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Determination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Determination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Determination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_approach_without_bonding_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_approach_without_bonding_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Simple approach without bonding considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_approach_without_bonding_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algorithm_of_assigning_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algorithm_of_assigning_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Algorithm of assigning bonds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algorithm_of_assigning_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_algorithm's_caveat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_algorithm's_caveat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 The algorithm's caveat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_algorithm's_caveat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algorithm_of_summing_bond_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algorithm_of_summing_bond_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Algorithm of summing bond orders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algorithm_of_summing_bond_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applied_to_a_Lewis_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_to_a_Lewis_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Applied to a Lewis structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_to_a_Lewis_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_to_bond_graph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_to_bond_graph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Applied to bond graph </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_to_bond_graph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balancing_redox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balancing_redox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Balancing redox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balancing_redox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Appearances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Appearances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nominal oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguous_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguous_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ambiguous oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguous_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxidation-state_determination_from_resonance_formulas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidation-state_determination_from_resonance_formulas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Oxidation-state determination from resonance formulas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidation-state_determination_from_resonance_formulas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_physical_measurement_is_needed_to_determine_oxidation_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_physical_measurement_is_needed_to_determine_oxidation_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 A physical measurement is needed to determine oxidation state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_physical_measurement_is_needed_to_determine_oxidation_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguous/arbitrary_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguous/arbitrary_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Ambiguous/arbitrary oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguous/arbitrary_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractional_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractional_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Fractional oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractional_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_with_multiple_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_with_multiple_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Elements with multiple oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_with_multiple_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxidation_state_in_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidation_state_in_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Oxidation state in metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidation_state_in_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 List of oxidation states of the elements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of oxidation states of the elements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_forms_(octet_rule)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_forms_(octet_rule)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early forms (octet rule) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_forms_(octet_rule)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Use in nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_oxidation_state_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_oxidation_state_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History of the oxidation state concept </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_oxidation_state_concept-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of the oxidation state concept subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_oxidation_state_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Early days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_nomenclature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_nomenclature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Use in nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_nomenclature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_towards_the_current_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_towards_the_current_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Development towards the current concept </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_towards_the_current_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Oxidation state</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasietoestand" title="Oksidasietoestand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oksidasietoestand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة الأكسدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة الأكسدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numero_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Numero d'oxidación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Numero d'oxidación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estáu d'oxidación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu d'oxidación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paindikan_oksidasi" title="Paindikan oksidasi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paindikan oksidasi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="জারণ অবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জারণ অবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sng-h%C3%B2a-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Sng-hòa-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sng-hòa-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B6%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Окисланыу дәрәжәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Окисланыу дәрәжәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ступень акіслення – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ступень акіслення" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ступень затляненьня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ступень затляненьня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Степен на окисление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Степен на окисление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijsko_stanje" title="Oksidacijsko stanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oksidacijsko stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_d%27oxidaci%C3%B3" title="Estat d'oxidació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat d'oxidació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%C4%95" title="Оксидлав капашĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оксидлав капашĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxida%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo" title="Oxidační číslo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxidační číslo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflwr_ocsidiad" title="Cyflwr ocsidiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflwr ocsidiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationstrin" title="Oxidationstrin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oxidationstrin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة د لأكسدة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حالة د لأكسدة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksiderenlohku" title="Oksiderenlohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oksiderenlohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oxidationszahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdatsiooniaste" title="Oksüdatsiooniaste – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oksüdatsiooniaste" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αριθμός οξείδωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριθμός οξείδωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estado de oxidación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de oxidación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidi%C4%9Da_nombro" title="Oksidiĝa nombro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oksidiĝa nombro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oxidazio-egoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="عدد اکسایش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عدد اکسایش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_d%27oxydation" title="Nombre d'oxydation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nombre d'oxydation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidaasjetast%C3%A2n" title="Oksidaasjetastân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oksidaasjetastân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staid_ocsa%C3%ADdi%C3%BAch%C3%A1in" title="Staid ocsaídiúcháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staid ocsaídiúcháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estado de oxidación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado de oxidación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%88%98" title="산화수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산화수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օքսիդացման աստիճան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օքսիդացման աստիճան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑक्सीकरण संख्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑक्सीकरण संख्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijski_broj" title="Oksidacijski broj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oksidacijski broj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bilangan oksidasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-oxidation_state" title="I-oxidation state – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-oxidation state" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxunartala" title="Oxunartala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oxunartala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_di_ossidazione" title="Stato di ossidazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato di ossidazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דרגת חמצון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרגת חמצון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჟანგვის რიცხვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟანგვის რიცხვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тотығу дәрежесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тотығу дәрежесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degre_oksidasyon" title="Degre oksidasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Degre oksidasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksid%C4%93%C5%A1anas_pak%C4%81pe" title="Oksidēšanas pakāpe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oksidēšanas pakāpe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijos_laipsnis" title="Oksidacijos laipsnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oksidacijos laipsnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kijytcini" title="kijytcini – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kijytcini" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_sz%C3%A1m" title="Oxidációs szám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oxidációs szám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Оксидационен број – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оксидационен број" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_pengoksidaan" title="Keadaan pengoksidaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keadaan pengoksidaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шапамомшкась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шапамомшкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Исэлдэлтийн зэрэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Исэлдэлтийн зэрэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidatietoestand" title="Oxidatietoestand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oxidatietoestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B0" title="酸化数 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酸化数" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasjonstall" title="Oksidasjonstall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oksidasjonstall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasjonstal" title="Oksidasjonstal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oksidasjonstal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidlanish_darajasi" title="Oksidlanish darajasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oksidlanish darajasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਸੰਖਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਸੰਖਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_number" title="Oxidation number – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="Oxidation number" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidatschoonstall" title="Oxidatschoonstall – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oxidatschoonstall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopie%C5%84_utlenienia" title="Stopień utlenienia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stopień utlenienia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxida%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Estado de oxidação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado de oxidação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Număr de oxidare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Степень окисления – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Степень окисления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oxidation state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxida%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo" title="Oxidačné číslo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oxidačné číslo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacijsko_stanje" title="Oksidacijsko stanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oksidacijsko stanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ژمارەی ئۆکسان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژمارەی ئۆکسان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Оксидационо стање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оксидационо стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidacioni_broj" title="Oksidacioni broj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oksidacioni broj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapetusluku" title="Hapetusluku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hapetusluku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationstal" title="Oxidationstal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oxidationstal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สถานะออกซิเดชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานะออกซิเดชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCkseltgenme_durumu" title="Yükseltgenme durumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yükseltgenme durumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ступінь окиснення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ступінь окиснення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" title="تکسیدی عدد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تکسیدی عدد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_oxy_h%C3%B3a" title="Trạng thái oxy hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạng thái oxy hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B8" title="氧化數 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氧化數" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B0" title="氧化数 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氧化数" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%95%B8" title="氧化數 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氧化數" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical charge of an atom if all its bonds to different atoms were fully ionic</div> In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Electrical_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical charge">charge</a> of an atom if all of its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a> to other atoms were fully <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic</a>. It describes the degree of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> (loss of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>) of an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a>. Conceptually, the oxidation state may be positive, negative or zero. Beside nearly-pure <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bonding" title="Ionic bonding">ionic bonding</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> exhibit a strong ionicity, making oxidation state a useful predictor of charge. The oxidation state of an atom does not represent the "real" charge on that atom, or any other actual atomic property. This is particularly true of high oxidation states, where the <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> required to produce a multiply positive ion is far greater than the energies available in chemical reactions. Additionally, the oxidation states of atoms in a given compound may vary depending on <a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">the choice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> scale used in their calculation. Thus, the oxidation state of an atom in a compound is purely a formalism. It is nevertheless important in understanding the nomenclature conventions of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic compounds">inorganic compounds</a>. Also, several observations regarding chemical reactions may be explained at a basic level in terms of oxidation states. Oxidation states are typically represented by <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a> which may be positive, zero, or negative. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠8/3⁠ for <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Fe3O4 (<a href="#Fractional_oxidation_states">see below</a>). The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9, displayed by <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">tetroxoiridium(IX)</a> cation (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IrO+4).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It is predicted that even a +10 oxidation state may be achieved by <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> in tetroxoplatinum(X), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">PtO2+4.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The lowest oxidation state is −5, as for <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Al3BC<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pentamagnesium_digallide" title="Pentamagnesium digallide">pentamagnesium digallide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mg5Ga2). In <a href="/wiki/Stock_nomenclature" title="Stock nomenclature">Stock nomenclature</a>, which is commonly used for inorganic compounds, the oxidation state is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> placed after the element name inside parentheses or as a superscript after the element symbol, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a>. The term oxidation was first used by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> to signify the reaction of a substance with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Much later, it was realized that the substance, upon being oxidized, loses electrons, and the meaning was extended to include other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactions</a> in which electrons are lost, regardless of whether oxygen was involved. The increase in the oxidation state of an atom, through a chemical reaction, is known as oxidation; a decrease in oxidation state is known as a <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a>. Such reactions involve the formal transfer of electrons: a net gain in electrons being a reduction, and a net loss of electrons being oxidation. For pure elements, the oxidation state is zero. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Oxidation numbers are assigned to elements in a molecule such that the overall sum is zero in a neutral molecule. The number indicates the degree of oxidation of each element caused by molecular bonding. In ionic molecules, the oxidation numbers are the same as the element's ionic charge. Thus for KCl, potassium is assigned +1 and chlorine is assigned -1.<a href="#cite_note-SiebringSchalff1980-4">[4]</a> The complete set of rules for assigning oxidation numbers are discussed in the following sections. Oxidation numbers are fundamental the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a> of ionic compounds. For example, Cu compounds with Cu oxidation state +2 are call cupric and those with state +1 are cuprous.<a href="#cite_note-SiebringSchalff1980-4">[4]</a>: 172  The oxidation numbers of elements allow predictions of chemical formula and reactions, especially <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation-reduction reactions</a>. The oxidation numbers of the most stable chemical compounds follow trends in the periodic table.<a href="#cite_note-GrayHaight1976-5">[5]</a>: 140  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IUPAC_definition">IUPAC definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IUPAC definition">edit</a>]</div> IUPAC has published a "Comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)".<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-6">[6]</a> It is a distillation of an <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> technical report "Toward a comprehensive definition of oxidation state" from 2014.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a> The current IUPAC <a href="/wiki/Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Book">Gold Book</a> definition of oxidation state is: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The oxidation state of an atom is the charge of this atom after ionic approximation of its heteronuclear bonds.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>IUPAC<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxstate-8">[8]</a></cite></div></blockquote> and the term oxidation number is nearly synonymous.<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxnumber-9">[9]</a> The ionic approximation means extrapolating bonds to ionic. Several criteria<a href="#cite_note-10.1002/anie.201407561-10">[10]</a> were considered for the ionic approximation: <ol><li>Extrapolation of the bond's polarity; <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>from the electronegativity difference,</li><li>from the dipole moment, and</li><li>from quantum‐chemical calculations of charges.</li></ol></div></li> <li>Assignment of electrons according to the atom's contribution to the bonding <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular Orbital">Molecular orbital</a> (MO)<a href="#cite_note-10.1002/anie.201407561-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> or the electron's allegiance in a <a href="/wiki/Linear_combination_of_atomic_orbitals" title="Linear combination of atomic orbitals">LCAO–MO</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ol> In a bond between two different elements, the bond's electrons are assigned to its main atomic contributor typically of higher electronegativity; in a bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are divided equally. This is because most electronegativity scales depend on the atom's bonding state, which makes the assignment of the oxidation state a somewhat circular argument. For example, some scales may turn out unusual oxidation states, such as −6 for <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">PtH2−4, for <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Mulliken_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Mulliken</a> scales.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a> The dipole moments would, sometimes, also turn out abnormal oxidation numbers, such as in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">NO</a>, which are oriented with their positive end towards oxygen. Therefore, this leaves the atom's contribution to the bonding MO, the atomic-orbital energy, and from quantum-chemical calculations of charges, as the only viable criteria with cogent values for ionic approximation. However, for a simple estimate for the ionic approximation, we can use <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen electronegativities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a> as only that electronegativity scale is truly independent of the oxidation state, as it relates to the average valence‐electron energy of the free atom: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="19" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(electronegativity_by_Allen_scale)" title="Template:Periodic table (electronegativity by Allen scale)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(electronegativity_by_Allen_scale)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (electronegativity by Allen scale)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(electronegativity_by_Allen_scale)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (electronegativity by Allen scale)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Electronegativity using the Allen scale</div> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <th style="width:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">Group</a> → </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth">2</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left">↓ <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table period">Period</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#fff900"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> 2.300 </td> <td colspan="16"> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff3f00"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> 4.160 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#7aff00"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> 0.912 </td> <td style="background-color:#bdff00"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> 1.576 </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td style="background-color:#ecff00"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> 2.051 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffe100"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> 2.544 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffac00"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> 3.066 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff7600"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> 3.610 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff3c00"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> 4.193 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff0000"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> 4.787 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#76ff00"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> 0.869 </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ff00"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> 1.293 </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ff00"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> 1.613 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfff00"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> 1.916 </td> <td style="background-color:#fffe00"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> 2.253 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdc00"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> 2.589 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc000"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> 2.869 </td> <td style="background-color:#ff9b00"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> 3.242 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#68ff00"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> 0.734 </td> <td style="background-color:#86ff00"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> 1.034 </td> <td style="background-color:#96ff00"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> 1.19 </td> <td style="background-color:#a9ff00"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> 1.38 </td> <td style="background-color:#b8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> 1.53 </td> <td style="background-color:#c4ff00"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> 1.65 </td> <td style="background-color:#ceff00"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> 1.75 </td> <td style="background-color:#d3ff00"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> 1.80 </td> <td style="background-color:#d7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> 1.84 </td> <td style="background-color:#dbff00"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> 1.88 </td> <td style="background-color:#d8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> 1.85 </td> <td style="background-color:#beff00"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> 1.588 </td> <td style="background-color:#cfff00"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> 1.756 </td> <td style="background-color:#e6ff00"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> 1.994 </td> <td style="background-color:#fcff00"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> 2.211 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffed00"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> 2.424 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd200"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> 2.685 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffb600"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> 2.966 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#66ff00"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> 0.706 </td> <td style="background-color:#7fff00"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> 0.963 </td> <td style="background-color:#8fff00"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> 1.12 </td> <td style="background-color:#a3ff00"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> 1.32 </td> <td style="background-color:#acff00"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> 1.41 </td> <td style="background-color:#b2ff00"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> 1.47 </td> <td style="background-color:#b6ff00"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> 1.51 </td> <td style="background-color:#b9ff00"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> 1.54 </td> <td style="background-color:#bbff00"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> 1.56 </td> <td style="background-color:#bdff00"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> 1.58 </td> <td style="background-color:#daff00"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> 1.87 </td> <td style="background-color:#b7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> 1.521 </td> <td style="background-color:#c5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> 1.656 </td> <td style="background-color:#d5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> 1.824 </td> <td style="background-color:#e5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> 1.984 </td> <td style="background-color:#f7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> 2.158 </td> <td style="background-color:#fff300"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> 2.359 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd00"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> 2.582 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#61ff00"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> 0.659 </td> <td style="background-color:#77ff00"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> 0.881 </td> <td style="background-color:#8cff00"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> 1.09 </td> <td style="background-color:#93ff00"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> 1.16 </td> <td style="background-color:#a5ff00"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> 1.34 </td> <td style="background-color:#b2ff00"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> 1.47 </td> <td style="background-color:#bfff00"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> 1.60 </td> <td style="background-color:#c4ff00"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> 1.65 </td> <td style="background-color:#c7ff00"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> 1.68 </td> <td style="background-color:#cbff00"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> 1.72 </td> <td style="background-color:#dfff00"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> 1.92 </td> <td style="background-color:#cfff00"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> 1.765 </td> <td style="background-color:#d2ff00"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> 1.789 </td> <td style="background-color:#d8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> 1.854 </td> <td style="background-color:#e8ff00"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> 2.01 </td> <td style="background-color:#faff00"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> 2.19 </td> <td style="background-color:#fff000"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> 2.39 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdb00"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> 2.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#62ff00"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> 0.67 </td> <td style="background-color:#78ff00"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> 0.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="text-align:left">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativities of the elements (data page)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determination">Determination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Determination">edit</a>]</div> While introductory levels of chemistry teaching use <a href="/wiki/Postulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postulate">postulated</a> oxidation states, the IUPAC recommendation<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-6">[6]</a> and the Gold Book entry<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxstate-8">[8]</a> list <a href="#Algorithm_of_assigning_bonds">two entirely general algorithms for the calculation of the oxidation states</a> of elements in chemical compounds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_approach_without_bonding_considerations">Simple approach without bonding considerations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Simple approach without bonding considerations">edit</a>]</div> Introductory chemistry uses postulates: the oxidation state for an element in a chemical formula is calculated from the overall charge and postulated oxidation states for all the other atoms. A simple example is based on two postulates, <ol><li>OS = +1 for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li> <li>OS = −2 for <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></li></ol> where OS stands for oxidation state. This approach yields correct oxidation states in oxides and hydroxides of any single element, and in acids such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2SO4) or <a href="/wiki/Dichromic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromic acid">dichromic acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2Cr2O7). Its coverage can be extended either by a list of exceptions or by assigning priority to the postulates. The latter works for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O2) where the priority of rule 1 leaves both oxygens with oxidation state −1. Additional postulates and their ranking may expand the range of compounds to fit a textbook's scope. As an example, one postulatory algorithm from many possible; in a sequence of decreasing priority: <ol><li>An element in a free form has OS = 0.</li> <li>In a compound or ion, the sum of the oxidation states equals the total charge of the compound or ion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> in compounds has OS = −1; this extends to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> only when not bonded to a lighter halogen, oxygen or nitrogen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element">Group 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_2_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 2 element">group 2</a> metals in compounds have OS = +1 and +2, respectively.</li> <li>Hydrogen has OS = +1 but adopts −1 when bonded as a <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a> to metals or metalloids.</li> <li>Oxygen in compounds has OS = −2 but only when not bonded to oxygen (e.g. in peroxides) or fluorine.</li></ol> This set of postulates covers oxidation states of fluorides, chlorides, bromides, oxides, hydroxides, and hydrides of any single element. It covers all <a href="/wiki/Oxoacids" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoacids">oxoacids</a> of any central atom (and all their fluoro-, chloro-, and bromo-relatives), as well as <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> of such acids with group 1 and 2 metals. It also covers <a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, and similar simple salts of these metals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algorithm_of_assigning_bonds">Algorithm of assigning bonds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Algorithm of assigning bonds">edit</a>]</div> This algorithm is performed on a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_structure" title="Lewis structure">Lewis structure</a> (a diagram that shows all <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>). Oxidation state equals the charge of an atom after each of its <a href="/wiki/Heteronuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronuclear">heteronuclear</a> bonds has been assigned to the more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Methods_of_calculation" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> partner of the bond (<a href="#The_algorithm's_caveat">except when that partner is a reversibly bonded Lewis-acid ligand</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Homonuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonuclear">homonuclear</a> bonds have been divided equally: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:1oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1oxstate.svg/240px-1oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1oxstate.svg/360px-1oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1oxstate.svg/480px-1oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="88" /></a></dd></dl> where each "—" represents an electron pair (either shared between two atoms or solely on one atom), and "OS" is the oxidation state as a numerical variable. After the electrons have been assigned according to the vertical red lines on the formula, the total number of valence electrons that now "belong" to each atom is subtracted from the number N of valence electrons of the neutral atom (such as 5 for nitrogen in <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15</a>) to yield that atom's oxidation state. This example shows the importance of describing the bonding. Its summary formula, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HNO3, corresponds to two <a href="/wiki/Structural_isomer" title="Structural isomer">structural isomers</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrous_acid" title="Peroxynitrous acid">peroxynitrous acid</a> in the above figure and the more stable <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. With the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HNO3, the <a href="#Simple_approach_without_bonding_considerations">simple approach without bonding considerations</a> yields −2 for all three oxygens and +5 for nitrogen, which is correct for nitric acid. For the peroxynitrous acid, however, both oxygens in the O–O bond have OS = −1, and the nitrogen has OS = +3, which requires a structure to understand. <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a> are treated in a similar manner; exemplified here on <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> occurring in between <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH4) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:3oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3oxstate.svg/500px-3oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3oxstate.svg/750px-3oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/3oxstate.svg/1000px-3oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="138" /></a></dd></dl> Analogously for <a href="/wiki/Transition-metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition-metal">transition-metal</a> compounds; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CrO(O2)2 on the left has a total of 36 valence electrons (18 pairs to be distributed), and <a href="/wiki/Hexacarbonylchromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexacarbonylchromium">hexacarbonylchromium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cr(CO)6) on the right has 66 valence electrons (33 pairs): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:2oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2oxstate.svg/380px-2oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2oxstate.svg/570px-2oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2oxstate.svg/760px-2oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="225" /></a></dd></dl> A key step is drawing the Lewis structure of the molecule (neutral, cationic, anionic): Atom symbols are arranged so that pairs of atoms can be joined by single two-electron bonds as in the molecule (a sort of "skeletal" structure), and the remaining valence electrons are distributed such that sp atoms obtain an <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet</a> (duet for hydrogen) with a priority that increases in proportion with electronegativity. In some cases, this leads to alternative formulae that differ in bond orders (the full set of which is called the <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">resonance formulas</a>). Consider the <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> anion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2−4) with 32 valence electrons; 24 from oxygens, 6 from sulfur, 2 of the anion charge obtained from the implied cation. The <a href="/wiki/Bond_order" title="Bond order">bond orders</a> to the terminal oxygens do not affect the oxidation state so long as the oxygens have octets. Already the skeletal structure, top left, yields the correct oxidation states, as does the Lewis structure, top right (one of the resonance formulas): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:7oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/7oxstate.svg/450px-7oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/7oxstate.svg/675px-7oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/7oxstate.svg/900px-7oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="475" /></a></dd></dl> The bond-order formula at the bottom is closest to the reality of four equivalent oxygens each having a total bond order of 2. That total includes the bond of order <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ to the implied cation and follows the 8 − N rule<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a> requiring that the main-group atom's bond-order total equals 8 − N valence electrons of the neutral atom, enforced with a priority that proportionately increases with electronegativity. This algorithm works equally for molecular cations composed of several atoms. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> cation of 8 valence electrons (5 from nitrogen, 4 from hydrogens, minus 1 electron for the cation's positive charge): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:5oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/5oxstate.svg/240px-5oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/5oxstate.svg/360px-5oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/5oxstate.svg/480px-5oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="163" /></a></dd></dl> Drawing Lewis structures with electron pairs as dashes emphasizes the essential equivalence of bond pairs and lone pairs when counting electrons and moving bonds onto atoms. Structures drawn with electron dot pairs are of course identical in every way: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:4oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/4oxstate.svg/200px-4oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/4oxstate.svg/300px-4oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/4oxstate.svg/400px-4oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="75" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_algorithm's_caveat">The algorithm's caveat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The algorithm's caveat">edit</a>]</div> The algorithm contains a caveat, which concerns rare cases of <a href="/wiki/Transition-metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition-metal">transition-metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">complexes</a> with a type of <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> that is reversibly bonded as a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a> (as an acceptor of the electron pair from the transition metal); termed a "Z-type" ligand in Green's <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond_classification_method" title="Covalent bond classification method">covalent bond classification method</a>. The caveat originates from the simplifying use of electronegativity instead of the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">MO</a>-based electron allegiance to decide the ionic sign.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-6">[6]</a> One early example is the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O2S−RhCl(CO)(<a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine" title="Triphenylphosphine">PPh3</a>)2 complex<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2) as the reversibly-bonded acceptor ligand (released upon heating). The Rh−S bond is therefore extrapolated ionic against Allen electronegativities of <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> and sulfur, yielding oxidation state +1 for rhodium: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:8oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/8oxstate.svg/450px-8oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/8oxstate.svg/675px-8oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/8oxstate.svg/900px-8oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="300" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algorithm_of_summing_bond_orders">Algorithm of summing bond orders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Algorithm of summing bond orders">edit</a>]</div> This algorithm works on Lewis structures and bond graphs of extended (non-molecular) solids: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Oxidation state is obtained by summing the heteronuclear-bond orders at the atom as positive if that atom is the electropositive partner in a particular bond and as negative if not, and the atom’s formal charge (if any) is added to that sum. The same caveat as above applies.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applied_to_a_Lewis_structure">Applied to a Lewis structure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applied to a Lewis structure">edit</a>]</div> An example of a Lewis structure with no formal charge, <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:9oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9oxstate.svg/240px-9oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9oxstate.svg/360px-9oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9oxstate.svg/480px-9oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="88" /></a></dd></dl> illustrates that, in this algorithm, homonuclear bonds are simply ignored (the bond orders are in blue). Carbon monoxide exemplifies a Lewis structure with <a href="/wiki/Formal_charges" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal charges">formal charges</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:10oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/10oxstate.svg/240px-10oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/10oxstate.svg/360px-10oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/10oxstate.svg/480px-10oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="125" /></a></dd></dl> To obtain the oxidation states, the formal charges are summed with the bond-order value taken positively at the carbon and negatively at the oxygen. Applied to molecular ions, this algorithm considers the actual location of the formal (ionic) charge, as drawn in the Lewis structure. As an example, summing bond orders in the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> cation yields −4 at the nitrogen of formal charge +1, with the two numbers adding to the oxidation state of −3: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:11oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/11oxstate.svg/240px-11oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/11oxstate.svg/360px-11oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/11oxstate.svg/480px-11oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="213" /></a></dd></dl> The sum of oxidation states in the ion equals its charge (as it equals zero for a neutral molecule). Also in anions, the formal (ionic) charges have to be considered when nonzero. For sulfate this is exemplified with the skeletal or Lewis structures (top), compared with the bond-order formula of all oxygens equivalent and fulfilling the octet and 8 − N rules (bottom): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:13oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/13oxstate.svg/450px-13oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/13oxstate.svg/675px-13oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/13oxstate.svg/900px-13oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="475" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applied_to_bond_graph">Applied to bond graph</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applied to bond graph">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Bond_graph" title="Bond graph">bond graph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">solid-state chemistry</a> is a chemical formula of an extended structure, in which direct bonding connectivities are shown. An example is the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">AuORb3 <a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">perovskite</a>, the unit cell of which is drawn on the left and the bond graph (with added numerical values) on the right: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:14oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/14oxstate.svg/360px-14oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/14oxstate.svg/540px-14oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/14oxstate.svg/720px-14oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="238" /></a></dd></dl> We see that the oxygen atom bonds to the six nearest <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> cations, each of which has 4 bonds to the <a href="/wiki/Auride" class="mw-redirect" title="Auride">auride</a> anion. The bond graph summarizes these connectivities. The bond orders (also called <a href="/wiki/Bond_valence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond valence">bond valences</a>) sum up to oxidation states according to the attached sign of the bond's ionic approximation (there are no formal charges in bond graphs). Determination of oxidation states from a bond graph can be illustrated on <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">FeTiO3. We may ask whether the mineral contains <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2+ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ti4+, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe3+ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ti3+. Its crystal structure has each metal atom bonded to six oxygens and each of the equivalent oxygens to two <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">irons</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titaniums</a>, as in the bond graph below. Experimental data show that three metal-oxygen bonds in the octahedron are short and three are long (the metals are off-center). The bond orders (valences), obtained from the bond lengths by the <a href="/wiki/Bond_valence_method" title="Bond valence method">bond valence method</a>, sum up to 2.01 at Fe and 3.99 at Ti; which can be rounded off to oxidation states +2 and +4, respectively: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:15oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/15oxstate.svg/200px-15oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/15oxstate.svg/300px-15oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/15oxstate.svg/400px-15oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="200" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balancing_redox">Balancing redox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Balancing redox">edit</a>]</div> Oxidation states can be useful for balancing chemical equations for oxidation-reduction (or <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a>) reactions, because the changes in the oxidized atoms have to be balanced by the changes in the reduced atoms. For example, in the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tollens%27_reagent" title="Tollens' reagent">Tollens' reagent</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> (shown below), the <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> carbon atom changes its oxidation state from +1 to +3 (loses two electrons). This oxidation is balanced by reducing two <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ag+ cations to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ag0 (gaining two electrons in total). <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Redox_eqn_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Redox_eqn_1.svg/600px-Redox_eqn_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Redox_eqn_1.svg/900px-Redox_eqn_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Redox_eqn_1.svg/1200px-Redox_eqn_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="64" /></a></dd></dl> An inorganic example is the Bettendorf reaction using <a href="/wiki/Tin_dichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin dichloride">tin dichloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SnCl2) to prove the presence of <a href="/wiki/Arsenite" title="Arsenite">arsenite</a> ions in a concentrated <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">HCl</a> extract. When arsenic(III) is present, a brown coloration appears forming a dark precipitate of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, according to the following simplified reaction: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 As3+ + 3 Sn2+ → 2 As0 + 3 Sn4+</dd></dl> Here three <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> atoms are oxidized from oxidation state +2 to +4, yielding six electrons that reduce two arsenic atoms from oxidation state +3 to 0. The simple one-line balancing goes as follows: the two redox couples are written down as they react; <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">As3+ + Sn2+ ⇌ As0 + Sn4+</dd></dl> One tin is oxidized from oxidation state +2 to +4, a two-electron step, hence 2 is written in front of the two arsenic partners. One arsenic is reduced from +3 to 0, a three-electron step, hence 3 goes in front of the two tin partners. An alternative three-line procedure is to write separately the <a href="/wiki/Half-reaction" title="Half-reaction">half-reactions</a> for oxidation and reduction, each balanced with electrons, and then to sum them up such that the electrons cross out. In general, these redox balances (the one-line balance or each half-reaction) need to be checked for the ionic and electron charge sums on both sides of the equation being indeed equal. If they are not equal, suitable ions are added to balance the charges and the non-redox elemental balance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearances">Appearances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Appearances">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_oxidation_states">Nominal oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nominal oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> A nominal oxidation state is a general term with two different definitions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemical</a> oxidation state<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a>: 1060  represents a molecule or ion in the <a href="/wiki/Latimer_diagram" title="Latimer diagram">Latimer diagram</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frost_diagram" title="Frost diagram">Frost diagram</a> for its redox-active element. An example is the Latimer diagram for <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> at pH 0 where the electrochemical oxidation state +2 for sulfur puts <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">HS 2O− 3</a> between S and <a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">H2SO3</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:16oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/16oxstate.svg/600px-16oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/16oxstate.svg/900px-16oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/16oxstate.svg/1200px-16oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="53" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Systematic oxidation state is chosen from close alternatives as a pedagogical description. An example is the oxidation state of phosphorus in <a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">H3PO3</a> (structurally <a href="/wiki/Diprotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diprotic">diprotic</a> HPO(OH)2) taken nominally as +3, while <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen electronegativities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> suggest +5 by a narrow margin that makes the two alternatives almost equivalent:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:17oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/17oxstate.svg/450px-17oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/17oxstate.svg/675px-17oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/17oxstate.svg/900px-17oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="225" /></a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Both alternative oxidation numbers for phosphorus make chemical sense, depending on which chemical property or reaction is emphasized. By contrast, a calculated alternative, such as the average (+4) does not.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambiguous_oxidation_states">Ambiguous oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ambiguous oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis formula">Lewis formulae</a> are rule-based approximations of chemical reality, as are <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen electronegativities</a>. Still, oxidation states may seem ambiguous when their determination is not straightforward. If only an experiment can determine the oxidation state, the rule-based determination is ambiguous (insufficient). There are also truly <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomous</a> values that are decided arbitrarily. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxidation-state_determination_from_resonance_formulas">Oxidation-state determination from resonance formulas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oxidation-state determination from resonance formulas">edit</a>]</div> Seemingly ambiguous oxidation states are derived from a set of <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> formulas of equal weights for a molecule having heteronuclear bonds where the atom connectivity does not correspond to the number of two-electron bonds dictated by the 8 − N rule.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a>: 1027  An example is <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride" title="Disulfur dinitride">S2N2</a> where four resonance formulas featuring one S=N double bond have oxidation states +2 and +4 for the two sulfur atoms, which average to +3 because the two sulfur atoms are equivalent in this square-shaped molecule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_physical_measurement_is_needed_to_determine_oxidation_state">A physical measurement is needed to determine oxidation state</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: A physical measurement is needed to determine oxidation state">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>when a <a href="/wiki/Non-innocent_ligand" title="Non-innocent ligand">non-innocent</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> is present, of hidden or unexpected redox properties that could otherwise be assigned to the central atom. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal_dithiolene_complex" title="Metal dithiolene complex">dithiolate</a> complex, Ni(S 2C 2H 2)2− 2.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a>: 1056–1057 </li> <li>when the redox ambiguity of a central atom and ligand yields dichotomous oxidation states of close stability, thermally induced <a href="/wiki/Tautomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautomerism">tautomerism</a> may result, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> <a href="/wiki/Catecholate" class="mw-redirect" title="Catecholate">catecholate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mn(C6H4O2)3.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a>: 1057–1058  Assignment of such oxidation states requires spectroscopic,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> magnetic or structural data.</li> <li>when the bond order has to be ascertained along with an isolated tandem of a heteronuclear and a homonuclear bond. An example is <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a> S 2O2− 3 having two possible oxidation states (bond orders are in blue and formal charges in green):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:21oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/21oxstate.svg/500px-21oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/21oxstate.svg/750px-21oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/21oxstate.svg/1000px-21oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="225" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The S–S distance measurement in <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a> is needed to reveal that this bond order is very close to 1, as in the formula on the left.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ambiguous/arbitrary_oxidation_states">Ambiguous/arbitrary oxidation states</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ambiguous/arbitrary oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>when the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms is very small (as in <a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">H3PO3</a>). Two almost equivalent pairs of oxidation states, arbitrarily chosen, are obtained for these atoms.</li> <li>when an electronegative <a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> atom forms solely homonuclear bonds, the number of which differs from the number of two-electron bonds suggested by <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">rules</a>. Examples are homonuclear finite chains like <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">N− 3</a> (the central nitrogen connects two atoms with four two-electron bonds while only three two-electron bonds<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> are required by the 8 − N rule<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a>: 1027 ) or <a href="/wiki/Triiodide" title="Triiodide">I− 3</a> (the central iodine connects two atoms with two two-electron bonds while only one two-electron bond fulfills the 8 − N rule). A sensible approach is to distribute the ionic charge over the two outer atoms.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a> Such a placement of charges in a <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfide</a> S2− n (where all inner sulfurs form two bonds, fulfilling the 8 − N rule) follows already from its Lewis structure.<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a></li> <li>when the isolated tandem of a heteronuclear and a homonuclear bond leads to a bonding compromise in between two Lewis structures of limiting bond orders. An example is <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N2O</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:18oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/18oxstate.svg/420px-18oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/18oxstate.svg/630px-18oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/18oxstate.svg/840px-18oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="113" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The typical oxidation state of nitrogen in N2O is +1, which also obtains for both nitrogens by a molecular orbital approach.<a href="#cite_note-10.1002/anie.201407561-10">[10]</a> The formal charges on the right comply with electronegativities, which implies an added ionic bonding contribution. Indeed, the estimated N−N and N−O bond orders are 2.76 and 1.9, respectively,<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a> approaching the formula of integer bond orders that would include the ionic contribution explicitly as a bond (in green):</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:19oxstate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19oxstate.svg/280px-19oxstate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19oxstate.svg/420px-19oxstate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19oxstate.svg/560px-19oxstate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="88" /></a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Conversely, formal charges against electronegativities in a Lewis structure decrease the bond order of the corresponding bond. An example is <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> with a bond-order estimate of 2.6.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractional_oxidation_states">Fractional oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fractional oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> Fractional oxidation states are often used to represent the average oxidation state of several atoms of the same element in a structure. For example, the formula of <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> is Fe 3O 4, implying an average oxidation state for iron of +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠8/3⁠.<a href="#cite_note-Petrucci-17">[17]</a>: 81–82  However, this average value may not be representative if the atoms are not equivalent. In a Fe 3O 4 crystal below 120 K (−153 °C), two-thirds of the cations are Fe3+ and one-third are Fe2+ , and the formula may be more clearly represented as FeO·Fe 2O 3.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, C 3H 8, has been described as having a carbon oxidation state of −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠8/3⁠.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Again, this is an average value since the structure of the molecule is H 3C−CH 2−CH 3, with the first and third carbon atoms each having an oxidation state of −3 and the central one −2. An example with true fractional oxidation states for equivalent atoms is potassium <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a>, KO 2. The diatomic superoxide ion O− 2 has an overall charge of −1, so each of its two equivalent oxygen atoms is assigned an oxidation state of −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠. This ion can be described as a <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">resonance</a> hybrid of two Lewis structures, where each oxygen has an oxidation state of 0 in one structure and −1 in the other. For the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl_anion" title="Cyclopentadienyl anion">cyclopentadienyl anion</a> C 5H− 5, the oxidation state of C is −1 + −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/5⁠ = −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠6/5⁠. The −1 occurs because each carbon is bonded to one hydrogen atom (a less electronegative element), and the −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/5⁠ because the total ionic charge of −1 is divided among five equivalent carbons. Again this can be described as a resonance hybrid of five equivalent structures, each having four carbons with oxidation state −1 and one with −2. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of fractional oxidation states for carbon </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation state</th> <th>Example species </th></tr> <tr> <td>−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠6/5⁠</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl_anion" title="Cyclopentadienyl anion">C 5H− 5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠6/7⁠</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropylium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropylium">C 7H+ 7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠3/2⁠</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squarate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Squarate ion">C 4O2− 4</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Finally, fractional oxidation numbers are not used in the chemical nomenclature.<a href="#cite_note-RedBook2005-20">[20]</a>: 66  For example the red lead <a href="/wiki/Lead(II,IV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">Pb 3O 4</a> is represented as lead(II,IV) oxide, showing the oxidation states of the two nonequivalent <a href="/wiki/Lead_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead (metal)">lead</a> atoms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_with_multiple_oxidation_states">Elements with multiple oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elements with multiple oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="#List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements">§ List of oxidation states of the elements</a></div> Most elements have more than one possible oxidation state. For example, carbon has nine possible integer oxidation states from −4 to +4: <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Integer oxidation states of carbon </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation state</th> <th>Example compound </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">C 2H 6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">C 2H 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloromethane" title="Chloromethane">CH 3Cl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">C 2H 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">C 6H 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">(CH 2OH) 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">HCHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">CH 2Cl 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glyoxal" title="Glyoxal">OCHCHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane" title="1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane">CHCl 2CHCl 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">HCOOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">CHCl 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">HOOCCOOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexachloroethane" title="Hexachloroethane">C 2Cl 6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">CCl 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO 2</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidation_state_in_metals">Oxidation state in metals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Oxidation state in metals">edit</a>]</div> Many compounds with <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">luster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> maintain a simple <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometric">stoichiometric</a> formula, such as the golden <a href="/wiki/Titanium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium monoxide">TiO</a>, blue-black <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium dioxide">RuO2</a> or coppery <a href="/wiki/Rhenium_trioxide" title="Rhenium trioxide">ReO3</a>, all of obvious oxidation state. Ultimately, assigning the free metallic electrons to one of the bonded atoms is not comprehensive and can yield unusual oxidation states. Examples are the LiPb and Cu 3Au ordered <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, the composition and structure of which are largely determined by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic size</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_packing_factor" title="Atomic packing factor">packing factors</a>. Should oxidation state be needed for redox balancing, it is best set to 0 for all atoms of such an alloy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements">List of oxidation states of the elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: List of oxidation states of the elements">edit</a>]</div> This is a list of known oxidation states of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a>, excluding <a href="#Fractional_oxidation_states">nonintegral values</a>. The most common states appear in bold. The table is based on that of Greenwood and Earnshaw,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> with additions noted. Every element exists in oxidation state 0 when it is the pure non-ionized element in any phase, whether monatomic or polyatomic <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a>. The column for oxidation state 0 only shows elements known to exist in oxidation state 0 in compounds. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Noble gas</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">+1 Bold values are main oxidation states</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom::before{border-top-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before{border-bottom-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .content-table-scrollbar,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed .content-table{overflow:visible}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right{box-shadow:none;border-left:none}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){body.vector-sticky-header-visible 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.sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi mw-collapsible uncollapsed" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" title="Template:List of oxidation states of the elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" title="Template talk:List of oxidation states of the elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of oxidation states of the elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Oxidation states of the elements</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">Element </th> <th colspan="5">Negative states </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="9">Positive states </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </th> <th style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </th> <th style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </th> <th style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </th> <th style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </th> <th style="background:#e0ffff">0 </th> <th style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </th> <th style="background:#ffdead">+2 </th> <th style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </th> <th style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </th> <th style="background:#cccc98">+5 </th> <th style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </th> <th style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </th> <th style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </th> <th style="background:#c6dd9d">+9 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Z </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="1"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">H </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="2"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">He </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="3"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Li </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="4"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Be </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentBeryllium-24">[24]</a> <a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="5"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">B </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="6"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">C </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="7"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">N </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="8"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">O </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="9"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">F </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="10"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ne </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="11"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Na </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="12"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="13"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Al </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="14"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Si </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin-41">[41]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="15"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">P </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="16"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">S </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="17"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cl </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="18"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ar </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="19"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">K </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-neg_metals-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">20 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="20"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ca </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-West-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="21"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1991-48">[48]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Smith-49">[49]</a> <a href="#cite_note-McGuire-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="22"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ti </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="23"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">V </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="24"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cr </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="25"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="26"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fe </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">27 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="27"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Co </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-greenwood-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="28"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ni </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">29 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="29"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="30"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Zn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="31"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ga </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Colture-72">[72]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Colture-72">[72]</a> <a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Colture-72">[72]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="32"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ge </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin2-74">[74]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="33"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">As </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">34 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="34"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Se </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="35"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Br </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="36"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Kr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">37 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="37"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">38 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="38"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">39 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="39"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="40"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Zr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Calderazzo-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ma-88">[88]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">41 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="41"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">42 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="42"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mo </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">43 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="43"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">44 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="44"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ru </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">45 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="45"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="46"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">47 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="47"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ag </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">48 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="48"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-101">[101]</a> <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="49"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">In </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="50"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sn </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-ZeroValentTin3-106">[106]</a> <a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">51 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="51"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">52 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="52"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Te </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">53 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="53"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">I </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">54 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="54"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Xe </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Harding-2002-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="55"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cs </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-caeside2-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">56 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="56"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ba </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="57"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">La </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-115">[115]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">58 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="58"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ce </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">59 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="59"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="60"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="61"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">62 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="62"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">63 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="63"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Eu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;">0<a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="64"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Gd </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="65"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-115">[115]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-117">[117]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="66"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Dy </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">67 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="67"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ho </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">68 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="68"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Er </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">69 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="69"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-115">[115]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="70"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LnI-115">[115]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">71 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="71"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Lanthanides-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">72 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="72"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="73"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ta </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="74"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">W </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">75 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="75"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Re </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="76"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Os </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="77"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ir </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td style="background:#c6dd9d">+9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-IrIX-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">78 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="78"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">79 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="79"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Au </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">80 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="80"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Brauer-1936-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">81 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="81"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Tl </td> <td style="background:#d5e6f7">−5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="82"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pb </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dfdfdf">−4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="83"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0cb">−3 </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td style="background:#e0ffff;">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="84"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Po </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p78-129">[129]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="85"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">At </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">86 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="86"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="87"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">88 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="88"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ra </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">89 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="89"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ac </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="90"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Th </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-130">[130]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">91 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="91"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pa </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="92"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">U </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-130">[130]</a> <a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">93 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="93"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Np </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Dutkiewicz2017-132">[132]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">94 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="94"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a>, <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">95 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="95"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Am </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">96 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="96"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-133">[133]</a> <a href="#cite_note-CmO3-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">97 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="97"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bk </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">98 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="98"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">99 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="99"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Es </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="100"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fm </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">101 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="101"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Md </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">102 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="102"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">No </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">f-block groups </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-GE28-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">103 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="103"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lr </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">104 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="104"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rf </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="105"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Db </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">106 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="106"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Sg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">107 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="107"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Bh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e6fe8e">+7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">108 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="108"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hs </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d1ddff">+8 </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">109 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="109"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">110 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="110"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ds </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">111 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="111"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Rg </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffbffe">+3 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">112 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="112"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">113 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="113"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Nh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">114 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="114"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Fl </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="115"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">moscovium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mc </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">116 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="116"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Lv </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffecd3">−2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Thayer_p83-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">117 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="117"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ts </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cccc98">+5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff"> <td style="text-align:right;">118 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" data-sort-value="118"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Og </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f5deb3">−1 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffa07a">+1 </td> <td style="background:#ffdead">+2 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cbcbcb">+4 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a0fec2">+6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> <a href="#cite_note-hydride-138">[138]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kaldor-139">[139]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kaldor-139">[139]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Haire-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_forms_(octet_rule)">Early forms (octet rule)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early forms (octet rule)">edit</a>]</div> A figure with a similar format was used by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> in 1919 in one of the early papers about the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The periodicity of the oxidation states was one of the pieces of evidence that led Langmuir to adopt the rule. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Langmuir_valence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Langmuir_valence.png/700px-Langmuir_valence.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Langmuir_valence.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="279" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_nomenclature">Use in nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Use in nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> The oxidation state in compound naming for <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinides" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinides">actinides</a> is placed either as a right superscript to the element symbol in a chemical formula, such as FeIII or in parentheses after the name of the element in chemical names, such as iron(III). For example, Fe 2(SO 4) 3 is named <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfate" title="Iron(III) sulfate">iron(III) sulfate</a> and its formula can be shown as FeIII 2(SO 4) 3. This is because a <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate ion">sulfate ion</a> has a charge of −2, so each iron atom takes a charge of +3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_oxidation_state_concept">History of the oxidation state concept</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History of the oxidation state concept">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_days">Early days</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Early days">edit</a>]</div> Oxidation itself was first studied by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, who defined it as the result of reactions with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (hence the name).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The term has since been generalized to imply a formal loss of electrons. Oxidation states, called oxidation grades by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> in 1835,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> were one of the intellectual stepping stones that <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> used to derive the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Jensen" title="William B. Jensen">William B. Jensen</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> gives an overview of the history up to 1938. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_nomenclature_2">Use in nomenclature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Use in nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> When it was realized that some metals form two different binary compounds with the same nonmetal, the two compounds were often distinguished by using the ending -ic for the higher metal oxidation state and the ending -ous for the lower. For example, FeCl3 is <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a> and FeCl2 is <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous chloride">ferrous chloride</a>. This system is not very satisfactory (although sometimes still used) because different metals have different oxidation states which have to be learned: ferric and ferrous are +3 and +2 respectively, but cupric and cuprous are +2 and +1, and stannic and stannous are +4 and +2. Also, there was no allowance for metals with more than two oxidation states, such as <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> with oxidation states +2, +3, +4, and +5.<a href="#cite_note-Petrucci-17">[17]</a>: 84  This system has been largely replaced by one suggested by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock">Alfred Stock</a> in 1919<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and adopted<a href="#cite_note-1940IUPACinorgnom-147">[147]</a> by <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> in 1940. Thus, FeCl2 was written as <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_chloride" title="Iron(II) chloride">iron(II) chloride</a> rather than ferrous chloride. The Roman numeral II at the central atom came to be called the "<a href="/wiki/Stock_nomenclature" title="Stock nomenclature">Stock number</a>" (now an obsolete term), and its value was obtained as a charge at the central atom after removing its ligands along with the <a href="/wiki/Electron_pair" title="Electron pair">electron pairs</a> they shared with it.<a href="#cite_note-RedBook2005-20">[20]</a>: 147  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_towards_the_current_concept">Development towards the current concept</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Development towards the current concept">edit</a>]</div> The term "oxidation state" in English chemical literature was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Mitchell_Latimer" title="Wendell Mitchell Latimer">Wendell Mitchell Latimer</a> in his 1938 book about electrochemical potentials.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> He used it for the value (synonymous with the German term Wertigkeit) previously termed "valence", "polar valence" or "polar number"<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> in English, or "oxidation stage" or indeed<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> the "state of oxidation". Since 1938, the term "oxidation state" has been connected with <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_potential" title="Electrochemical potential">electrochemical potentials</a> and electrons exchanged in <a href="/wiki/Redox_couple" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox couple">redox couples</a> participating in redox reactions. By 1948, IUPAC used the 1940 nomenclature rules with the term "oxidation state",<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> instead of the original<a href="#cite_note-1940IUPACinorgnom-147">[147]</a> valency. In 1948 <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> proposed that oxidation number could be determined by extrapolating bonds to being completely ionic in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A full acceptance of this suggestion was complicated by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling electronegativities</a> as such depend on the oxidation state and that they may lead to unusual values of oxidation states for some transition metals. In 1990 IUPAC resorted to a postulatory (rule-based) method to determine the oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> This was complemented by the synonymous term oxidation number as a descendant of the Stock number introduced in 1940 into the nomenclature. However, the terminology using "<a href="/wiki/Ligands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligands">ligands</a>"<a href="#cite_note-RedBook2005-20">[20]</a>: 147  gave the impression that oxidation number might be something specific to <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a>. This situation and the lack of a real single definition generated numerous debates about the meaning of oxidation state, suggestions about methods to obtain it and definitions of it. To resolve the issue, an IUPAC project (2008-040-1-200) was started in 2008 on the "Comprehensive Definition of Oxidation State", and was concluded by two reports<a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2013-0505-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1515/pac-2015-1204-6">[6]</a> and by the revised entries "Oxidation State"<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxstate-8">[8]</a> and "Oxidation Number"<a href="#cite_note-goldbookoxnumber-9">[9]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC Gold Book">IUPAC Gold Book</a>. The outcomes were a single definition of oxidation state and two algorithms to calculate it in molecular and extended-solid compounds, guided by <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen electronegativities</a> that are independent of oxidation state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic shell">Atomic shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum numbers">Quantum numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" title="Azimuthal quantum number">Azimuthal quantum number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">Principal quantum number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_quantum_number" title="Magnetic quantum number">Magnetic quantum number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_quantum_number" title="Spin quantum number">Spin quantum number</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiswesser%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiswesser's rule">Wiswesser's rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_potential" title="Ionic potential">Ionic potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">Ions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">Cations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anions">Anions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic ions">Polyatomic ions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bonding">Covalent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">Metallic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">Hybridization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidation_state&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-033445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-033445-9"><bdi>978-0-13-033445-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-033445-9&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Harwood%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Herring%2C+F.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSennWrightAttfield2012" class="citation journal cs1">Senn, M. S.; Wright, J. P.; Attfield, J. P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10796489/Charge_order_and_three_site_distortions_in_the_Verwey_structure_of_magnetite.pdf">"Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite"</a> (PDF). Nature. 481 (7380): 173–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.481..173S">2012Natur.481..173S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10704">10.1038/nature10704</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F1b3bb558-52d5-419f-9944-ab917dc95f5e">20.500.11820/1b3bb558-52d5-419f-9944-ab917dc95f5e</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190035">22190035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4425300">4425300</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10796489/Charge_order_and_three_site_distortions_in_the_Verwey_structure_of_magnetite.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Charge+order+and+three-site+distortions+in+the+Verwey+structure+of+magnetite&rft.volume=481&rft.issue=7380&rft.pages=173-6&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F1b3bb558-52d5-419f-9944-ab917dc95f5e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4425300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.481..173S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22190035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10704&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft.au=Wright%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Attfield%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F10796489%2FCharge_order_and_three_site_distortions_in_the_Verwey_structure_of_magnetite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittenGalleyDavis1992" class="citation book cs1">Whitten, K. W.; Galley, K. D.; Davis, R. E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0">General Chemistry</a> (4th ed.). Saunders. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-075156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-075156-1"><bdi>978-0-03-075156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-03-075156-1&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft.au=Galley%2C+K.+D.&rft.au=Davis%2C+R.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00whit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-RedBook2005-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedBook2005_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedBook2005_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedBook2005_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnellyDamhusHartshornHutton" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; Hutton, A. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)</a> (PDF). RSC Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2005%29&rft.pub=RSC+Publishing&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=N.+G.&rft.au=Damhus%2C+T.&rft.au=Hartshorn%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Hutton%2C+A.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.old.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Frbook%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=27-28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Disodium helide, (Na+)2He(e-)2, has been synthesized at high pressure, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongOganovGoncharovStavrou2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dong, Xiao; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Lobanov, Sergey; Saleh, Gabriele; Qian, Guang-Rui; Zhu, Qiang; Gatti, Carlo; Deringer, Volker L.; Dronskowski, Richard; Zhou, Xiang-Feng; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana; Popov, Ivan A.; Boldyrev, Alexander I.; Wang, Hui-Tian (6 February 2017). "A stable compound of helium and sodium at high pressure". <a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemistry" title="Nature Chemistry">Nature Chemistry</a>. 9 (5): 440–445. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.3827">1309.3827</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCh...9..440D">2017NatCh...9..440D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2716">10.1038/nchem.2716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28430195">28430195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20459726">20459726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+stable+compound+of+helium+and+sodium+at+high+pressure&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=440-445&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20459726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCh...9..440D&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1309.3827&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28430195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.2716&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Oganov%2C+Artem+R.&rft.au=Goncharov%2C+Alexander+F.&rft.au=Stavrou%2C+Elissaios&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Saleh%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Qian%2C+Guang-Rui&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Gatti%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Deringer%2C+Volker+L.&rft.au=Dronskowski%2C+Richard&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Xiang-Feng&rft.au=Prakapenka%2C+Vitali+B.&rft.au=Kon%C3%B4pkov%C3%A1%2C+Zuzana&rft.au=Popov%2C+Ivan+A.&rft.au=Boldyrev%2C+Alexander+I.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hui-Tian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Li(–1) has been observed in the gas phase; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._H._SloaneH._M._Love1947" class="citation journal cs1">R. H. Sloane; H. M. Love (1947). "Surface Formation of Lithium Negative Ions". Nature. 159: 302–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F159302a0">10.1038/159302a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Surface+Formation+of+Lithium+Negative+Ions&rft.volume=159&rft.pages=302-303&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F159302a0&rft.au=R.+H.+Sloane&rft.au=H.+M.+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentBeryllium-24"><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentBeryllium_24-0">^</a> Be(0) has been observed; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9426001/Beryllium0_Complex_Found.html">"Beryllium(0) Complex Found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_Europe" title="Chemistry Europe">Chemistry Europe</a>. 13 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beryllium%280%29+Complex+Found&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9426001%2FBeryllium0_Complex_Found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf">"Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data"</a> (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beryllium%3A+Beryllium%28I%29+Hydride+compound+data&rft.pub=bernath.uwaterloo.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schroeder, Melanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/995006210/34">"Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden"</a> (in German). p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eigenschaften+von+borreichen+Boriden+und+Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden&rft.pages=139&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F995006210%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> B(−1) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_diboride" title="Magnesium diboride">magnesium diboride</a> (MgB2), see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeelerWothers2014" class="citation book cs1">Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315">Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199604135" title="Special:BookSources/9780199604135"><bdi>9780199604135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Structure+and+Reactivity%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199604135&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wothers%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RgbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunschweigDewhurstHammondMies2012" class="citation journal cs1">Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1420B">2012Sci...336.1420B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1221138">10.1126/science.1221138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22700924">22700924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206540959">206540959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ambient-Temperature+Isolation+of+a+Compound+with+a+Boron-Boron+Triple+Bond&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6087&rft.pages=1420-2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1221138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206540959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22700924&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336.1420B&rft.aulast=Braunschweig&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Dewhurst%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+K.&rft.au=Mies%2C+J.&rft.au=Radacki%2C+K.&rft.au=Vargas%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-96">cs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-97">ct</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-98">cu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-99">cv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-100">cw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-101">cx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-102">cy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-103">cz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-104">da</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-105">db</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-106">dc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-107">dd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-108">de</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-109">df</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-110">dg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-111">dh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-112">di</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-113">dj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-114">dk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-115">dl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-116">dm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-117">dn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-118">do</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-119">dp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-120">dq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-121">dr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-122">ds</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-123">dt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-124">du</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-125">dv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-126">dw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-127">dx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-128">dy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-129">dz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-130">ea</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-131">eb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-132">ec</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-133">ed</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-134">ee</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-135">ef</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-136">eg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-137">eh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-138">ei</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-139">ej</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-140">ek</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-141">el</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-142">em</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-143">en</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-144">eo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-145">ep</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-146">eq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-147">er</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-148">es</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-149">et</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-150">eu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-151">ev</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-152">ew</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-153">ex</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-154">ey</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-155">ez</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-156">fa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-157">fb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-158">fc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-159">fd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-160">fe</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-161">ff</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-162">fg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-163">fh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-164">fi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-165">fj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-166">fk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-167">fl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-168">fm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-169">fn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-170">fo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-171">fp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-172">fq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-173">fr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-174">fs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-175">ft</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-176">fu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-177">fv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-178">fw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-179">fx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-180">fy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-181">fz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-182">ga</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-183">gb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-184">gc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-185">gd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-186">ge</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-187">gf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-188">gg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_29-189">gh</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang,_K.Q.Guo,_B.Braun,_V.Dulick,_M.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/125.pdf">"Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF"</a> (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JMoSp.170...82Z">1995JMoSp.170...82Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsp.1995.1058">10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=Infrared+Emission+Spectroscopy+of+BF+and+AIF&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsp.1995.1058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JMoSp.170...82Z&rft.au=Zhang%2C+K.Q.&rft.au=Guo%2C+B.&rft.au=Braun%2C+V.&rft.au=Dulick%2C+M.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrazole" title="Tetrazole">Tetrazoles</a> contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryFinnegan1954" class="citation journal cs1">Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01630a086">10.1021/ja01630a086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Improved+Procedure+for+the+Deamination+of+5-Aminotetrazole&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=290-291&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01630a086&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft.au=Finnegan%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ne(0) has been observed in Cr(CO)5Ne; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerutzTurner1975" class="citation journal cs1">Perutz, Robin N.; Turner, James J. (August 1975). "Photochemistry of the Group 6 hexacarbonyls in low-temperature matrices. III. Interaction of the pentacarbonyls with noble gases and other matrices". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (17): 4791–4800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00850a001">10.1021/ja00850a001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Photochemistry+of+the+Group+6+hexacarbonyls+in+low-temperature+matrices.+III.+Interaction+of+the+pentacarbonyls+with+noble+gases+and+other+matrices&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=4791-4800&rft.date=1975-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00850a001&rft.aulast=Perutz&rft.aufirst=Robin+N.&rft.au=Turner%2C+James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The compound <a href="/wiki/NaCl" class="mw-redirect" title="NaCl">NaCl</a> has been shown in experiments to exists in several unusual <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometries</a> under high pressure, including Na3Cl in which contains a layer of sodium(0) atoms; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangOganovGoncharovZhu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, W.; Oganov, A. R.; Goncharov, A. F.; Zhu, Q.; Boulfelfel, S. E.; Lyakhov, A. O.; Stavrou, E.; Somayazulu, M.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Konôpková, Z. (2013). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7674">1310.7674</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342.1502Z">2013Sci...342.1502Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1244989">10.1126/science.1244989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24357316">24357316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15298372">15298372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Unexpected+Stable+Stoichiometries+of+Sodium+Chlorides&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6165&rft.pages=1502-1505&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15298372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342.1502Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.7674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24357316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1244989&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Oganov%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Goncharov%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Q.&rft.au=Boulfelfel%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Lyakhov%2C+A.+O.&rft.au=Stavrou%2C+E.&rft.au=Somayazulu%2C+M.&rft.au=Prakapenka%2C+V.+B.&rft.au=Kon%C3%B4pkov%C3%A1%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na2Mg22+ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöschGentnerEyseleinLanger2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.592..717R">2021Natur.592..717R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03401-w">10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33911274">33911274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233447380">233447380</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Strongly+reducing+magnesium%280%29+complexes&rft.volume=592&rft.issue=7856&rft.pages=717-721&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03401-w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233447380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33911274&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.592..717R&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sch&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Gentner%2C+T.+X.&rft.au=Eyselein%2C+J.&rft.au=Langer%2C+J.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+H.&rft.au=Li%2C+W.&rft.au=Harder%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernath,_P._F.Black,_J._H.Brault,_J._W.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/24.pdf">"The spectrum of magnesium hydride"</a> (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ApJ...298..375B">1985ApJ...298..375B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F163620">10.1086/163620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+spectrum+of+magnesium+hydride&rft.volume=298&rft.pages=375&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F163620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985ApJ...298..375B&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.+F.&rft.au=Black%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Brault%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988">. See also <a href="/wiki/Low_valent_magnesium_compounds" title="Low valent magnesium compounds">Low valent magnesium compounds</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWemdorffRöhr2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 62 (10): 1227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001">10.1515/znb-2007-1001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94972243">94972243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Naturforschung+B&rft.atitle=Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+Eine+Zintl-Phase+mit+isolierten+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+und+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-Anionen+%2F+Sr%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%5BGe%5D%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+A+Zintl+Phase+with+Isolated+%5BGe%5D%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E-+and+%5BAl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E8%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1227&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fznb-2007-1001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94972243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wemdorff&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Al(–1) has been reported in Na5Al5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaopeng_WangXinxing_ZhangYeon_Jae_KoAndrej_Grubisic2014" class="citation journal cs1">Haopeng Wang; Xinxing Zhang; Yeon Jae Ko; Andrej Grubisic; Xiang Li; Gerd Ganteför; Hansgeorg Schnöckel; Bryan W. 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Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973RSPSA.332..113S">1973RSPSA.332..113S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1973.0015">10.1098/rspa.1973.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96908213">96908213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A%2C+Mathematical+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Diatomic+Hydride+and+Deuteride+Spectra+of+the+Second+Row+Transition+Metals&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=1588&rft.pages=113-127&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96908213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1973.0015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973RSPSA.332..113S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuire-50"><a href="#cite_ref-McGuire_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireKempter,_Charles_P.1960" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960JChPh..33.1584M">1960JChPh..33.1584M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1731452">10.1063/1.1731452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+Properties+of+Scandium+Dihydride&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1584-1585&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1731452&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960JChPh..33.1584M&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C.&rft.au=Kempter%2C+Charles+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Ti(-2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ti(CO)2−6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJilekTripepiUrneziusBrennessel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6:[Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB700808B">10.1039/B700808B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17579764">17579764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Commun.&rft.atitle=Zerovalent+titanium%E2%80%93sulfur+complexes.+Novel+dithiocarbamato+derivatives+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22avoidwrap%22+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3B%22%3ETi%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A%5BTi%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%28S%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ECNR%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%5D%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2639-2641&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB700808B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17579764&rft.aulast=Jilek&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Tripepi%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Urnezius%2C+Eugenijus&rft.au=Brennessel%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Young%2C+Victor+G.+Jr.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson,_N.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm". J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.3543A">2003JChPh.118.3543A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1539848">10.1063/1.1539848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Emission+spectra+of+TiH+and+TiD+near+938+nm&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=10543&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1539848&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JChPh.118.3543A&rft.au=Andersson%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> V(–3) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">V(CO)3−5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> V(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">V(CO)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Cr(–4) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na4Cr(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Cr(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cr(CO)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Mn(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mn(cod)2−2; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). 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Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JMoSp.221..261R">2003JMoSp.221..261R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2852%2803%2900225-X">10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=Fourier+transform+emission+spectroscopy+of+the+g%3Csup%3E4%3C%2Fsup%3E%CE%94%26ndash%3Ba%3Csup%3E4%3C%2Fsup%3E%CE%94+system+of+FeCl&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-2852%2803%2900225-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JMoSp.221..261R&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemazeauBuffatPouchardHagenmuller1982" class="citation journal cs1">Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19824910109">10.1002/zaac.19824910109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+anorganische+und+allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+the+field+of+high+oxidation+states+of+transition+elements+in+oxides+stabilization+of+six-coordinated+Iron%28V%29&rft.volume=491&rft.pages=60-66&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19824910109&rft.aulast=Demazeau&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Buffat%2C+B.&rft.au=Pouchard%2C+M.&rft.au=Hagenmuller%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuJianHuangLin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PCCP...1831125L">2016PCCP...1831125L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC6CP06753K">10.1039/C6CP06753K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812577">27812577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Experimental+and+theoretical+identification+of+the+Fe%28VII%29+oxidation+state+in+FeO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=31125-31131&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27812577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC6CP06753K&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PCCP...1831125L&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Jian%2C+J.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.&rft.au=Lin%2C+H.&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Zhou%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Co(–3) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na3Co(CO)3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood-63"><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 1117–1119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=1117-1119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Ni(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni(COD)2−2; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Ni(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfirrmannLimbergHerwigStößer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200805862">10.1002/anie.200805862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19322853">19322853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=A+Dinuclear+Nickel%28I%29+Dinitrogen+Complex+and+its+Reduction+in+Single-Electron+Steps&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=3357-61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200805862&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19322853&rft.aulast=Pfirrmann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Limberg%2C+Christian&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Christian&rft.au=St%C3%B6%C3%9Fer%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Ziemer%2C+Burkhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnesBuccellaChenRamirez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200804435">10.1002/anie.200804435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19021174">19021174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=A+Stable+Tetraalkyl+Complex+of+Nickel%28IV%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=290-4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200804435&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19021174&rft.aulast=Carnes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Buccella%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Chen%2C+Judy+Y.-C.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Arthur+P.&rft.au=Turro%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Nuckolls%2C+Colin&rft.au=Steigerwald%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Cu(−2) have been observed as dimeric anions [Cu4]2– in La2Cu2In; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=444-449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoretZhangPeters2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/37931/">"A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond"</a>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja4006578">10.1021/ja4006578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23418750">23418750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc&rft.atitle=A+Polar+Copper%E2%80%93Boron+One-Electron+%CF%83-Bond&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3792-3795&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja4006578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23418750&rft.aulast=Moret&rft.aufirst=Marc-Etienne&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Limei&rft.au=Peters%2C+Jonas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F37931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Zn(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in Ca5Zn3 (structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=444-449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Zn(I) has been reported in <a href="/wiki/Decamethyldizincocene" title="Decamethyldizincocene">decamethyldizincocene</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResa,_I.Carmona,_E.Gutierrez-Puebla,_E.Monge,_A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 305 (5687): 1136–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1136R">2004Sci...305.1136R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101356">10.1126/science.1101356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326350">15326350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38990338">38990338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Decamethyldizincocene%2C+a+Stable+Compound+of+Zn%28I%29+with+a+Zn-Zn+Bond&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5687&rft.pages=1136-8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38990338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15326350&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1136R&rft.au=Resa%2C+I.&rft.au=Carmona%2C+E.&rft.au=Gutierrez-Puebla%2C+E.&rft.au=Monge%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colture-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann,_Patrick1997" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofmann, Patrick (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf">Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden</a> (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3929%2Fethz-a-001859893">10.3929/ethz-a-001859893</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F143357">20.500.11850/143357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3728125972" title="Special:BookSources/978-3728125972"><bdi>978-3728125972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colture.+Ein+Programm+zur+interaktiven+Visualisierung+von+Festk%C3%B6rperstrukturen+sowie+Synthese%2C+Struktur+und+Eigenschaften+von+bin%C3%A4ren+und+tern%C3%A4ren+Alkali-+und+Erdalkalimetallgalliden&rft.inst=PhD+Thesis%2C+ETH+Zurich&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F143357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3929%2Fethz-a-001859893&rft.isbn=978-3728125972&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kassel.de%2Fupress%2Fonline%2Ffrei%2F978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürrBauerRöhr2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znaturforsch.com/s66b/s66b1107.pdf">"Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen"</a> (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Naturforsch.&rft.atitle=Lanthan-Triel%2FTetrel-ide+La%28Al%2CGa%29%3Csub%3Ex%3C%2Fsub%3E%28Si%2CGe%29%3Csub%3E1-x%3C%2Fsub%3E.+Experimentelle+und+theoretische+Studien+zur+Stabilit%C3%A4t+intermetallischer+1%3A1-Phasen&rft.volume=66b&rft.pages=1107-1121&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Ines&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Britta&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znaturforsch.com%2Fs66b%2Fs66b1107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentTin2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin2_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html">"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_Europe" title="Chemistry Europe">Chemistry Europe</a>. 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Type+of+Zero-Valent+Tin+Compound&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9745121%2FNew_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamWangXieWei2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.200902840">10.1002/chem.200902840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19937872">19937872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Carbene+Stabilization+of+Diarsenic%3A+From+Hypervalency+to+Allotropy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=432-5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.200902840&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19937872&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Mariham+Y.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuzhong&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yaoming&rft.au=Wei%2C+Pingrong&rft.au=Shaefer+III%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+P.+von+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisMacDonald2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic049281s">10.1021/ic049281s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15360247">15360247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilized+Arsenic%28I%29+Iodide%3A+A+Ready+Source+of+Arsenic+Iodide+Fragments+and+a+Useful+Reagent+for+the+Generation+of+Clusters&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=5981-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic049281s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15360247&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Bobby+D.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Charles+L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> As(IV) has been observed in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic(IV)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic(IV) hydroxide (page does not exist)">arsenic(IV) hydroxide</a> (As(OH)4) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HAsO−; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKläningBielskiSehested1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00313a007">10.1021/ic00313a007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arsenic%28IV%29.+A+pulse-radiolysis+study&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2717-24&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00313a007&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%A4ning&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+K.&rft.au=Bielski%2C+Benon+H.+J.&rft.au=Sehested%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCargneluttiLangPiquiniAbram2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.inoche.2014.04.003">10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1387-7003">1387-7003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry+Communications&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+structure+of+%5BReOSe%282-Se-py%293%5D%3A+A+rhenium%28V%29+complex+with+selenium%280%29+as+a+ligand&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=48-50&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.inoche.2014.04.003&rft.issn=1387-7003&rft.aulast=Cargnelutti&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Lang%2C+Ernesto+S.&rft.au=Piquini%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Abram%2C+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauNeumüllerVyboishchikovFrenking1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.19960021108">10.1002/chem.19960021108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENBr%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENCl%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+Se%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENCl%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+New+Nitride+Halides+of+Selenium%28III%29+and+Selenium%28IV%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1393-1396&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.19960021108&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft.au=Neum%C3%BCller%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Vyboishchikov%2C+Sergei+F.&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft.au=Dehnicke%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Hiller%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Herker%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a>; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100382a032">Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Rb(–1) is known in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidides (page does not exist)">rubidides</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColarussoGuoZhangBernath1996" class="citation journal cs1">Colarusso, P.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf">"High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride"</a> (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JMoSp.175..158C">1996JMoSp.175..158C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019">10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Molecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=High-Resolution+Infrared+Emission+Spectrum+of+Strontium+Monofluoride&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=158&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsp.1996.0019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JMoSp.175..158C&rft.aulast=Colarusso&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Guo%2C+B.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+K.-Q.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F149.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1993-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_84-13">n</a> Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloke1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCS9932200017">10.1039/CS9932200017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Soc.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Zero+Oxidation+State+Compounds+of+Scandium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+the+Lanthanides&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9932200017&rft.aulast=Cloke&rft.aufirst=F.+Geoffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldPetrukhinaBochenkovShabatina2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arene+complexation+of+Sm%2C+Eu%2C+Tm+and+Yb+atoms%3A+a+variable+temperature+spectroscopic+investigation&rft.volume=688&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Polly+L.&rft.au=Petrukhina%2C+Marina+A.&rft.au=Bochenkov%2C+Vladimir+E.&rft.au=Shabatina%2C+Tatyana+I.&rft.au=Zagorskii%2C+Vyacheslav+V.&rft.au=Cloke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Zr(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Zr(CO)2−6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Zr(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Zr and [(η5-C5R5Zr(CO)4]−, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikBradley,_C._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5">10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080450476" title="Special:BookSources/9780080450476"><bdi>9780080450476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.06+-+Complexes+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+Oxidation+States+0+to+ii&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organometallic+Chemistry+III.+From+Fundamentals+to+Applications&rft.pages=697-739&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5&rft.isbn=9780080450476&rft.aulast=Chirik&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calderazzo-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Calderazzo_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderazzoPampaloni1992" class="citation journal cs1">Calderazzo, Fausto; Pampaloni, Guido (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022328X92831263">"Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower"</a>. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 423 (3): 307–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3">10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Organometallics+of+groups+4+and+5%3A+Oxidation+states+II+and+lower&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-328&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3&rft.aulast=Calderazzo&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rft.au=Pampaloni%2C+Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0022328X92831263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ma-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Ma_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaHerbertSenanayakeYildiz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Wen; Herbert, F. William; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yildiz, Bilge (2015-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/106/10/101603/236409/Non-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium">"Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation"</a>. Applied Physics Letters. 106 (10). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.106j1603M">2015ApPhL.106j1603M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4914180">10.1063/1.4914180</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F104888">1721.1/104888</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6951">0003-6951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Non-equilibrium+oxidation+states+of+zirconium+during+early+stages+of+metal+oxidation&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F104888&rft.issn=0003-6951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4914180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApPhL.106j1603M&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Wen&rft.au=Herbert%2C+F.+William&rft.au=Senanayake%2C+Sanjaya+D.&rft.au=Yildiz%2C+Bilge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fapl%2Farticle%2F106%2F10%2F101603%2F236409%2FNon-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Nb(–3) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cs3Nb(CO)5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Mo(–4) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na4Mo(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Mo(0) occurs in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexacarbonyl" title="Molybdenum hexacarbonyl">molybdenum hexacarbonyl</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 1140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=1140&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva_SantosStükerFlachAblyasova2022" class="citation journal cs1">Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio‐Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9544489">"The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+"</a>. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202207688">10.1002/anie.202207688</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9544489">9544489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35818987">35818987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=The+Highest+Oxidation+State+of+Rhodium%3A+Rhodium%28VII%29+in+%5BRhO3%5D%2B&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=e202207688&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9544489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35818987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202207688&rft.aulast=Da+Silva+Santos&rft.aufirst=Mayara&rft.au=St%C3%BCker%2C+Tony&rft.au=Flach%2C+Max&rft.au=Ablyasova%2C+Olesya+S.&rft.au=Timm%2C+Martin&rft.au=von+Issendorff%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Konstantin&rft.au=Zamudio%E2%80%90Bayer%2C+Vicente&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Lau%2C+J.+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9544489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Pd(I) is known in [Pd2]2+ compounds; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_FrickeTheresa_SpergerMarvin_MendelFranziska_Schoenebeck2020" class="citation journal cs1">Christoph Fricke; Theresa Sperger; Marvin Mendel; Franziska Schoenebeck (2020). "Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202011825">10.1002/anie.202011825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Catalysis+with+Palladium%28I%29+Dimers&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202011825&rft.au=Christoph+Fricke&rft.au=Theresa+Sperger&rft.au=Marvin+Mendel&rft.au=Franziska+Schoenebeck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Pd(III) has been observed; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersRitter2011" class="citation book cs1">Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">"Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis"</a> (PDF). Higher Oxidation State Organopalladium and Platinum Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 35. pp. 129–156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011hoso.book..129P">2011hoso.book..129P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6">10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-17428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-17428-5"><bdi>978-3-642-17428-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066514">3066514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21461129">21461129</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palladium%28III%29+in+Synthesis+and+Catalysis&rft.btitle=Higher+Oxidation+State+Organopalladium+and+Platinum+Chemistry&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=129-156&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3066514%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011hoso.book..129P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21461129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-17428-5&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ritter%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.harvard.edu%2Fgroups%2Fritter%2Fpdf%2F2011-129t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimadaLiChoeTanaka2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876520">"Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104">10.1073/pnas.0700450104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876520">1876520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17470819">17470819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Multinuclear+palladium+compounds+containing+palladium+centers+ligated+by+five+silicon+atoms&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7758-7763&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17470819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104&rft.aulast=Shimada&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft.au=Li%2C+Yong-Hua&rft.au=Choe%2C+Yoong-Kee&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Masato&rft.au=Bao%2C+Ming&rft.au=Uchimaru%2C+Tadafumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Ag(−2) have been observed as dimeric and monomeric anions in Ca5Ag3, (structure (Ca2+)5(Ag–Ag)4−Ag2−⋅4e−); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranLagowski2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic000333x">10.1021/ic000333x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Metal+Ammonia+Solutions%3A+Solutions+Containing+Argentide+Ions&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1067-68&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic000333x&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rft.au=Lagowski%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshOzin1976" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00427a018">10.1021/ja00427a018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Synthesis+using+metal+vapors.+Silver+carbonyls.+Matrix+infrared%2C+ultraviolet-visible%2C+and+electron+spin+resonance+spectra%2C+structures%2C+and+bonding+of+silver+tricarbonyl%2C+silver+dicarbonyl%2C+silver+monocarbonyl%2C+and+disilver+hexacarbonyl&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3167-75&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00427a018&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ozin%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetalAnions-101"><a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_101-0">^</a> Cd(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4−) in Sr5Cd3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Cd(I) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Cadmium(I)_tetrachloroaluminate" title="Cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate">cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate</a> (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cadmium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1056-1057&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuloyCorbett1996" class="citation journal cs1">Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic951378e">10.1021/ic951378e</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666477">11666477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Synthesis%2C+Structure%2C+and+Bonding+of+Two+Lanthanum+Indium+Germanides+with+Novel+Structures+and+Properties&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2616-22&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic951378e&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11666477&rft.aulast=Guloy&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Corbett%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=zintl+anions+Na2In&source=bl&ots=aXLYIpkfYq&sig=Mqh8WdnvGOt2J2OPVLNqn79YVyk&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=XNDkVNeSJeXOyQOb8oBA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false">[1]</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony-Downs-2/publication/6589844_Development_of_the_Chemistry_of_Indium_in_Formal_Oxidation_States_Lower_than_3/links/5a82db2a0f7e9bda869fb52c/Development-of-the-Chemistry-of-Indium-in-Formal-Oxidation-States-Lower-than-3.pdf?origin=publication_detail">[2]</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeroValentTin3-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ZeroValentTin3_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9745121/New_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html">"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_Europe" title="Chemistry Europe">Chemistry Europe</a>. 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Type+of+Zero-Valent+Tin+Compound&rft.pub=Chemistry+Europe&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F9745121%2FNew_Type_of_Zero-Valent_Tin_Compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C13940255&Units=SI">"HSn"</a>. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook&rft.atitle=HSn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DC13940255%26Units%3DSI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=B1001467&Units=SI">"SnH3"</a>. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook&rft.atitle=SnH3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DB1001467%26Units%3DSI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnastas_Sidiropoulos2019" class="citation news cs1">Anastas Sidiropoulos (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8817/39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf">"Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements"</a> (PDF). p. 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4225%2F03%2F5B0F4BDF98F60">10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132399530">132399530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+of+N-heterocyclic+Carbene+%28NHC%29+Complexes+of+the+Main+Group+Elements&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4225%2F03%2F5B0F4BDF98F60&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132399530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Anastas+Sidiropoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F8817%2F39f9dfc007d7f77dd7baa63fe12e6079f8ef.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikitin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nikitin, I V (31 August 2008). "Halogen monoxides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 77 (8): 739–749. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RuCRv..77..739N">2008RuCRv..77..739N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FRC2008v077n08ABEH003788">10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250898175">250898175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Halogen+monoxides&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=739-749&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250898175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FRC2008v077n08ABEH003788&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008RuCRv..77..739N&rft.aulast=Nikitin&rft.aufirst=I+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Xe(0) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Tetraxenonogold(II)" title="Tetraxenonogold(II)">tetraxenonogold(II)</a> (AuXe42+). </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-2002-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Harding-2002_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding,_CharlieJohnson,_David_ArthurJanes,_Rob2002" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Charlie; Johnson, David Arthur; Janes, Rob (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0HW8wgmQQsC&pg=PA93">Elements of the p block</a>. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-690-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-690-9"><bdi>0-85404-690-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+p+block&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85404-690-9&rft.au=Harding%2C+Charlie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+David+Arthur&rft.au=Janes%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0HW8wgmQQsC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-caeside2-113"><a href="#cite_ref-caeside2_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDye1979" class="citation journal cs1">Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". <a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie" title="Angewandte Chemie">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a>. 18 (8): 587–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.197905871">10.1002/anie.197905871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Compounds+of+Alkali+Metal+Anions&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=587-598&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.197905871&rft.aulast=Dye&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuLerner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Wei; Lerner, Michael M. (2018). "A New and Facile Route Using Electride Solutions to Intercalate Alkaline Earth Ions into Graphite". Chemistry of Materials. 30 (19): 6930–6935. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemmater.8b03421">10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:105295721">105295721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+of+Materials&rft.atitle=A+New+and+Facile+Route+Using+Electride+Solutions+to+Intercalate+Alkaline+Earth+Ions+into+Graphite&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=6930-6935&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemmater.8b03421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A105295721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Michael+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LnI-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LnI_115-3">d</a> La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiChenChenLi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">"Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9">10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578558">8578558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753931">34753931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Monovalent+lanthanide%28I%29+in+borozene+complexes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6467&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34753931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26785-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wan-Lu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Teng-Teng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei-Jia&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lai-Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8578558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b02572">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30543295">30543295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56148031">56148031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Lanthanides+with+Unusually+Low+Oxidation+States+in+the+PrB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+PrB%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Boride+Clusters&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=411-418&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56148031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30543295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b02572&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Xin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanthanides-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanthanides_117-4">e</a> All the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, except Pm, in the +2 oxidation state have been observed in organometallic molecular complexes, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i24/Lanthanides-Topple-Assumptions.html">Lanthanides Topple Assumptions</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201311325">10.1002/anie.201311325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24616202">24616202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=All+the+Lanthanides+Do+It+and+Even+Uranium+Does+Oxidation+State+%2B2&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3550-51&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201311325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24616202&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988">. Additionally, all the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> SmB6- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulXinxingTyrelKit2017" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247#">"SmB6– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals"</a>. J. Phys. Chem. A 2017,? 121,? 8,? 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247">10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28182423">28182423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3723987">3723987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+Chem.+A+2017%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+121%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+8%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+1849%E2%80%931854&rft.atitle=SmB%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Cluster+Anion%3A+Covalency+Involving+f+Orbitals&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1849-1854&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3723987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28182423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=J.+Robinson&rft.au=Xinxing%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Tyrel%2C+McQueen&rft.au=Kit%2C+H.+Bowen&rft.au=Anastassia%2C+N.+Alexandrova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Hf(–2) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Hf(CO)62−; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Hf(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Hf and [(η5-C5R5Hf(CO)4]−, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikBradley,_C._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5">10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080450476" title="Special:BookSources/9780080450476"><bdi>9780080450476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.06+-+Complexes+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+Oxidation+States+0+to+ii&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organometallic+Chemistry+III.+From+Fundamentals+to+Applications&rft.pages=697-739&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5&rft.isbn=9780080450476&rft.aulast=Chirik&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarekTroyanovTsirel'nikov1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917">"Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium"</a>. Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Russian). 24 (4): 890–893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%2F+Russian+Journal+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%2F+Crystal+structure+and+thermodynamic+characteristics+of+monobromides+of+zirconium+and+hafnium&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-893&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft.au=Troyanov%2C+S.I.&rft.au=Tsirel%27nikov%2C+V.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finis.iaea.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.aspx%3Forig_q%3DRN%3A11520917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Ta(–3) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ta(CO)53−; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IrIX-123"><a href="#cite_ref-IrIX_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZhouGoettelSchrobilgen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..475W">2014Natur.514..475W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13795">10.1038/nature13795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25341786">25341786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4463905">4463905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+an+iridium-containing+compound+with+a+formal+oxidation+state+of+IX&rft.volume=514&rft.issue=7523&rft.pages=475-477&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4463905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25341786&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514..475W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Guanjun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Goettel%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Schrobilgen%2C+Gary+G.&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Schl%C3%B6der%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMézailleAvarvariMaigrotRicard1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194–3197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O">10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10556900">10556900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Gold%28I%29+and+Gold%280%29+Complexes+of+Phosphinine%E2%80%90Based+Macrocycles&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3194-3197&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3773%2819991102%2938%3A21%3C3194%3A%3AAID-ANIE3194%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10556900&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9zaille&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Avarvari%2C+Narcis&rft.au=Maigrot%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Ricard%2C+Louis&rft.au=Mathey%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Le+Floch%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Cataldo%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Berclaz%2C+Th%C3%A9o&rft.au=Geoffroy%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brauer-1936-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Brauer-1936_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauerHaucke1936" class="citation journal cs1">Brauer, G.; Haucke, W. (1936-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zpch-1936-3327/html">"Kristallstruktur der intermetallischen Phasen MgAu und MgHg"</a>. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 33B (1): 304–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzpch-1936-3327">10.1515/zpch-1936-3327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-7156">2196-7156</a>. <q>MgHg then lends itself to an oxidation state of +2 for Mg and -2 for Hg because it consists entirely of these polar bonds with no evidence of electron unpairing. (translated)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physikalische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Kristallstruktur+der+intermetallischen+Phasen+MgAu+und+MgHg&rft.volume=33B&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=304-310&rft.date=1936-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzpch-1936-3327&rft.issn=2196-7156&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Haucke%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fzpch-1936-3327%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongCorbett1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic960014z">10.1021/ic960014z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666505">11666505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Na%3Csub%3E23%3C%2Fsub%3EK%3Csub%3E9%3C%2Fsub%3ETl%3Csub%3E15.3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+An+Unusual+Zintl+Compound+Containing+Apparent+Tl%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E7%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Tl%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E8%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Tl%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E7%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+and+Tl%3Csup%3E5%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3107-12&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic960014z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11666505&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Z.-C.&rft.au=Corbett%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingQiang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1834915">"Observation of the lead carbonyls PbnCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon"</a>. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505. 122 (3): 34505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JChPh.122c4505J">2005JChPh.122c4505J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1834915">10.1063/1.1834915</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9606">0021-9606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15740207">15740207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics.+122+%283%29%3A+034505&rft.atitle=Observation+of+the+lead+carbonyls+Pb%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3ECO+%28n%3D1%E2%80%934%29%3A+Reactions+of+lead+atoms+and+small+clusters+with+carbon+monoxide+in+solid+argon&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=34505&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1834915&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15740207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JChPh.122c4505J&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft.au=Qiang%2C+Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1834915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Bi(0) state exists in a <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">N-heterocyclic carbene</a> complex of dibismuthene; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekaOrthaber2022" class="citation journal cs1">Deka, Rajesh; Orthaber, Andreas (May 9, 2022). "Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects". Royal Society of Chemistry. 51 (22): 8540–8556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j">10.1039/d2dt00755j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35578901">35578901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248675805">248675805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Carbene+chemistry+of+arsenic%2C+antimony%2C+and+bismuth%3A+origin%2C+evolution+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=8540-8556&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248675805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35578901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j&rft.aulast=Deka&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Orthaber%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thayer_p78-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_p78_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2">10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9974-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-9974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Relativistic+Methods+for+Chemists&rft.atitle=Relativistic+Effects+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Main+Group+Elements&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Th(-1),_U(-1)_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Th(-1),_U(-1)_130-1">b</a> Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaoxianSudipJiayeLuyan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"</a>. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201902625">10.1002/chem.201902625</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539">0947-6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">6772027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31276242">31276242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%28Weinheim+an+der+Bergstrasse%2C+Germany%29.+25+%2850%29%3A+11772%E2%80%9311784&rft.atitle=Octacarbonyl+Ion+Complexes+of+Actinides+%5BAn%28CO%29%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E%2B%2F%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%28An%3DTh%2C+U%29+and+the+Role+of+f+Orbitals+in+Metal%E2%80%93Ligand+Bonding&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=11772-11784&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0947-6539&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31276242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201902625&rft.aulast=Chaoxian&rft.aufirst=Chi&rft.au=Sudip%2C+Pan&rft.au=Jiaye%2C+Jin&rft.au=Luyan%2C+Meng&rft.au=Mingbiao%2C+Luo&rft.au=Lili%2C+Zhao&rft.au=Mingfei%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Gernot%2C+Frenking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorss,_L.R.Edelstein,_N.M.Fuger,_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048131464" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048131464"><bdi>978-9048131464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9048131464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutkiewicz2017-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutkiewicz2017_132-0">^</a> Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutkiewiczApostolidisWalterArnold2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431675">"Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding"</a>. Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7SC00034K">10.1039/C7SC00034K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431675">5431675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28553487">28553487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Reduction+chemistry+of+neptunium+cyclopentadienide+complexes%3A+from+structure+to+understanding&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2553-2561&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5431675%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28553487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7SC00034K&rft.aulast=Dutkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82+S.&rft.au=Apostolidis%2C+Christos&rft.au=Walter%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Polly+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5431675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovács2018-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_133-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovácsDauMarçaloGibson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1631597">1631597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30040397">30040397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51717837">51717837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorg.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Pentavalent+Curium%2C+Berkelium%2C+and+Californium+in+Nitrate+Complexes%3A+Extending+Actinide+Chemistry+and+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=9453-9467&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30040397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51717837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1631597%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.au=Dau%2C+Phuong+D.&rft.au=Mar%C3%A7alo%2C+Joaquim&rft.au=Gibson%2C+John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CmO3-134"><a href="#cite_ref-CmO3_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomanovLobanov2011" class="citation journal cs1">Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. 53 (5). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica: 453–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1066362211050018">10.1134/S1066362211050018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98052484">98052484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochemistry&rft.atitle=Formation+of+volatile+curium%28VI%29+trioxide+CmO%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=453-6&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1066362211050018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98052484%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Domanov&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Yu.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 1265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=1265&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haire-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_136-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). 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Journal of Chemical Physics. 112 (6): 2684. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JChPh.112.2684H">2000JChPh.112.2684H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.480842">10.1063/1.480842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Spin%E2%80%93orbit+effects+on+the+transactinide+p-block+element+monohydrides+MH+%28M%3Delement+113%E2%80%93118%29&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2684&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.480842&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JChPh.112.2684H&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Young-Kyu&rft.au=Bae%2C+Cheolbeom&rft.au=Son%2C+Sang-Kil&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yoon+Sup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaldor-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldorWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xcAM5BzS-wC&q=element+118+properties">Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements</a>. 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The oxidation state of argentic salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (7): 1229–1237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01310a019">10.1021/ja01310a019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Argentic+salts+in+acid+solution%2C+II.+The+oxidation+state+of+argentic+salts&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1229-1237&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01310a019&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Pitzer%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxidation+state" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernelius1948" class="citation journal cs1">Fernelius, W. C. (1948). 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxides" title="Template talk:Oxides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed oxidation states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_tetroxide" title="Antimony tetroxide">Antimony tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_suboxide" title="Boron suboxide">Boron suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>12O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">Carbon suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>3O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Chlorine perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloryl_perchlorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloryl perchlorate">Chloryl perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Cobalt(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_pentoxide" title="Dichlorine pentoxide">Dichlorine pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II,IV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">Lead(II,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Manganese(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride">Mellitic anhydride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>12O9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide">Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>6O11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Silver(I,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(III,IV) oxide">Terbium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>4O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">Tribromine octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>3O8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">Triuranium octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>3O8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+1 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide" title="Aluminium(I) oxide">Aluminium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">Copper(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_monoxide" title="Caesium monoxide">Caesium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_monoxide" title="Dibromine monoxide">Dibromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Dichlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Gallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine(I)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine(I) oxide">Iodine(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Lithium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Mercury(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">Potassium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_oxide" title="Rubidium oxide">Rubidium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Silver oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_oxide" title="Thallium(I) oxide">Thallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Water (hydrogen oxide)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>2O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+2 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">Barium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium monoxide">Berkelium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monoxide" title="Boron monoxide">Boron monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine monoxide">Bromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide" title="Chlorine monoxide">Chlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide" title="Chromium(II) oxide">Chromium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">Cobalt(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">Copper(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">Dinitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_oxide" title="Europium(II) oxide">Europium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">Germanium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">Iodine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">Lead(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">Nickel(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">Niobium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_oxide" title="Palladium(II) oxide">Palladium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">Polonium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_monoxide" title="Protactinium monoxide">Protactinium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_oxide" title="Radium oxide">Radium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_oxide" title="Strontium oxide">Strontium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dioxide" title="Disulfur dioxide">Disulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_monoxide" title="Thorium monoxide">Thorium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_oxide" title="Tin(II) oxide">Tin(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide" title="Vanadium(II) oxide">Vanadium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(II)_oxide" title="Yttrium(II) oxide">Yttrium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">Zirconium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+3 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_oxide" title="Actinium(III) oxide">Actinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Aluminium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Americium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_oxide" title="Berkelium(III) oxide">Berkelium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bismuth(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">Boron trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Caesium sesquioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxide" title="Californium(III) oxide">Californium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Cerium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Chromium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Cobalt(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">Dinitrogen trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dysprosium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_oxide" title="Einsteinium(III) oxide">Einsteinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Erbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Europium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_oxide" title="Gadolinium(III) oxide">Gadolinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Gallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Gold(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Holmium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">Indium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">Lanthanum oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lutetium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Neodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">Nickel(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">Phosphorus trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>4O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III) oxide">Praseodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_oxide" title="Promethium(III) oxide">Promethium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_oxide" title="Rhodium(III) oxide">Rhodium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxide" title="Samarium(III) oxide">Samarium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_oxide" title="Scandium oxide">Scandium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_oxide" title="Terbium(III) oxide">Terbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(III)_oxide" title="Thallium(III) oxide">Thallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">Thulium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Titanium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_oxide" title="Tungsten(III) oxide">Tungsten(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_oxide" title="Vanadium(III) oxide">Vanadium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">Ytterbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_oxide" title="Yttrium(III) oxide">Yttrium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>2O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+4 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">Americium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(IV)_oxide" title="Berkelium(IV) oxide">Berkelium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">Bromine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium dioxide">Californium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">Carbon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">Cerium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Chromium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(IV)_oxide" title="Curium(IV) oxide">Curium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">Germanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_dioxide" title="Iodine dioxide">Iodine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium dioxide">Iridium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">Hafnium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">Manganese dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">Molybdenum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_oxide" title="Neptunium(IV) oxide">Neptunium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">Niobium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">Osmium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum dioxide">Platinum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">Plutonium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">Polonium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(IV) oxide">Praseodymium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_oxide" title="Protactinium(IV) oxide">Protactinium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhenium(IV) oxide">Rhenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhodium(IV) oxide">Rhodium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">Ruthenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silicon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(IV)_oxide" title="Technetium(IV) oxide">Technetium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide" title="Tellurium dioxide">Tellurium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(IV) oxide">Terbium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioxide" title="Thorium dioxide">Thorium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide">Tin dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_oxide" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide">Tungsten(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">Uranium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(IV)_oxide" title="Vanadium(IV) oxide">Vanadium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+5 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide">Antimony pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">Arsenic pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bismuth pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide">Niobium pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">Phosphorus pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(V)_oxide" title="Protactinium(V) oxide">Protactinium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentoxide" title="Tantalum pentoxide">Tantalum pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentoxide" title="Tungsten pentoxide">Tungsten pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+6 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">Chromium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">Molybdenum trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">Polonium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_trioxide" title="Rhenium trioxide">Rhenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_trioxide" title="Selenium trioxide">Selenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_trioxide" title="Tellurium trioxide">Tellurium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">Tungsten trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trioxide" title="Uranium trioxide">Uranium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">Xenon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+7 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Dichlorine heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Manganese heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_oxide" title="Rhenium(VII) oxide">Rhenium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(VII)_oxide" title="Technetium(VII) oxide">Technetium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>2O7)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+8 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">Iridium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">Xenon tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassium_tetroxide" title="Hassium tetroxide">Hassium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>O4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbon</a></li> <li><a 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