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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the seeds grown for food. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grain (disambiguation)">Grain (disambiguation)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grain" title="Special:EditPage/Grain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grain%22">"Grain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>grain</b> is a small, hard, dry <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a>) – with or without an attached <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">hull</a> layer – harvested for <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <b>grain crop</b> is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhaniyangal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dhaniyangal.jpg/300px-Dhaniyangal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dhaniyangal.jpg/450px-Dhaniyangal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dhaniyangal.jpg/600px-Dhaniyangal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></a><figcaption>Various food grains at a market in India</figcaption></figure> <p>After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a>, such as starchy fruits (<a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, and more). This durability has made grains well suited to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a>, since they can be mechanically <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvested</a>, transported by rail or ship, stored for long periods in <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milled</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> or <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">pressed</a> for <a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">oil</a>. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Grain_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain market">grain market</a> is a major global <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodity market</a> that includes crops such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and other grains. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Grains_and_cereal"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Grains and cereal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cereal_grains"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cereal grains</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Warm-season_cereals"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Warm-season cereals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Cool-season_cereals"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cool-season cereals</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Pseudocereal_grains"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pseudocereal grains</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pulses"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pulses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Oilseeds"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Oilseeds</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mustard_family"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mustard family</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Aster_family"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Aster family</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other_families"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other families</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ancient_grains"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient grains</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Historical_importance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Historical importance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Trade"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Trade</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Occupational_safety_and_health"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Occupational safety and health</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Grains_and_cereal">Grains and cereal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Grains and cereal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Grains and cereal are synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopses</a>, the fruits of the <a href="/wiki/Grass_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass family">grass family</a>. In agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble caryopses. For example, <a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a> is sold as "<a href="/wiki/Amaranth_grain" title="Amaranth grain">grain amaranth</a>", and amaranth products may be described as "whole grains". The pre-Hispanic civilizations of the Andes had grain-based food systems, but at higher elevations none of the grains was a <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a>. All three grains native to the Andes (<a href="/wiki/Kaniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaniwa">kaniwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwicha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwicha">kiwicha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>) are broad-leafed plants rather than grasses such as corn, rice, and wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png/300px-Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="3169"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 323px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png/300px-Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png" data-width="300" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png/450px-Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png/600px-Wheat-kernel_nutrition.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Illustration of a wheat kernel, its composition and the nutritional values of its parts.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cereal_grains">Cereal grains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cereal grains" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereal</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/300px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1082"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/300px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/450px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/600px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">Harvesting</a> a cereal with a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> accompanied by a tractor and trailer.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg/300px-Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="470"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg/300px-Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg/450px-Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg/600px-Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Cereal grains: (top) <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a><br>(middle) <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a><br>(bottom) <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a> cultivated for its edible grain. Cereals are the world's largest crops, and are therefore <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. Edible grains from other plant families, such as <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a>. Most cereals are <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a>, producing one crop from each planting, though rice is sometimes grown as a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>. Winter varieties are hardy enough to be planted in the autumn, becoming dormant in the winter, and harvested in spring or early summer; spring varieties are planted in spring and harvested in late summer. The term cereal is derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman goddess">Roman goddess</a> of grain crops and fertility, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>. </p><p>Cereals were <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, some 8,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> were domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> was domesticated in East Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> were domesticated in West Africa. Maize was domesticated by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. In the 20th century, cereal productivity was greatly increased by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>. This increase in production has accompanied a <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">growing international trade</a>, with some countries producing large portions of the cereal supply for other countries. </p> Cereals provide food eaten directly as <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, usually cooked, or they are ground to <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> and made into <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, and other products. Cereals have a high <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> content, enabling them to be fermented into <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drinks">alcoholic drinks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. Cereal farming has a substantial <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">environmental impact</a>, and is often produced in high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a>. The environmental harms can be mitigated by <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable practices</a> which reduce the impact on soil and improve biodiversity, such as <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warm-season_cereals">Warm-season cereals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Warm-season cereals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg/220px-Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg/220px-Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg/330px-Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg/440px-Dinr%C3%AAyes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereal</a> grain seeds clockwise from top-left: <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">finger millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_esculenta" title="Echinochloa esculenta">Japanese millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodo_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo millet">kodo millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">proso millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cool-season_cereals">Cool-season cereals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cool-season cereals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg/110px-Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg/110px-Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg/165px-Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg/220px-Gerstenkorrels_Hordeum_vulgare.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secale_cereale_(roggekorrels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg/110px-Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="2033"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg/110px-Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg/165px-Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg/220px-Secale_cereale_%28roggekorrels%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rye grains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_grains_(IRRI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg/110px-Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 73px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg/110px-Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="73" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg/165px-Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg/220px-Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rice grains by the <a href="/wiki/IRRI" class="mw-redirect" title="IRRI">IRRI</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudocereal_grains">Pseudocereal grains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pseudocereal grains" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/110px-Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1245"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/110px-Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/165px-Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/220px-Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starchy grains from broadleaf (dicot) plant families: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranth family</a>) also called <a href="/wiki/Kiwicha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwicha">kiwicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Smartweed family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">chia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Mint family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranth family</a>, formerly classified as <a href="/wiki/Chenopodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodiaceae">Goosefoot family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%B1iwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kañiwa">kañiwa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulses">Pulses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pulses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg/110px-Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1367"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg/110px-Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg/165px-Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg/220px-Lens_culinaris_seeds.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">Pulses</a> or grain <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">pea family</a>, have a higher protein content than most other plant foods, at around 20%, while soybeans have as much as 35%. As is the case with all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat. Common pulses include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Common beans">common beans</a></li> <li>common <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a> (garden peas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fava_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava beans">fava beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima beans">lima beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupins">lupins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mung_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mung beans">mung beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon peas">pigeon peas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Runner beans">runner beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oilseeds">Oilseeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oilseeds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Oilseed grains are grown primarily for the extraction of their <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">edible oil</a>. Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lean_2006_p._49_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lean_2006_p._49-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also used as fuel and lubricants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mustard_family">Mustard family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mustard family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Canola.jpg/110px-Canola.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Canola.jpg/110px-Canola.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Canola.jpg/165px-Canola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Canola.jpg/220px-Canola.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brassica_napus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica napus">Rapeseed</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_nigra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica nigra">black mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">India mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_napus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica napus">rapeseed</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aster_family">Aster family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aster family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflowers_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunflowers_seeds.jpg/110px-Sunflowers_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunflowers_seeds.jpg/110px-Sunflowers_seeds.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunflowers_seeds.jpg/165px-Sunflowers_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunflowers_seeds.jpg/220px-Sunflowers_seeds.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seeds</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">safflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seed</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_families">Other families</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other families" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flax_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flax seed">flax seed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Flax family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp"> hemp seed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Hemp family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy seed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Poppy family</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_grains">Ancient grains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient grains" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_grains" title="Ancient grains">Ancient grains</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_grains&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg/330px-Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg/330px-Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg/495px-Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg/660px-Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Wild <a href="/wiki/Cereals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereals">cereals</a> and other wild grasses in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">northern Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_grains" title="Ancient grains">Ancient grains</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> term used to describe a category of grains and <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a> that are purported to have been minimally changed by <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> over recent millennia, as opposed to more widespread cereals such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and modern varieties of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, which are the product of thousands of years of selective breeding. Ancient grains are often marketed as being more <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritious</a> than modern grains, though their health benefits over modern varieties have been disputed by some <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Ancient grains include varieties of wheat: <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan wheat</a> (Kamut), <a href="/wiki/Einkorn_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn wheat">einkorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>; the grains <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>; and the pseudocereals <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaranth_grain" title="Amaranth grain">amaranth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">chia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors even consider <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">bulgur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freekeh" title="Freekeh">freekeh</a> to be ancient grains,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though they are usually made from ordinary wheat. Modern wheat is a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid species">hybrid descendant</a> of three wheat <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> considered to be ancient grains: spelt, einkorn, and emmer.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_grains_:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Historical_importance">Historical importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical importance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers. The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This assumption that grain agriculture led to early settlements and social stratification has been challenged by <a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James Scott</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Grain:_A_Deep_History_of_the_Earliest_States" title="Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States">Against the Grain</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agrarian communities was not a voluntary choice driven by the benefits of increased food production due to the long storage potential of grains, but rather that the shift towards settlements was a coerced transformation imposed by dominant members of a society seeking to expand control over labor and resources. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Grain trade</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grain_trade&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> refers to the local and international <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Food_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Food grain">food grains</a>. Grain is an important trade item because it is easily stored and transported with limited spoilage, unlike other agricultural products. Healthy grain supply and trade is important to many societies, providing a caloric base for most <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food systems</a> as well as important role in <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a> for <a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a>. </p><p>The grain trade is as old as agricultural settlement, identified in many of the early cultures that adopted sedentary farming. Major societal changes have been directly connected to the grain trade, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> onward, grain trade has been an important part of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial expansion</a> and international power dynamics. The geopolitical dominance of countries like Australia, the United States, Canada and the Soviet Union during the 20th century was connected with their status as grain surplus countries. </p> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">international commodity markets</a> have been an important part of the dynamics of <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">grain pricing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a>, as well as other compounding production and supply factors leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2007–2008 financial crises</a>, created rapid inflation of grain prices during the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a>. More recently, the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in grain markets such as wheat meant that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022 caused <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">increased fears</a> of a <a href="/wiki/2022_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 food crises">global food crises in 2022</a>. Changes to <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_climate_change_on_agricultural_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of climate change on agricultural production">agriculture caused by climate change</a> are expected to have cascading effects on global grain markets.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grain_trade_:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grain_trade_:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Occupational_safety_and_health">Occupational safety and health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Occupational safety and health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Those who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous <a href="/wiki/Grain_facility_occupational_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain facility occupational exposure">occupational hazards and exposures</a>. Risks include <a href="/wiki/Grain_entrapment" title="Grain entrapment">grain entrapment</a>, where workers are submerged in the grain and unable to remove themselves;<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_FAQ_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue_FAQ-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">explosions</a> caused by fine particles of <a href="/wiki/Grain_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain dust">grain dust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_grains" title="Ancient grains">Ancient grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereals">Cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_drying" title="Grain drying">Grain drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Legume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dried_foods" title="List of dried foods">List of dried foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoestrogen" title="Mycoestrogen">Mycoestrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_grain" title="Perennial grain">Perennial grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple foods">Staple foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_fats_and_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable fats and oils">Vegetable fats and oils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babcock, P. G., ed. 1976. <i>Webster's Third New Dictionary</i>. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1398&page=124"><i>Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation</i></a>. Office of International Affairs, National Academies of the. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 1989. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F1398">10.17226/1398</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04264-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04264-2"><bdi>978-0-309-04264-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Crops+of+the+Incas%3A+Little-Known+Plants+of+the+Andes+with+Promise+for+Worldwide+Cultivation&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=Office+of+International+Affairs%2C+National+Academies+of+the&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F1398&rft.isbn=978-0-309-04264-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D1398%26page%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lean_2006_p._49-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lean_2006_p._49_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLean2006" class="citation book cs1">Lean, M.E.J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>Fox and Cameron's Food Science, Nutrition & Health, 7th Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-1337-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-1337-2"><bdi>978-1-4441-1337-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fox+and+Cameron%27s+Food+Science%2C+Nutrition+%26+Health%2C+7th+Edition&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-1337-2&rft.aulast=Lean&rft.aufirst=M.E.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGjNBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalunkhe1992" class="citation book cs1">Salunkhe, D. K. (1992-02-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&q=oilseeds+are+also+used+as+fuel+and+lubricants.&pg=PA536"><i>World Oilseeds</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780442001124" title="Special:BookSources/9780442001124"><bdi>9780442001124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Oilseeds&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1992-02-29&rft.isbn=9780442001124&rft.aulast=Salunkhe&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3dTwe5X8Y0C%26q%3Doilseeds%2Bare%2Balso%2Bused%2Bas%2Bfuel%2Band%2Blubricants.%26pg%3DPA536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_grains_:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConis2011" class="citation web cs1">Conis, Elena (19 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/style/la-xpm-2011-feb-19-la-he-ancient-grains-20110220-story.html">"Ancient grains: The best thing since sliced bread?"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ancient+grains%3A+The+best+thing+since+sliced+bread%3F&rft.date=2011-02-19&rft.aulast=Conis&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fstyle%2Fla-xpm-2011-feb-19-la-he-ancient-grains-20110220-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_autogenerated1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Jolly2014" class="citation news cs1">Joanna Jolly (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30458761">"Why do Americans love ancient grains?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+do+Americans+love+ancient+grains%3F&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.au=Joanna+Jolly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30458761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_grains_:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Melissa (13 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/dining/know-your-heirloom-and-ancient-grains.html">"Know Your Heirloom and Ancient Grains"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Know+Your+Heirloom+and+Ancient+Grains&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F18%2Fdining%2Fknow-your-heirloom-and-ancient-grains.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_grains_:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Charles2014" class="citation web cs1">Dan Charles (8 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/12/08/368689124/fringe-no-more-ancient-grains-will-soon-be-a-cheerios-variety">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ancient Grains' Go From Fringe Food To New Cheerios Variety : The Salt"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Ancient+Grains%27+Go+From+Fringe+Food+To+New+Cheerios+Variety+%3A+The+Salt&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.au=Dan+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2014%2F12%2F08%2F368689124%2Ffringe-no-more-ancient-grains-will-soon-be-a-cheerios-variety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_grains_:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVara2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Vara, Vauhini (24 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/well-pay-ancient-grains-cheerios">"Why We're Willing to Pay More for Cereals with Ancient Grains"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Why+We%27re+Willing+to+Pay+More+for+Cereals+with+Ancient+Grains&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft.aulast=Vara&rft.aufirst=Vauhini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcurrency%2Fwell-pay-ancient-grains-cheerios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_grains_:6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_grains_:6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZevnik2014" class="citation web cs1">Zevnik, Neil (7 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/neil-zevnik/ancient-grains-everything_b_4556780.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in">"Ancient Grains: Everything Old Is New Again"</a>. <i>Huffingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Grains%3A+Everything+Old+Is+New+Again&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.aulast=Zevnik&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fneil-zevnik%2Fancient-grains-everything_b_4556780.html%3Fir%3DIndia%26adsSiteOverride%3Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlie Fox, <i>Freekeh Recipes: A Guide to Cooking with this Ancient Grain</i>, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessel1984" class="citation journal cs1">Wessel, T. (1984). "The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization". <i>Journal of Agriculture and Human Values</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 9–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01530609">10.1007/BF01530609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agriculture+and+Human+Values&rft.atitle=The+Agricultural+Foundations+of+Civilization&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9-12&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01530609&rft.aulast=Wessel&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300240214" title="Special:BookSources/9780300240214"><bdi>9780300240214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Grain%3A+A+Deep+History+of+the+Earliest+States&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780300240214&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiZhangXu2014" class="citation book cs1">Pei, Qing; Zhang, David Dian; Xu, Jingjing (August 2014). "Price Responses of Grain Market under Climate Change in Pre-industrial Western Europe by ARX Modelling". <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications</i>. pp. 811–817. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5220%2F0005025208110817">10.5220/0005025208110817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-758-038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-758-038-3"><bdi>978-989-758-038-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8045747">8045747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Price+Responses+of+Grain+Market+under+Climate+Change+in+Pre-industrial+Western+Europe+by+ARX+Modelling&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Conference+on+Simulation+and+Modeling+Methodologies%2C+Technologies+and+Applications&rft.pages=811-817&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8045747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5220%2F0005025208110817&rft.isbn=978-989-758-038-3&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Qing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+David+Dian&rft.au=Xu%2C+Jingjing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grain_trade_:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grain_trade_:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5663621/climate-change-food-supply/">"Climate Change Is Likely to Devastate the Global Food Supply"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CLIMATE+CHANGE+LINKED+TO+GLOBAL+RISE+IN+FOOD+PRICES+%E2%80%93+Climate+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatechange.medill.northwestern.edu%2F2015%2F02%2F10%2Fclimate-change-linked-to-global-rise-in-food-prices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustgarten2020" class="citation news cs1">Lustgarten, Abrahm (2020-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html">"How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Russia+Wins+the+Climate+Crisis&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lustgarten&rft.aufirst=Abrahm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2020%2F12%2F16%2Fmagazine%2Frussia-climate-migration-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purdue_FAQ-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_FAQ_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217062124/http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/grainlab/content/pdf/QuestionFlowingGrainEntrap.pdf">"Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agricultural Safety and Health Program, <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>. April 2011. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/grainlab/content/pdf/QuestionFlowingGrainEntrap.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+Flowing+Grain+Entrapment%2C+Grain+Rescue+and+Strategies%2C+and+Grain+Entrapment+Prevention+Measures&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Agricultural+Safety+and+Health+Program%2C+Purdue+University&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextension.entm.purdue.edu%2Fgrainlab%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2FQuestionFlowingGrainEntrap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOccupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib073105.html">"Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions"</a>. <i>Safety and Health Information Bulletin</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Safety+and+Health+Information+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Combustible+Dust+in+Industry%3A+Preventing+and+Mitigating+the+Effects+of+Fire+and+Explosions&rft.au=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fdts%2Fshib%2Fshib073105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grain&oldid=1250088521">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grain&oldid=1250088521</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Grain&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Achmad Rachmani" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1728389588"> <span>Last edited on 8 October 2024, at 12:13</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حبة غذائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حبة غذائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%C4%B1l" title="Taxıl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Taxıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="শস্যদানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শস্যদানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3%CD%98-kok-ch%C3%AD" title="Ngó͘-kok-chí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngó͘-kok-chí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipasi" title="Tipasi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tipasi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1eno" title="Pšeno – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pšeno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95" title="Пĕрчĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрчĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyo" title="Chiyo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiyo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryn" title="Gryn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gryn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Σιτηρά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιτηρά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grano_(semilla)" title="Grano (semilla) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grano (semilla)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greno" title="Greno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="دانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(c%C3%A9r%C3%A9ale)" title="Grain (céréale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grain (céréale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1n" title="Grán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EB%AC%BC" title="곡물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곡물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsi" title="Hatsi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hatsi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_(%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2)" title="Հացահատիկ (պտուղ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հացահատիկ (պտուղ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="अनाज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनाज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%8Dka" title="Mkpụrụ ọka – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mkpụrụ ọka" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijian" title="Bijian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bijian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiji-wijian" title="Wiji-wijian – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wiji-wijian" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Астық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%8F%D1%83" title="ПӀалтӏу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ПӀалтӏу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauds" title="Grauds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grauds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%ABdas" title="Grūdas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grūdas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ധാന്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ധാന്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сёрось – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сёрось" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graain" title="Graain – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Graain" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF" title="कि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E7%B2%92" title="穀粒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="穀粒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryn" title="Gryn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gryn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Пырче – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пырче" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="اناج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اناج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grien" title="Grien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Grien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Зерно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зерно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C" title="ආහාරමය ඇට වර්ග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආහාරමය ඇට වර්ග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain" title="Grain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrno_(plod)" title="Zrno (plod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zrno (plod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firiley" title="Firiley – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Firiley" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5%DB%95" title="دانەوێڵە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دانەوێڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryyni" title="Ryyni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryyni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryn" title="Gryn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gryn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ధాన్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ధాన్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ғалла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғалла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hububat" title="Hububat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hububat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Зерно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зерно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA)" title="اجناس (زراعت) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اجناس (زراعت)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1t_ng%C5%A9_c%E1%BB%91c" title="Hạt ngũ cốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạt ngũ cốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="粮食 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="粮食" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%ABds" title="Grūds – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grūds" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="粮食 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="粮食" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 12:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pzjbs","wgBackendResponseTime":212,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.763","walltime":"0.944","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2005,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":144315,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":972,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":81653,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 734.208 1 -total"," 27.65% 203.035 3 Template:Excerpt"," 23.91% 175.580 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.31% 112.375 5 Template:Navbox"," 14.90% 109.385 1 Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism"," 13.42% 98.526 5 Template:Cite_book"," 9.60% 70.496 1 Template:Sources_needed"," 8.87% 65.138 1 Template:Ambox"," 8.57% 62.928 3 Template:Sister_project"," 8.32% 61.059 3 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