legislature, the first woman in the U.S. to speak before a legislative body.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Other women began to give public speeches, especially in opposition to slavery and in support of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. Early female speakers included <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Rose</a>, a Jewish immigrant from Poland; Lucretia Mott, a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> minister and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a>, a Quaker abolitionist.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Toward the end of the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> launched her career as a public speaker, soon becoming the most famous female lecturer.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Supporting both the abolitionist and women's rights movements, Stone played a major role in reducing the prejudice against women speaking in public.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Opposition remained strong, however. A regional women's rights convention in Ohio in 1851 was disrupted by male opponents. <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, who delivered her famous speech "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F" title="Ain't I a Woman?">Ain't I a Woman?</a>" at the convention, directly addressed some of this opposition in her speech.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> in 1852 was also disrupted, and mob action at the 1853 convention came close to violence.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The World's Temperance Convention in New York City in 1853 bogged down for three days in a dispute about whether women would be allowed to speak there.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>, a leader of the suffrage movement, later said, "No advanced step taken by women has been so bitterly contested as that of speaking in public. For nothing which they have attempted, not even to secure the suffrage, have they been so abused, condemned and antagonized."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Laws that sharply restricted the independent activity of married women also created barriers to the campaign for women's suffrage. According to <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a>, an authoritative commentary on the <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> on which the American legal system is modeled, "By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage",<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> referring to the legal doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture</a> that was introduced to England by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In 1862, the Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court denied a divorce to a woman whose husband had horsewhipped her, saying, "The law gives the husband power to use such a degree of force necessary to make the wife behave and know her place."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Married women in many states could not legally sign contracts, which made it difficult for them to arrange for convention halls, printed materials, and other things needed by the suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Restrictions like these were overcome in part by the passage of <a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Acts_in_the_United_States" title="Married Women's Property Acts in the United States">married women's property laws</a> in several states, supported in some cases by wealthy fathers who did not want their daughters' inheritance to fall under the complete control of their husbands. Sentiment in favor of women's rights was strong within the radical wing of the abolitionist movement. <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>, said "I doubt whether a more important movement has been launched touching the destiny of the race, than this in regard to the equality of the sexes".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The abolitionist movement, however, attracted only about one per cent of the population at that time, and radical abolitionists were only one part of that movement.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_backing_for_women's_suffrage">Early backing for women's suffrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early backing for women's suffrage">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Constitution#Constitutional_Convention_of_1846" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Constitution">New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846</a> received petitions in support of women's suffrage from residents of at least three counties.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Several members of the radical wing of the abolitionist movement supported suffrage. In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._May" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel J. May">Samuel J. May</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian</a> minister and radical abolitionist, vigorously supported women's suffrage in a sermon that was later circulated as the first in a series of women's rights tracts.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1846, the Liberty League, an offshoot of the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a>, petitioned Congress to enfranchise women.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A convention of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> in May 1848 approved a resolution calling for "universal suffrage in its broadest sense, including women as well as men."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>, its candidate for president, delivered a speech shortly afterwards at the National Liberty Convention in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, that elaborated on his party's call for women's suffrage. <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a> was suggested as the party's vice-presidential candidate – the first time that a woman had been proposed for federal executive office in the U.S. – and she received five votes from delegates at that convention.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_women's_rights_conventions">Early women's rights conventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early women's rights conventions">edit</a>]</div> Women's suffrage was not a major topic within the women's rights movement at that point. Many of its activists were aligned with the <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrisonian</a> wing of the abolitionist movement, which believed that activists should avoid political activity and focus instead on convincing others of their views with "moral suasion".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Many were Quakers whose traditions barred both men and women from participation in secular political activity.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A series of women's rights conventions did much to alter these attitudes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seneca_Falls_convention">Seneca Falls convention</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seneca Falls convention">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></figcaption></figure> The first women's rights convention was the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, a regional event held on July 19 and 20, 1848, in <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_(hamlet),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca Falls (hamlet), New York">Seneca Falls</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> region of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Five women called the convention, four of whom were <a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Quaker social activists</a>, including the well-known <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a>. The fifth was <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, who had discussed the need to organize for women's rights with Mott several years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Stanton, who came from a family that was deeply involved in politics, became a major force in convincing the women's movement that political pressure was crucial to its goals, and that the right to vote was a key weapon.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> An estimated 300 women and men attended this two-day event, which was widely noted in the press.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The only resolution that was not adopted unanimously by the convention was the one demanding women's right to vote, which was introduced by Stanton. When her husband, a well-known social reformer, learned that she intended to introduce this resolution, he refused to attend the convention and accused her of acting in a way that would turn the proceedings into a farce. Lucretia Mott, the main speaker, was also disturbed by the proposal. The resolution was adopted only after <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, an abolitionist leader and a former slave, gave it his strong support.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The convention's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a>, which was written primarily by Stanton, expressed an intent to build a women's rights movement, and it included a list of grievances, the first two of which protested the lack of women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The grievances which were aimed at the United States government "demanded government reform and changes in male roles and behaviors that promoted inequality for women."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This convention was followed two weeks later by the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848</a>, which featured many of the same speakers and likewise voted to support women's suffrage. It was the first women's rights convention to be chaired by a woman, a step that was considered to be radical at the time.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> That meeting was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850</a>, the first women's rights convention to be organized on a statewide basis, which also endorsed women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_conventions">National conventions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National conventions">edit</a>]</div> The first in a series of <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Conventions</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a> on October 23–24, 1850, at the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulina_Wright_Davis" title="Paulina Wright Davis">Paulina Wright Davis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> National conventions were held afterwards almost every year through 1860, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> (1861–1865) interrupted the practice.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Suffrage was a preeminent goal of these conventions, no longer the controversial issue it had been at Seneca Falls only two years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> At the first national convention Stone gave a speech that included a call to petition state legislatures for the right of suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Reports of this convention reached Britain, prompting <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor</a>, soon to be married to philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, to write an essay called "The Enfranchisement of Women," which was published in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Review">Westminster Review</a>. Heralding the women's movement in the U.S., Taylor's essay helped to initiate a similar movement in Britain. Her essay was reprinted as a women's rights tract in the U.S. and was sold for decades.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucy_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lucy_stone.jpg/220px-Lucy_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lucy_stone.jpg/330px-Lucy_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lucy_stone.jpg/440px-Lucy_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a>, a prominent abolitionist and women's rights advocate, delivered a speech at the second national convention in 1851 called "Shall Women Have the Right to Vote?" Describing women's suffrage as the cornerstone of the women's movement, it was later circulated as a women's rights tract.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Several of the women who played leading roles in the national conventions, especially Stone, Anthony and Stanton, were also leaders in establishing women's suffrage organizations after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> They also included the demand for suffrage as part of their activities during the 1850s. In 1852, Stanton advocated women's suffrage in a speech at the New York State Temperance Convention.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1853, Stone became the first woman to appeal for women's suffrage before a body of lawmakers when she addressed the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 1854, Anthony organized a petition campaign in New York State that included the demand for suffrage. It culminated in a women's rights convention in the state capitol and a speech by Stanton before the state legislature.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1857, Stone refused to pay taxes on the grounds that women were taxed without being able to vote on tax laws. The <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constable</a> sold her household goods at auction until enough money had been raised to pay her tax bill.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The women's rights movement was loosely structured during this period, with few state organizations and no national organization other than a coordinating committee that arranged the annual national conventions.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Much of the organizational work for these conventions was performed by Stone, the most visible leader of the movement during this period.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> At the national convention in 1852, a proposal was made to form a national women's rights organization, but the idea was dropped after fears were voiced that such a move would create cumbersome machinery and lead to internal divisions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthony–Stanton_collaboration">Anthony–Stanton collaboration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anthony–Stanton collaboration">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> met in 1851 and soon became close friends and co-workers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Their decades-long collaboration was pivotal for the suffrage movement and contributed significantly to the broader struggle for women's rights, which Stanton called "the greatest revolution the world has ever known or ever will know."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> They had complementary skills: Anthony excelled at organizing while Stanton had an aptitude for intellectual matters and writing. Stanton, who was homebound with several children during this period, wrote speeches that Anthony delivered to meetings that she herself organized.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Together they developed a sophisticated movement in New York State,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> but their work at this time dealt with women's issues in general, not specifically suffrage. Anthony, who eventually became the person most closely associated in the public mind with women's suffrage,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> later said, "I wasn't ready to vote, didn't want to vote, but I did want equal pay for equal work."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In the period just before the Civil War, Anthony gave priority to anti-slavery work over her work for the women's movement.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_Loyal_National_League">Women's Loyal National League</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women's Loyal National League">edit</a>]</div> Over Anthony's objections, leaders of the movement agreed to suspend women's rights activities during the Civil War in order to focus on the abolition of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1863, Anthony and Stanton organized the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>, the first national women's political organization in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> It collected nearly 400,000 signatures on petitions to abolish slavery in the largest petition drive in the nation's history up to that time.<a href="#cite_note-venet-148-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png/220px-Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png/330px-Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png/440px-Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></figcaption></figure> Although it was not a suffrage organization, the League made it clear that it stood for political equality for women,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and it indirectly advanced that cause in several ways. Stanton reminded the public that petitioning was the only political tool available to women at a time when only men were allowed to vote.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The League's impressive petition drive demonstrated the value of formal organization to the women's movement, which had traditionally resisted organizational structures,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and it marked a continuation of the shift of women's activism from moral suasion to political action.<a href="#cite_note-venet-148-81">[81]</a> Its 5000 members constituted a widespread network of women activists who gained experience that helped create a pool of talent for future forms of social activism, including suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Equal_Rights_Association">American Equal Rights Association</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American Equal Rights Association">edit</a>]</div> The Eleventh <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a>, the first since the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, was held in 1866, helping the women's rights movement regain the momentum it had lost during the war.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The convention voted to transform itself into the <a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a> (AERA), whose purpose was to campaign for the equal rights of all citizens, especially the right of suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In addition to Anthony and Stanton, who organized the convention, the leadership of the new organization included such prominent abolitionist and women's rights activists as <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>. Its drive for <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, however, was resisted by some abolitionist leaders and their allies in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>, who wanted women to postpone their campaign for suffrage until it had first been achieved for male African Americans. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, a prominent newspaper editor, told Anthony and Stanton, "This is a critical period for the Republican Party and the life of our Nation... I conjure you to remember that this is 'the negro's hour,' and your first duty now is to go through the State and plead his claims."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> They and others, including Lucy Stone, refused to postpone their demands, however, and continued to push for <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. In April 1867, Stone and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Browne_Blackwell" title="Henry Browne Blackwell">Henry Blackwell</a>, opened the AERA campaign in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> in that state that would <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchise</a> both African Americans and women.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a>, an abolitionist leader who opposed mixing those two causes, surprised and angered AERA workers by blocking the funding that the AERA had expected for their campaign.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> After an internal struggle, Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for black men only and formed an "Anti-Female Suffrage Committee" to oppose the AERA's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> By the end of summer, the AERA campaign had almost collapsed, and its finances were exhausted. Anthony and Stanton were harshly criticized by Stone and other AERA members for accepting help during the last days of the campaign from <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Train" title="George Francis Train">George Francis Train</a>, a wealthy businessman who supported women's rights. Train antagonized many activists by attacking the Republican Party, which had won the loyalty of many reform activists, and openly disparaging the integrity and intelligence of African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> After the Kansas campaign, the AERA increasingly divided into two wings, both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches. One wing, whose leading figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first, if necessary, and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Anthony and Stanton, insisted that women and black men be enfranchised at the same time and worked toward a politically independent women's movement that would no longer be dependent on abolitionists for financial and other resources. The acrimonious annual meeting of the AERA in May 1869 signaled the effective demise of the organization, in the aftermath of which two competing woman suffrage organizations were created.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association">New England Woman Suffrage Association</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New England Woman Suffrage Association">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07142_001_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/07142_001_a.jpg/220px-07142_001_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/07142_001_a.jpg/330px-07142_001_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/07142_001_a.jpg/440px-07142_001_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Petition from the citizens of Massachusetts in support of woman suffrage</figcaption></figure> Partly as a result of the developing split in the women's movement, in 1868 the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="New England Woman Suffrage Association">New England Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NEWSA), the first major political organization in the U.S. with women's suffrage as its goal, was formed.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The planners for the NEWSA's founding convention worked to attract Republican support and seated leading Republican politicians, including a U.S. senator, on the speaker's platform.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Amid increasing confidence that the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a>, which would in effect enfranchise black men, was assured of passage, Lucy Stone, a future president of the NEWSA, showed her preference for enfranchising both women and African Americans by unexpectedly introducing a resolution calling for the Republican Party to "drop its watchword of 'Manhood Suffrage'"<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and to support <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> instead. Despite opposition by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> and others, Stone convinced the meeting to approve the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Two months later, however, when the Fifteenth Amendment was in danger of becoming stalled in Congress, Stone backed away from that position and declared that "Woman must wait for the Negro."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fifteenth_Amendment">The Fifteenth Amendment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Fifteenth Amendment">edit</a>]</div> In May 1869, two days after the final <a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">AERA</a> annual meeting, Anthony, Stanton and others formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NWSA). In November 1869, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Watkins_Harper" title="Frances Ellen Watkins Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Browne_Blackwell" title="Henry Browne Blackwell">Henry Blackwell</a> and others, many of whom had helped to create the New England Woman Suffrage Association a year earlier, formed the <a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (AWSA). The hostile rivalry between these two organizations created a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades, affecting even professional historians of the women's movement.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg/220px-Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg/330px-Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg/440px-Frederick_Douglass_as_a_younger_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></figcaption></figure> The immediate cause for the split was the proposed <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction amendment</a> that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race. The original language of the amendment included a clause banning voting discrimination on the basis of sex, but was later removed.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Stanton and Anthony opposed its passage unless it was accompanied by another amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> They said that by effectively <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchising</a> all men while excluding all women, the amendment would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior to women.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Male power and privilege was at the root of society's ills, Stanton argued, and nothing should be done to strengthen it.<a href="#cite_note-Rakow-48-102">[102]</a> Anthony and Stanton also warned that black men, who would gain voting power under the amendment, were overwhelmingly opposed to women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> They were not alone in being unsure of black male support for women's suffrage. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, a strong supporter of women's suffrage, said, "The race to which I belong have not generally taken the right ground on this question."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Douglass, however, strongly supported the amendment, saying it was a matter of life and death for former slaves. Lucy Stone, who became the AWSA's most prominent leader, supported the amendment but said she believed that suffrage for women would be more beneficial to the country than suffrage for black men.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The AWSA and most AERA members also supported the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Both wings of the movement were strongly associated with opposition to slavery, but their leaders sometimes expressed views that reflected the racial attitudes of that era. Stanton, for example, believed that a long process of education would be needed before what she called the "lower orders" of former slaves and immigrant workers would be able to participate meaningfully as voters.<a href="#cite_note-Rakow-48-102">[102]</a> In an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution</a>, Stanton wrote, "American women of wealth, education, virtue and refinement, if you do not wish the lower orders of Chinese, Africans, Germans and Irish, with their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for you and your daughters ... demand that women too shall be represented in government."<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In another article, she made a similar statement while personifying those four ethnic groups as "Patrick and Sambo and Hans and Yung Tung".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Lucy Stone called a suffrage meeting in New Jersey to consider the question, "Shall women alone be omitted in the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">reconstruction</a>? Shall [they] ... be ranked politically below the most ignorant and degraded men?"<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brown_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brown Blackwell">Henry Blackwell</a>, Stone's husband and an AWSA officer, published an open letter to Southern legislatures assuring them that if they allowed both African Americans and women to vote, "the political supremacy of your white race will remain unchanged" and "the black race would gravitate by the law of nature toward the tropics."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The AWSA aimed for close ties with the Republican Party, hoping that the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment would lead to a Republican push for women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The NWSA, while determined to be politically independent, was critical of the Republicans. Anthony and Stanton wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 Democratic National Convention</a> that criticized Republican sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> (which granted citizenship to black men but for the first time introduced the word "male" into the Constitution), saying, "While the dominant party has with one hand lifted up two million black men and crowned them with the honor and dignity of citizenship, with the other it has dethroned fifteen million white women – their own mothers and sisters, their own wives and daughters – and cast them under the heel of the lowest orders of manhood."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> They urged liberal <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democrats</a> to convince their party, which did not have a clear direction at that point, to embrace universal suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The two organizations had other differences as well. Although each campaigned for suffrage at both the state and national levels, the NWSA tended to work more at the national level and the AWSA more at the state level.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The NWSA initially worked on a wider range of issues than the AWSA, including divorce reform and <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay for women">equal pay for women</a>. The NWSA was led by women only while the AWSA included both men and women among its leadership.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Events soon removed much of the basis for the split in the movement. In 1870 debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified. In 1872, disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The rivalry between the two women's groups was so bitter, however, that a merger proved to be impossible until 1890. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Departure">New Departure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New Departure">edit</a>]</div> In 1869, Francis and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Minor" title="Virginia Minor">Virginia Minor</a>, husband and wife suffragists from Missouri, outlined a strategy that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a>, which engaged the suffrage movement for several years.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Arguing that the U.S. Constitution implicitly enfranchised women, this strategy relied heavily on Section 1 of the recently adopted <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fjc-trial-narrative-119">[119]</a> which reads, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Votes_for_women_pennant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Votes_for_women_pennant.jpg/220px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Votes_for_women_pennant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Votes_for_women_pennant.jpg/330px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Votes_for_women_pennant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Votes_for_women_pennant.jpg/440px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Votes_for_women_pennant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Votes for Women pennant</figcaption></figure> In 1871, the NWSA officially adopted the New Departure strategy, encouraging women to attempt to vote and to file lawsuits if denied that right.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Soon hundreds of women tried to vote in dozens of localities. In some cases, actions like these preceded the New Departure strategy: in 1868 in Vineland, New Jersey, a center for radical <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualists</a>, nearly 200 women placed their ballots into a separate box and attempted to have them counted, but without success. The AWSA did not officially adopt the New Departure strategy, but <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a>, its leader, attempted to vote in her home town in New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In one court case resulting from a lawsuit brought by women who had been prevented from voting, the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., ruled that women did not have an implicit right to vote, declaring that, "The fact that the practical working of the assumed right would be destructive of civilization is decisive that the right does not exist."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 1871, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a>, a stockbroker, was invited to speak before a committee of Congress, the first woman to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Although she had little previous connection to the women's movement, she presented a modified version of the New Departure strategy. Instead of asking the courts to declare that women had the right to vote, she asked Congress itself to declare that the Constitution implicitly enfranchised women. The committee rejected her suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The NWSA at first reacted enthusiastically to Woodhull's sudden appearance on the scene. Stanton in particular welcomed Woodhull's proposal to assemble a broad-based reform party that would support women's suffrage. Anthony opposed that idea, wanting the NWSA to remain politically independent. The NWSA soon had reason to regret its association with Woodhull. In 1872, she published details of a purported adulterous affair between Rev. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, president of the AWSA, and Elizabeth Tilton, wife of a leading NWSA member.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Beecher's subsequent trial was reported in newspapers across the country, resulting in what one scholar has called "political theater" that badly damaged the reputation of the suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Supreme Court, in 1875, put an end to the New Departure strategy by ruling in <a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a> that "the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone".<a href="#cite_note-fjc-legal-questions-125">[125]</a> The NWSA decided to pursue the far more difficult strategy of campaigning for a constitutional amendment that would guarantee voting rights for women.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_v._Susan_B._Anthony">United States v. Susan B. Anthony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States v. Susan B. Anthony">edit</a>]</div> In a case that generated national controversy, Susan B. Anthony was arrested for violating the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a> by casting a vote in the <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 presidential election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">At the trial</a>, the judge directed the jury to deliver a guilty verdict. When he asked Anthony, who had not been permitted to speak during the trial, if she had anything to say, she responded with what one historian has called "the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage".<a href="#cite_note-fjc-trial-narrative-119">[119]</a> She called "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights", saying, "... you have trampled under foot every vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The judge sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100, she responded, "I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty", and she never did.<a href="#cite_note-fjc-trial-narrative-119">[119]</a> However the judge did not order her to be imprisoned until she paid the fine, for Anthony could have appealed her case.<a href="#cite_note-fjc-legal-questions-125">[125]</a> On August 18, 2020, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> posthumously <a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">pardoned</a> Anthony on the <a href="/wiki/Centennial" title="Centennial">centennial</a> of the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Woman_Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History of Woman Suffrage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a></div> In 1876, Anthony, Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage began working on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a>. Originally envisioned as a modest publication that would be produced quickly, the history evolved into a six-volume work of more than 5700 pages written over a period of 41 years. Its last two volumes were published in 1920, long after the deaths of the project's originators, by <a href="/wiki/Ida_Husted_Harper" title="Ida Husted Harper">Ida Husted Harper</a>, who also assisted with the fourth volume. Written by leaders of one wing of the divided women's movement (Lucy Stone, their main rival, refused to have anything to do with the project), the History of Woman Suffrage preserves an enormous amount of material that might have been lost forever, but it does not give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned. Because it was for years the main source of documentation about the suffrage movement, historians have had to uncover other sources to provide a more balanced view.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_the_women's_suffrage_amendment">Introduction of the women's suffrage amendment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Introduction of the women's suffrage amendment">edit</a>]</div> In 1878, Senator <a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Aaron A. Sargent</a>, a friend of Susan B. Anthony, introduced into Congress a women's suffrage amendment. More than forty years later it would become the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> with no changes to its wording. Its text is identical to that of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> except that it prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex rather than "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Although a <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machine politician</a> on most issues, Sargent was a consistent supporter of women's rights who spoke at suffrage conventions and promoted suffrage through the legislative process.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <table style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_Suffrage_Issues_of_the_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Women_Suffrage_Issues_of_the_20th_century.jpg/750px-Women_Suffrage_Issues_of_the_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Women_Suffrage_Issues_of_the_20th_century.jpg/1125px-Women_Suffrage_Issues_of_the_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Women_Suffrage_Issues_of_the_20th_century.jpg/1500px-Women_Suffrage_Issues_of_the_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3394" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption> During the 20th century, the U.S. Post Office, under the auspices of the U.S. Government, had issued commemorative postage stamps celebrating notable women who fought for women suffrage and other rights for women. From left to right: — <big><a href="/wiki/Susan_B_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan B Anthony">Susan B Anthony</a></big>, 1936 issue — <big><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Catt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Catt">Carrie C. Catt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></big>, 1948 issue — <big>Women Suffrage</big>, 1970 issue, celebrating the 50th anniversary of voting rights for women</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milhousdrawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Milhousdrawing.jpg/220px-Milhousdrawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Milhousdrawing.jpg/330px-Milhousdrawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Milhousdrawing.jpg/440px-Milhousdrawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>It Doesn't Unsex Her–a women's suffrage postcard from 1915</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_female_candidates_for_national_office">Early female candidates for national office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early female candidates for national office">edit</a>]</div> Calling attention to the irony of being legally entitled to run for office while denied the right to vote, Elizabeth Cady Stanton declared herself a candidate for the U.S. Congress in 1866, the first woman to do so.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 1872, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a> formed her own party and declared herself to be its candidate for President of the U.S. even though she was ineligible because she was not yet 35 years old.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a>, the first female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court, became the first woman to conduct a viable campaign for president.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> She was nominated, without her advance knowledge, by a California group called the Equal Rights Party. Lockwood advocated women's suffrage and other reforms during a coast-to-coast campaign that received respectful coverage from at least some major periodicals. She financed her campaign partly by charging admission to her speeches. Neither the AWSA nor the NWSA, both of whom had already endorsed the Republican candidate for president, supported Lockwood's candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Apart from runs for national office, many women were elected or appointed to hold certain offices across the country prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Many states constitutions contained language that was gender neutral as to the issue of officeholding. Women took advantage of this by running for office as a way to make headway in gaining the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Much of women's fight to gain officeholding rights and voting rights took place separately and were understood to be completely different rights by much of the population.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_successes_and_failures">Initial successes and failures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Initial successes and failures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Act_to_Grant_to_the_Women_of_Wyoming_Territory_the_Right_of_Suffrage_and_to_Hold_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/An_Act_to_Grant_to_the_Women_of_Wyoming_Territory_the_Right_of_Suffrage_and_to_Hold_Office.jpg/220px-An_Act_to_Grant_to_the_Women_of_Wyoming_Territory_the_Right_of_Suffrage_and_to_Hold_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/An_Act_to_Grant_to_the_Women_of_Wyoming_Territory_the_Right_of_Suffrage_and_to_Hold_Office.jpg/330px-An_Act_to_Grant_to_the_Women_of_Wyoming_Territory_the_Right_of_Suffrage_and_to_Hold_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/An_Act_to_Grant_to_the_Women_of_Wyoming_Territory_the_Right_of_Suffrage_and_to_Hold_Office.jpg/440px-An_Act_to_Grant_to_the_Women_of_Wyoming_Territory_the_Right_of_Suffrage_and_to_Hold_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>An act of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Wyoming">Territory of Wyoming</a> enfranchised women on December 10, 1869, which is commemorated as Wyoming Day in the state.</figcaption></figure> Women were enfranchised in frontier Wyoming Territory in 1869 and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">in Utah in 1870</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Because Utah held two elections before Wyoming, Utah became the first place in the nation where women legally cast ballots after the launch of the suffrage movement. In 1887, Kansas women could vote in city elections and <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_women_mayors_in_the_United_States#Kansas" title="List of first women mayors in the United States">hold certain offices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The short-lived <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a> endorsed women's suffrage, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_women%27s_suffrage_referendum,_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado women's suffrage referendum, 1893">enfranchisement of women in Colorado in 1893</a> and Idaho in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In some localities, women gained various forms of partial suffrage, such as voting for school boards.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> According to a 2018 study in The Journal of Politics, states with large suffrage movements and competitive political environments were more likely to extend voting rights to women; this is one reason why Western states were quicker to adopt women's suffrage than states in the East.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In the late 1870s, the suffrage movement received a major boost when the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a> (WCTU), the largest women's organization in the country, decided to campaign for suffrage and created a Franchise Department to support that effort. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_(suffragist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Willard (suffragist)">Frances Willard</a>, its pro-suffrage leader, urged WCTU members to pursue the right to vote as a means of protecting their families from alcohol and other vices.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In 1886 the WCTU submitted to Congress petitions with 200,000 signatures in support of a national suffrage amendment.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In 1885, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">the Grange</a>, a large farmers' organization, officially endorsed women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 1890, the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>, a large labor alliance, endorsed women's suffrage and subsequently collected 270,000 names on petitions supporting that goal.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> A proposed 16th amendment, giving the vote to women, was introduced in 1869 and defeated by the Senate in 1887. Between 1870 and 1890, women's suffrage amendments were defeated by referendum in eight states.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1890–1919">1890–1919</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1890–1919">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_of_rival_suffrage_organizations">Merger of rival suffrage organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Merger of rival suffrage organizations">edit</a>]</div> The AWSA, which was especially strong in New England, was initially the larger of the two rival suffrage organizations, but it declined in strength during the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Stanton and Anthony, the leading figures in the competing NWSA, were more widely known as leaders of the women's suffrage movement during this period and were more influential in setting its direction.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> They sometimes used daring tactics. Anthony, for example, interrupted the official ceremonies of the 100th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence to present the NWSA's Declaration of Rights for Women. The AWSA declined any involvement in the action.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> in 1900</figcaption></figure> Over time, the NWSA moved into closer alignment with the AWSA, placing less emphasis on confrontational actions and more on respectability, and no longer promoting a wide range of reforms.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The NWSA's hopes for a federal suffrage amendment were frustrated when the Senate voted against it in 1887, after which the NWSA put more energy into campaigning at the state level, as the AWSA was already doing.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon-in-Wheeler-152">[152]</a> Work at the state level, however, also had its frustrations. Between 1870 and 1910, the suffrage movement conducted 480 campaigns in 33 states just to have the issue of women's suffrage brought before the voters, and those campaigns resulted in only 17 instances of the issue actually being placed on the ballot.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> These efforts led to women's suffrage in two states, Colorado and Idaho. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Stone_Blackwell" title="Alice Stone Blackwell">Alice Stone Blackwell</a>, daughter of AWSA leaders Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, was a major influence in bringing the rival suffrage leaders together, proposing a joint meeting in 1887 to discuss a merger. Anthony and Stone favored the idea, but opposition from several NWSA veterans delayed the move. In 1890, the two organizations merged as the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NAWSA).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Stanton was president of the new organization, and Stone was chair of its executive committee, but Anthony, who had the title of vice president, was its leader in practice, becoming president herself in 1892 when Stanton retired.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National American Woman Suffrage Association">edit</a>]</div> Although Anthony was the leading force in the newly merged organization, it did not always follow her lead. In 1893, the NAWSA voted over Anthony's objection to alternate the site of its annual conventions between Washington and various other parts of the country. Anthony's pre-merger NWSA had always held its conventions in Washington to help maintain focus on a national suffrage amendment. Arguing against this decision, she said she feared, accurately as it turned out, that the NAWSA would engage in suffrage work at the state level at the expense of national work.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Stanton, elderly but still very much a radical, did not fit comfortably into the new organization, which was becoming more conservative. In 1895 she published <a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Bible" title="The Woman's Bible">The Woman's Bible</a>, a controversial best-seller that attacked the use of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to relegate women to an inferior status. The NAWSA voted to disavow any connection with the book despite Anthony's objection that such a move was unnecessary and hurtful. Stanton afterwards grew increasingly alienated from the suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg/220px-Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg/330px-Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg/440px-Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></figcaption></figure> The suffrage movement declined in vigor during the years immediately after the 1890 merger.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a> was appointed head of the NAWSA's Organization Committee in 1895, it was unclear how many local chapters the organization had or who their officers were. Catt began revitalizing the organization, establishing a plan of work with clear goals for every state every year. Anthony was impressed and arranged for Catt to succeed her when she retired from the presidency of the NAWSA in 1900. In her new post, Catt continued her effort to transform the unwieldy organization into one that would be better prepared to lead a major suffrage campaign.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Catt noted the rapidly growing <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's club">women's club</a> movement, which was taking up some of the slack left by the decline of the temperance movement. Local women's clubs at first were mostly reading groups focused on literature, but they increasingly evolved into civic improvement organizations of middle-class women meeting in each other's homes weekly. Their national organization was the <a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="General Federation of Women's Clubs">General Federation of Women's Clubs</a> (GFWC), founded in 1890. The clubs avoided controversial issues that would divide the membership, especially religion and prohibition. In the South and East, suffrage was also highly divisive, while there was little resistance to it among clubwomen in the West. In the Midwest, club women had first avoided the suffrage issue out of caution, but after 1900 increasingly came to support it.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Catt implemented what was known as the "society plan," a successful effort to recruit wealthy members of the women's club movement whose time, money and experience could help build the suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> By 1914, women's suffrage was endorsed by the national General Federation of Women's Clubs.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Catt resigned her position after four years, partly because of her husband's declining health and partly to help organize the <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a>, which was created in Germany, Berlin in 1904 with Catt as president.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In 1904, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a>, another Anthony protégée, was elected president of the NAWSA. Shaw was an energetic worker and a talented orator but not an effective administrator. Between 1910 and 1916, the NAWSA's national board experienced a constant turmoil that endangered the existence of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Although its membership and finances were at all-time highs, the NAWSA decided to replace Shaw by bringing Catt back once again as president in 1915. Authorized by the NAWSA to name her own executive board, which previously had been elected by the organization's annual convention, Catt quickly converted the loosely structured organization into one that was highly centralized.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MacKenzie_v._Hare">MacKenzie v. Hare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: MacKenzie v. Hare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_v._Hare" title="Mackenzie v. Hare">Mackenzie v. Hare</a></div> Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1907" title="Expatriation Act of 1907">Expatriation Act of 1907</a> provided for loss of citizenship by American women who married aliens.<a href="#cite_note-Tsiang114-166">[166]</a> The Supreme Court of the United States first considered the <a href="/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1907" title="Expatriation Act of 1907">Expatriation Act of 1907</a> in the 1915 case MacKenzie v. Hare.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The plaintiff, a suffragist named Ethel MacKenzie, was living in California, which since 1911 had extended the franchise to women. However, she had been denied voter registration by the respondent in his capacity as a Commissioner of the San Francisco Board of Election on the grounds of her marriage to a Scottish man.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-168">[168]</a> MacKenzie contended that the Expatriation Act of 1907 "if intended to apply to her, is beyond the authority of Congress", as neither the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> nor any other part of the Constitution gave Congress the power to "denationalize a citizen without his concurrence". However, Justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a>, writing the majority opinion, stated that while "[i]t may be conceded that a change of citizenship cannot be arbitrarily imposed, that is, imposed without the concurrence of the citizen", but "[t]he law in controversy does not have that feature. It deals with a condition voluntarily entered into, with notice of the consequences." Justice <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James Clark McReynolds</a>, in a concurring opinion, stated that the case should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_women's_suffrage">Opposition to women's suffrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Opposition to women's suffrage">edit</a>]</div> On November 5, 1895, Massachusetts held a referendum on allowing women to vote in municipal elections. The referendum failed 36.76 to 63.24. Women were allowed to vote on the measure, however, only 4% of them did so.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Brewers and distillers, typically rooted in the German-American community, opposed women's suffrage, fearing – not without justification – that women voters would favor the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition of alcoholic beverages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> During the 1896 election, woman suffrage and prohibition stood together, and this was brought to the attention of those who opposed both woman suffrage and prohibition. In order to disrupt the campaign's success, a day before the election, the Liquor Dealers' League gathered some businessmen to help undermine the effort. Rumors said that these businessmen were going to make sure all the "bad women" in Oakland, California acted rowdy in order to hurt their reputation and in turn, this would lessen the women's chances of getting the woman's suffrage amendment passed.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Lutherans and German Catholics</a> typically opposed prohibition and woman suffrage; they favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Their opposition to women's suffrage was subsequently used as an argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Defeat could lead to allegations of fraud. After the defeat of the referendum for women's suffrage in Michigan in 1912, the governor accused the brewers of complicity in widespread electoral fraud that resulted in its defeat. Evidence of vote stealing was also strong during referendums in Nebraska and Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Association_Against_Woman_Suffrage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/National_Association_Against_Woman_Suffrage.jpg/200px-National_Association_Against_Woman_Suffrage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/National_Association_Against_Woman_Suffrage.jpg/300px-National_Association_Against_Woman_Suffrage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/National_Association_Against_Woman_Suffrage.jpg/400px-National_Association_Against_Woman_Suffrage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage.</figcaption></figure> Some other businesses, such as Southern cotton mills, opposed suffrage because they feared that women voters would support the drive to eliminate child labor.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">Political machines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> in New York City, opposed it because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters. By the time of the New York State referendum on women's suffrage in 1917, however, some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage, leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum's passage.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Although the Catholic Church did not take an official position on suffrage, very few of its leaders supported it, and some of its leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbons_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gibbons (bishop)">Cardinal Gibbons</a>, made their opposition clear.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The New York Times after first supporting suffrage reversed itself and issued stern warnings. A 1912 editorial predicted that with suffrage women would make impossible demands, such as, "serving as soldiers and sailors, police patrolmen or firemen...and would serve on juries and elect themselves to executive offices and judgeships." It blamed a lack of masculinity for the failure of men to fight back, warning women would get the vote "if the men are not firm and wise enough and, it may as well be said, masculine enough to prevent them.".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women_against_suffrage">Women against suffrage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Women against suffrage">edit</a>]</div> Anti-suffrage forces, initially called the "remonstrants", organized as early as 1870 when the Woman's Anti-Suffrage Association of Washington was formed.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Widely known as the "antis", they eventually created organizations in some twenty states. In 1911, the National Association Opposed to Women's Suffrage was created. It claimed 350,000 members and opposed women's suffrage, feminism, and socialism. It argued that woman suffrage "would reduce the special protections and routes of influence available to women, destroy the family, and increase the number of socialist-leaning voters."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Middle and upper class anti-suffrage women were conservatives with several motivations. Society women in particular had personal access to powerful politicians, and were reluctant to surrender that advantage. Most often the antis believed that politics was dirty and that women's involvement would surrender the moral high ground that women had claimed, and that partisanship would disrupt local club work for civic betterment, as represented by the <a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="General Federation of Women's Clubs">General Federation of Women's Clubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The best organized movement was the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Association_Opposed_to_Woman_Suffrage" title="New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage">New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage</a> (NYSAOWS). Its credo, as set down by its president <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Jewell_Dodge" title="Josephine Jewell Dodge">Josephine Jewell Dodge</a>, was: <blockquote>We believe in every possible advancement to women. We believe that this advancement should be along those legitimate lines of work and endeavor for which she is best fitted and for which she has now unlimited opportunities. We believe this advancement will be better achieved through strictly non-partisan effort and without the limitations of the ballot. We believe in Progress, not in Politics for women.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></blockquote> The New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NYSAOWS) used grass roots mobilization techniques they had learned from watching the suffragists to defeat the 1915 referendum. They were very similar to the suffragists themselves, but used a counter-crusading style warning of the evils that suffrage would bring to women. They rejected leadership by men and stressed the importance of independent women in philanthropy and social betterment. NYSAOWS was narrowly defeated in New York in 1916 and the state voted to give women the vote. The organization moved to Washington to oppose the federal constitutional amendment for suffrage, becoming the "National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage" (NAOWS), where it was taken over by men, and assumed a much harsher rhetorical tone, especially in attacking "red radicalism". After 1919, the antis adjusted smoothly to enfranchisement and became active in party affairs, especially in the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_strategy">Southern strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Southern strategy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_for_the_Woman_Suffrage_Amendment_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1177_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vote_for_the_Woman_Suffrage_Amendment_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1177_01.jpg/200px-Vote_for_the_Woman_Suffrage_Amendment_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1177_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vote_for_the_Woman_Suffrage_Amendment_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1177_01.jpg/300px-Vote_for_the_Woman_Suffrage_Amendment_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1177_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vote_for_the_Woman_Suffrage_Amendment_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1177_01.jpg/400px-Vote_for_the_Woman_Suffrage_Amendment_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1177_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3094" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption>Vote for the Woman Suffrage Amendment, 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing_Co.,_Votes_for_Women_a_Success_1917_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1193_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing_Co.%2C_Votes_for_Women_a_Success_1917_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1193_01.jpg/200px-National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing_Co.%2C_Votes_for_Women_a_Success_1917_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1193_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing_Co.%2C_Votes_for_Women_a_Success_1917_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1193_01.jpg/300px-National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing_Co.%2C_Votes_for_Women_a_Success_1917_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1193_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing_Co.%2C_Votes_for_Women_a_Success_1917_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1193_01.jpg/400px-National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing_Co.%2C_Votes_for_Women_a_Success_1917_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1193_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4201" data-file-height="6122" /></a><figcaption>A promotional map of the woman's suffrage movement in the U.S. and Canada by 1917. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> that had adopted suffrage are colored white (or dotted and crosses, in case of partial suffrage) and the others black.</figcaption></figure> The Constitution required 34 states (three-fourths of the 45 states in 1900) to ratify an amendment, and unless the rest of the country was unanimous there had to be support from at least some of the 11 ex-Confederate states for the Amendment to succeed. The South was the most conservative region and always gave the least support for suffrage. There was little or no suffrage activity in the region until the late nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aileen_S._Kraditor" title="Aileen S. Kraditor">Aileen S. Kraditor</a> identifies four distinctly Southern characteristics that contributed to the South's reticence. First, Southern white men held to traditional values regarding women's public roles. Second, the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> was tightly controlled by the Democratic Party, so playing the two parties against each other was not a feasible strategy. Third, strong support for states' rights meant there was automatic opposition to a federal constitutional amendment. Fourth, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> attitudes meant that expansion of the vote to women, which would have included black women, was strongly opposed.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Three more Western territories became states by 1912, helping the pro-Amendment numbers, that now required 36 states out of 48. In the end, Tennessee was the critical 36th state to ratify on August 18, 1920.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Mildred Rutherford">Mildred Rutherford</a>, president of the Georgia <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_Opposed_to_Woman_Suffrage" title="National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage">National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage</a>, made clear the opposition of elite white women to suffrage in a 1914 speech to the Georgia state legislature: <blockquote>The women who are working for this measure are striking at the principle for which their fathers fought during the Civil War. Woman's suffrage comes from the North and the West and from women who do not believe in state's rights and who wish to see negro women using the ballot. I do not believe the state of Georgia has sunk so low that her good men can not legislate for women. If this time ever comes then it will be time for women to claim the ballot.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></blockquote> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elna_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elna Green (page does not exist)">Elna Green</a> points out that, "Suffrage rhetoric claimed that enfranchised women would outlaw child labor, pass minimum-wage and maximum-hours laws for women workers, and establish health and safety standards for factory workers." The threat of these reforms united planters, textile mill owners, railroad magnates, city machine bosses, and the liquor interest in a formidable combine against suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Mayer,_The_Awakening,_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Henry_Mayer%2C_The_Awakening%2C_1915_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1176_01_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9045" data-file-height="6003" /></a><figcaption>"The Awakening": "Votes for Women" in 1915 <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck Magazine</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Browne_Blackwell" title="Henry Browne Blackwell">Henry Browne Blackwell</a>, an officer of the AWSA before the merger and a prominent figure in the movement afterwards, urged the suffrage movement to follow a strategy of convincing southern political leaders that they could ensure <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> in their region without violating the Fifteenth Amendment by enfranchising educated women, who would predominantly be white. Shortly after Blackwell presented his proposal to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> delegation to the U.S. Congress, his plan was given serious consideration by the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890, whose main purpose was to find legal ways of further curtailing the political power of African Americans. Although the convention adopted other measures instead, the fact that Blackwell's ideas were taken seriously drew the interest of many suffragists.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Blackwell's ally in this effort was <a href="/wiki/Laura_Clay" title="Laura Clay">Laura Clay</a>, who convinced the NAWSA to launch a state-by-state campaign in the South based on Blackwell's strategy. Clay was one of several Southern NAWSA members who opposed the idea of a national women's suffrage amendment on the grounds that it would impinge on <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>. (A generation later Clay campaigned against the pending national amendment during the final battle for its ratification.) Amid predictions by some proponents of this strategy that the South would lead the way in the enfranchisement of women, suffrage organizations were established throughout the region. Anthony, Catt and Blackwell campaigned for suffrage in the South in 1895, with the latter two calling for suffrage only for educated women. With Anthony's reluctant cooperation, the NAWSA maneuvered to accommodate the politics of white supremacy in that region. Anthony asked her old friend <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, a former slave, not to attend the NAWSA convention in Atlanta in 1895, the first to be held in a Southern city. Black NAWSA members were excluded from 1903 convention in the Southern city of New Orleans, which marked the peak of this strategy's influence.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The leaders of the Southern movement were privileged upper-class belles with a strong position in high society and in church affairs. They tried to use their upscale connections to convince powerful men that suffrage was a good idea to purify society. They also argued that giving white women the vote would more than counterbalance giving the vote to the smaller number of black women.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> No Southern state enfranchised women as a result of this strategy, however, and most Southern suffrage societies that were established during this period lapsed into inactivity. The NAWSA leadership afterwards said it would not adopt policies that "advocated the exclusion of any race or class from the right of suffrage."<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Nonetheless, NAWSA reflected its white membership's viewpoint by minimizing the role of black suffragists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-black_racism">Anti-black racism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Anti-black racism">edit</a>]</div> The woman's suffrage movement, led in the nineteenth century by stalwart women such as <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, had its genesis in the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> movement, but by the dawn of the twentieth century, Anthony's goal of universal suffrage was eclipsed by a near-universal <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> While earlier suffragists had believed the two issues could be linked, the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> forced a division between <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> rights and suffrage for women by prioritizing voting rights for black men over universal suffrage for all men and women.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In 1903, the NAWSA officially adopted a platform of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> that was intended to mollify and bring <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern U.S.</a> suffrage groups into the fold. The statement's signers included Anthony, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a>, and Anna Howard Shaw. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iht319630cm1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Iht319630cm1.jpg/300px-Iht319630cm1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Iht319630cm1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a> marched with her state delegation despite being told to march with other black people in another section.</figcaption></figure> With the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">"racial" segregation</a> throughout the country, and within organizations such as the NAWSA, black people had formed their own activist groups to fight for their equal rights. Many were college educated and resented their exclusion from political power. The fiftieth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> issued by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1863 also fell in 1913, giving them even further incentive to march in the suffrage parade.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Quander" title="Nellie Quander">Nellie Quander</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a> – the nation's oldest black sorority – asked for a place in the college women's section for the women of <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> While there were two letters discussing the matter, the letter on February 17, 1913, discusses the desire for the women of Howard to be given a desirable place in the march as well as mentioning correspondence and requests from an AKA sorority member, leader of the suffrage parade, vice president of the NAWSA, and appointer of both Paul & Burns as the organizer of the parade, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> These letters were follow-up discussions to the one begun by Paul and initiated by Elise Hill when Hill went down to Howard University at the request of Paul to recruit the Howard women.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The Howard University group included "Artist, one – Mrs. <a href="/wiki/May_Howard_Jackson" title="May Howard Jackson">May Howard Jackson</a>; college women, six – Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church  Terrell</a>, Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Evans_Murray" title="Anna Evans Murray">Daniel Murray</a>, Miss <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Simpson" title="Georgiana Simpson">Georgia Simpson</a>, Miss Charlotte Steward, Miss Harriet Shadd, Miss Bertha McNiel ; teacher,  one – Miss Caddie Park; musician, one –   <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Gibbs_Marshall" title="Harriet Gibbs Marshall">Mrs. Harriett G. Marshall</a>; professional  women, two – Dr. <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Gray_Hilyer" title="Amanda Gray Hilyer">Amanda V. Gray</a>, Dr. Eva  Ross; Illinois delegation – Mrs. Ida Wells  Barnett; Michigan – Mrs. McCoy, of Detroit,  who carried the banner; Howard University, group of twenty-five girls in caps and gowns;  home makers – Mrs. Duffield, who carried  New York banner, Mrs. M. D. Butler, Mrs.  <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Williams_Clifford" title="Carrie Williams Clifford">Carrie W. Clifford</a>." One trained nurse, whose name could not be ascertained, marched, and an old mammy  was brought down by the Delaware delegation.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> But the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>-born Gardener tried to persuade Paul that including black people would be a bad idea because the Southern delegations were threatening to pull out of the march. Paul had attempted to keep news about black marchers out of the press, but when the Howard group announced they intended to participate, the public became aware of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:15-206">[206]</a> A newspaper account indicated that Paul told some black suffragists that the NAWSA believed in equal rights for "colored women", but that some Southern women were likely to object to their presence. A source in the organization insisted that the official stance was to "permit negroes to march if they cared to".<a href="#cite_note-:15-206">[206]</a> In a 1974 oral history interview, Paul recalled the "hurdle" of Terrell's plan to march, which upset the Southern delegations. She said the situation was resolved when a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> leading the men's section proposed the men march between the Southern groups and the Howard University group.<a href="#cite_note-I_Was_Arrested,_Of_Course-207">[207]</a> While in Paul's memory, a compromise was reached to order the parade with Southern women, then the men's section, and finally the Negro women's section, reports in the NAACP paper, <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>, depict events unfolding quite differently, with black women protesting the plan to segregate them.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2-208">[208]</a> What is clear is that some groups attempted, on the day of the parade, to segregate their delegations.<a href="#cite_note-:21-209">[209]</a> For example, a last-minute instruction by the chair of the state delegation section, Genevieve Stone, caused additional uproar when she asked the <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> delegation's sole black member, <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a>, to march with the segregated black group at the back of the parade. Some historians claim Paul made the request, though this seems unlikely after the official NAWSA decision.<a href="#cite_note-:15-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-209">[209]</a> Wells-Barnett eventually rejoined the Illinois delegation as the procession moved down the avenue. In the end, black women marched in several state delegations, including <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. Some joined in with their co-workers in the professional groups. There were also black men driving many of the floats.<a href="#cite_note-:123-210">[210]</a> The spectators did not treat the black participants any differently.<a href="#cite_note-:123-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Woman">New Woman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Woman">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Program_Woman_Suffrage_Procession_-_March_3,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Official_Program_Woman_Suffrage_Procession_-_March_3%2C_1913.jpg/200px-Official_Program_Woman_Suffrage_Procession_-_March_3%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Official_Program_Woman_Suffrage_Procession_-_March_3%2C_1913.jpg/300px-Official_Program_Woman_Suffrage_Procession_-_March_3%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Official_Program_Woman_Suffrage_Procession_-_March_3%2C_1913.jpg/400px-Official_Program_Woman_Suffrage_Procession_-_March_3%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption>Official program of the <a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession_of_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913">Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913</a>. In the actual march, the woman on horseback was <a href="/wiki/Inez_Milholland" title="Inez Milholland">Inez Milholland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> The concept of the <a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">New Woman</a> emerged in the late nineteenth century to characterize the increasingly independent activity of women, especially the younger generation. According to one scholar, "The New Woman became associated with the rise of feminism and the campaign for women's suffrage, as well as with the rise of consumerism, mass culture, and freer expressions of sexuality that defined the first decades of the 20th century."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The move of women into public spaces was expressed in many ways. In the late 1890s, riding bicycles was a newly popular activity that increased women's mobility even as it signaled rejection of traditional teachings about women's weakness and fragility. Susan B. Anthony said bicycles had "done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world".<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Elizabeth Cady Stanton said that "Woman is riding to suffrage on the bicycle.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/OnToWashington1913.ogv/200px--OnToWashington1913.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="OnToWashington1913.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:OnToWashington1913.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/OnToWashington1913.ogv/OnToWashington1913.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/OnToWashington1913.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/OnToWashington1913.ogv/OnToWashington1913.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/OnToWashington1913.ogv/OnToWashington1913.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Film of suffragettes marching from Newark, New Jersey to Washington, DC in 1913.</figcaption></figure> Activists campaigned for suffrage in ways that were still considered by many to be "unladylike," such as marching in parades and giving street corner speeches on soap boxes. In New York in 1912, suffragists organized a twelve-day, 170-mile "Hike to Albany" to deliver suffrage petitions to the new governor. In 1913 the suffragist "Army of the Hudson" marched 250 miles from New York to Washington in sixteen days, gaining national publicity.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_suffrage_organizations">New suffrage organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New suffrage organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="College_Equal_Suffrage_League">College Equal Suffrage League</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: College Equal Suffrage League">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/Maud_Wood_Park" title="Maud Wood Park">Maud Wood Park</a> attended the NAWSA convention in 1900, she found herself to be virtually the only young person there. After returning to Boston, she formed the College Equal Suffrage League with the assistance of fellow Radcliffe alumnae <a href="/wiki/Inez_Haynes_Irwin" title="Inez Haynes Irwin">Inez Haynes Irwin</a> and affiliated it with the NAWSA. Largely through Park's efforts, similar groups were organized on campuses in 30 states, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/College_Equal_Suffrage_League" title="College Equal Suffrage League">National College Equal Suffrage League</a> in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg/220px-Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg/330px-Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg/440px-Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="3667" /></a><figcaption>Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equality_League_of_Self-Supporting_Women">Equality League of Self-Supporting Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Equality League of Self-Supporting Women">edit</a>]</div> The dramatic tactics of the militant wing of the British suffrage movement began to influence the movement in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Stanton_Blatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet Stanton Blatch">Harriet Stanton Blatch</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, returned to the U.S. after several years in England, where she had associated with suffrage groups still in the early phases of militancy. In 1907, she founded the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, later called the Women's Political Union, whose membership was based on working women, both professional and industrial. The Equality League initiated the practice of holding suffrage parades and organized the first open air suffrage rallies in thirty years.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> As many as 25,000 people marched in these parades<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Council_of_Women_Voters">National Council of Women Voters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: National Council of Women Voters">edit</a>]</div> The National Council of Women Voters (NCWV) was founded in 1911 to represent women in states where women's suffrage had been achieved. Initially those states were Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Washington. Some other states, including California, followed soon after. <a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_Devoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Smith Devoe">Emma Smith Devoe</a> served as the NCWV's president throughout its nine-year life. She had been president of the Washington Equal Suffrage Association during the successful suffrage campaign in that state in 1910. Operating as a political pressure group, the NCWV worked for laws of interest to women in the states where women could vote. As suffrage was achieved in additional states, the NCWV was increasingly able to use its political power to promote passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-ross-nazzal-book-220">[220]</a> After its passage, the NCWV and the NAWSA combined to form the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Woman's_Party">National Woman's Party</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: National Woman's Party">edit</a>]</div> Work toward a national suffrage amendment had been sharply curtailed in favor of state suffrage campaigns after the two rival suffrage organizations merged in 1890 to form the NAWSA. Interest in a national suffrage amendment was revived primarily by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon-in-Wheeler-152">[152]</a> In 1910, she returned to the U.S. from England, where she had been part of the militant wing of the suffrage movement. Paul had been jailed there and had endured <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">forced feedings</a> after going on a hunger strike. In January 1913, she arrived in Washington as chair of the Congressional Committee of the NAWSA, charged with reviving the drive for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women. She and her coworker <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a> organized a suffrage parade in Washington on the day before <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s inauguration as president. Opponents of the march turned the event into a near riot, which ended only when a cavalry unit of the army was brought in to restore order. Public outrage over the incident, which cost the chief of police his job, brought publicity to the movement and gave it fresh momentum.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In 1914, Paul and her followers began referring to the proposed suffrage amendment as the "Susan B. Anthony Amendment,"<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> a name that was widely adopted.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Paul argued that because the Democrats would not act to enfranchise women even though they controlled the presidency and both houses of Congress, the suffrage movement should work for the defeat of all Democratic candidates regardless of an individual candidate's position on suffrage. She and Burns formed a separate <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> group called the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Union">Congressional Union</a> to act on this approach. Strongly disagreeing, the NAWSA in 1913 withdrew support from Paul's group and continued its practice of supporting any candidate who supported suffrage, regardless of political party.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In 1916 Blatch merged her Women's Political Union into Paul's Congressional Union.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Paul_cph.3a38295.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alice_Paul_cph.3a38295.jpg/200px-Alice_Paul_cph.3a38295.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alice_Paul_cph.3a38295.jpg/300px-Alice_Paul_cph.3a38295.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alice_Paul_cph.3a38295.jpg/400px-Alice_Paul_cph.3a38295.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></figcaption></figure> In 1916 Paul formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> (NWP).<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Once again the women's movement had split, but the result this time was something like a division of labor. The NAWSA burnished its image of respectability and engaged in highly organized lobbying at both the national and state levels. The smaller NWP also engaged in lobbying but became increasingly known for activities that were dramatic and confrontational, most often in the national capital.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> One form of protest was the watchfires, which involved burning copies of President Wilson's speeches, often outside the White House or in the nearby Lafayette Park. The NWP continued to hold watchfires even as the war began, drawing criticism from the public and even other suffrage groups for being unpatriotic.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_States_Woman_Suffrage_Conference">Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference">edit</a>]</div> The leaders of the NAWSA's Southern Strategy began to find their own voice by 1913 when Kate Gordon of Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Clay" title="Laura Clay">Laura Clay</a> of Kentucky formed the Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference (SSWSC). The suffragists of the SSWSC chose to work within the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> customs of their states and spoke openly about how the enfranchisement of white women would enhance the socio-economic and political work inherent to white supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> To clarify how their political ideology fit within the increasingly rigid status quo of segregation, they published a newspaper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13640436">New Southern Citizen</a>, with the motto: "Make the Southern States White." The SSWSC became increasingly at odds with NAWSA and its primary focus on achieving a federal amendment. Most southern suffragists however disagreed and continued to work in affiliation with the NAWSA. Gordon actively campaigned against the Nineteenth Amendment since, in theory, it would also enfranchise African-American women.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> This would, as <a href="/wiki/Laura_Clay" title="Laura Clay">Laura Clay</a> stated in a debate with <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Equal_Rights_Association" title="Kentucky Equal Rights Association">Kentucky Equal Rights Association</a> president <a href="/wiki/Madeline_McDowell_Breckinridge" title="Madeline McDowell Breckinridge">Madeline McDowell Breckinridge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> raise the spectre of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> interventions and bring increased federal scrutiny of elections in the South. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffrage_periodicals">Suffrage periodicals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Suffrage periodicals">edit</a>]</div> Stanton and Anthony launched a sixteen-page weekly newspaper called <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution</a> in 1868. It focused primarily on women's rights, especially suffrage, but it also covered politics, the labor movement, and other topics. Its energetic and broad-ranging style gave it a lasting influence, but its debts mounted when it did not receive the funding they had expected, and they had to transfer the paper to other hands after only twenty-nine months.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Their organization, the NWSA, afterwards depended on other periodicals, such as The National Citizen and Ballot Box, edited by <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Tribune" title="The Woman's Tribune">The Woman's Tribune</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Clara_Bewick_Colby" title="Clara Bewick Colby">Clara Bewick Colby</a>, to represent its viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In 1870, shortly after the formation of the AWSA, Lucy Stone launched an eight-page weekly newspaper called the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Journal" title="Woman's Journal">Woman's Journal</a> to advocate for women's rights, especially suffrage. Better financed and less radical than The Revolution, it had a much longer life. By the 1880s it had become an unofficial voice of the suffrage movement as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In 1916 the NAWSA purchased the Woman's Journal and spent a significant amount of money to enhance it. It was renamed Woman Citizen and declared to be the official organ of the NAWSA.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Alice Paul began publishing a newspaper called <a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a> in 1913 when she was still part of the NAWSA. Editor of the eight-page weekly was <a href="/wiki/Rheta_Childe_Dorr" title="Rheta Childe Dorr">Rheta Childe Dorr</a>, an experienced journalist.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turn_of_the_tide">Turn of the tide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Turn of the tide">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand enfranchised women</a> in 1893, the first country to do so on a nationwide basis. In the U.S., women gained the franchise in the states of Washington in 1910; in <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_4_(1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 4 (1911)">California in 1911</a>; in Oregon, Kansas and Arizona in 1912; and in Illinois in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Some states allowed women to vote in school elections, municipal elections, or for members of the Electoral College. Some territories, like Washington, Utah, and Wyoming, allowed women to vote before they became states.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> As women voted in an increasing number of states, Congressmen from those states swung to support a national suffrage amendment, and paid more attention to issues such as child labor. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_US_Suffrage,_1920.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg/240px-Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg/360px-Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg/480px-Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The status of women's suffrage before passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Full suffrage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Presidential suffrage</div> (vote only for president) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Primary suffrage</div> (vote only in primary elections) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Municipal suffrage</div> (vote only in city elections) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  School, bond, or tax suffrage</div> (vote only in special elections) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Municipal suffrage in some cities</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Primary suffrage in some cities</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No suffrage</div></figcaption></figure> The reform campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> strengthened the suffrage movement. Beginning around 1900, this broad movement began at the grassroots level with such goals as combating corruption in government, eliminating child labor, and protecting workers and consumers. Many of its participants saw women's suffrage as yet another progressive goal, and they believed that the addition of women to the electorate would help their movement achieve its other goals. In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a>, formed by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, endorsed women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">socialist movement</a> supported women's suffrage in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> By 1916, suffrage for women had become a major national issue, and the NAWSA had become the nation's largest voluntary organization, with two million members.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In 1916, the conventions of both the Democratic and Republican parties endorsed women's suffrage, but only on a state-by-state basis, with the implication that the various states might implement suffrage in different ways or (in some cases) not at all. Having expected more, Catt called an emergency NAWSA convention and proposed what became known as the "Winning Plan".<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> For several years, the NAWSA had focused on achieving suffrage on a state-by-state basis, partly to accommodate members from Southern states who opposed the idea of a national suffrage amendment, considering it an infringement on states' rights.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In a strategic shift, the 1916 convention approved Catt's proposal to make a national amendment the priority for the entire organization. It authorized the executive board to specify a plan of work toward this goal for each state and to take over that work if the state organization refused to comply.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In 1917, Catt received a <a href="/wiki/Bequest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bequest">bequest</a> of $900,000 from <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Leslie" title="Miriam Leslie">Mrs. Frank (Miriam) Leslie</a> to be used for the women's suffrage movement. Catt formed the <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Woman_Suffrage_Commission" title="Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission">Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission</a> to dispense the funds, most of which supported the activities of the NAWSA at a crucial time for the suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_banner._One_of_the_banners,_the_women_who_picketed_the_White_House_._._._-_NARA_-_533769.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Suffragette_banner._One_of_the_banners%2C_the_women_who_picketed_the_White_House_._._._-_NARA_-_533769.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Suffragette_banner._One_of_the_banners%2C_the_women_who_picketed_the_White_House_._._._-_NARA_-_533769.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Suffragette_banner._One_of_the_banners%2C_the_women_who_picketed_the_White_House_._._._-_NARA_-_533769.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Suffragette_banner._One_of_the_banners%2C_the_women_who_picketed_the_White_House_._._._-_NARA_-_533769.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Suffragette_banner._One_of_the_banners%2C_the_women_who_picketed_the_White_House_._._._-_NARA_-_533769.tif/lossy-page1-400px-Suffragette_banner._One_of_the_banners%2C_the_women_who_picketed_the_White_House_._._._-_NARA_-_533769.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>"Kaiser Wilson" banner held by an NWP member picketing the White House</figcaption></figure> In January 1917, the NWP stationed pickets at the White House, which had never before been picketed, with banners demanding women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Tension escalated in June as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House and NPW members unfurled a banner that read, "We, the women of America, tell you that America is not a democracy. Twenty million American women are denied the right to vote. President Wilson is the chief opponent of their national enfranchisement".<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In August, another banner referred to "Kaiser Wilson" and compared the plight of the German people with that of American women.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Some of the onlookers, including crowds of drunken men in town for the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> reacted violently, tearing the banners from the picketers' hands. The police, whose actions had previously been restrained, began arresting the picketers for blocking the sidewalk. Eventually over 200 were arrested, about half of whom were sent to prison.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In October Alice Paul was sentenced to seven months in prison. When she and other suffragist prisoners began a hunger strike, prison authorities <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force-fed</a> them. The negative publicity created by this harsh practice increased the pressure on the administration, which capitulated and released all the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The entry of the U.S. into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in April 1917, had a significant impact on the suffrage movement. To replace men who had gone into the military, women moved into workplaces that did not traditionally hire women, such as steel mills and oil refineries. The NAWSA cooperated with the war effort, with Catt and Shaw serving on the Women's Committee for the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Defense" title="Council of National Defense">Council of National Defense</a>. The NWP, by contrast, took no steps to cooperate with the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a>, elected in 1916 by Montana as the first woman in Congress, was one of fifty members of Congress to vote against the declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In November 1917, a referendum to enfranchise women in New York – at that time the most populous state in the country – passed by a substantial margin.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-255">[255]</a> In September 1918, President Wilson spoke before the Senate, calling for approval of the suffrage amendment as a war measure, saying "We have made partners of the women in this war; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right?"<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_States_elections" title="1918 United States elections"> 1918 elections</a>, despite the threat of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a>, three additional states (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>) passed ballot initiatives to enfranchise women, and two incumbent senators (<a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willard_Saulsbury_Jr." title="Willard Saulsbury Jr.">Willard Saulsbury Jr.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>) lost re-election campaigns due to their opposition to suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> By the end of 1919, women effectively could vote for president in states with 326 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral votes">electoral votes</a> out of a total of 531.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Political leaders who became convinced of the inevitability of women's suffrage began to pressure local and national legislators to support it so that their respective party could claim credit for it in future elections.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The war served as a catalyst for suffrage extension in several countries, with women gaining the vote after years of campaigning partly in recognition of their support for the war effort, which further increased the pressure for suffrage in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> About half of the women in Britain had become enfranchised by January 1918, as had women in most Canadian provinces, with Quebec the major exception.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_Amendment">Nineteenth Amendment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nineteenth Amendment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg/200px-I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg/300px-I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg/400px-I_did_not_raise_my_girl_to_be_a_voter3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>A chorus of disreputable men supports an anti-suffrage woman in this 1915 cartoon from <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> magazine. The caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the antiwar song "<a href="/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Raise_My_Boy_To_Be_A_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier">I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier</a>".</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp-US-1970-Woman-Suffrage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stamp-US-1970-Woman-Suffrage.png/200px-Stamp-US-1970-Woman-Suffrage.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stamp-US-1970-Woman-Suffrage.png/300px-Stamp-US-1970-Woman-Suffrage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stamp-US-1970-Woman-Suffrage.png/400px-Stamp-US-1970-Woman-Suffrage.png 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>US Stamp from 1970 celebrating 50 years of woman suffrage</figcaption></figure> World War I had a profound impact on woman suffrage across the belligerents. Women played a major role on the <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">home fronts</a> and many countries recognized their sacrifices with the vote during or shortly after the war, including the U.S., Britain, Canada (except Quebec), Denmark, Austria, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Sweden; and Ireland introduced universal suffrage with independence. France almost did so but stopped short.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Despite their eventual success, groups like the National Woman's Party that continued militant protests during wartime were criticized by other suffrage groups and the public, who viewed it as unpatriotic.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> On January 12, 1915, a suffrage bill was brought before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> but was defeated by a vote of 204 to 174, (Democrats 170–85 against, Republicans 81–34 for, Progressives 6–0 for).<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> held off until he was sure the Democratic Party was supportive; the 1917 referendum in New York State in favor of suffrage proved decisive for him. When another bill was brought before the House in January 1918, Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the bill.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Behn argues that: <dl><dd>The National American Woman Suffrage Association, not the National Woman's Party, was decisive in Wilson's conversion to the cause of the federal amendment because its approach mirrored his own conservative vision of the appropriate method of reform: win a broad consensus, develop a legitimate rationale, and make the issue politically valuable. Additionally, I contend that Wilson did have a significant role to play in the successful congressional passage and national ratification of the 19th Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></dd></dl> The Amendment passed by two-thirds of the House, with only one vote to spare. The vote was then carried into the Senate. Again President Wilson made an appeal, but on September 30, 1918, the amendment fell two votes short of the two-thirds necessary for passage, 53–31 (Republicans 27–10 for, Democrats 26–21 for).<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> On February 10, 1919, it was again voted upon, and then it was lost by only one vote, 54–30 (Republicans 30–12 for, Democrats 24–18 for).<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> There was considerable anxiety among politicians of both parties to have the amendment passed and made effective before the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">general elections of 1920</a>, so the President called a special session of Congress, and a bill, introducing the amendment, was brought before the House again. On May 21, 1919, it was passed, 304 to 89, (Republicans 200-19 for, Democrats 102-69 for, Union Labor 1-0 for, Prohibitionist 1-0 for),<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> 42 votes more than necessary being obtained. On June 4, 1919, it was brought before the Senate, and after a long discussion it was passed, with 56 ayes and 25 nays (Republicans 36-8 for, Democrats 20-17 for).<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Within a few days, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> ratified the amendment, their legislatures being then in session. Other states followed suit at a regular pace, until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. After Washington on March 22, 1920, ratification languished for months. Finally, on August 18, 1920, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> narrowly ratified the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a>, making it the law throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Thus the 1920 election became the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</a> in which women were permitted to vote in every state. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> To get the word male in effect out of the Constitution cost the women of the country fifty-two years of pauseless campaign...During that time they were forced to conduct fifty-six campaigns of referenda to male voters; 480 campaigns to get Legislatures to submit suffrage amendments to voters; 47 campaigns to get State constitutional conventions to write woman suffrage into State constitutions; 277 campaigns to get State party conventions to include woman suffrage planks; 30 campaigns to get presidential party conventions to adopt woman suffrage planks in party platforms, and 19 campaigns with 19 successive Congresses. Millions of dollars were raised, mainly in small sums, and expended with economic care. Hundreds of women gave the accumulated possibilities of an entire lifetime, thousands gave years of their lives, hundreds of thousands gave constant interest and such aid as they could. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherr2010-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></cite> </div> Three other states, Connecticut, Vermont and Delaware, passed the amendment by 1923. They were eventually followed by others in the south. Nearly twenty years later, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> ratified the amendment in 1941. After another ten years, in 1952, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, followed by Alabama in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-Tennessee-274">[274]</a> After another 16 years, Florida and South Carolina passed the necessary votes to ratify in 1969, followed two years later by <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tennessee-274">[274]</a> Mississippi did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1984, sixty four years after the law was enacted nationally.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_the_Nineteenth_Amendment">Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In the United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19200819_Suffrage_vote_(Tennessee)_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg/330px-19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg/495px-19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg/660px-19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption> After ratification, Alice Paul warned that "women are not yet fully free" and that women "can expect nothing from the politicians...until they stand as a unit in a party of their own", saying that discrimination still exists "on the statute books which will not be removed by the ratification".<a href="#cite_note-WashTimes_19200819-277">[277]</a> Paul charged that the amendment passed only because "it at last became more expedient for those in control of the Government to aid suffrage than to oppose it".<a href="#cite_note-WashTimes_19200819-277">[277]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg/220px-Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg/330px-Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg/440px-Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>Women surrounded by posters in English and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Herbert H. Lehman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> teach other women how to vote, 1936.</figcaption></figure> Politicians responded to the newly enlarged electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women, especially prohibition, child health, public schools, and world peace.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Women did respond to these issues, but in terms of general voting they had the same outlook and the same voting behavior as men.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> The suffrage organization <a href="/wiki/NAWSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAWSA">NAWSA</a> became the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> and Alice Paul's <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> began lobbying for full equality and the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women's movement in 1972 (but it was not ratified and never took effect). The main surge of women voting came in 1928, when the big-city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, while rural drys mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. Catholic women were reluctant to vote in the early 1920s, but they registered in very large numbers for the 1928 election – the first in which Catholicism was a major issue.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> A few women were elected to office, but none became especially prominent during this time period. Overall, the women's rights movement declined noticeably during the 1920s. Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment did not in actual practice provide suffrage to all women in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnaughy2013251-281">[281]</a> Women's rights to a public identity were restricted by the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerber199811-282">[282]</a> As women were not citizens in their own right and married women were required to assume the citizenship and residency requirements of their spouses, many women upon marriage had no voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker201457–58-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnaughy2013251-281">[281]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</a> granted any free white, who met character and residency policies, the right to become a citizen and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> extended citizenship to those born in the United States, including African-Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2011413–415-284">[284]</a> Rulings by the Supreme Court allowed racial limitations to naturalization of people who were neither black nor white.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2011413–415-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyne190456–61-285">[285]</a> This meant that Latinos, Asians, and Eastern Europeans, among other groups, were at various times barred from becoming citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2011415–416-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dyne190456-287">[287]</a> Exclusions based on race also applied to Native American women living on reservations, until the passage in 1924 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloriaLytle1983222-288">[288]</a> As a result, if an American woman married someone who was ineligible for naturalization, until passage of the <a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act</a> of 1922 and various amendments, she lost her citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker201460–61-289">[289]</a> As the US Constitution grants states the ability to determine who is eligible to vote in elections,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academy_of_SciencesNational_Research_Council200823-290">[290]</a> until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, legislative variations among the states, led to extremely different civil rights for women within the federal system depending upon their residency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2007262-291">[291]</a> Restrictions on literacy, moral character, and ability to pay poll taxes were used to legally exclude women from voting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnaughy2013251–252-292">[292]</a> Large numbers of African American women, as well as men, continued to be denied suffrage in the southern states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValkBrown2010140-293">[293]</a> Latinos and non-English speaking women were routinely excluded by literacy requirements in the northern states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartagena2017218-294">[294]</a> and many poor women, regardless of race, had no ability to pay poll taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodolefsky2014843-295">[295]</a> As married women's wages and legal access to money were controlled by their husbands, many married women had no ability to pay poll taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodolefsky2014846–847-296">[296]</a> In 1940, US women were granted their own legal status as citizens and provisions were made for women who had previously lost their citizenship through marriage to regain it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker201461-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_women">Native American women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Native American women">edit</a>]</div> The early women's suffrage movement had drawn <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans and women's suffrage in the United States">inspiration from the political egalitarianism of Iroquois society</a>. Native American women and men were nominally <a href="/wiki/Native_American_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American voting rights">granted the right to vote</a> in 1924 with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a>. Even so, until the 1950s, some states barred Native Americans from voting unless they had <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">adopted the culture and language of American society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detribalization#United_States" title="Detribalization">relinquished their tribal memberships</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian" title="Urban Indian">moved to urban areas</a>. Universal suffrage was <a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">not guaranteed in practice</a> until the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Voters in <a href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">Indian country</a> continue to face certain barriers to political participation.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_U.S._territories">In U.S. territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: In U.S. territories">edit</a>]</div> At the time the 19th Amendment was passed, both <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> were unincorporated territories of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn199848-305">[305]</a> Suffragists believed that women in the Virgin Islands had been enfranchised when the Danish extended suffrage in 1915, as at that time the <a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> were their possession. Similarly, as Puerto Ricans were confirmed to be U. S. citizens in 1917, it was assumed that suffrage had been extended there as well with the passage of the 19th Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn199849-306">[306]</a> Upon questioning its applicability in Puerto Rico, Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Yager" title="Arthur Yager">Arthur Yager</a> received clarification from the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Bureau of Insular Affairs">Bureau of Insular Affairs</a> that passage or ratification in the states would not grant women's suffrage in Puerto Rico, because of the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">island's unincorporated status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark197543-307">[307]</a> In 1921, the U.S. Supreme Court clarified that constitutional rights did not extend to residents in the two territories as they were defined in Puerto Rico by the <a href="/wiki/Foraker_Act" title="Foraker Act">Organic Act of 1900</a> and in the Virgin Islands by the Danish Colonial Law of 1906.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn199849-306">[306]</a> Suffragists and their supporters unsuccessfully introduced enfranchisement bills to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">insular legislature</a> in Puerto Rico in 1919, 1921, and 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark197542-308">[308]</a> In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Milagros_Benet_de_Mewton" title="Milagros Benet de Mewton">Milagros Benet de Mewton</a> sued the electoral board for refusing to allow her to register.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_Rivera2009-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_López2016536–537-310">[310]</a> Her case argued that as a U.S. citizen, she should be allowed to vote in accordance with the U.S. Constitution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Lassén201042–43-311">[311]</a> because territorial law was not allowed to contravene U.S. law. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Supreme Court of Puerto Rico</a> ruled that the electoral law was not discriminatory because Puerto Ricans were not allowed to vote for federal electors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_López2016525–526-312">[312]</a> and that the territory, like U.S. states, retained the right to define who was eligible to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivera_Lassén201043-313">[313]</a> Another failed bill, in 1927, led Benet and women involved in the Pan-American Women's Association to press the US Congress to enfranchise Puerto Rican women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn199850-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> When in 1928, the bill passed out of committee and was scheduled for a vote the U. S. House of Representatives, the Puerto Rican legislature realized that if they did not extend suffrage the federal government would. They passed a limited suffrage bill on April 16, 1929, limiting voting rights to literate women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark197543–45-316">[316]</a> Universal suffrage was finally achieved in Puerto Rico in 1936, when a bill submitted by the Socialist Party the previous year, gained approval in the insular legislature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy-Féquière200475-317">[317]</a> In the US Virgin Islands, voting was restricted to men who were literate and owned property. Teachers like <a href="/wiki/Edith_L._Williams" title="Edith L. Williams">Edith L. Williams</a> and Mildred V. Anduze pressed for women to gain the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn198758–59-318">[318]</a> In 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Thomas</a> Teachers' Association filed a lawsuit challenging the applicability of the 19th amendment to Virgin Islanders. In November 1935, the court ruled that the Danish Colonial Law was unconstitutional as it conflicted with the 19th Amendment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn199853-319">[319]</a> and that it had not been the intent to limit the franchise to men. To test the law, Williams attempted to register to vote and encouraged other teachers to do so, but their applications were refused. Williams, Eulalie Stevens and Anna M. Vessup, all literate, property owners, petitioned the court to open elections to qualified women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn198759–60-320">[320]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Albert_Levitt" title="Albert Levitt">Albert Levitt</a> ruled in favor of the women on December 27, which led to mobilization to register to vote in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerborg-Penn199853-319">[319]</a> Though <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> was acquired by the United States at the same time as Puerto Rico, the 19th Amendment was not extended by the US Congress to Guamanians until 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaranoSanchez1980176,_178-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorra19919-322">[322]</a> Congress also extended it to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> in 1976 under the Marianas Covenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorra199110-323">[323]</a> Though the US Congress has not verified the applicability of the Nineteenth Amendment to <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> the territorial constitution implies its applicability in the jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorra199110-323">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_the_voting_population">Changes in the voting population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Changes in the voting population">edit</a>]</div> Although restricting access to the polls because of sex was made unconstitutional in 1920, women did not turn out to the polls in the same numbers as men until 1980. A term commonly used that represents the push for equal representation in government is known as Mirror Representation. The amount of representation of sex in government should match the portion of that specific sex in the population. From 1980 until the present, women have voted in elections in at least the same percentage as have men, and often more. This difference in voting turnout and preferences between men and women is known as the <a href="/wiki/Voting_gender_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting gender gap">voting gender gap</a>. The voting gender gap has impacted political elections and, consequently, the way candidates campaign for office. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_representation_and_government_programs">Changes in representation and government programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Changes in representation and government programs">edit</a>]</div> After women gained the right to vote, the presence of women in Congress has gradually increased since 1920, with an especially steady increase from 1981.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today, women increasingly pursue politics as a career.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the state and national level, women have brought attention to gender-sensitive topics, gender equality, and children's rights. Women's participation rate is higher at local levels of government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a> became the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a> became the first woman vice presidential candidate to be nominated by a major party. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> became the first female presidential candidate to be nominated by a major party. In 2019, 25 out of 100 senators were women, and 102 out of 435 representatives were women.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> This resembles the global average; around the world, in 2018, just under a quarter of national-level parliament representatives were women.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> In 2021, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> became the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history after assuming office alongside President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_legislation">Notable legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable legislation">edit</a>]</div> Immediately following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, many legislators feared a powerful women's bloc would emerge as a result of female enfranchisement. The <a href="/wiki/Sheppard%E2%80%93Towner_Act" title="Sheppard–Towner Act">Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921</a>, which expanded maternity care during the 1920s, was one of the first laws passed appealing to the female vote.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> Title IX is a federal civil rights law that was passed in 1972 as part (Title IX) of the <a href="/wiki/Education_Amendments_of_1972" title="Education Amendments of 1972">Education Amendments of 1972</a>. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal money. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_effects">Socio-economic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Socio-economic effects">edit</a>]</div> A paper by <a href="/wiki/John_R._Lott" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Lott">John R. Lott</a> and Lawrence W. Kenny, published by the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a>, found that women generally voted along more <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> political philosophies than men. The paper concluded that women's voting appeared to be more risk-averse than men and favored candidates or policies that supported <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">wealth transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive taxation</a>, and larger government.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> A 2020 study found that "exposure to suffrage during childhood led to large increases in educational attainment for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, especially black people and Southern white people. We also find that suffrage led to higher earnings alongside education gains, although not for Southern black people."<a href="#cite_note-:0-329">[329]</a> These improvements are largely driven by suffrage-induced growth in education spending.<a href="#cite_note-:0-329">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Queering_the_suffrage_movement"">"Queering the suffrage movement"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: "Queering the suffrage movement"">edit</a>]</div> During the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment to the US Constitution</a>'s centennial, "Queering the suffrage movement" has become an effort actively underway in suffrage scholarly circles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-331">[331]</a> Wendy Rouse writes, "Scholars have already begun 'queering' the history of the suffrage movement by deconstructing the dominant narrative that has focused on the stories of elite, white, upper-class suffragists.”<a href="#cite_note-:1-330">[330]</a> Susan Ware says, "To speak of 'queering the suffrage movement' is to identify it as a space where women felt free to express a wide range of gender non-conforming behaviors, including but not limited to sexual expression, in both public and private settings."<a href="#cite_note-:2-331">[331]</a> Suffragists challenged gendered dress and behavior publicly, e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Tinker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annie Tinker (page does not exist)">Annie Tinker</a> (1884–1924) and Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_%27Mike%27_Chung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret 'Mike' Chung (page does not exist)">Margaret 'Mike' Chung</a> (1889–1959); they also challenged gender norms privately in bi- or homosexual relationships, e.g., African-American activist, writer and organizer for the Congressional Union (later the National Woman's Party), <a href="/wiki/Alice_Dunbar_Nelson" title="Alice Dunbar Nelson">Alice Dunbar-Nelson</a> (1875–1935).<a href="#cite_note-:1-330">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">“Boston Marriage”</a> partners (women involved in intimate longterm relationships with other women) included <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Garrett_Hay" title="Mary Garrett Hay">Mary Garrett Hay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rozet_Smith" title="Mary Rozet Smith">Mary Rozet Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gail_Laughlin" title="Gail Laughlin">Gail Laughlin</a> with Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Austin_Sperry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Austin Sperry (page does not exist)">Mary Austin Sperry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-330">[330]</a> Other known suffragist couples are <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emily_Gross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emily Gross (page does not exist)">Emily Gross</a>, and National American Woman Suffrage Association president Dr. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard-Shaw</a> with Susan B. Anthony's niece, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Elmina_Anthony" title="Lucy Elmina Anthony">Lucy Anthony</a>;<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Stone_Blackwell" title="Alice Stone Blackwell">Alice Stone Blackwell</a> was "betrothed" to <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Barry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitty Barry">Kitty Barry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-331">[331]</a> Many leaders of the National Woman's Party co-habitated with other women involved in feminist politics: <a href="/wiki/Alma_Lutz" title="Alma Lutz">Alma Lutz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_L._Smith" title="Marguerite L. Smith">Marguerite Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Augustus_Marks" title="Jeannette Augustus Marks">Jeanette Marks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Emma_Woolley" title="Mary Emma Woolley">Mary Wooley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Vernon" title="Mabel Vernon">Mabel Vernon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consuelo_Reyes-Calderon" class="mw-redirect" title="Consuelo Reyes-Calderon">Consuelo Reyes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> There are also the significant same sex relationships of NAWSA first and second vice presidents <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Sophonisba Breckenridge</a>, respectively,<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> and the chronic close female friendships of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> "Outing" historic feminists is not the aim of "queering the suffrage movement," but identifying a broad range of gender identities within the suffrage movement attests to the diversity of those contributing to the cause.<a href="#cite_note-:2-331">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-suffragism" title="Anti-suffragism">Anti-suffragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_4_(1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 4 (1911)">California Proposition 4 (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_suffragists" title="List of American suffragists">List of American suffragists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of women's rights conventions in the United States">List of women's rights conventions in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans and women's suffrage in the United States">Native Americans and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">Women's suffrage in states of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_United_States_juries" title="Women in United States juries">Women in United States juries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia_articles_on_women's_suffrage_by_state">Wikipedia articles on women's suffrage by state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Wikipedia articles on women's suffrage by state">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Women's suffrage in </th> <th>Timeline for </th> <th>Associations </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alabama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Alabama" title="Women's suffrage in Alabama">Women's suffrage in Alabama</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Alabama" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Alabama">Timeline of women's suffrage in Alabama</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters_of_Alabama" title="League of Women Voters of Alabama">League of Women Voters of Alabama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alaska </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Alaska" title="Women's suffrage in Alaska">Women's suffrage in Alaska</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Alaska" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Alaska">Timeline of women's suffrage in Alaska</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arizona </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Women's suffrage in Arizona">Women's suffrage in Arizona</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona">Timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arkansas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arkansas" title="Women's suffrage in Arkansas">Women's suffrage in Arkansas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Arkansas" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Arkansas">Timeline of women's suffrage in Arkansas</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>California </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_California" title="Women's suffrage in California">Women's suffrage in California</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_California" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in California">Timeline of women's suffrage in California</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_Equal_Suffrage_Association" title="California Equal Suffrage Association">California Equal Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colorado </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colorado" title="Women's suffrage in Colorado">Women's suffrage in Colorado</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Colorado" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Colorado">Timeline of women's suffrage in Colorado</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Connecticut </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association">Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delaware </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Delaware" title="Women's suffrage in Delaware">Women's suffrage in Delaware</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Delaware" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware">Timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Florida" title="Women's suffrage in Florida">Women's suffrage in Florida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Florida" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Florida">Timeline of women's suffrage in Florida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters_of_Florida" title="League of Women Voters of Florida">League of Women Voters of Florida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)">Women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)">Timeline of women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="Georgia Woman Suffrage Association">Georgia Woman Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawaii </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Hawaii" title="Women's suffrage in Hawaii">Women's suffrage in Hawaii</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Hawaii" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Hawaii">Timeline of women's suffrage in Hawaii</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idaho </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Illinois </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Illinois" title="Women's suffrage in Illinois">Women's suffrage in Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Illinois" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Illinois">Timeline of women's suffrage in Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters_of_Naperville" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Women Voters of Naperville">League of Women Voters of Naperville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indiana </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Iowa" title="Women's suffrage in Iowa">Women's suffrage in Iowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Iowa" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Iowa">Timeline of women's suffrage in Iowa</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kansas </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kentucky </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Equal_Rights_Association" title="Kentucky Equal Rights Association">Kentucky Equal Rights Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louisiana </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Maine" title="Women's suffrage in Maine">Women's suffrage in Maine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Maine" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Maine">Timeline of women's suffrage in Maine</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maryland </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="Maryland Woman Suffrage Association">Maryland Woman Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Massachusetts </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association">Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michigan </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minnesota </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association">Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mississippi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missouri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Missouri" title="Women's suffrage in Missouri">Women's suffrage in Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Missouri" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Missouri">Timeline of women's suffrage in Missouri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri_League_of_Women_Voters" title="Missouri League of Women Voters">Missouri League of Women Voters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Montana" title="Women's suffrage in Montana">Women's suffrage in Montana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Montana" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Montana">Timeline of women's suffrage in Montana</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nebraska </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nevada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Nevada" title="Women's suffrage in Nevada">Women's suffrage in Nevada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Nevada" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Nevada">Timeline of women's suffrage in Nevada</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Hampshire </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Jersey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Jersey" title="Women's suffrage in New Jersey">Women's suffrage in New Jersey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Jersey" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey">Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Mexico </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in New Mexico">Women's suffrage in New Mexico</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Mexico" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in New Mexico">Timeline of women's suffrage in New Mexico</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New York </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Carolina </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Dakota </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_North_Dakota" title="Women's suffrage in North Dakota">Women's suffrage in North Dakota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_North_Dakota" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in North Dakota">Timeline of women's suffrage in North Dakota</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ohio </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ohio" title="Women's suffrage in Ohio">Women's suffrage in Ohio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Ohio" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Ohio">Timeline of women's suffrage in Ohio</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oklahoma </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oregon </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pennsylvania </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Pennsylvania" title="Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania">Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Pennsylvania" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Pennsylvania">Timeline of women's suffrage in Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhode Island </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Rhode_Island" title="Women's suffrage in Rhode Island">Women's suffrage in Rhode Island</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Rhode_Island" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Rhode Island">Timeline of women's suffrage in Rhode Island</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Carolina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in South Carolina">Women's suffrage in South Carolina</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Equal_Rights_Association" title="South Carolina Equal Rights Association">South Carolina Equal Rights Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Dakota </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_South_Dakota" title="Women's suffrage in South Dakota">Women's suffrage in South Dakota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_South_Dakota" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in South Dakota">Timeline of women's suffrage in South Dakota</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tennessee </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Texas" title="Women's suffrage in Texas">Women's suffrage in Texas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Texas" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Texas">Timeline of women's suffrage in Texas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Equal_Suffrage_Association" title="Texas Equal Suffrage Association">Texas Equal Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Equal_Rights_Association" title="Texas Equal Rights Association">Texas Equal Rights Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Women's suffrage in Utah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Utah">Timeline of women's suffrage in Utah</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vermont </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virginia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Women's suffrage in Virginia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Virginia">Timeline of women's suffrage in Virginia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equal_Suffrage_League_of_Virginia" title="Equal Suffrage League of Virginia">Equal Suffrage League of Virginia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Washington </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_Washington" title="Women's suffrage movement in Washington">Women's suffrage in Washington</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Virginia </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Equal_Suffrage_Association" title="West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association">West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wisconsin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wisconsin" title="Women's suffrage in Wisconsin">Women's suffrage in Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_Wisconsin" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in Wisconsin">Timeline of women's suffrage in Wisconsin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wyoming </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Women's suffrage in Wyoming</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved September 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mapping+American+Social+Movements+Project&rft.atitle=Timeline+and+Map+of+Woman+Suffrage+Legislation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fmoves%2FWomanSuffrage_map.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/amendment-19">"The 19th Amendment"</a>. National Archives. May 16, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+19th+Amendment&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Ffeatured-documents%2Famendment-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-address-19"><a href="#cite_ref-address_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapin1881" class="citation book cs1">Chapin, Judge Henry (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ua-pgcKRY2QC&pg=PA172">Address Delivered at the Unitarian Church in Uxbridge, 1864</a>. Worcester, Massachusetts. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Address+Delivered+at+the+Unitarian+Church+in+Uxbridge%2C+1864&rft.place=Worcester%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=172&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Chapin&rft.aufirst=Judge+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dua-pgcKRY2QC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Johanna Neuman, And yet they persisted: how American women won the right to vote (2020) p. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Yet-They-Persisted-American-Women/dp/1119530830/">excerpt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Wellman (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C&pg=PA138">p. 138</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/kentucky-and-the-19th-amendment.htm">"Kentucky and the 19th Amendment", National Park Service article</a>. Retrieved February 27, 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zE9NAQAAMAAJ&q=kentucky%20law%201838&pg=PA282">"An Act to establish a system of Common Schools in the State of Kentucky, Chap. 898, Sec. 37"</a>. Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, December Session, 1837. Frankfort: A.G. Hodges State Printer. 1838. p. 282. Retrieved January 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Act+to+establish+a+system+of+Common+Schools+in+the+State+of+Kentucky%2C+Chap.+898%2C+Sec.+37&rft.btitle=Acts+of+the+General+Assembly+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Kentucky%2C+December+Session%2C+1837&rft.place=Frankfort&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=A.G.+Hodges+State+Printer&rft.date=1838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzE9NAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkentucky%2520law%25201838%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Early activists tended to refer to "woman suffrage," but historians usually call it "women's suffrage." See Gordon (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PR24">p. xxiv n. 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Flexner (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjEw6ZnVm1EC&pg=PA43">pp. 43, 348 n.19</a>. Flexner refers to it a pamphlet, but it has 128 pages. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xW0EAAAAYAAJ">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a> by Sarah Grimké, 1838, Boston: Isaac Knapp. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Joan Von Mehren (1996). Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fz-tk_zoZtUC&pg=PA166">p. 166</a>. University of Massachusetts Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-941-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-941-4">0-87023-941-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Quoted in DuBois, ed. (1992), epigraph, prior to p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 40, 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Flexner (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjEw6ZnVm1EC&pg=PA46">pp. 25–26, 42, 45–46</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Flexner (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjEw6ZnVm1EC&pg=PA40">p. 40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 1, 91–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Flexner (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjEw6ZnVm1EC&pg=PA85">p. 85</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> McMillen (2008), pp. 117–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Harper (1898–1908), Vol. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog#page/n151/mode/2up,">pp. 101–103</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Susan B. Anthony, "Fifty Years of Work for Woman," Independent, 52 (February 15, 1900), pp. 414–417. Quoted in Sherr, Lynn (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2po16sEMd7AC">Failure is Impossible: Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words</a>, p.134. New York: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-2430-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-2430-4">0-8129-2430-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Quoted in Gordon (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA41">p. 41</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Victoria E. Bynum (1992). Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South. University of North Carolina Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1natxXZ1-M8C&pg=PA61">p. 61</a>, 171 n. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2016-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2016-4">0-8078-2016-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Barry (1988), p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Scott and Scott (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBMJGm4jc8C&pg=PA9">p. 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Wellman (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C&pg=PA150">p. 150</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Wellman (2004), pp. 151–152. May condemned as "all unequal, all unrighteous – this utter annihilation, politically considered, of more than one half of the whole community." See Samuel J. May, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/naw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28rbnawsan2749div0%29%29">"The Rights and Conditions of Women"</a>, in Women's Rights Tract No. 1: Commensurate with her capacities and obligations, are Woman's Rights (Syracuse, NY: N.M.D. Lathrop, 1853), p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Million (2003), p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Quoted in Million (2003), p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Wellman (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C&pg=PA176">p. 176</a>. Gerrit Smith was a cousin and close friend of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>. Wellman says they spurred each other to develop ideas of inclusive politics and to publicly advocate voting rights for women, which Smith did before Stanton. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Wellman (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C&pg=PA45">p. 45</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Wellman (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C&pg=PA204">p. 204</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> McMillen (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzVRlFXiYswC&pg=PA3">pp. 3, 72, 77, 84</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Dubois, ed. (1992) p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> McMillen (2008), pp. 99–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Wellman (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C&pg=PA193">pp. 193, 195, 203</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> McMillen (2008), pp. 88–89, 238–239 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/expref/crusader/seneca.html">"Seneca Falls Convention – American Memory Timeline- Classroom Presentation"</a>. Teacher Resources. Library of Congress. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teacher+Resources&rft.atitle=Seneca+Falls+Convention+%E2%80%93+American+Memory+Timeline-+Classroom+Presentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fteachers%2Fclassroommaterials%2Fpresentationsandactivities%2Fpresentations%2Ftimeline%2Fexpref%2Fcrusader%2Fseneca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> McMillen (2008), pp. 95–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Wellman, Judith (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/upload/_7-HRS-SectionI-10-18-08-printed-1EBA.pdf">"The Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention and the Origin of the Women's Rights Movement"</a>, pp. 15, 84. National Park Service, Women's Rights National Historical Park. Wellman is identified as the author of this document <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/research.htm">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 104, 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA41">p. 41</a>. The conventions also discussed a variety of other issues, including dress reform and liberalization of divorce laws. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 109–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Flexner (1959), p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The first national convention was organized primarily by Davis. The next several conventions were organized primarily by Stone. After the birth of her daughter in 1857, Stone withdrew from most public activity for several years. Anthony shared responsibilities for the 1858 and 1859 conventions. Stanton was the primary organizer of the 1860 convention. For details, see Million (2003), pp. 105–106, 116, 174, 239, 250–252, 260, 263–269 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Barry (1988), pp. 79–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Million (2003), p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 109, 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 116, 173–174, 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Sigerman, Harriet, Elizabeth Cady Stanton: The Right Is Ours, 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLDKhn38wZYC&pg=PA95">p. 95</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195119695" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195119695">978-0195119695</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Ginzberg (2009), pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Gordon (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PR30">p. xxx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Dumenil, Lynn, Editor-in-Chief, The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-RMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">p. 59</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199743360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199743360">978-0199743360</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> National Woman Suffrage Association, Report of the International Council of Women, Volume 1, 1888, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eagEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA327">p. 327</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Million (2003), pp. 234–235 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_E._Harper" class="citation web cs1">Judith E. Harper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/resources/index.html?body=biography.html">"Biography"</a>. Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. PBS (Public Broadcasting System). Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Not+for+Ourselves+Alone%3A+The+Story+of+Elizabeth+Cady+Stanton+and+Susan+B.+Anthony&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.au=Judith+E.+Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fstantonanthony%2Fresources%2Findex.html%3Fbody%3Dbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-venet-148-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-venet-148_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venet-148_81-1">b</a> Venet (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfE0ULar1JgC&pg=PA148">p. 148</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA51">p. 51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Venet (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfE0ULar1JgC&pg=PA116">p. 116</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Flexner (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjEw6ZnVm1EC&pg=PA105">p. 105</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> For membership numbers, see Barry (1988), p. 154. For "pool of talent," see Venet (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfE0ULar1JgC&pg=PA1">p. 1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/152/mode/2up">pp. 152–153</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/170/mode/2up">pp. 171–172</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/270/mode/2up">p. 270</a>. Greeley was referring to the 1867 AERA campaign in New York State for women's suffrage and the removal of discriminatory property requirements for black voters. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/232/mode/2up">p. 232</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA105">p. 105</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA124">pp. 124, 127</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA93">pp. 92–94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA80">pp. 80–81, 189, 196</a>. The AERA held no further annual meetings and went out of existence a year later. See Harper (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog#page/n415/mode/2up">pp. 348–349</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA168">pp. 164, 168</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA165">pp. 164–166</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "Woman Suffrage," New York Tribune, November 21, 1868; "Mrs. Lucy Stone and Woman Suffrage," cited in Dudden (2011); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA163">p. 163</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Dudden (2011); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA163">p. 163</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "Stones Holding Their Peace," and "Lucy Stone and the Negro's Hour," Revolution 3 (February 4, 1869):73, 89. Citied in Dudden (2011); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA165">p. 165</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA173">pp. 173, 189, 196</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Rakow and Kramarae eds. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C&pg=PA47">p. 47</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA185">pp. 174–175, 185</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakow-48-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow-48_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow-48_102-1">b</a> Rakow and Kramarae eds. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C&pg=PA48">p. 48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA184">p. 184</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Anniversaries". New York Tribune. May 15, 1868.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Anniversaries&rft.date=1868-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Quoted in Dudden (2011), p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/382/mode/2up">pp. 382–384</a>. Douglass and Stone are speaking here during the final AERA convention in 1869. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Barry (1988), pp. 194, 208. The 1869 AERA annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "The Sixteenth Amendment," The Revolution, April 29, 1869, p. 266. Quoted in DuBois (1978), p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Manhood Suffrage," The Revolution, December 24, 1868. Reproduced in Gordon (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA196">p. 196</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Quoted in Gordon (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA190">p. 190</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_B._Blackwell1867" class="citation web cs1">Henry B. Blackwell (January 15, 1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.12701100/">"What the South can do"</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved March 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+South+can+do&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1867-01-15&rft.au=Henry+B.+Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Frbpe.12701100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Cited in Dudden (2011), p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA199">pp. 199–200</a>. That did not happen; the high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to women's suffrage in the 1872 Republican platform. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/340/mode/2up">p. 341</a>. This letter was signed by Anthony, who was requesting permission to present their views to the convention in person. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA109">pp. 109–110, 200</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA152">p. 152</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Scott and Scott (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBMJGm4jc8C&pg=PA17">p. 17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA197">pp. 192, 196–197</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA200">pp. 166, 200</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> DuBois (1998), pp. 98–99, 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-fjc-trial-narrative-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fjc-trial-narrative_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc-trial-narrative_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc-trial-narrative_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_D._Gordon" class="citation web cs1">Ann D. Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_anthony_narrative.html">"The Trial of Susan B. Anthony: A Short Narrative"</a>. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved August 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Susan+B.+Anthony%3A+A+Short+Narrative&rft.pub=Federal+Judicial+Center&rft.au=Ann+D.+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Ftu_anthony_narrative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> (The name of this article's author is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_anthony_background.html">here.</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> DuBois (1998), pp. 100, 119–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/598/mode/2up">p. 599</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> DuBois (1998), pp. 100, 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> DuBois, ed. (1992), pp. 101–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Amanda Frisken, Victoria Woodhull's sexual revolution: Political theater and the popular press in nineteenth-century America (2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-fjc-legal-questions-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fjc-legal-questions_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc-legal-questions_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_D._Gordon" class="citation web cs1">Ann D. Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_anthony_questions.html">"The Trial of Susan B. Anthony: Legal Questions Before the Federal Courts"</a>. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved December 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Susan+B.+Anthony%3A+Legal+Questions+Before+the+Federal+Courts&rft.pub=Federal+Judicial+Center&rft.au=Ann+D.+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Ftu_anthony_questions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> This article also points out that Supreme Court rulings did not establish the connection between citizenship and voting rights until the mid-twentieth century. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallElyGrossman2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W.; Grossman, Joel B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC&pg=PA381">The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 381–382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176612" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176612"><bdi>9780195176612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=381-382&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195176612&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kermit+L.&rft.au=Ely%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Joel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcY3er3ilgjcC%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Susan B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_anthony_doc_5.html">"Susan B. Anthony's speech before the circuit court"</a>. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved December 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susan+B.+Anthony%27s+speech+before+the+circuit+court&rft.pub=Federal+Judicial+Center&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Ftu_anthony_doc_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2020" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Katanga (August 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-pardon-susan-b-anthony/trump-says-he-will-posthumously-pardon-us-womens-rights-activist-susan-b-anthony-idUSKCN25E1TF">"Trump says he will posthumously pardon U.S. women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+says+he+will+posthumously+pardon+U.S.+women%27s+rights+activist+Susan+B.+Anthony&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Katanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-pardon-susan-b-anthony%2Ftrump-says-he-will-posthumously-pardon-us-womens-rights-activist-susan-b-anthony-idUSKCN25E1TF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiger2020" class="citation news cs1">Seiger, Theresa (August 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wftv.com/news/trending/trump-says-he-plans-pardon-susan-b-anthony/AEFUM4YWGVHTFPLWBGOIDU2IEQ/">"Trump says he plans to pardon Susan B. 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NYU Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814774663" title="Special:BookSources/9780814774663"><bdi>9780814774663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+and+the+Repeal+of+Prohibition&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780814774663&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uhcDrmgwlMC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Flexner (1959), pp. 252, 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Flexner (1959), p. 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Flexner (1959), pp. 247, 282, 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Ronald Schaffer, "The New York City Woman Suffrage Party, 1909–1919." New York History (1962): 269–287. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23153512">in JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Flexner (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjEw6ZnVm1EC&pg=PA263">pp. 263–264, 290</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> James J. Kenneally, "Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts." Catholic Historical Review (1967): 43–57 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25017913">in JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> "The Uprising of the Women," New York Times May 5, 1912, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Adickes" title="Sandra Adickes">Sandra Adickes</a>, "Sisters, not demons: The influence of British suffragists on the American Suffrage Movement," <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Review" title="Women's History Review">Women's History Review</a> (2002) 11#4 pp: 675–690 at p. 681 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> McMillen (2008), p. 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlee1999" class="citation book cs1">Blee, Kathleen M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9lhBw8t410C&pg=PA32">"Antifeminism"</a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618001828/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618001824" title="Special:BookSources/0618001824"><bdi>0618001824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antifeminism&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+U.S.+Women%27s+History&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0618001824&rft.aulast=Blee&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9lhBw8t410C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Susan Goodier, No votes for women: the New York state anti-suffrage movement (University of Illinois Press, 2013) pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> "A Creed" by Josephine Jewell Dodge, 1915, cited in Susan Goodier, The other woman's movement: Anti-suffrage activism in New York State, 1865–1932 (PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, 2007) p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Goodier (2013) ch. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Kenneth R. Johnson, "Kate Gordon and the Woman-Suffrage Movement in the South," Journal of Southern History (1972) 38#3 pp. 365–392 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aileen_S._Kraditor" title="Aileen S. Kraditor">Aileen S. Kraditor</a>, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920 (1971) pp. 12–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Arkansas also ratified. A. Elizabeth Taylor, "A short history of the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee." 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Church history (1990) 59#4 pp: 507–522 esp p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Wheeler (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE6lZpmLmK0C&pg=PA120">pp. 120–121</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Kraditor (1965). footnote p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Wheeler, ed. (1995). p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Wheeler, ed. 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"Embedded in social cleavages: an explanation of the variation in timing of women's suffrage". <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Political_Studies" title="Scandinavian Political Studies">Scandinavian Political Studies</a>. 36 (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.2012.00294.x">10.1111/j.1467-9477.2012.00294.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Embedded+in+social+cleavages%3A+an+explanation+of+the+variation+in+timing+of+women%27s+suffrage&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.2012.00294.x&rft.aulast=Palm&rft.aufirst=Trineke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NWP_project.shtml">"National Woman's Party: a year-by-year history 1913–1922"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Woman%27s+Party%3A+a+year-by-year+history+1913%E2%80%931922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fmoves%2FNWP_project.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/63-3/h238">"On passage of H. J. Res. 1, proposing to the state legislatures a woman's suffrage amendment to the constitution. (P.1483)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+passage+of+H.+J.+Res.+1%2C+proposing+to+the+state+legislatures+a+woman%27s+suffrage+amendment+to+the+constitution.+%28P.1483%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F63-3%2Fh238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunardiniKnock1980–1981" class="citation journal cs1">Lunardini, Christine A.; Knock, Thomas J. (Winter 1980–1981). "Woodrow Wilson and woman suffrage: a new look". <a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a>. 95 (4): 655–671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2150609">10.2307/2150609</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150609">2150609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Woodrow+Wilson+and+woman+suffrage%3A+a+new+look&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=655-671&rft.date=1980%2F1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2150609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2150609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lunardini&rft.aufirst=Christine+A.&rft.au=Knock%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehn2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Behn, Beth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1503&context=open_access_dissertations">Woodrow Wilson's conversion experience: the president and the federal woman suffrage amendment</a> (pdf) (Ph.D. thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813298690">813298690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Woodrow+Wilson%27s+conversion+experience%3A+the+president+and+the+federal+woman+suffrage+amendment&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813298690&rft.aulast=Behn&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1503%26context%3Dopen_access_dissertations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> (Quote from abstract.) </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/65-2/s325">"S652146 Y=53, N=31 JONES, N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S652146+Y%3D53%2C+N%3D31+JONES%2C+N.M.+TO+PASS+H.J.+RES.+200.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F65-2%2Fs325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/65-3/s365">"S653037 Y=55, N=29 JONES, N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S653037+Y%3D55%2C+N%3D29+JONES%2C+N.M.+TO+PASS+H.J.+RES.+200.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F65-3%2Fs365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/66-1/h2">"To pass H.J. Res. 1, proposing an amendment to the constitution extending the right to suffrage of women. (P. 78-2)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+pass+H.J.+Res.+1%2C+proposing+an+amendment+to+the+constitution+extending+the+right+to+suffrage+of+women.+%28P.+78-2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F66-1%2Fh2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/66-1/s13">"S661014 Y=56, N=25 WATSON, IND. TO PASS HJR 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S661014+Y%3D56%2C+N%3D25+WATSON%2C+IND.+TO+PASS+HJR+1.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F66-1%2Fs13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendale1980" class="citation journal cs1">Arendale, Marirose (Spring 1980). "Tennessee and women's rights". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 39 (1): 62–78. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626045">42626045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Tennessee+and+women%27s+rights&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-78&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42626045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arendale&rft.aufirst=Marirose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherr2010-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherr2010_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherr1995" class="citation cs2">Sherr, Lynn (1995), "Oh slavery, hateful thing", in Sherr, Lynn (ed.), Failure is impossible: Susan B. Anthony in her own words, New York: Crown/Archetype, p. 28, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781299008762" title="Special:BookSources/9781299008762"><bdi>9781299008762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oh+slavery%2C+hateful+thing&rft.btitle=Failure+is+impossible%3A+Susan+B.+Anthony+in+her+own+words&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Crown%2FArchetype&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781299008762&rft.aulast=Sherr&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2po16sEMd7AC&pg=PT28">Details.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImsande2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Imsande, Jennifer Lynn (2006). The perils of protection: gender and the recasting of rights in a nation at war, 1860–1898 (Ph.D. thesis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780542795619" title="Special:BookSources/9780542795619"><bdi>9780542795619</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75385271">75385271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+perils+of+protection%3A+gender+and+the+recasting+of+rights+in+a+nation+at+war%2C+1860%E2%80%931898&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75385271&rft.isbn=9780542795619&rft.aulast=Imsande&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4tsV4zBFxBIC">Details.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennessee-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tennessee_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tennessee_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpruill_Wheeler1995" class="citation book cs1">Spruill Wheeler, Marjorie (1995). Votes for women!: the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee, the South, and the nation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870498374" title="Special:BookSources/9780870498374"><bdi>9780870498374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votes+for+women%21%3A+the+woman+suffrage+movement+in+Tennessee%2C+the+South%2C+and+the+nation&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780870498374&rft.aulast=Spruill+Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1995" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Thomas A., ed. (1995). Cornerstones of Georgia history documents that formed the state. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820340227" title="Special:BookSources/9780820340227"><bdi>9780820340227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornerstones+of+Georgia+history+documents+that+formed+the+state&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780820340227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneSwain2003" class="citation cs2">Payne, Elizabeth Anne; Swain, Martha H. (2003), "The twentieth century", in Payne, Elizabeth Anne; Swain, Martha H.; Spruill, Majorie Julian (eds.), Mississippi women: their histories, their lives (volume 2), Athens: University of Georgia Press, p. 154, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820333939" title="Special:BookSources/9780820333939"><bdi>9780820333939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+twentieth+century&rft.btitle=Mississippi+women%3A+their+histories%2C+their+lives+%28volume+2%29&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780820333939&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Anne&rft.au=Swain%2C+Martha+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uH1SPgyl5e0C&lpg=PA154&dq=Mississippi%20%20amendment%201984&pg=PA154">Preview.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashTimes_19200819-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WashTimes_19200819_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WashTimes_19200819_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1920" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Mildred (August 19, 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/washington-times-aug-19-1920-p-1/">"Tennessee Fails to Reconsider Suffrage Vote – Fight for All Rights Still Facing Women"</a>. The Washington Times. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Fails+to+Reconsider+Suffrage+Vote+%E2%80%93+Fight+for+All+Rights+Still+Facing+Women&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1920-08-19&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Mildred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fwashington-times-aug-19-1920-p-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Morris is writer for "Fight for All Rights..." article only. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Lynn Dumenil, The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s (1995) pp 98–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristi_Andersen" title="Kristi Andersen">Kristi Andersen</a>, After Suffrage: Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Allan J. 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American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 13 (3): 374–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fpol">10.1257/pol</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7731">1945-7731</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236623774">236623774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Journal%3A+Economic+Policy&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Suffrage+and+Children%27s+Education&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=374-405&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236623774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-7731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fpol&rft.aulast=Kose&rft.aufirst=Esra&rft.au=Kuka%2C+Elira&rft.au=Shenhav%2C+Na%27ama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles%3Fid%3D10.1257%2Fpol.20180677%26from%3Df&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_330-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_330-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_330-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse" class="citation web cs1">Rouse, Wendy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womensvote100.org/the-suff-buffs-blog/2020/6/9/the-very-queer-history-of-the-suffrage-movement">"The Very Queer History of the Suffrage Movement"</a>. 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The Conversation: Academic rigor, journalistic flair. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation%3A+Academic+rigor%2C+journalistic+flair&rft.atitle=When+Lesbians+Led+the+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Jabour&rft.aufirst=Anya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhen-lesbians-led-the-womens-suffrage-movement-129867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupp1980" class="citation journal cs1">Rupp, Leila J. (Autumn 1980). ""Imagine My Surprise": Women's Relationships in Historical Perspective". 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raS9TqUFb94C&pg=PA415">Anti-immigration in the United States: A-R</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37521-7"><bdi>978-0-313-37521-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-immigration+in+the+United+States%3A+A-R&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37521-7&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraS9TqUFb94C%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_H._Baker" title="Jean H. Baker">Baker, Jean</a>, ed. Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited (2002) 11 essays by scholars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry,_Kathleen" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry, Kathleen">Kathleen Barry</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eX1U-X0ekW4C">Susan B. Anthony: A Biography of a Singular Feminist</a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-36549-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-36549-6">0-345-36549-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Laura (2007). Searching for Equality: Sex Discrimination, Parental Leave, and the Swedish Model with Comparisons to EU, UK, and US Law. Uppsala, Sweden: Iustus Förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7678-646-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7678-646-8"><bdi>978-91-7678-646-8</bdi></a>. <q>Prior to the passage of the federal acts in the 1960s, the legislative variations permissible historically with respect to women's rights under the American federal system initially led to extremely different rights for women depending upon their state of residence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Equality%3A+Sex+Discrimination%2C+Parental+Leave%2C+and+the+Swedish+Model+with+Comparisons+to+EU%2C+UK%2C+and+US+Law&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=Iustus+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-7678-646-8&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaranoSanchez1980" class="citation book cs1">Carano, Paul; Sanchez, Pedro C. 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In Baver, Sherrie; Falcón, Angelo; Haslip-Viera, Gabriel (eds.). Latinos in New York: Communities in Transition (Second ed.). Notre Dame, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press" title="University of Notre Dame Press">University of Notre Dame Press</a>. pp. 216–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-10153-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-10153-4"><bdi>978-0-268-10153-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+Latina%2Fo+Voting+Rights+in+New+York+City&rft.btitle=Latinos+in+New+York%3A+Communities+in+Transition&rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=216-231&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-268-10153-4&rft.aulast=Cartagena&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJYHDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Corder, J. Kevin and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Wolbrecht" title="Christina Wolbrecht">Christina Wolbrecht</a>. Counting Women's Ballots: Female Voters from Suffrage through the New Deal (Cambridge UP, 2016). xiv, 316 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1975" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Truman R. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDZtGZoFSGYC&pg=PA43">Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933</a>. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7605-9"><bdi>978-0-8229-7605-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico+and+the+United+States%2C+1917%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7605-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Truman+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDZtGZoFSGYC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_F._Cott" title="Nancy F. Cott">Cott, Nancy F.</a> The Grounding of Modern Feminism (1987).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeloriaLytle1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vine_Deloria_Jr." title="Vine Deloria Jr.">Deloria, Vine Jr.</a>; Lytle, Clifford M. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDiCHla27qwC&pg=PA222">American Indians, American Justice</a>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73834-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73834-8"><bdi>978-0-292-73834-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indians%2C+American+Justice&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73834-8&rft.aulast=Deloria&rft.aufirst=Vine+Jr.&rft.au=Lytle%2C+Clifford+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHDiCHla27qwC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dodd, Lynda G. "Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship." Journal of Law and Politics 24 (2008): 339–433. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyndagdodd.com/2_Research/Research_4_Dodd_FINAL_Alice%20Paul%20Paper.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_DuBois" title="Ellen DuBois">DuBois, Ellen Carol</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC">Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848–1869</a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8641-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8641-6">0-8014-8641-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_DuBois" title="Ellen DuBois">DuBois, Ellen Carol</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Urn8GOy9EsQC">Woman Suffrage and Women's Rights</a>. New York: New York University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1901-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1901-5">0-8147-1901-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_DuBois" title="Ellen DuBois">DuBois, Ellen Carol</a>. (2020). Suffrage: Women's Long Battle for the Vote. New York City: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6516-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6516-0">978-1-5011-6516-0</a>.</li> <li>Dudden, Faye E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC">Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America</a>. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06346-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06346-6">0-300-06346-6</a>.</li> <li>Ginzberg, Lori D (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8U-Tv-JvHT0C">Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life</a>. 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C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>: 56–61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-1031">0033-1031</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue&rft.atitle=When+Saying+%22I+Do%22+Meant+Giving+Up+Your+U.S.+Citizenship&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=56-61&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0033-1031&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2014%2Fspring%2Fcitizenship.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Husted_Harper" title="Ida Husted Harper">Harper, Ida Husted</a> (1898–1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog">The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony</a>, Vol 1 of 3.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa01harpgoog">The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony</a>, Vol. 2 of 3.</li> <li>Hewitt, Nancy A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Izg05RynLZgC">Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872</a>. Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0297-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0297-4">0-7391-0297-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerber1998" class="citation book cs1">Kerber, Linda K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noconstitutional00kerb/page/n25/mode/1up?">No Constitutional Right to be Ladies : women and the obligations of citizenship</a> (1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-7383-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-7383-8"><bdi>0-8090-7383-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Constitutional+Right+to+be+Ladies+%3A+women+and+the+obligations+of+citizenship&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8090-7383-8&rft.aulast=Kerber&rft.aufirst=Linda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoconstitutional00kerb%2Fpage%2Fn25%2Fmode%2F1up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aileen_S._Kraditor" title="Aileen S. Kraditor">Kraditor, Aileen S.</a> The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920 (1971).</li> <li>Lemay, Kate Clarke (2019). Votes for Women! A Portrait of Persistence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>McMillen, Sally Gregory (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzVRlFXiYswC">Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women's Rights Movement</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518265-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518265-0">0-19-518265-0</a>.</li> <li>Million, Joelle. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydeGAAAAMAAJ">Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman's Rights Movement</a>, Westport, CT: Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97877-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97877-X">0-275-97877-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorra1991" class="citation report cs1">Morra, Linda G. (June 20, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/assets/hrd-91-18.pdf">U.S. Insular Areas: Applicability of Relevant Provisions of the U.S. Constitution</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-17858-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-17858-7"><bdi>978-0-309-17858-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Voter+Registration+Databases%3A+Immediate+Actions+and+Future+Improvements%3A+Interim+Report&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-309-17858-7&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYix5Szd9kYC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Neuman, Johanna. And yet they persisted: how American women won the right to vote (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Yet-They-Persisted-American-Women/dp/1119530830/">excerpt</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodolefsky2014" class="citation journal cs1">Podolefsky, Ronnie L. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1776&context=ndlr">"Illusion of Suffrage: Female Voting Rights and the Women's Poll Tax Repeal Movement after the Nineteenth Amendment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_Review" title="Notre Dame Law Review">Notre Dame Law Review</a>. 73 (3). 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115225756/https://eprints.ucm.es/41949/1/T38584.pdf">Las aportaciones sociales y periodísticas de las mujeres en Puerto Rico: desde la llegada de la imprenta en los primeros años del siglo XIX hasta el primer tercio del siglo XX</a> [The Social and Journalistic Contributions of Women in Puerto Rico: From the Arrival of the Printing Press in the First Years of the 19th Century until the First Third of the 20th Century] (PDF) (PhD). Madrid, Spain: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Complutense_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Complutense de Madrid">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.ucm.es/41949/1/T38584.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Las+aportaciones+sociales+y+period%C3%ADsticas+de+las+mujeres+en+Puerto+Rico%3A+desde+la+llegada+de+la+imprenta+en+los+primeros+a%C3%B1os+del+siglo+XIX+hasta+el+primer+tercio+del+siglo+XX&rft.inst=Universidad+Complutense+de+Madrid&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rivera+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Lizbeth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.ucm.es%2F41949%2F1%2FT38584.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy-Féquière2004" class="citation book cs1">Roy-Féquière, Magali (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWi4kU9QP-YC&pg=PA78">Women, Creole Identity, and Intellectual Life in Early Twentieth-century Puerto Rico</a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-231-7"><bdi>978-1-59213-231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Creole+Identity%2C+and+Intellectual+Life+in+Early+Twentieth-century+Puerto+Rico&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-231-7&rft.aulast=Roy-F%C3%A9qui%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Magali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLWi4kU9QP-YC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schultz, Jaime (2013). "The Physical is Political: Women's Suffrage, Pilgrim Hikes and the Public Sphere", in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3dAAAAQBAJ">Women, Sport, Society: Further Reflections, Reaffirming Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, edited by Roberta J. Park and Patricia Vertinsky. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317985808" title="Special:BookSources/9781317985808">9781317985808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Firor_Scott" title="Anne Firor Scott">Scott, Anne Firor</a> and Scott, Andrew MacKay (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBMJGm4jc8C">One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage</a> Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01005-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01005-1">0-252-01005-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton, Elizabeth Cady</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony, Susan B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Gage, Matilda Joslyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ida_Husted_Harper" title="Ida Husted Harper">Harper, Ida</a> (1881–1922). <a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a> in six volumes. Rochester, NY: Susan B. Anthony (Charles Mann Press).</li> <li>Teele, Dawn Langan. Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women's Vote (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53857">Online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerborg-Penn1998" class="citation book cs1">Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kO8yRHeDxVcC&pg=PA49">"Enfranchising Women of Color: Woman Suffragists as Agents of Imperialism"</a>. In Pierson, Ruth Roach; Chaudhuri, Nupur; McAuley, Beth (eds.). Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 41–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-11386-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-11386-5"><bdi>0-253-11386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enfranchising+Women+of+Color%3A+Woman+Suffragists+as+Agents+of+Imperialism&rft.btitle=Nation%2C+Empire%2C+Colony%3A+Historicizing+Gender+and+Race&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=41-56&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-253-11386-5&rft.aulast=Terborg-Penn&rft.aufirst=Rosalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkO8yRHeDxVcC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerborg-Penn1987" class="citation book cs1">Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninafricaafr0000unse/page/43">"African Feminism: A Theoretical Approach to the History of Women in the African Diaspora"</a>. In Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn; Harley, Sharon; Rushing, Andrea Benton (eds.). Women in Africa and the African Diaspora. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Howard_University_Press" title="Howard University Press">Howard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninafricaafr0000unse/page/43">43–63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88258-171-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88258-171-6"><bdi>0-88258-171-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African+Feminism%3A+A+Theoretical+Approach+to+the+History+of+Women+in+the+African+Diaspora&rft.btitle=Women+in+Africa+and+the+African+Diaspora&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=43-63&rft.pub=Howard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-88258-171-6&rft.aulast=Terborg-Penn&rft.aufirst=Rosalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninafricaafr0000unse%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres_Rivera2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torres Rivera, Juan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115225757/http://www.puertadetierra.info/figuras/gente/genara/genara_pagan.htm">"Genara Pagán de Arce"</a>. Puerta de Tierra (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puertadetierra.info/figuras/gente/genara/genara_pagan.htm">the original</a> on November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puerta+de+Tierra&rft.atitle=Genara+Pag%C3%A1n+de+Arce&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Torres+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puertadetierra.info%2Ffiguras%2Fgente%2Fgenara%2Fgenara_pagan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValkBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Valk, Anne; Brown, Leslie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yb7HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">Living with Jim Crow: African American Women and Memories of the Segregated South</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10987-2"><bdi>978-0-230-10987-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+with+Jim+Crow%3A+African+American+Women+and+Memories+of+the+Segregated+South&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10987-2&rft.aulast=Valk&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Brown%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYb7HAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyne1904" class="citation book cs1">Van Dyne, Frederick (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenshipunit00goog/page/n92/mode/1up">Citizenship of the United States</a>. Rochester, NY: Lawyers' Co-operative Publishing Companyo. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1147861787">1147861787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Lawyers%27+Co-operative+Publishing+Companyo&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1147861787&rft.aulast=Van+Dyne&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenshipunit00goog%2Fpage%2Fn92%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Venet, Wendy Hamand (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfE0ULar1JgC">Neither Ballots nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War</a>. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813913421" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813913421">978-0813913421</a>.</li> <li>Walton, Mary (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAWbMy0IvkkC">A Woman's Crusade: Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot</a> New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61175-7">978-0-230-61175-7</a>.</li> <li>Ward, Geoffrey C., with essays by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Saxton" title="Martha Saxton">Martha Saxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_D._Gordon" title="Ann D. Gordon">Ann D. Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Carol_DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Carol DuBois">Ellen Carol DuBois</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSgqAAAAYAAJ">Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony</a>. New York: Alfred Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40560-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40560-7">0-375-40560-7</a>.</li> <li>Wellman, Judith (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C">The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Women's Rights Convention</a>, University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02904-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02904-6">0-252-02904-6</a>.</li> <li>Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE6lZpmLmK0C">New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507583-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507583-8">0-19-507583-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-suffrage">Anti-suffrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Anti-suffrage">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1992" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Anne M. (1992). A History of the Anti-Suffrage Movement in the United States from 1895 to 1920. Edwin Mellen Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Anti-Suffrage+Movement+in+the+United+States+from+1895+to+1920&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodier2013" class="citation book cs1">Goodier, Susan. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6hx17zZVU4C">No votes for women: the New York state anti-suffrage movement</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt2ttdcb">chapter summary</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252094675" title="Special:BookSources/9780252094675"><bdi>9780252094675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+votes+for+women%3A+the+New+York+state+anti-suffrage+movement&rft.pages=chapter+summary&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780252094675&rft.aulast=Goodier&rft.aufirst=Susan.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6hx17zZVU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrannon-Wranosky2014" class="citation book cs1">Brannon-Wranosky, essica (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=38811">Review of Goodier, Susan, No Votes for Women: The New York State Anti-Suffrage Movement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Goodier%2C+Susan%2C+No+Votes+for+Women%3A+The+New+York+State+Anti-Suffrage+Movement&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Brannon-Wranosky&rft.aufirst=essica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D38811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Elna C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587365">"From Antisuffragism to Anti-Communism: The Conservative Career of Ida M. Darden"</a>. Journal of Southern History. 65 (2): 287–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2587365">10.2307/2587365</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2587365">2587365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=From+Antisuffragism+to+Anti-Communism%3A+The+Conservative+Career+of+Ida+M.+Darden&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-316&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2587365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2587365%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Elna+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2587365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Jablonsky, Thomas J. (1994). The home, heaven, and mother party: Female anti-suffragists in the United States, 1868–1920. Carlson Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+home%2C+heaven%2C+and+mother+party%3A+Female+anti-suffragists+in+the+United+States%2C+1868%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Carlson+Pub.&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Jablonsky&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneally1967" class="citation book cs1">Kenneally, James J. (1967). Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts. Vol. 8. Catholic Historical Review. pp. 43–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+and+Woman+Suffrage+in+Massachusetts&rft.pages=43-57&rft.pub=Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Kenneally&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddux2004" class="citation book cs1">Maddux, Kristy (2004). When Patriots Protest: The Anti-Suffrage Discursive Transformation of 1917. Vol. 7. Rhetoric and Public Affairs. pp. 283–310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Patriots+Protest%3A+The+Anti-Suffrage+Discursive+Transformation+of+1917&rft.pages=283-310&rft.pub=Rhetoric+and+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Maddux&rft.aufirst=Kristy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1997" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Susan E. (1997). Splintered Sisterhood: Gender and Class in the Campaign against Woman Suffrage. University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splintered+Sisterhood%3A+Gender+and+Class+in+the+Campaign+against+Woman+Suffrage&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnaughy2013" class="citation book cs1">McConnaughy, Corrine M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfA0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251">The Woman Suffrage Movement in America: A Reassessment</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-43396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-43396-0"><bdi>978-1-107-43396-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Suffrage+Movement+in+America%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-43396-0&rft.aulast=McConnaughy&rft.aufirst=Corrine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfA0AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_E._Nielsen" title="Kim E. Nielsen">Nielsen, Kim E.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evShjdEUXygC&pg=PA79">Un-American womanhood : antiradicalism, antifeminism, and the first Red Scare</a>. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0882-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0882-3"><bdi>978-0-8142-0882-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un-American+womanhood+%3A+antiradicalism%2C+antifeminism%2C+and+the+first+Red+Scare&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0882-3&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Kim+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevShjdEUXygC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalczewski2005" class="citation book cs1">Palczewski, Catherine H. (2005). The male Madonna and the feminine Uncle Sam: Visual argument, icons, and ideographs in 1909 anti-woman suffrage postcards. Vol. 91. pp. 365–394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+male+Madonna+and+the+feminine+Uncle+Sam%3A+Visual+argument%2C+icons%2C+and+ideographs+in+1909+anti-woman+suffrage+postcards&rft.pages=365-394&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Palczewski&rft.aufirst=Catherine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, Louise L. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364357">"Women Anti-Suffragists in the 1915 Massachusetts Campaign"</a>. New England Quarterly. 52 (1): 80–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F364357">10.2307/364357</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364357">364357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Women+Anti-Suffragists+in+the+1915+Massachusetts+Campaign&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-93&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F364357&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F364357%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Louise+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F364357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurner1993" class="citation journal cs1">Thurner, Manuela. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_womens_history/v005/5.1.thurner.html">"'Better Citizens Without the Ballot': American AntiSuffrage Women and Their Rationale During the Progressive Era"</a>. Journal of Women's History. 5 (1): 33–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2010.0279">10.1353/jowh.2010.0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144309053">144309053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=%27Better+Citizens+Without+the+Ballot%27%3A+American+AntiSuffrage+Women+and+Their+Rationale+During+the+Progressive+Era&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-60&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2010.0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144309053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thurner&rft.aufirst=Manuela.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_womens_history%2Fv005%2F5.1.thurner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVacca2004" class="citation book cs1">Vacca, Carolyn Summers (2004). A reform against nature: woman suffrage and the rethinking of American citizenship, 1840–1920. Peter Lang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+reform+against+nature%3A+woman+suffrage+and+the+rethinking+of+American+citizenship%2C+1840%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Vacca&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+Summers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_DuBois" title="Ellen DuBois">DuBois, Ellen Carol</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qs0MngEACAAJ">The Elizabeth Cady Stanton–Susan B. Anthony Reader</a>. Boston: Northwestern University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-143-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55553-143-1">1-55553-143-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_DuBois" title="Ellen DuBois">DuBois, Ellen Carol</a> and Dumenil, Lynn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MVyngEACAAJ">Through Women's Eyes: An American History with Documents</a>, Vol. 1. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-46888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-46888-0">978-0-312-46888-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_D._Gordon" title="Ann D. Gordon">Gordon, Ann D.</a>, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C">The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: In the School of Anti-Slavery, 1840 to 1866</a>. Vol. 1 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2317-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2317-6">0-8135-2317-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_D._Gordon" title="Ann D. Gordon">Gordon, Ann D.</a>, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC">The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Against an aristocracy of sex, 1866 to 1873</a>. Vol. 2 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2318-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2318-4">0-8135-2318-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_D._Gordon" title="Ann D. Gordon">Gordon, Ann D.</a>, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSWhKqKt1moC">The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Place Inside the Body-Politic, 1887 to 1895</a>. Vol. 5 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2321-7">978-0-8135-2321-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Cassidy, Tina. Mr. President, how Long Must We Wait?: Alice Paul, Woodrow Wilson, and the Fight for the Right to Vote (2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnobe1911" class="citation journal cs1">Knobe, Bertha Damaris (August 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14733">"Recent Strides Of Woman Suffrage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXII (1): 14733–14745. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Recent+Strides+Of+Woman+Suffrage&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14733-14745&rft.date=1911-08&rft.aulast=Knobe&rft.aufirst=Bertha+Damaris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHAAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA14733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2020" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Meneese (2020). <a href="/wiki/We_Demand_the_Right_to_Vote" title="We Demand the Right to Vote">We Demand the Right to Vote</a>. Meneese wall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781734901009" title="Special:BookSources/9781734901009"><bdi>9781734901009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Demand+the+Right+to+Vote&rft.pub=Meneese+wall&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781734901009&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Meneese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2018" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Elaine (2018). <a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Hour:_The_Great_Fight_to_Win_the_Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote">The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143128991" title="Special:BookSources/9780143128991"><bdi>9780143128991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman%27s+Hour%3A+The+Great+Fight+to+Win+the+Vote&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780143128991&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/WomanSuffrage_map.shtml">Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838–1919</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/vote/">The Vote</a> – PBS American Experience documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collection/women-of-protest/about-this-collection/">Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/suffrage/nwp/detchron.pdf">Detailed Chronology of National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NWP_map-events.shtml">Database of National Woman's Party Actions Outside Washington D.C. 1914–1924</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NWP_DC_map-events.shtml">National Woman's Party Offices and Actions (Washington D.C. map)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NWP_project.shtml">National Woman's Party: a year-by-year history 1913–1922</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NWP_storymap.shtml">National Woman's Party 1912–1922: Timeline Story Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/iminerva/sets/72157604177179029/">UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm">International Woman Suffrage Timeline: Winning the Vote for Women Around the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823111624/http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm">Archived</a> August 23, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/category/women-rights/">The Liberator Files</a>, Items concerning women's rights from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sewallbelmont.org/">The Sewall-Belmont House & Museum – Home of the historic National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collection/women-of-protest/about-this-collection/">Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/browse-subject">Women's suffrage in the United States from 1908–1918: Select "Suffrage" subject, at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/19thamendment.html">19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li>Maurer, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwhm.org/exhibits/pathways-equality">"Pathways to Equality: The U.S. Women's Rights Movement Emerges"</a>. National Women's History Museum. 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Mayo" title="Edith Mayo">Mayo, Edith P.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwhm.org/exhibits/creating-female-political-culture">"Creating a Female Political Culture"</a>. National Women's History Museum. 2017.</li> <li>Digitized items from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/national-american-woman-suffrage-association/about-this-collection/">National American Women's Suffrage Collection</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm16014.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/search/searchterm/woman%20suffrage%20party%20of%20greater%20cleveland!1911-1920!suffrage/field/creato!date!all/mode/exact!exact!all/conn/and!and!all/order/date/ad/asc">Scrabooks of Newspaper Clippings compiled by the Woman Suffrage Party of Greater Cleveland</a> compiled between 1911 and 1920, available from <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/topics/progressive-era/womens-suffrage/">Newspaper articles and clippings about U.S. Women's Suffrage at Newspapers.com</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://women.ca.gov/women-of-color-and-the-fight-for-womens-suffrage/">Women of Color and the Fight for Women's Suffrage</a>", CCSWG</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Women's suffrage in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Women's suffrage in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's suffrage in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Alabama" title="Women's suffrage in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Alaska" title="Women's suffrage in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Women's suffrage in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arkansas" title="Women's suffrage in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_California" title="Women's suffrage in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colorado" title="Women's suffrage in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Connecticut (page does not exist)">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Delaware" title="Women's suffrage in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Florida" title="Women's suffrage in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Hawaii" title="Women's suffrage in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Illinois" title="Women's suffrage in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Indiana (page does not exist)">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Iowa" title="Women's suffrage in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Kansas (page does not exist)">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Kentucky (page does not exist)">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Louisiana (page does not exist)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Maine" title="Women's suffrage in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Maryland (page does not exist)">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Massachusetts (page does not exist)">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Michigan (page does not exist)">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Minnesota" title="Women's suffrage in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Mississippi (page does not exist)">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Missouri" title="Women's suffrage in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Montana" title="Women's suffrage in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Nebraska (page does not exist)">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Nevada" title="Women's suffrage in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in New Hampshire (page does not exist)">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Jersey" title="Women's suffrage in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in New York (page does not exist)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in North Carolina (page does not exist)">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_North_Dakota" title="Women's suffrage in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ohio" title="Women's suffrage in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Oklahoma (page does not exist)">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Pennsylvania" title="Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Rhode_Island" title="Women's suffrage in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_South_Dakota" title="Women's suffrage in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Tennessee (page does not exist)">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Texas" title="Women's suffrage in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Vermont (page does not exist)">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Washington (page does not exist)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in West Virginia (page does not exist)">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wisconsin" title="Women's suffrage in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal District">Federal District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Washington, D.C. (page does not exist)">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's suffrage in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suffrage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)">Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)">Forward statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)">Great Petition (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All">The Mother of Us All (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)">Votes for Women (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women">Up the Women (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette (2015 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a> (2018 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)">Lioness (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women&#039;s_rights_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Women's rights in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Women's rights in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's rights in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_rights_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Women's rights in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_mandate" title="Contraceptive mandate">contraceptive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control movement in the United States">movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_equal_rights_amendments" title="State equal rights amendments">State equal rights amendments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_the_United_States" title="Family planning in the United States">Family planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Marital rape in the United States">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_United_States" title="Divorce in the United States">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_protection_policies_in_the_United_States" title="Fetal protection policies in the United States">Fetal protection policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Gender pay gap in the United States">Gender pay gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Acts_in_the_United_States" title="Married Women's Property Acts in the United States">Married Women's Property Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnant_patients%27_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Pregnant patients' rights in the United States">Pregnant patients' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_States" title="Prostitution in the United States">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_abuse_of_sex_workers_in_the_United_States" title="Police abuse of sex workers in the United States">Police abuse of sex workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Composition_and_election_of_Members" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">House Electors Qualifications Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Time,_place,_and_manner_of_holding" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Congressional Elections Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1st Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th Amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal laws and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965">amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jurisdictions_subject_to_the_special_provisions_of_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965">covered jurisdictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Accessibility_for_the_Elderly_and_Handicapped_Act" title="Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act">Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act" title="Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act">Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Voting_Assistance_Program" title="Federal Voting Assistance Program">Federal Voting Assistance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_and_Overseas_Voter_Empowerment_Act" title="Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act">Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993" title="National Voter Registration Act of 1993">National Voter Registration Act of 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_America_Vote_Act" title="Help America Vote Act">Help America Vote Act of 2002</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Assistance_Commission" title="Election Assistance Commission">Election Assistance Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voter access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_voting" title="Early voting">Early voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">Initiatives and referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Postal voting in the United States">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_ballot" title="Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Voter registration in the United States">Voter registration in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_space#United_States" title="Voting in space">Voting in space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vote denial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States" title="Electoral fraud in the United States">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">Grandfather clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">Literacy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">Poll tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_caging" title="Voter caging">Voter caging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Voter identification laws in the United States">Voter ID laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vote dilution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">Multiple non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">One man, one vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">Felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Non-citizen suffrage in the United States">Foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage#United_States" title="Youth suffrage">Young adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American voting rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_federal_voting_rights" title="District of Columbia federal voting rights">District of Columbia residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Guam" title="Voting in Guam">Guam residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district">Northern Mariana Islands residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district">United States Virgin Islands residents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of voting rights in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#American_(United_States)" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">U.S. suffragists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_publications" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Publications</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">History of direct democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Electoral reform in the United States">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Ranked-choice voting in the United States">Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Susan_B._Anthony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Template:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Template talk:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Susan_B._Anthony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founder with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a> (1881 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B._Anthony_Papers" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Birthplace_Museum" title="Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum">Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum (Adams, Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Childhood_House" title="Susan B. Anthony Childhood House">Susan B. Anthony Childhood House (Battenville, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_House" title="Susan B. Anthony House">Susan B. Anthony House (Rochester, New York)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a> (U.S. Capitol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailed_for_Freedom" title="Jailed for Freedom">Jailed for Freedom</a> (1920 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All">The Mother of Us All</a> (1947 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony</a> (1999 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Douglass–Anthony Memorial Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Read_Anthony" title="Daniel Read Anthony">Daniel Read Anthony</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stafford_Anthony" title="Mary Stafford Anthony">Mary Stafford Anthony</a> (sister, associate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">1873 trial for unauthorized voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_abortion_dispute" title="Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute">Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Template:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Template talk:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seneca Falls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, 1848, co-founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a> (1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founder with <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Bible" title="The Woman's Bible">The Woman's Bible</a> (1895, 1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B._Anthony_Papers" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_House_(Seneca_Falls,_New_York)" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Seneca Falls, New York)">Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Seneca Falls, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_House_(Tenafly,_New_Jersey)" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Tenafly, New Jersey)">Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Tenafly, New Jersey)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a> (U.S. Capitol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Johnstown, New York, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Proposed_redesigns_of_the_10_dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Elizabeth_C._Stanton_(AP-69)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Elizabeth C. Stanton (AP-69)">USS Elizabeth C. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony</a> (1999 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brewster_Stanton" title="Henry Brewster Stanton">Henry Brewster Stanton (husband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stanton" title="Theodore Stanton">Theodore Stanton (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriot_Stanton_Blatch" title="Harriot Stanton Blatch">Harriot Stanton Blatch (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Stanton_Barney" title="Nora Stanton Barney">Nora Stanton Barney (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cady" title="Daniel Cady">Daniel Cady (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston (grandfather)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lucy_Stone" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lucy_Stone" title="Template:Lucy Stone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lucy_Stone" title="Template talk:Lucy Stone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lucy_Stone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lucy Stone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lucy_Stone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-initiated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Journal" title="Woman's Journal">Woman's Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="New England Woman Suffrage Association">New England Woman Suffrage Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone_League" title="Lucy Stone League">Lucy Stone League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone_Home_Site" title="Lucy Stone Home Site">Lucy Stone Home Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Browne_Blackwell" title="Henry Browne Blackwell">Henry Browne Blackwell</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Stone_Blackwell" title="Alice Stone Blackwell">Alice Stone Blackwell</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alice_Paul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alice_Paul" title="Template:Alice Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alice_Paul" title="Template talk:Alice Paul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alice_Paul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alice Paul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alice_Paul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiated and co-strategized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">1913 Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Terror_(event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of Terror (event)">Night of Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964#Aspects" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/90px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/135px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/180px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2624" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Alva Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Haynes_Irwin" title="Inez Haynes Irwin">Inez Haynes Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Lewis" title="Dora Lewis">Dora Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Milholland" title="Inez Milholland">Inez Milholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stevens" title="Doris Stevens">Doris Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Vernon" title="Mabel Vernon">Mabel Vernon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_ten-dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 ten-dollar coin">2012 ten-dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailed_for_Freedom" title="Jailed for Freedom">Jailed for Freedom</a> (1920 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels</a> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lucy_Burns" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lucy_Burns" title="Template:Lucy Burns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lucy_Burns" title="Template talk:Lucy Burns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lucy_Burns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lucy Burns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lucy_Burns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suffrage events (co-organized)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">1913 Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Terror_(event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of Terror (event)">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Burns Institute">Lucy Burns Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silent_Sentinels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silent_Sentinels" title="Template:Silent Sentinels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silent_Sentinels" title="Template talk:Silent Sentinels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silent_Sentinels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silent Sentinels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silent_Sentinels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sentinels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Ainge" title="Edith Ainge">Edith Ainge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_E._Allender" title="Nina E. Allender">Nina E. Allender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Arniel" title="Annie Arniel">Annie Arniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Scott_Baker" title="Abby Scott Baker">Abby Scott Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ritter_Beard" title="Mary Ritter Beard">Mary Ritter Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Alva Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Gwynne_Branham" title="Lucy Gwynne Branham">Lucy Gwynne Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Calderhead" title="Iris Calderhead">Iris Calderhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Tarleton_Colvin" title="Sarah Tarleton Colvin">Sarah Tarleton Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Emory" title="Julia Emory">Julia Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Hall_Gardner" title="Matilda Hall Gardner">Matilda Hall Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Bayard_Hilles" title="Florence Bayard Hilles">Florence Bayard Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins" title="Alison Turnbull Hopkins">Alison Turnbull Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Hurlbut" title="Julia Hurlbut">Julia Hurlbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hall_Ingham" title="Mary Hall Ingham">Mary Hall Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_O._Jakobi" title="Paula O. Jakobi">Paula O. Jakobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Lewis" title="Dora Lewis">Dora Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Henrietta_Martin" title="Anne Henrietta Martin">Anne Henrietta Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Mercer" title="Nell Mercer">Nell Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gooding_Rose_Meredith" title="Sophie Gooding Rose Meredith">Sophie Gooding Rose Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vida_Milholland" title="Vida Milholland">Vida Milholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_A._Morey" title="Katharine A. Morey">Katherine Morey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_A._Nolan" title="Mary A. Nolan">Mary A. Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Gram_Robinson" title="Alice Gram Robinson">Alice Gram Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Selden_Rogers" title="Elizabeth Selden Rogers">Elizabeth Selden Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spencer_(suffragist)" title="Caroline Spencer (suffragist)">Caroline Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stevens" title="Doris Stevens">Doris Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Gram_Swing" title="Betty Gram Swing">Betty Gram Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Terrell" title="Phyllis Terrell">Phyllis Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Vernon" title="Mabel Vernon">Mabel Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Wotherspoon_Wainwright" title="Evelyn Wotherspoon Wainwright">Evelyn Wotherspoon Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Himes_Walker" title="Amelia Himes Walker">Amelia Himes Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruza_Wenclawska" title="Ruza Wenclawska">Ruza Wenclawska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Shelton_White" title="Sue Shelton White">Sue Shelton White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fay_Whittemore" title="Margaret Fay Whittemore">Margaret Fay Whittemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Younger" title="Maud Younger">Maud Younger</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins_160032v_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins_160032v_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins_160032v_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins_160032v_%28cropped%29.jpg/137px-Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins_160032v_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins_160032v_%28cropped%29.jpg/182px-Alison_Turnbull_Hopkins_160032v_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2035" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorton_Reformatory" title="Lorton Reformatory">Occoquan Workhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailed_for_Freedom" title="Jailed for Freedom">Jailed for Freedom</a> (1920 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels</a> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Template:Sfn"," 6.78% 139.709 35 Template:ISBN"," 5.93% 122.239 1 Template:Feminism_sidebar"," 4.99% 102.912 14 Template:Navbox"," 4.85% 100.062 1 Template:United_States_topics"," 4.76% 98.093 1 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.107","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17975892,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnn_D._Gordon\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArendale1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlee1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrammell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrannon-Wranosky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurlingame2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaranoSanchez1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartagena2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCase\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapin1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeloriaLytle1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuBois2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubois1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaderman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallElyGrossman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_B._Blackwell1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollingsworth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHull1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImsande2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJablonsky1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJabour2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudith_E._Harper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneally1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerber1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnobe1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoseKukaShenhav2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunardiniKnock1980–1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddux2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarionOliver2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarjorie_Spruill_Wheeler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnaughy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMead2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_A._Lerner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorra1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Academy_of_SciencesNational_Research_Council2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalczewski2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalm2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayneSwain2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodolefsky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinovitch-Fox2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivera_Lassén2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivera_López2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss-Nazzal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy-Féquière2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRupp1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalam2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherr1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociety1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpruill_Wheeler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeele2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemkin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerborg-Penn1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerborg-Penn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres_Rivera2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVacca2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValkBrown2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Dyne1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"New_York_Suffrage\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Alice Paul\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 54,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Women's suffrage in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Elizabeth Cady Stanton\"] = 1,\n [\"Feminism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 35,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 8,\n [\"Lucy Burns\"] = 1,\n [\"Lucy Stone\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Silent Sentinels\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 18,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Suffrage\"] = 1,\n [\"Susan B. Anthony\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Voting rights in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Women's rights in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Women's suffrage in the United States\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","18.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","15.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.6"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","80","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getSiteLinkPageName","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","3.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.0"],["[others]","380","28.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fb7ms","timestamp":"20241124053526","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Women's suffrage in the United States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3246745","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3246745","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-01T06:01:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T12:23:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue%2C_1917.JPG","headline":"women's voting rights in the United States"}</script> </body> </html>