CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="fr-FR" xml:lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8">  <title>GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat) - Encyclopædia Universalis</title> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta name="generator" content="TYPO3 CMS" /> <meta name="description" content="Fondé en 1988 par le Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) et l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), le Groupe d’experts..." /> <meta name="robots" content="index, all, follow" /> <meta name="viewport" content="viewport-fit=cover, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="author" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:title" content="GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Fondé en 1988 par le Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) et l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) – en anglais, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) – est un organisme..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/giec/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Fondé en 1988 par le Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) et l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) – en anglais, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) – est un organisme..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/giec/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/giec/2-structure-du-giec/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'\u00e9volution du climat)","headline":"GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'\u00e9volution du climat)","description":"Fond\u00e9 en 1988 par le Programme des Nations unies pour l\u2019environnement (PNUE) et l\u2019Organisation m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique mondiale (OMM), le Groupe d\u2019experts intergouvernemental sur l\u2019\u00e9volution du climat (GIEC) \u2013\u00a0en anglais, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)\u00a0\u2013 est un organisme international qui regroupe 195\u00a0pays membres. Sa principale activit\u00e9 est d\u2019\u00e9laborer des rapports qui analysent et synth\u00e9tisent les travaux de recherche men\u00e9s dans le monde entier et publi\u00e9s dans la litt\u00e9rature scientifique. Ces rapports d\u2019\u00e9valuation pr\u00e9sentent ainsi, tous les cinq \u00e0 sept ans, l\u2019\u00e9tat des connaissances sur le changement climatique, ses cons\u00e9quences sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et l\u2019environnement et les possibilit\u00e9s de le...","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/giec\/","wordCount":"2495","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/giec\/","name":"GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'\u00e9volution du climat)"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Michel PETIT","familyName":"PETIT","givenName":"Michel","description":"Ancien membre du bureau du GIEC, ancien directeur de l'Institut national d'astronomie et de g\u00e9ophysique.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/michel-petit\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Sophie SZOPA","familyName":"SZOPA","givenName":"Sophie","description":"Directrice de recherche au Commissariat \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie atomique (CEA).","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/sophie-szopa\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}</script> <script type="application/ld+json">[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Classification","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Environnement","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Protection et gestion de l'environnement","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/protection-et-gestion-de-l-environnement\/"}],"numberOfItems":3,"itemListOrder":"Ascending","name":"Classification : Protection et gestion de l'environnement"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Classification","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Environnement","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Environnement: droit et politique","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/environnement-droit-et-politique\/"}],"numberOfItems":3,"itemListOrder":"Ascending","name":"Classification : Environnement: droit et politique"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Classification","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Environnement","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"D\u00e9gradation de l'environnement","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/degradation-de-l-environnement\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Changements de l'environnement global","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/degradation-de-l-environnement\/changements-de-l-environnement-global\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Effet de serre et r\u00e9chauffement climatique","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/environnement\/degradation-de-l-environnement\/changements-de-l-environnement-global\/effet-de-serre-et-rechauffement-climatique\/"}],"numberOfItems":5,"itemListOrder":"Ascending","name":"Classification : Effet de serre et r\u00e9chauffement climatique"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Classification","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Sciences humaines et sociales","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/sciences-humaines-et-sociales\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Politique","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/sciences-humaines-et-sociales\/politique\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Relations internationales","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/sciences-humaines-et-sociales\/politique\/relations-internationales\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Coop\u00e9ration internationale","item":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/classification\/sciences-humaines-et-sociales\/politique\/relations-internationales\/cooperation-internationale\/"}],"numberOfItems":5,"itemListOrder":"Ascending","name":"Classification : Coop\u00e9ration internationale"}]</script> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#526D78"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://statistiques.universalis.fr" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.inmobi.com" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Universalis FR" href="/_web/static/search-fr.xml" /> <link rel="manifest" href="/_web/static/manifest.json"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/_web/static/icons/favicon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/_web/static/icons/fr-apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 834px) and (device-height: 1194px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/11__iPad_Pro__10.5__iPad_Pro_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 810px) and (device-height: 1080px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/10.2__iPad_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 744px) and (device-height: 1133px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/8.3__iPad_Mini_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 810px) and (device-height: 1080px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/10.2__iPad_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 820px) and (device-height: 1180px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/10.9__iPad_Air_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 744px) and (device-height: 1133px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/8.3__iPad_Mini_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 1024px) and (device-height: 1366px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/12.9__iPad_Pro_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 428px) and (device-height: 926px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14_Plus__iPhone_13_Pro_Max__iPhone_12_Pro_Max_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 414px) and (device-height: 896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_11_Pro_Max__iPhone_XS_Max_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 1024px) and (device-height: 1366px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/12.9__iPad_Pro_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 768px) and (device-height: 1024px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/9.7__iPad_Pro__7.9__iPad_mini__9.7__iPad_Air__9.7__iPad_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 375px) and (device-height: 812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_13_mini__iPhone_12_mini__iPhone_11_Pro__iPhone_XS__iPhone_X_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 820px) and (device-height: 1180px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/10.9__iPad_Air_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 393px) and (device-height: 852px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14_Pro_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 414px) and (device-height: 896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_11_Pro_Max__iPhone_XS_Max_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 414px) and (device-height: 736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_8_Plus__iPhone_7_Plus__iPhone_6s_Plus__iPhone_6_Plus_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 320px) and (device-height: 568px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/4__iPhone_SE__iPod_touch_5th_generation_and_later_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 393px) and (device-height: 852px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14_Pro_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 414px) and (device-height: 896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_11__iPhone_XR_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 375px) and (device-height: 667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_8__iPhone_7__iPhone_6s__iPhone_6__4.7__iPhone_SE_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 320px) and (device-height: 568px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/4__iPhone_SE__iPod_touch_5th_generation_and_later_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 390px) and (device-height: 844px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14__iPhone_13_Pro__iPhone_13__iPhone_12_Pro__iPhone_12_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 375px) and (device-height: 812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_13_mini__iPhone_12_mini__iPhone_11_Pro__iPhone_XS__iPhone_X_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 834px) and (device-height: 1112px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/10.5__iPad_Air_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 390px) and (device-height: 844px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14__iPhone_13_Pro__iPhone_13__iPhone_12_Pro__iPhone_12_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 768px) and (device-height: 1024px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/9.7__iPad_Pro__7.9__iPad_mini__9.7__iPad_Air__9.7__iPad_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 430px) and (device-height: 932px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14_Pro_Max_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 428px) and (device-height: 926px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14_Plus__iPhone_13_Pro_Max__iPhone_12_Pro_Max_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 414px) and (device-height: 896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_11__iPhone_XR_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 375px) and (device-height: 667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: portrait)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_8__iPhone_7__iPhone_6s__iPhone_6__4.7__iPhone_SE_portrait.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 834px) and (device-height: 1112px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/10.5__iPad_Air_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 834px) and (device-height: 1194px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/11__iPad_Pro__10.5__iPad_Pro_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 414px) and (device-height: 736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_8_Plus__iPhone_7_Plus__iPhone_6s_Plus__iPhone_6_Plus_landscape.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width: 430px) and (device-height: 932px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (orientation: landscape)" href="/_web/static/img/splash/iPhone_14_Pro_Max_landscape.png"> <script>!function(a,b,c){if(c in b&&b[c]){var d,e=a.location,f=/^(a|html)$/i;a.addEventListener("click",function(a){for(d=a.target;!f.test(d.nodeName);)d=d.parentNode;"href"in d&&(d.href.indexOf("http")||~d.href.indexOf(e.host))&&(a.preventDefault(),e.href=d.href)},!1),a.querySelector("html").classList.add("standalone")}}(document,window.navigator,"standalone")</script> <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="//statistiques.universalis.fr/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <style>.swiper-container[data-loaded=false] .swiper-wrapper .swiper-slide{display:none}.swiper-container[data-loaded=false] .swiper-wrapper .swiper-slide:first-child{display:block}img{max-width:100%;height:auto;max-height:250px}img.d-formule{max-height:none}strong{font-weight:bold !important}.dark-mode body{background:#29363a !important}.loader{display:none;height:100vh}.loader:after{display:block;margin:auto;content:"";background:url(/_web/assets/img/banniere-fr.png) no-repeat center;background-size:contain;width:50%;height:50%;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%);opacity:.25}#page_3 .pub-container,#page_16 .pub-container{display:none !important}#skip{padding:5px 15px;position:absolute;background:rgba(0,0,0,.85);color:#fff;left:10%;transform:translateY(-100%);transition:transform .3s;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;z-index:100;text-decoration:none}#skip:focus{transform:translateY(0%);box-shadow:0 0 10px #333}.login-form-wrapper-mobile{display:none}.site-fr .article-quote{display:none !important}@media(max-width: 768px){.login-form-wrapper-mobile{display:block;text-align:center;margin-top:-1em;margin-bottom:1em}}body.loading{overflow:hidden}body.loading>*{display:none}body.loading .loader{display:block}.dropdown-menu,.d-none,#podcast audio{display:none}.list-inline-item{display:inline-block}.offcanvas{visibility:hidden}.main-navbar-wrapper .btn-universalis{background-color:#e8eced;color:#000;font-weight:normal}.offcanvas{display:none !important;height:0 !important}.offcanvas[data-loaded=true]{display:inherit !important;height:inherit !important}.clearfix{clear:both}.fr .is-edu{display:none !important}#podcast{min-height:90px}#article-medias-strip-junior{min-height:255px}#callSommaire{position:fixed;bottom:10px;left:10px;z-index:2}#qc-cmp2-ui{padding:10px !important}.qc-cmp2-summary-buttons{justify-content:space-around !important}.qc-cmp2-summary-buttons button[mode=secondary],.qc-cmp2-footer button[mode=secondary]{border:none;box-shadow:none}.eCBsvP.eCBsvP{height:auto !important}.qc-cmp-cleanslate{background-color:rgba(33,41,52,.95) !important}.fill-universalis{fill:#1c3479}.fill-universalis-up{fill:#526d78}@media(min-width: 768px){.qc-cmp2-publisher-logo-container{text-align:center}.qc-cmp2-publisher-logo-container figure img{display:block !important}}#page_14 .filter-article-container{display:none}#newsletter_subscription .text-light{color:#fff !important}#bandeau-footer{display:none}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="typo-css" href="/_web/assets/css/typo.css?t=20240418-1" /><script>let cssLoaded=!1,bodyLoaded=!1;const loadedTO=setTimeout((()=>{cssLoaded=!0,bodyLoaded=!0,loaded()}),5e3),loaded=function(){cssLoaded&&bodyLoaded&&document.body.classList.contains("loading")&&(document.body.className=document.body.className.replace("loading","").trim(),clearTimeout(loadedTO))};</script> <link rel="preload" href="/_web/assets/css/lazy.css?t=20240418-1" as="style" media="all" crossorigin onload="this.rel=`stylesheet`; cssLoaded = true; loaded()" /><style>.breadcrumb{--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg: ;--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius: ;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color: #6c757d;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color: #6c757d;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "/") /* rtl: var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "/") */}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.breadcrumb{padding:.5rem 1rem !important;background-color:#f5f5f5 !important;border-radius:.375rem !important}.breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item i.label-sub{font-size:.85em;font-weight:normal}.breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item a{text-decoration:none}.breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item.active{font-weight:bold}.breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8, <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="far" data-icon="chevron-double-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="svg-inline--fa fa-chevron-double-right fa-w-14 fa-7x"><path style="fill: rgb(97, 104, 118);" d="M57.7 38.1l209.4 209.4c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17L57.7 473.9c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-19.8-19.8c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17L201.6 256 20.9 74.9c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l19.8-19.8c4.7-4.7 12.3-4.7 17 0zm143 0l-19.8 19.8c-4.7 4.7-4.7 12.3 0 17L361.6 256 180.9 437.1c-4.7 4.7-4.7 12.3 0 17l19.8 19.8c4.7 4.7 12.3 4.7 17 0l209.4-209.4c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.3 0-17L217.7 38.1c-4.7-4.7-12.3-4.7-17 0z" class=""></path></svg>');background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;content:"";width:.5rem;height:100%;margin-right:.5rem}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color: #212529;--bs-list-group-bg: #fff;--bs-list-group-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-list-group-border-width: 1px;--bs-list-group-border-radius: 0.375rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color: #495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: #495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;--bs-list-group-action-active-color: #212529;--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-list-group-disabled-color: #6c757d;--bs-list-group-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-list-group-active-color: #fff;--bs-list-group-active-bg: #526d78;--bs-list-group-active-border-color: #526d78;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}.list-group-numbered{list-style-type:none;counter-reset:section}.list-group-numbered>.list-group-item::before{content:counters(section, ".") ". ";counter-increment:section}.list-group-item-action{width:100%;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-color);text-align:inherit}.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-action:focus{z-index:1;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg)}.list-group-item-action:active{color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-bg)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item.disabled,.list-group-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-bg)}.list-group-item.active{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-list-group-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-border-color)}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-top:calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-horizontal{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}@media(min-width: 576px){.list-group-horizontal-sm{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.list-group-horizontal-md{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 992px){.list-group-horizontal-lg{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.list-group-horizontal-xl{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1400px){.list-group-horizontal-xxl{flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child){border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}.list-group-flush{border-radius:0}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item{border-width:0 0 var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.list-group-item-primary{color:#314148;background-color:#dce2e4}.list-group-item-primary.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-primary.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#314148;background-color:#c6cbcd}.list-group-item-primary.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#314148;border-color:#314148}.list-group-item-secondary{color:#192023;background-color:#d4d7d8}.list-group-item-secondary.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-secondary.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#192023;background-color:#bfc2c2}.list-group-item-secondary.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#192023;border-color:#192023}.list-group-item-success{color:#0f5132;background-color:#d1e7dd}.list-group-item-success.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-success.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#0f5132;background-color:#bcd0c7}.list-group-item-success.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#0f5132;border-color:#0f5132}.list-group-item-info{color:#055160;background-color:#cff4fc}.list-group-item-info.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-info.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#055160;background-color:#badce3}.list-group-item-info.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#055160;border-color:#055160}.list-group-item-warning{color:#664d03;background-color:#fff3cd}.list-group-item-warning.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-warning.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#664d03;background-color:#e6dbb9}.list-group-item-warning.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#664d03;border-color:#664d03}.list-group-item-danger{color:#851a31;background-color:#f8d5dc}.list-group-item-danger.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-danger.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#851a31;background-color:#dfc0c6}.list-group-item-danger.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#851a31;border-color:#851a31}.list-group-item-light{color:#5d5e5f;background-color:#fafbfb}.list-group-item-light.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-light.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#5d5e5f;background-color:#e1e2e2}.list-group-item-light.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#5d5e5f;border-color:#5d5e5f}.list-group-item-dark{color:#192023;background-color:#d4d7d8}.list-group-item-dark.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-dark.list-group-item-action:focus{color:#192023;background-color:#bfc2c2}.list-group-item-dark.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#192023;border-color:#192023}.badge{--bs-badge-padding-x: 0.65em;--bs-badge-padding-y: 0.35em;--bs-badge-font-size:0.75em;--bs-badge-font-weight: 700;--bs-badge-color: #fff;--bs-badge-border-radius: 0.375rem;display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-badge-padding-y) var(--bs-badge-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-badge-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-badge-font-weight);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-badge-color);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:baseline;border-radius:var(--bs-badge-border-radius)}.badge:empty{display:none}.btn .badge{position:relative;top:-1px}.btn-group,.btn-group-vertical{position:relative;display:inline-flex;vertical-align:middle}.btn-group>.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto}.btn-group>.btn-check:checked+.btn,.btn-group>.btn-check:focus+.btn,.btn-group>.btn:hover,.btn-group>.btn:focus,.btn-group>.btn:active,.btn-group>.btn.active,.btn-group-vertical>.btn-check:checked+.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn-check:focus+.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn:hover,.btn-group-vertical>.btn:focus,.btn-group-vertical>.btn:active,.btn-group-vertical>.btn.active{z-index:1}.btn-toolbar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start}.btn-toolbar .input-group{width:auto}.btn-group{border-radius:.375rem}.btn-group>:not(.btn-check:first-child)+.btn,.btn-group>.btn-group:not(:first-child){margin-left:-1px}.btn-group>.btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),.btn-group>.btn.dropdown-toggle-split:first-child,.btn-group>.btn-group:not(:last-child)>.btn{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.btn-group>.btn:nth-child(n+3),.btn-group>:not(.btn-check)+.btn,.btn-group>.btn-group:not(:first-child)>.btn{border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.dropdown-toggle-split{padding-right:.5625rem;padding-left:.5625rem}.dropdown-toggle-split::after,.dropup .dropdown-toggle-split::after,.dropend .dropdown-toggle-split::after{margin-left:0}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle-split::before{margin-right:0}.btn-sm+.dropdown-toggle-split,.btn-group-sm>.btn+.dropdown-toggle-split{padding-right:.375rem;padding-left:.375rem}.btn-lg+.dropdown-toggle-split,.btn-group-lg>.btn+.dropdown-toggle-split{padding-right:.75rem;padding-left:.75rem}.btn-group-vertical{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center}.btn-group-vertical>.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group{width:100%}.btn-group-vertical>.btn:not(:first-child),.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:first-child){margin-top:-1px}.btn-group-vertical>.btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:last-child)>.btn{border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.btn-group-vertical>.btn~.btn,.btn-group-vertical>.btn-group:not(:first-child)>.btn{border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}.pagination{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.375rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:0.95rem;--bs-pagination-color: var(--bs-link-color);--bs-pagination-bg: #fff;--bs-pagination-border-width: 1px;--bs-pagination-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.375rem;--bs-pagination-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-pagination-hover-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-hover-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-focus-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-pagination-focus-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(82, 109, 120, 0.25);--bs-pagination-active-color: #fff;--bs-pagination-active-bg: #526d78;--bs-pagination-active-border-color: #526d78;--bs-pagination-disabled-color: #6c757d;--bs-pagination-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color: #dee2e6;display:flex;padding-left:0;list-style:none}.page-link{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-pagination-padding-y) var(--bs-pagination-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-pagination-font-size);color:var(--bs-pagination-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-bg);border:var(--bs-pagination-border-width) solid var(--bs-pagination-border-color);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.page-link{transition:none}}.page-link:hover{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-border-color)}.page-link:focus{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-bg);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow)}.page-link.active,.active>.page-link{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-border-color)}.page-link.disabled,.disabled>.page-link{color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color)}.page-item:not(:first-child) .page-link{margin-left:-1px}.page-item:first-child .page-link{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius)}.page-item:last-child .page-link{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius)}.pagination-lg{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 1.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1.1875rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.5rem}.pagination-sm{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:0.83125rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.25rem}.list-group a.list-group-item{border-color:#f8fafc}.list-group a.list-group-item.active{background-color:#526d78}.list-group a.list-group-item h3{margin:0;line-height:1.5;font-size:.95rem;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";padding-bottom:0}.list-group a.list-group-item h3:hover{color:#fff}.list-group a.list-group-item h3 .badge{line-height:1.25}.list-group a.list-group-item:hover{background-color:#526d78;color:#fff}.list-group a.list-group-item:hover h3{color:inherit}i.anchor{display:block;position:relative;visibility:hidden;top:calc(-25vh + 15px)}.article__props{font-size:.8rem;color:#000;font-style:italic;padding:.2rem 0;margin:0 auto;display:block}.content h6,.h6,h5,.h5,h4,.h4,h3,.h3,h2,.h2,h1,.h1{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:.5rem}titre_main+titre_subs{margin-left:.25em}pc,.pc{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8em}h2 .pc,h3 .pc,h4 .pc,h5 .pc,h6 .pc{font-size:inherit !important}.sup-sub{position:relative;margin-right:1rem}.sup-sub sup,.sup-sub sub,.sup-sub inf{position:absolute;display:block;left:0}.sup-sub sup{top:.25rem}.sup-sub sub,.sup-sub inf{bottom:.25rem}p:empty{display:none !important}.content.whole .read-more{display:none}blockquote{position:relative;text-align:center;padding:1rem 1.4rem;width:80%;margin:1rem auto 2rem;font-family:Times;font-style:italic;box-shadow:0 .5rem 1rem rgba(0,0,0,.15);border-radius:.375rem}blockquote:before{position:absolute;color:#526d78;font-size:3rem;content:"«";top:-22px;margin-right:-28px;right:100%}blockquote:after{position:absolute;color:#526d78;font-size:3rem;content:"»";margin-left:-28px;left:100%;top:auto;bottom:-12px}.offcanvas,.offcanvas-xxl,.offcanvas-xl,.offcanvas-lg,.offcanvas-md,.offcanvas-sm{--bs-offcanvas-zindex: 1045;--bs-offcanvas-width: 400px;--bs-offcanvas-height: 30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-offcanvas-color: ;--bs-offcanvas-bg: #fff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width: 1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075)}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.offcanvas-sm{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out}}@media(max-width: 575.98px)and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.offcanvas-sm{transition:none}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-top{top:0;right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-bottom:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-bottom{right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-top:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(100%)}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.offcanvas-sm.showing,.offcanvas-sm.show:not(.hiding){transform:none}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.offcanvas-sm.showing,.offcanvas-sm.hiding,.offcanvas-sm.show{visibility:visible}}@media(min-width: 576px){.offcanvas-sm{--bs-offcanvas-height: auto;--bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;background-color:transparent !important}.offcanvas-sm .offcanvas-header{display:none}.offcanvas-sm .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible;background-color:transparent !important}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.offcanvas-md{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out}}@media(max-width: 767.98px)and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.offcanvas-md{transition:none}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.offcanvas-md.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.offcanvas-md.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.offcanvas-md.offcanvas-top{top:0;right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-bottom:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.offcanvas-md.offcanvas-bottom{right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-top:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(100%)}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.offcanvas-md.showing,.offcanvas-md.show:not(.hiding){transform:none}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.offcanvas-md.showing,.offcanvas-md.hiding,.offcanvas-md.show{visibility:visible}}@media(min-width: 768px){.offcanvas-md{--bs-offcanvas-height: auto;--bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;background-color:transparent !important}.offcanvas-md .offcanvas-header{display:none}.offcanvas-md .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible;background-color:transparent !important}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.offcanvas-lg{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out}}@media(max-width: 991.98px)and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.offcanvas-lg{transition:none}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-top{top:0;right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-bottom:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-bottom{right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-top:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(100%)}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.showing,.offcanvas-lg.show:not(.hiding){transform:none}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.showing,.offcanvas-lg.hiding,.offcanvas-lg.show{visibility:visible}}@media(min-width: 992px){.offcanvas-lg{--bs-offcanvas-height: auto;--bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;background-color:transparent !important}.offcanvas-lg .offcanvas-header{display:none}.offcanvas-lg .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible;background-color:transparent !important}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px)and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.offcanvas-xl{transition:none}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-top{top:0;right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-bottom:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-bottom{right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-top:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(100%)}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl.showing,.offcanvas-xl.show:not(.hiding){transform:none}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.offcanvas-xl.showing,.offcanvas-xl.hiding,.offcanvas-xl.show{visibility:visible}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.offcanvas-xl{--bs-offcanvas-height: auto;--bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;background-color:transparent !important}.offcanvas-xl .offcanvas-header{display:none}.offcanvas-xl .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible;background-color:transparent !important}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px)and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.offcanvas-xxl{transition:none}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-top{top:0;right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-bottom:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(-100%)}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-bottom{right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-top:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(100%)}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl.showing,.offcanvas-xxl.show:not(.hiding){transform:none}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.offcanvas-xxl.showing,.offcanvas-xxl.hiding,.offcanvas-xxl.show{visibility:visible}}@media(min-width: 1400px){.offcanvas-xxl{--bs-offcanvas-height: auto;--bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;background-color:transparent !important}.offcanvas-xxl .offcanvas-header{display:none}.offcanvas-xxl .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible;background-color:transparent !important}}.offcanvas{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.offcanvas{transition:none}}.offcanvas.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-top{top:0;right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-bottom:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(-100%)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-bottom{right:0;left:0;height:var(--bs-offcanvas-height);max-height:100%;border-top:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateY(100%)}.offcanvas.showing,.offcanvas.show:not(.hiding){transform:none}.offcanvas.showing,.offcanvas.hiding,.offcanvas.show{visibility:visible}.offcanvas-backdrop{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:1040;width:100vw;height:100vh;background-color:#000}.offcanvas-backdrop.fade{opacity:0}.offcanvas-backdrop.show{opacity:.5}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) * .5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x) * .5);margin-top:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y));margin-right:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y))}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.5}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.article__single__toc .float-end{float:right !important}.article__single__toc .list-group-item{border:none;border-radius:0}.article__single__toc .list-group-item i{transition:transform .2s;position:absolute;left:.25rem;margin-top:.25rem}.article__single__toc .list-group-item.expanded i{transform:rotateZ(90deg)}.article__single__toc>.list-group{background:transparent}.article__single__toc>.list-group>.list-group{margin-left:.5em}.article__single__toc>.list-group>.list-group>.list-group{margin-left:.75em;border-left:1px solid #ccc}.article__single__toc>.list-group>.list-group>.list-group>.list-group-item{padding:.5em}#callSommaire{position:fixed;bottom:10px;left:10px;z-index:2}.free-toc-container{position:fixed;bottom:3em;left:.5em;max-width:300px;z-index:10}@media(max-width: 768px){.free-toc-container{bottom:5em}}#free-toc{max-height:calc(100vh - 275px);overflow:auto}.free-toc-container .list-group a{text-decoration:none}.free-toc-container .list-group li:not(.active):hover{background-color:#f5f5f5;color:#fff}.free-toc-container .list-group .active a{color:#fff;pointer-events:none;font-weight:bold}.pagination{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.375rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:0.95rem;--bs-pagination-color: var(--bs-link-color);--bs-pagination-bg: #fff;--bs-pagination-border-width: 1px;--bs-pagination-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.375rem;--bs-pagination-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-pagination-hover-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-hover-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-focus-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-pagination-focus-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(82, 109, 120, 0.25);--bs-pagination-active-color: #fff;--bs-pagination-active-bg: #526d78;--bs-pagination-active-border-color: #526d78;--bs-pagination-disabled-color: #6c757d;--bs-pagination-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color: #dee2e6;display:flex;padding-left:0;list-style:none}.page-link{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-pagination-padding-y) var(--bs-pagination-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-pagination-font-size);color:var(--bs-pagination-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-bg);border:var(--bs-pagination-border-width) solid var(--bs-pagination-border-color);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.page-link{transition:none}}.page-link:hover{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-border-color)}.page-link:focus{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-bg);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow)}.page-link.active,.active>.page-link{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-border-color)}.page-link.disabled,.disabled>.page-link{color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color)}.page-item:not(:first-child) .page-link{margin-left:-1px}.page-item:first-child .page-link{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius)}.page-item:last-child .page-link{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-pagination-border-radius)}.pagination-lg{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 1.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1.1875rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.5rem}.pagination-sm{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:0.83125rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.25rem}.table{--bs-table-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-table-bg: transparent;--bs-table-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-table-accent-bg: transparent;--bs-table-striped-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-table-striped-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--bs-table-active-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-table-active-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--bs-table-hover-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-table-hover-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);width:100%;margin-bottom:1rem;color:var(--bs-table-color);vertical-align:top;border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table>:not(caption)>*>*{padding:.5rem .5rem;background-color:var(--bs-table-bg);border-bottom-width:1px;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 9999px var(--bs-table-accent-bg)}.table>tbody{vertical-align:inherit}.table>thead{vertical-align:bottom}.table-group-divider{border-top:2px solid currentcolor}.caption-top{caption-side:top}.table-sm>:not(caption)>*>*{padding:.25rem .25rem}.table-bordered>:not(caption)>*{border-width:1px 0}.table-bordered>:not(caption)>*>*{border-width:0 1px}.table-borderless>:not(caption)>*>*{border-bottom-width:0}.table-borderless>:not(:first-child){border-top-width:0}.table-striped>tbody>tr:nth-of-type(odd)>*{--bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-striped-bg);color:var(--bs-table-striped-color)}.table-striped-columns>:not(caption)>tr>:nth-child(even){--bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-striped-bg);color:var(--bs-table-striped-color)}.table-active{--bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-active-bg);color:var(--bs-table-active-color)}.table-hover>tbody>tr:hover>*{--bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-hover-bg);color:var(--bs-table-hover-color)}.table-primary{--bs-table-color: #000;--bs-table-bg: #dce2e4;--bs-table-border-color: #c6cbcd;--bs-table-striped-bg: #d1d7d9;--bs-table-striped-color: #000;--bs-table-active-bg: #c6cbcd;--bs-table-active-color: #000;--bs-table-hover-bg: #ccd1d3;--bs-table-hover-color: #000;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-secondary{--bs-table-color: #000;--bs-table-bg: #e2e3e5;--bs-table-border-color: #cbccce;--bs-table-striped-bg: #d7d8da;--bs-table-striped-color: #000;--bs-table-active-bg: #cbccce;--bs-table-active-color: #000;--bs-table-hover-bg: #d1d2d4;--bs-table-hover-color: #000;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-success{--bs-table-color: #000;--bs-table-bg: #d1e7dd;--bs-table-border-color: #bcd0c7;--bs-table-striped-bg: #c7dbd2;--bs-table-striped-color: #000;--bs-table-active-bg: #bcd0c7;--bs-table-active-color: #000;--bs-table-hover-bg: #c1d6cc;--bs-table-hover-color: #000;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-info{--bs-table-color: #000;--bs-table-bg: #cff4fc;--bs-table-border-color: #badce3;--bs-table-striped-bg: #c5e8ef;--bs-table-striped-color: #000;--bs-table-active-bg: #badce3;--bs-table-active-color: #000;--bs-table-hover-bg: #bfe2e9;--bs-table-hover-color: #000;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-warning{--bs-table-color: #000;--bs-table-bg: #fff3cd;--bs-table-border-color: #e6dbb9;--bs-table-striped-bg: #f2e7c3;--bs-table-striped-color: #000;--bs-table-active-bg: #e6dbb9;--bs-table-active-color: #000;--bs-table-hover-bg: #ece1be;--bs-table-hover-color: #000;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-danger{--bs-table-color: #000;--bs-table-bg: #f8d5dc;--bs-table-border-color: #dfc0c6;--bs-table-striped-bg: #eccad1;--bs-table-striped-color: #000;--bs-table-active-bg: #dfc0c6;--bs-table-active-color: #000;--bs-table-hover-bg: #e5c5cc;--bs-table-hover-color: #000;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-light{--bs-table-color: #000;--bs-table-bg: #e8eced;--bs-table-border-color: #d1d4d5;--bs-table-striped-bg: #dce0e1;--bs-table-striped-color: #000;--bs-table-active-bg: #d1d4d5;--bs-table-active-color: #000;--bs-table-hover-bg: #d7dadb;--bs-table-hover-color: #000;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-dark{--bs-table-color: #fff;--bs-table-bg: #29363a;--bs-table-border-color: #3e4a4e;--bs-table-striped-bg: #344044;--bs-table-striped-color: #fff;--bs-table-active-bg: #3e4a4e;--bs-table-active-color: #fff;--bs-table-hover-bg: #394549;--bs-table-hover-color: #fff;color:var(--bs-table-color);border-color:var(--bs-table-border-color)}.table-responsive{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.table-responsive-sm{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.table-responsive-md{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.table-responsive-lg{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.table-responsive-xl{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.table-responsive-xxl{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}}span.rg{font-weight:bold}.lined-bg{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, #606dbc, #606dbc 10px, #465298 10px, #465298 20px)}@media(min-width: 768px){.geography-list-group{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);display:grid;grid-gap:.5rem}.geography-list-group .list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:1px}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.geography-list-group{grid-template-columns:repeat(3, 1fr);display:grid;grid-gap:.5rem}.geography-list-group .list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:1px}}table .note{font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.1;position:relative;padding-left:.8rem;display:block;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-style:italic}table .note b{position:absolute;font-style:normal;left:0;top:0}h1 em.label-sub{font-style:normal}.event-date{font-size:1rem;font-style:italic;color:#526d78}.event-label{font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.event-label .event-date{font-size:.8em}.badge{background-color:#e8eced !important;border-radius:0;color:#526d78}.badge.text-bg-primary{color:#fff !important;background-color:#0d6efd !important}.badge.text-bg-success{color:#fff !important;background-color:#198754 !important}.badge .bad a{text-decoration:underline}.event-single .badge{font-size:.85rem;font-weight:normal;margin-top:-0.25rem;padding-left:1rem !important;padding-right:1rem !important}.figure{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}@media(max-width: 768px){.figure{background:#f5f5f5;box-shadow:0 .125rem .25rem rgba(0,0,0,.075);margin-bottom:1em !important;padding-top:.5em !important}.figure .popover{background:transparent}.figure .popover .popover-header{color:#222}}img.media_resized{max-width:100%;height:auto;width:auto;margin:0 auto;max-height:200px}.protected{position:relative}.protected:after{position:absolute;content:"";width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;background:transparent}@media(min-width: 992px){.inline-media-group{display:flex;justify-content:space-around}}@media screen and (max-width: 480px){.nav.nav-tabs{display:block}.nav.nav-tabs .nav-item{display:block !important}.nav.nav-tabs .nav-link{border:none;width:100%;margin:0}.nav.nav-tabs .nav-link.active{background-color:#e8eced;margin:0}}.index-list{border:1px solid #dfdfdf;background-color:#fafafa;border-radius:.375em;box-shadow:0 .125rem .25rem rgba(0,0,0,.075) !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important;margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important;padding:1rem}.index-list a{padding:.125em .25em;border-radius:.375em;display:inline-block}.index-list a.active{background:#526d78;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.index-list a.text-muted{color:#a4a9ae !important}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y: 1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x: 1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width: 1px;--bs-card-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius: 0.375rem;--bs-card-box-shadow: ;--bs-card-inner-border-radius: calc(0.375rem - 1px);--bs-card-cap-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-cap-color: ;--bs-card-height: ;--bs-card-color: ;--bs-card-bg: #fff;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding: 1rem;--bs-card-group-margin: 0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius)}.card>hr{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.card>.list-group{border-top:inherit;border-bottom:inherit}.card>.list-group:first-child{border-top-width:0;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card>.list-group:last-child{border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card>.card-header+.list-group,.card>.list-group+.card-footer{border-top:0}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-title{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y)}.card-subtitle{margin-top:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y));margin-bottom:0}.card-text:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.card-link+.card-link{margin-left:var(--bs-card-spacer-x)}.card-header{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-bottom:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-header:first-child{border-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) 0 0}.card-footer{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-top:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-footer:last-child{border-radius:0 0 var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-header-tabs{margin-right:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-1 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y));margin-left:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));border-bottom:0}.card-header-tabs .nav-link.active{background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);border-bottom-color:var(--bs-card-bg)}.card-header-pills{margin-right:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-left:calc(-.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x))}.card-img-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:var(--bs-card-img-overlay-padding);border-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-img,.card-img-top,.card-img-bottom{width:100%}.card-img,.card-img-top{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-img,.card-img-bottom{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.card-group>.card{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-group-margin)}@media(min-width: 576px){.card-group{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}.card-group>.card{flex:1 0 0%;margin-bottom:0}.card-group>.card+.card{margin-left:0;border-left:0}.card-group>.card:not(:last-child){border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-img-top,.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-header{border-top-right-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-img-bottom,.card-group>.card:not(:last-child) .card-footer{border-bottom-right-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:first-child){border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-img-top,.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-header{border-top-left-radius:0}.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-img-bottom,.card-group>.card:not(:first-child) .card-footer{border-bottom-left-radius:0}}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: 1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: 0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: #314148;--bs-alert-bg: #dce2e4;--bs-alert-border-color: #cbd3d7}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#27343a}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: #192023;--bs-alert-bg: #d4d7d8;--bs-alert-border-color: #bfc3c4}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#141a1c}.alert-success{--bs-alert-color: #0f5132;--bs-alert-bg: #d1e7dd;--bs-alert-border-color: #badbcc}.alert-success .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: #055160;--bs-alert-bg: #cff4fc;--bs-alert-border-color: #b6effb}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color: #664d03;--bs-alert-bg: #fff3cd;--bs-alert-border-color: #ffecb5}.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-danger{--bs-alert-color: #851a31;--bs-alert-bg: #f8d5dc;--bs-alert-border-color: #f5bfcb}.alert-danger .alert-link{color:#6a1527}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: #5d5e5f;--bs-alert-bg: #fafbfb;--bs-alert-border-color: #f8f9fa}.alert-light .alert-link{color:#4a4b4c}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: #192023;--bs-alert-bg: #d4d7d8;--bs-alert-border-color: #bfc3c4}.alert-dark .alert-link{color:#141a1c}.media-landing .media-reference-copy{display:block;position:relative !important;top:auto;left:auto;width:auto;height:auto}.media-landing .media-reference-copy:after{content:"Afficher le média";background:rgba(255,255,255,.1);position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;color:#222;font-size:2em;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:0 0 5px #fff;backdrop-filter:blur(5px)}.media-landing .media-reference-copy img{width:auto !important;height:auto !important}</style><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "name": "Encyclopædia Universalis", "alternateName": "Universalis", "url": "https://www.universalis.fr", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/EncyclopedieUniversalis/", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/encyclopaedia-universalis", "https://www.twitter.com/universalisfr", "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow" ] } </script> </head> <body id="page_3" class="edu SENIOR loading" > <div class="loader"></div> <a href="#main-content" id="skip"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-arrow-down"></i> Accéder au contenu </a> <header class="d-none d-md-block d-print-none"> <div class="container row-between"> <a class="header-logo mr-3" title="Retour à la page d'accueil" href="/"> <svg viewBox="0 0 370 76.44" height="70" width="277" id="logo-main"> <text class="fill-universalis text-darkblue" transform="translate(74.25 37.1)" font-family="Arial" font-size="43.37"> <tspan x="0" y="0">UNIVERSALIS</tspan> </text> <text class="text-darkblue subtitle" transform="translate(76.75 66.74)" font-family="Arial" font-size="35.8"> <tspan class="fill-universalis-up" x="0" y="0" font-size=".85em">.fr</tspan> </text> <g> <path class="fill-universalis-up" d="M57,6.36H4.25C1.9,6.36,0,8.27,0,10.62V62.51c0,2.35,1.9,4.25,4.25,4.25H57c2.35,0,4.25-1.9,4.25-4.25V10.62c0-2.35-1.9-4.25-4.25-4.25ZM29.63,31.87h7.33v8.06c-.77-1.77-1.61-2.99-2.96-4.38-1.41-1.44-2.42-2.35-4.36-3.29v-.39Zm2.37,29.2c-.85,.68-1.75,1.28-2.71,1.75-.11,.05-.22,.1-.33,.15H13.39c-1.67-.77-3.19-1.8-4.53-3.14-3.13-3.13-4.69-7.06-4.69-11.77s1.56-8.84,4.67-12.04c3.12-3.19,7.02-4.79,11.72-4.79,2.71,0,5.14,.49,7.3,1.43,1.81,.79,3.44,1.9,4.87,3.36,1.35,1.38,2.4,2.97,3.17,4.74,1,2.31,1.52,4.94,1.52,7.9l-.03,1.51H11.86c.37,2.25,1.36,4.04,2.95,5.37,1.6,1.33,3.64,1.99,6.13,1.99,2.79,0,4.96-.67,6.99-2.49l6.74,3.26c-.84,1.12-1.61,1.9-2.67,2.75Zm24.74-15.61c0,5.53-.44,9.31-1.31,11.35-1.07,2.49-2.64,4.39-4.72,5.72-.24,.15-.49,.3-.75,.44h-14.33c-.44-.23-.87-.49-1.26-.77-.26-.18-.43-.29-.66-.49,.29-.3,2.13-2.54,3.11-3.92,0,0-7.13-3.32-7.3-3.39-.22-1.04-.28-1.34-.44-2.83h7.98c.1,1.11,.27,1.26,.5,1.93,.41,1.15,1.07,2.05,1.97,2.69,.9,.64,2.02,.96,3.34,.96s2.45-.32,3.37-.95c.92-.63,1.61-1.55,2.06-2.78,.33-.91,.5-2.86,.5-5.85v-15.51h7.95v13.42Z"/> <path class="fill-universalis-up" d="M29.44,43.92c-.32-1.09-.87-2.04-1.58-2.88-.44-.52-.93-1-1.52-1.43-1.54-1.11-3.34-1.66-5.38-1.66-2.22,0-4.16,.62-5.83,1.86-1.05,.78-2.02,2.14-2.92,4.11H29.44Z"/> </g> </svg> </a> <div class="p-1 d-flex justify-content-end flex-column" style="height: 80px"> <div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper" style="align-items: flex-end; display: flex; flex-direction: column" data-identification_uri="/identification/"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="toast-manager"></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="d-print-none sticky-top"> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Navigation mobile" class="main-navbar-wrapper shadow"> <a class="navbar-brand-md d-none d-md-block" href="/"> <img alt="Universalis" src=" /typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/b/csm_eu-blanc-2x_3bdd01b6ad.webp " width="32" height="32" alt=""> </a> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark"> <a class="navbar-brand d-md-none" href="/"> <img alt="Universalis" src=" /typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/b/csm_eu-blanc-2x_3bdd01b6ad.webp " width="36" height="36" alt=""> </a> <div id="navbar-collapse-grid" class="navbar-collapse collapse pt-2 pt-md-0"> <ul class="navbar-nav me-auto"> <li><a href="/" title="Niveaux" class="nav-link">Accueil</a></li> <li><a href="/atlas/" title="Atlas" class="nav-link">Atlas</a></li><li><a href="/datapays/" title="DataPays" class="nav-link">DataPays</a></li><li><a href="/classification/" title="Classification" class="nav-link">Classification</a></li><li><a href="/dictionnaire/" title="Dictionnaire français Universalis : retrouvez toutes les définitions, étymologies, expressions, synonymes, exemples, et flexions de plus de 120 000 mots de la langue française." class="nav-link">Dictionnaire</a></li><li><a href="https://boutique.universalis.fr" title="Boutique" class="nav-link">Boutique</a></li> </ul> </div> <form method="get" name="searchQuery" class="flex-grow-1 my-1" id="search-form" autocomplete="off" action="/recherche/redirect/"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[__referrer][@extension]" value="SolrData" /> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[__referrer][@controller]" value="SearchForm" /> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[__referrer][@action]" value="showFr" /> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[__referrer][arguments]" value="YTowOnt9789d077876a7a0adeb4a9a4c4853f315af9bb201" /> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[__referrer][@request]" value="{"@extension":"SolrData","@controller":"SearchForm","@action":"showFr"}db953a457671272659a1e7710096726899d321a7" /> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[__trustedProperties]" value="{"data-action":1,"searchQuery":{"resultType":1,"searchedString":1}}36e15bfcc110b23d6ba91a6810381c8ec6b87146" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[data-action]" value="https://www.universalis.fr/recherche/___searchedString___/article/1/" /> <input type="hidden" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[searchQuery][resultType]" value="ARTICLE" /> <div class="input-wrapper input-group"> <input placeholder="Rechercher sur Universalis" class="form-control" id="searchedString" autocomplete="off" type="text" name="tx_solrdata_pi1[searchQuery][searchedString]" value="" /> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-light"> <span class="d-none d-md-block">Recherche</span> <span class="visually-hidden">Recherche</span> <span class="d-md-none"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-magnifying-glass"></i></span> </button> </div> </form> <button title="Afficher / masquer le menu du site" class="navbar-toggler ms-1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbar-collapse-grid"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <main class="site-fr container main rounded-bottom shadow mb-3"> <div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat), Genèse du GIEC" href="/encyclopedie/giec/"> 1. Genèse du GIEC </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat), Structure du GIEC" href="/encyclopedie/giec/2-structure-du-giec/"> 2. Structure du GIEC </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat), L'élaboration des rapports du GIEC" href="/encyclopedie/giec/3-l-elaboration-des-rapports-du-giec/"> 3. L'élaboration des rapports du GIEC </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat), Les critiques faites au GIEC" href="/encyclopedie/giec/4-les-critiques-faites-au-giec/"> 4. Les critiques faites au GIEC </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat), Les apports du GIEC" href="/encyclopedie/giec/5-les-apports-du-giec/"> 5. Les apports du GIEC </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>GIEC </strong><span class="rm">(Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT233043_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT233043_0"></i><p> Fondé en 1988 par le Programme des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondée le 24 octobre 1945, l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) est, dans l'histoire du xx e siècle, le second organisme international à compétences multiples doté d'une vocation mondiale en ce qui concerne tant ses missions que sa composition. Elle succède à la Société des Nations (SDN), créée par le traité de Versailles en 1919 et dissoute lors de la première assemblée g�..." title="Article : ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES (ONU)" href="/encyclopedie/organisation-des-nations-unies-onu/">Nations unies</a> pour l’environnement (PNUE) et l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) – en anglais, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) – est un organisme international qui regroupe 195 pays membres. Sa principale activité est d’élaborer des rapports qui analysent et synthétisent les travaux de recherche menés dans le monde entier et publiés dans la littérature scientifique. Ces rapports d’évaluation présentent ainsi, tous les cinq à sept ans, l’état des connaissances sur le changement climatique, ses conséquences sur la société et l’environnement et les possibilités de le maîtriser. En 2007, le GIEC a obtenu le prix Nobel de la paix, conjointement avec Al Gore, « pour les efforts de construction et de diffusion des connaissances concernant les changements climatiques causés par l’homme, et pour avoir donné des bases aux décisions qui permettront de lutter contre ces changements ». En 2022, Le GIEC est co-lauréat, avec l’Ipbes (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services), du prix Gulbenkian pour l’humanité en reconnaissance « du rôle de la science en première ligne de la lutte contre le changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité ».</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT233043_1"><i class="anchor" id="yT233043_1"></i><h2>Genèse du GIEC</h2><p> Les études sur le climat réalisées au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle par des précurseurs – comme le Français Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), le Britannique John Tyndall (1820-1893) et le Suédois Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) – sont approfondies dans la seconde moitié du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle grâce au développement de technologies qui permettent un plus grand nombre d’observations et l'utilisation de modèles numériques. En 1964, le météorologue suédois Bert R. J. Bolin (1925-2007) favorise au sein du Conseil international des unions scientifiques (ICSU, pour International Council of Scientific Unions) – devenu depuis Conseil international pour la science (International Science Council) – la création en collaboration avec l'OMM du Committee on Atmospheric Sciences (CAS). Il en devient le président et lance, en 1967, le Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), qui donnera naissance en 1980 au Programme mondial de recherche sur le climat. Bert Bolin est également l'un des coauteurs du rapport Bruntland (1987) sur le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La notion de développement durable, traduction convenue à défaut d'être satisfaisante de l'anglais sustainable development , a été popularisée par le rapport de la Commission mondiale sur l'environnement et le développement, créée en 1983 par l'O.N.U. et présidée par Gro Harlem Brundtland jusqu'en 1987. Elle a été ensuite promue par les Sommets de Rio (1992) puis de Johannesb..." title="Article : DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE" href="/encyclopedie/developpement-durable/">développement durable</a>, publié par le PNUE et qui servira de base de discussions lors de la conférence de Rio en 1992. En 1988, il joue un rôle central dans la création du GIEC et en assurera la présidence jusqu’en 1997.</p><p>En décembre 1988, l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies fixe la mission du GIEC. Elle consiste à préparer, sur la base des informations scientifiques disponibles, un état des connaissances de tous les aspects du changement climatique et de ses impacts, incluant les aspects socio-économiques. Le GIEC doit aussi analyser les stratégies pour répondre au changement climatique et rassembler les éléments de connaissance nécessaires à la mise en place d’une convention internationale sur le climat, qui sera finalement adoptée en 1992. Le GIEC doit ainsi fournir des éléments pertinents mais non prescriptifs aux États pour qu’ils puissent effectuer des choix politiques au regard de ce changement climatique. Pour cela, il fonctionne par cycles, d’une durée d’environ six ans, correspondant au temps d’élaboration d’une série de rapports. </p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T233043_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PETIT, Michel"><a title="Auteur : Michel PETIT" rel="author" href="/auteurs/michel-petit/"><strong>Michel PETIT</strong></a> : ancien membre du bureau du GIEC, ancien directeur de l'Institut national d'astronomie et de géophysique </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="SZOPA, Sophie"><a title="Auteur : Sophie SZOPA" rel="author" href="/auteurs/sophie-szopa/"><strong>Sophie SZOPA</strong></a> : directrice de recherche au Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat)" href="/carte-mentale/giec/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT233043_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Environnement" href="/classification/environnement/"> Environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Protection et gestion de l'environnement"> <a title="Classification : Protection et gestion de l'environnement" href="/classification/environnement/protection-et-gestion-de-l-environnement/"> Protection et gestion de l'environnement </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Environnement" href="/classification/environnement/"> Environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Environnement: droit et politique"> <a title="Classification : Environnement: droit et politique" href="/classification/environnement/environnement-droit-et-politique/"> Environnement: droit et politique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Environnement" href="/classification/environnement/"> Environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Dégradation de l'environnement" href="/classification/environnement/degradation-de-l-environnement/"> Dégradation de l'environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Changements de l'environnement global" href="/classification/environnement/degradation-de-l-environnement/changements-de-l-environnement-global/"> Changements de l'environnement global </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Effet de serre et réchauffement climatique"> <a title="Classification : Effet de serre et réchauffement climatique" href="/classification/environnement/degradation-de-l-environnement/changements-de-l-environnement-global/effet-de-serre-et-rechauffement-climatique/"> Effet de serre et réchauffement climatique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Relations internationales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/relations-internationales/"> Relations internationales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Coopération internationale"> <a title="Classification : Coopération internationale" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/relations-internationales/cooperation-internationale/"> Coopération internationale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT233043_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/rapport-d-evaluation-du-g-i-e-c-3e/"> <span class="rg">GIEC (3<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="pc">RAPPORT D'ÉVALUATION DU)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Robert KANDEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">901 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Dans son troisième rapport, finalisé et publié au premier trimestre de 2001, le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (G.I.E.C., ou I.P.C.C. en anglais) a confirmé la réalité du réchauffement planétaire au cours du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle; l'influence significative et...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/rapport-d-evaluation-du-g-i-e-c-4e/"> <span class="rg">GIEC (4<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="pc">RAPPORT D'ÉVALUATION DU)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul DELÉAGE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">699 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Après six ans de travail auquel ont participé quelque deux mille cinq cents scientifiques du monde entier, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondé en 1988 par le Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) et l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) – en anglais, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) – est un organisme international qui regroupe 195 pays membres. Sa principale activité est d’élaborer des rapport..." title="Article : GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat)" href="/encyclopedie/giec/">GIEC</a>, Groupement intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (en anglais IPCC pour Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), a remis son quatrième rapport d'évaluation en 2007. Cet...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/rapport-d-evaluation-du-g-i-e-c-5e/"> <span class="rg">GIEC (5<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="pc">RAPPORT D'ÉVALUATION DU)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean JOUZEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 065 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : GIEC (5e RAPPORT D'&Eacute;VALUATION DU)" href="/encyclopedie/rapport-d-evaluation-du-g-i-e-c-5e/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Manchot papou - crédits : S. Estvanik/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/4/csm_ph120306a_eb1fc21110.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Tous les cinq à six ans le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC), créé en 1988 sous l‘auspice de deux institutions onusiennes, le Programme des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondée le 24 octobre 1945, l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) est, dans l'histoire du xx e siècle, le second organisme international à compétences multiples doté d'une vocation mondiale en ce qui concerne tant ses missions que sa composition. Elle succède à la Société des Nations (SDN), créée par le traité de Versailles en 1919 et dissoute lors de la première assemblée g�..." title="Article : ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES (ONU)" href="/encyclopedie/organisation-des-nations-unies-onu/">Nations unies</a> pour l’environnement (PNUE) et l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), nous livre son diagnostic...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/rapport-d-evaluation-du-giec-6e/"> <span class="rg">GIEC (6<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="pc">RAPPORT D'ÉVALUATION DU)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Nathalie de NOBLET-DUCOUDRÉ</span> et <span rel="author">Sophie SZOPA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 794 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : GIEC (6e RAPPORT D'&Eacute;VALUATION DU)" href="/encyclopedie/rapport-d-evaluation-du-giec-6e/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Disparition du glacier Okjökull (Islande) - crédits : Nasa Earth Observatory" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/8/csm_ph220387_a6413b21e0.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Créé en 1988, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondé en 1988 par le Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) et l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM), le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) – en anglais, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) – est un organisme international qui regroupe 195 pays membres. Sa principale activité est d’élaborer des rapport..." title="Article : GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat)" href="/encyclopedie/giec/">GIEC</a>, Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat, publie régulièrement des rapports faisant la synthèse des connaissances scientifiques sur le changement climatique, les risques associés, des moyens de s’y adapter et de l’atténuer. Pour son sixième exercice...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bert-richard-johannes-bolin/"> <span class="rg">BOLIN </span><span class="pc">BERT RICHARD JOHANNES </span><span class="rm">(1925-2007)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">278 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le climatologue suédois Bert Bolin fut l'un des membres fondateurs du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (G.I.E.C.). Ses efforts furent couronnés par l'attribution du prix Nobel de la paix 2007 au G.I.E.C., partagé avec l'ancien vice-président des Etats-Unis Al Gore....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/changement-anthropique-du-climat/#c49621"> <span class="rg">CHANGEMENT ANTHROPIQUE DU CLIMAT</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Louis DUFRESNE</span> et <span rel="author">Céline GUIVARCH</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 203 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHANGEMENT ANTHROPIQUE DU CLIMAT" href="/encyclopedie/changement-anthropique-du-climat/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Exploitation du gaz de schiste aux États-Unis - crédits : Jane Pargiter/EcoFlight" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/8/csm_ph210404_e5cdc4b824.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> En 1988, le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC, IPCC en anglais pour Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) a été créé par l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) et le Programme des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondée le 24 octobre 1945, l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) est, dans l'histoire du xx e siècle, le second organisme international à compétences multiples doté d'une vocation mondiale en ce qui concerne tant ses missions que sa composition. Elle succède à la Société des Nations (SDN), créée par le traité de Versailles en 1919 et dissoute lors de la première assemblée g�..." title="Article : ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES (ONU)" href="/encyclopedie/organisation-des-nations-unies-onu/">Nations unies</a> pour l'environnement (PNUE). Son objectif principal... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/changement-climatique-et-evenements-meteorologiques-majeurs/#c49621"> <span class="rg"> CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE ET ÉVÉNEMENTS MÉTÉOROLOGIQUES MAJEURS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pascal YIOU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 677 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE ET &Eacute;V&Eacute;NEMENTS M&Eacute;T&Eacute;OROLOGIQUES MAJEURS" href="/encyclopedie/changement-climatique-et-evenements-meteorologiques-majeurs/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Cartes de pression dans l'Atlantique nord en hiver - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/f/csm_ca151094_0211e82c61.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...2012] et les inondations en Angleterre en 2000 [Pall et al., 2011]. La science de la détection-attribution fait l’objet d’un chapitre des rapports du G.I.E.C., depuis sa création [Bindoff et al., 2013 pour le dernier rapport du G.I.E.C.]. Les outils statistiques, les observations et les modèles n’ont... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/climats-notions-de-base/#c49621"> <span class="rg">CLIMATS </span><span class="rm">(notions de base)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 593 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CLIMATS (notions de base)" href="/encyclopedie/climats-notions-de-base/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Atmosphère et climats - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/a/csm_an020002_50b8b4e6fc.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Selon le cinquième rapport du G.I.E.C. (Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat), publié en 2013 et 2014, le changement climatique a déjà eu ces dernières décennies des impacts sur tous les continents et dans les océans, essentiellement sur les systèmes naturels. Dans de nombreuses... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/giec/"> Afficher les 18 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. Tous droits de propriété industrielle et intellectuelle réservés.</p> </footer> <a href="javascript:" class="btn btn-primary" id="back-to-top" title="Retour en haut de page"><i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <script> // noinspection ES6ConvertVarToLetConst,JSUnusedGlobalSymbols var subscription_uri = 'https://www.universalis.fr/abonnement/' bodyLoaded = true; loaded(); </script> <script>(()=>{var e,a,r,_,d,c={},b={};function __webpack_require__(e){var a=b[e];if(void 0!==a)return a.exports;var r=b[e]={id:e,loaded:!1,exports:{}};return c[e].call(r.exports,r,r.exports,__webpack_require__),r.loaded=!0,r.exports}__webpack_require__.m=c,__webpack_require__.n=e=>{var a=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return __webpack_require__.d(a,),a},__webpack_require__.d=(e,a)=>{for(var r in a)__webpack_require__.o(a,r)&&!__webpack_require__.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:a[r]})},__webpack_require__.f={},__webpack_require__.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(__webpack_require__.f).reduce(((a,r)=>(__webpack_require__.f[r](e,a),a)),[])),__webpack_require__.u=e=>"js/"+e+"."+{13:"80d7e21db2f95ae99720",26:"378d7d0789f5af40346c",32:"f20d73ca82d98e7527c8",69:"7313a4f3fed161acce4b",89:"c626d929711e7d9749bb",596:"f42a3891c8a58bdfb96a",603:"ea3de1982fc803344bdd",689:"31c396836cb7e99e178d",709:"d4e0658f463af05ae223",897:"3e91b02003555b671e4b",1095:"9e59e92f30df1ec926e4",1203:"76e8c707d971e06822da",1250:"9865f41df828b2e8b447",1292:"93adae3e6784d8a8a976",1349:"9efae443d9392248187c",1377:"446728afc62ef1c19520",1394:"86027a2d101b1eb260c8",1419:"1387d471be2d6ae0a0aa",1641:"20b900e0adda4c80db1d",1651:"c86d270cf7725cab1d79",1956:"74c8ff5a5ca0f4903469",2034:"10aef63b282d61d6c639",2035:"e1aebed4bfd6bd09ee7e",2353:"44bbdb8df13e8a622208",2372:"a22ed3ddae437e986477",2724:"0bf0368274ee9e0747d2",2832:"eb28f9840b1271c7d62a",2936:"62bb94fb29069bd56587",2966:"2c1ff93e3007f7225cb8",2979:"d966b75bfce67342eeac",3107:"4ae39080543abe3da100",3138:"75edb076a18972355143",3195:"8dc5dbdee19baf1191a1",3292:"4204bb21e63dbda3313b",3493:"b843364884901abc3eb0",3559:"0407e4aa7480eddd0ef1",3581:"e65b43625d381405a12c",3716:"d6ab7b12b699eee673e0",3862:"4213b001dbf03cea161e",3963:"49b1c889b28a0c5714d1",4123:"874e7dece76e9760a495",4152:"70172b2b6a2202bc19e4",4254:"05f327b93d437c2f3601",4299:"37495161e93e1b14a62a",4325:"88bc29304269c158b066",4407:"767000e4cd0f3e15307e",4512:"f82c4b423f5c0dbd30dd",4531:"7457626c1fb01d704537",4644:"2721494c4c12cc6d3bc2",4785:"a097bbcd58df09778180",4840:"1b05bd12ede150f03e77",4947:"676f3abafc2b02c5fa31",5015:"211414a16467b37cae34",5058:"c0ca6a30fe8b53f6d2b2",5106:"908216bcff18d3fd7aad",5133:"74d1d5d467c9be5ef47a",5267:"e5a307f4cc5995492285",5274:"0be3aa33d3ffc719dcff",5505:"313286a530596f7a6b25",5662:"9b43b1237225d7ff7542",5667:"851d77804ca881f31ac9",5797:"861f7e8a005e9a4063c6",5865:"f1a798618f3b6f9903b0",5977:"bf7db06c1133a66449f3",5987:"028c01be18ffb17f5482",6017:"f4e0251f6746e3f339f1",6322:"30a126263c6970e6793a",6363:"9d5f249f8ba4467549c4",6574:"6f9df14941f855202a9d",6903:"d6dfc26ae3076c85ed1f",7024:"f436d8b414f7a558c554",7084:"4cdc22dfd7d247240602",7090:"291628b7c2c07c2d6f94",7131:"c27aefd28ade057122d1",7204:"3e5234153f1f490db272",7262:"0380fb22702b7b1fbf61",7269:"a46d5b5fe65c5fd574e8",7329:"430ef38cd030411e470c",7335:"920664487a3d2ae93e13",7345:"66b366ea63a5ec112a1d",7357:"557d366dc6db747c3062",7363:"f3c9aaf269ff7f29b793",7369:"38be51a057fc00f0f7ef",7539:"45b957bf1324ccf78ffe",7697:"35e517bb715e4b5c7b10",7794:"4e5dcc0a46043951fd82",8010:"1d4a0c12caaaca4542da",8113:"1a49932d3f9f58a0e19b",8151:"286ead9d06e13c599aa4",8211:"983a3e4ce7f9d841c8fb",8224:"972a60c780f0448a5f47",8236:"2aead7cb9f823d2b0bd9",8285:"01146be20c37f70177c6",8519:"69cf4d6707f67ab66004",8603:"5723927781ff4ed61db8",8661:"7093c6c8677b30f38493",8852:"d237c16bb6b8e4258674",9019:"633dbe3b28ca96a0abf5",9049:"d9917b1342dda4789bae",9198:"097d936d40dd0f3aa9da",9229:"5d03eb6d1503a7e3708e",9411:"fa23eea5dd4e55cc2da6",9416:"6ee4ffb0e861caab07f2",9529:"f93f4d7733e910b1cad8",9612:"48e1d8ac85448df568dc",9767:"51e75328b2c6a3d3fe16"}[e]+".bundle.js",__webpack_require__.miniCssF=e=>4826===e?"css/index.css":"css/"+e+".css",__webpack_require__.g=function(){if("object"==typeof globalThis)return globalThis;try{return this||new Function("return this")()}catch(e){if("object"==typeof window)return window}}(),__webpack_require__.o=(e,a)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,a),e={},a="@universalis/web_fr:",__webpack_require__.l=(r,_,d,c)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(_);else{var b,f;if(void 0!==d)for(var t=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),i=0;i<t.length;i++){var n=t[i];if(n.getAttribute("src")==r||n.getAttribute("data-webpack")==a+d){b=n;break}}b||(f=!0,(b=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",b.timeout=120,__webpack_require__.nc&&b.setAttribute("nonce",__webpack_require__.nc),b.setAttribute("data-webpack",a+d),b.src=r),e[r]=[_];var onScriptComplete=(a,_)=>{b.onerror=b.onload=null,clearTimeout(u);var d=e[r];if(delete e[r],b.parentNode&&b.parentNode.removeChild(b),d&&d.forEach((e=>e(_))),a)return a(_)},u=setTimeout(onScriptComplete.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:b}),12e4);b.onerror=onScriptComplete.bind(null,b.onerror),b.onload=onScriptComplete.bind(null,b.onload),f&&document.head.appendChild(b)}},__webpack_require__.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},__webpack_require__.nmd=e=>(e.paths=[],e.children||(e.children=[]),e),__webpack_require__.p="/_web/assets/",r=(e,a,r)=>{var _=document.createElement("link");return _.rel="stylesheet",_.type="text/css",_.onload=a,_.onerror=function(a){var d=a&&a.target&&a.target.src||e,c=new Error("Loading CSS chunk "+chunkId+" failed.\n("+d+")");c.code="CSS_CHUNK_LOAD_FAILED",c.request=d,_.parentNode.removeChild(_),r(c)},_.href=e,document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(_),_},_=e=>new Promise(((a,_)=>{var d=__webpack_require__.miniCssF(e),c=__webpack_require__.p+d;if(((e,a)=>{for(var r=document.getElementsByTagName("link"),_=0;_<r.length;_++){var d=(b=r[_]).getAttribute("data-href")||b.getAttribute("href");if("stylesheet"===b.rel&&(d===e||d===a))return b}var c=document.getElementsByTagName("style");for(_=0;_<c.length;_++){var b;if((d=(b=c[_]).getAttribute("data-href"))===e||d===a)return b}})(d,c))return a();r(c,a,_)})),d={4826:0},__webpack_require__.f.miniCss=(e,a)=>{d[e]?a.push(d[e]):0!==d[e]&&{1203:1,2724:1,2979:1,4644:1,5667:1,6363:1}[e]&&a.push(d[e]=_(e).then((()=>{d[e]=0}),(a=>{throw delete d[e],a})))},(()=>{var e={4826:0};__webpack_require__.f.j=(a,r)=>{var _=__webpack_require__.o(e,a)?e[a]:void 0;if(0!==_)if(_)r.push(_[2]);else{var d=new Promise(((r,d)=>_=e[a]=[r,d]));r.push(_[2]=d);var c=__webpack_require__.p+__webpack_require__.u(a),b=new Error;__webpack_require__.l(c,(r=>{if(__webpack_require__.o(e,a)&&(0!==(_=e[a])&&(e[a]=void 0),_)){var d=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),c=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;b.message="Loading chunk "+a+" failed.\n("+d+": "+c+")",b.name="ChunkLoadError",b.type=d,b.request=c,_[1](b)}}),"chunk-"+a,a)}};var webpackJsonpCallback=(a,r)=>{var _,d,[c,b,f]=r,t=0;if(c.some((a=>0!==e[a]))){for(_ in b)__webpack_require__.o(b,_)&&(__webpack_require__.m[_]=b[_]);if(f)f(__webpack_require__)}for(a&&a(r);t<c.length;t++)d=c[t],__webpack_require__.o(e,d)&&e[d]&&e[d][0](),e[d]=0},a=self.webpackChunk_universalis_web_fr=self.webpackChunk_universalis_web_fr||[];a.forEach(webpackJsonpCallback.bind(null,0)),a.push=webpackJsonpCallback.bind(null,a.push.bind(a))})(),__webpack_require__.nc=void 0,document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(function(){__webpack_require__.e(3138).then(__webpack_require__.bind(__webpack_require__,73138)).then((function(){Promise.all([__webpack_require__.e(9529),__webpack_require__.e(2372)]).then(__webpack_require__.bind(__webpack_require__,82372)).then((function(e){e.default()}))}))}))})();</script> <script> let eu_article_ucode = "T233043"</script> </body> </html>