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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-種類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#種類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>種類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-種類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-船运" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#船运"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>船运</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-船运-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关船运子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-船运-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-定期船運" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定期船運"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>定期船運</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定期船運-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-船運條款" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#船運條款"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>船運條款</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-船運條款-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對環境的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對環境的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>對環境的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對環境的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-航運公司" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#航運公司"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>航運公司</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-航運公司-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">航运</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。54种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watervervoer" title="Watervervoer – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Watervervoer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="نقل مائي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقل مائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_n%C9%99qliyyat%C4%B1" title="Su nəqliyyatı – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su nəqliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Водны транспарт – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Водны транспарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Воден транспорт – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Воден транспорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8" title="নৌপরিবহন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৌপরিবহন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_doprava" title="Vodní doprava – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodní doprava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8fart" title="Søfart – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Søfart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schifffahrt" title="Schifffahrt – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schifffahrt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maritime transport" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akva_transporto" title="Akva transporto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akva transporto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_naval" title="Transporte naval – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transporte naval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevandus" title="Laevandus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laevandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ترابری دریایی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترابری دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merenkulku" title="Merenkulku – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merenkulku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_maritime" title="Transport maritime – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transport maritime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siafaard" title="Siafaard – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siafaard" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipfeart" title="Skipfeart – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skipfeart" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="उदका येरादारी – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उदका येरादारी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ספנות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="नौपरिवहन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नौपरिवहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADzi_k%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9s" title="Vízi közlekedés – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vízi közlekedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_air" title="Transportasi air – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transportasi air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasporto_navale" title="Trasporto navale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasporto navale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B" title="海運 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海運" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkudan_segara" title="Angkudan segara – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Angkudan segara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="წყლის ტრანსპორტი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყლის ტრანსპორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%9A%B4" title="해운 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laivyba" title="Laivyba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laivyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_transports" title="Jūras transports – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūras transports" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitaterana_an-dranomasina" title="Fitaterana an-dranomasina – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitaterana an-dranomasina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Усан тээвэр – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усан тээвэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seefohrt" title="Seefohrt – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Seefohrt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepvaart" title="Scheepvaart – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scheepvaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8fart" title="Sjøfart – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjøfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipsfart" title="Skipsfart – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skipsfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_hidrovi%C3%A1rio" title="Transporte hidroviário – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transporte hidroviário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviga%C8%9Bie_maritim%C4%83" title="Navigație maritimă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Navigație maritimă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Водный транспорт – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водный транспорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аал сырыыта – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аал сырыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_transport" title="Ship transport – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ship transport" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodeni_saobra%C4%87aj" title="Vodeni saobraćaj – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodeni saobraćaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%A1_doprava" title="Vodná doprava – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodná doprava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladijski_prevoz" title="Ladijski prevoz – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ladijski prevoz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporti_detar" title="Transporti detar – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transporti detar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Водни саобраћај – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водни саобраћај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fart" title="Sjöfart – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöfart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="கப்பல் போக்குவரத்து – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கப்பல் போக்குவரத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCk_gemisi" title="Yük gemisi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yük gemisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1" title="Водний транспортний засіб – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водний транспортний засіб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv_transporti" title="Suv transporti – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv transporti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panakayan_pandagat" title="Panakayan pandagat – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panakayan pandagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90" title="航运 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="航运" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Shipping_routes_red_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/300px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/450px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/600px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>世界各地船舶進行的運輸用紅色繪製。結果，路線顯示為一條深紅色的線</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95" title="海事法">海事法</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautical_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/80px-Nautical_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/120px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/160px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;"> 歷史</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢摩拉比法典">漢摩拉比法典</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8" title="民法大全">民法大全</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4%E6%B1%87%E7%BA%82" title="学说汇纂">摘要</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F%E5%92%8C%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海上法規和海關（页面不存在）">海上法規和海關</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%8F%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿馬爾菲法則（页面不存在）">阿馬爾菲法則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%96%A9%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="漢薩同盟">漢薩同盟</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;"> 特徵</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">海運</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E9%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="貨運">海運</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A1%E8%BC%AA" title="渡輪">渡輪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9" title="貨物">貨物</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E8%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運費（页面不存在）">運費</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%98%E5%AE%A2" title="乘客">乘客</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E8%88%B9%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商船海軍（页面不存在）">商船</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E8%88%B9" title="貨船">貨船</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="客船">客船</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%B9%E6%9D%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="船東（页面不存在）">船東</a></li> <li><a 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class="new" title="適航性（法律）（页面不存在）">適航性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E8%88%B9" title="沉船">全損</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%90%88%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運輸合約（页面不存在）">運輸合約</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%9F%E8%88%B9%E5%90%88%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="租船合約（页面不存在）">租船合約</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E8%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運費（页面不存在）">運費</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="代理法">機構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%95" title="提单">提貨單</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="船舶經紀（页面不存在）">經紀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E8%88%B9" title="租船">租船</a></li> <li><a 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title="發貨人（页面不存在）">發貨人</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%93%A1%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國海事法中的海員身分（页面不存在）">海員</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%85%E5%8D%B8%E5%B7%A5" title="装卸工">裝卸工人</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;"> 司法</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海事法庭（页面不存在）">海事法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副海事法院（页面不存在）">副海事法院</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;"> 國際會議</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99%E5%A8%81%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="海牙威士比規則">海牙威士比規則</a></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B2%E8%A3%81%E5%93%A1%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="倫敦海事仲裁員協會（页面不存在）">倫敦海事仲裁員協會</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:海事法"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>貨櫃港口</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_boat_on_Grand_Canal_of_China.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_boat_on_Grand_Canal_of_China.JPG/220px-A_boat_on_Grand_Canal_of_China.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_boat_on_Grand_Canal_of_China.JPG/330px-A_boat_on_Grand_Canal_of_China.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_boat_on_Grand_Canal_of_China.JPG/440px-A_boat_on_Grand_Canal_of_China.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="京杭大運河">京杭大運河</a>中之貨船</figcaption></figure> <p><b>航運</b>，又称<b>海运</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Maritime transport</span>），是指通過海上運輸的方式來運送人或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9" title="貨物">貨物</a>。15世紀以來航運業的蓬勃發展，使得人類得以橫跨來往洲與洲之間，人力、貨物大量流通，極大的改變了社會與自然景觀。 </p><p>直至今日，全球貿易中80-90%的商品比例仰賴海上運輸，處於絕對的統治地位，會造成這樣的原因，一般來說海上運輸具有所需時間較長的劣勢，但由於水路不用養護、運能靈活性高、費用較為低廉的特性，優勢是空中運輸與陸路運輸所不能比擬的。同時，海上運輸每次航程能運送大量貨物，而空運和陸運每次的負載數量則相對較少。廣義的海上運輸包含各式海上運具、港口、相關產業等。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="種類"><span id=".E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E"></span>種類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：種類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="船舶">船舶</a></div> <p>船舶和其他船隻用於海上運輸。類型可以透過推進力、尺寸或貨物類型來區分。娛樂或教育船隻仍然使用風力，而一些較小的船隻使用內燃機來驅動一個或多個螺旋槳，或者在噴射船的情況下，使用舷內噴水器。在淺吃水區域，例如大沼澤地，一些飛行器，例如氣墊船，由大型推進式風扇推進。 </p><p>大多數現代商船可以分為以下幾個類別之一，例如： </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">主要海運類型 </th></tr> <tr> <th>圖片 </th> <th>描述 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabrina_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sabrina_I.jpg/220px-Sabrina_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sabrina_I.jpg/330px-Sabrina_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sabrina_I.jpg/440px-Sabrina_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E8%B4%A7%E8%88%B9" title="散货船">散貨船</a></b>（散裝貨船）是用於運輸散裝貨物物品的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E8%88%B9" title="貨船">貨船</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="礦石">礦石</a>或主食（米、穀物等）和類似貨物。它們可以透過甲板上的大型盒狀艙口來識別，該艙口設計用於滑出舷外以便裝載。散裝貨船可以是乾式的也可以是濕式的。大多數湖泊都太小，無法容納散裝貨船，但一支由湖貨船組成的大型船隊一直在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="北美">北美</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96" title="五大湖">五大湖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="圣劳伦斯海道">聖勞倫斯海道</a>已有一個多世紀的歷史。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Resim_057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Resim_057.jpg/220px-Resim_057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Resim_057.jpg/330px-Resim_057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Resim_057.jpg/440px-Resim_057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="488" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E6%AB%83%E8%88%B9" title="貨櫃船">貨櫃船</a></b>是用卡車大小的貨櫃裝載全部貨物的貨船，所採用的技術稱為貨櫃化。它們構成了商業多式聯運貨運的常見手段。它們被非正式地稱為“箱船”，運載著世界上大部分的乾貨。大多數貨櫃船由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E6%B2%B9%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="柴油機">柴油機</a>驅動，船員數量在10到30人之間。它們通常在<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E5%B0%BE" title="船尾">船尾</a>、機艙正上方有一個大型住宿區。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg/220px-CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg/330px-CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg/440px-CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="622" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E8%BC%AA" title="遊輪">遊輪</a></b>是用於休閒航行的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="客船">客船</a>，其中航行本身和船上的設施被認為是體驗的重要組成部分。遊輪已成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="旅遊">旅遊</a> 行業的主要組成部分，截至2006 年，每年有數百萬乘客。該行業的快速增長已經見證了九艘或更多新建船舶為<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="旅遊業">旅遊業</a> 提供服務。自 2001 年以來，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="北美">北美</a>客戶每年都在增加，還有為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>客戶提供服務的其他客戶。較小的市場，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="亞太">亞太</a>地區，通常由進入高成長地區的新船取代的舊噸位提供服務。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅的海">波羅的海</a>上，港口透過郵輪渡輪連接。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg/220px-Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg/330px-Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg/440px-Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E8%88%B9" title="貨船">多用途貨船</a></b>（有時稱為雜貨船）用於運輸各種貨物，從大宗商品到散裝貨物和重型貨物。為了提供最大的貿易靈活性，它們通常配備有齒輪（配有起重機），現代的例子適用於運輸<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E6%AB%83" class="mw-redirect" title="貨櫃">貨櫃</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="穀物">穀物</a>。一般來說，它們會有大型的開放式貨艙和雙層甲板，以方便在同一航程中運輸不同的貨物。船員將非常有能力固定散裝貨物，船舶將配備各種綁紮和其他海上緊固設備。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg/220px-Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg/330px-Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg/440px-Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="259" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%B4%8B%E5%AE%9A%E6%9C%9F%E8%88%B9" title="遠洋定期船">遠洋客船</a></b>是一艘客船，旨在按照時間表沿著常規長途海上航線將人員從一個海港運送到另一個海港。遠洋客輪也可以運載貨物或郵件，有時也可以用於其他目的。 <p>遠洋客輪通常建造堅固，具有較高的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%88%B7" title="乾舷">乾舷</a>，以承受波濤洶湧的大海和公海遇到的不利條件，在長途航行中具有大容量的燃料、食品和其他消耗品。這些是大多數客運公司的主要停留點，但由於航空旅行的成長，客船數量穩定下降。遊輪後來填補了這一空白，主要由那些仍然熱愛大海的人使用，並且比舊客船提供更多便利設施。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/220px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/330px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/440px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="810" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E8%97%8F%E8%88%B9" title="冷藏船">冷藏船</a></b>是貨船的一種，通常用於運輸需要<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="空調">溫控</a>運輸的易腐爛商品，主要是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a> 、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89" class="mw-disambig" title="肉">肉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="魚">魚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="乳製品">乳製品</a>和其他<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="食品">食品</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PROCYON_LEADER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PROCYON_LEADER.jpg/220px-PROCYON_LEADER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PROCYON_LEADER.jpg/330px-PROCYON_LEADER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PROCYON_LEADER.jpg/440px-PROCYON_LEADER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BE%E8%A3%9D%E8%88%B9" title="滾裝船">滾裝船</a></b>是設計用於運輸輪式<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9" title="貨物">貨物</a>的船舶，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汽車">汽車</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%96%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="拖車">拖車</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%BB%8C%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A" title="有軌電車">火車車廂</a>。滾裝船（或滾裝船）具有內置坡道，可讓貨物在港口時有效地「滾上」和「滾下」船舶。雖然跨<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>和其他短距離運行的小型渡輪通常仍然有內置坡道，但滾裝船一詞通常是為較大的遠洋船舶保留的，包括純汽車/卡車運輸船舶。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg/220px-Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg/330px-Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg/440px-Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="436" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E8%BC%AA" title="油輪">油輪</a></b>是運輸流體的貨船，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%B2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="原油">原油</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>產品、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="液化石油氣">液化石油氣（LPG）</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94" title="液化天然气">液化天然氣（LNG）</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="化学品">化學品</a>，還有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9" title="植物油">植物油</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒</a>和其他食品。油輪產業佔世界噸位的三分之一。 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">次要海運類型 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CrushedStoneBarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/220px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/330px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/440px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%81%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="駁船">駁船</a></b>是一種平底<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船">船</a>，主要用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="運河">運河</a>重型貨物的運輸。大多數駁船不是自航式的，需要透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%96%E8%88%B9" title="拖船">拖船</a>牽引或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%96%E8%88%B9" title="拖船">拖船</a>推動來移動。運河上的駁船（由相鄰拖道上的役畜牽引）為歐洲和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國東北部">美國東北部</a>的早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="工業革命">工業革命</a>奠定了支持的條件，但後來他們使<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%A9%9F%E8%BB%8A" title="蒸汽機車">蒸汽機車</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="原動機">原動機</a>乘坐<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%BB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵軌">鐵軌</a>成為可能－在兩者都可以成長（並成熟）到變得普遍且有能力—由於速度更快、成本下降，在人員、輕型貨物和高價值物品的運輸方面與<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>和運河系統競爭，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="鐵路運輸">鐵路運輸</a>的路線彈性。隨著列車運力和速度的持續攀升，大宗貨物的運輸也逐漸被貨運鐵路取代。即使是動力不足的早期鐵路網絡通常也可以到達只有建造極其昂貴的運河才能到達的地方，<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 一旦鐵T 型鐵路和更高功率的機車成為可能，建造鐵路的成本要低得多，不受約束且獨立於水源，同時大多不受季節性問題的困擾（受溫帶地區的運河經常遭受冰凍和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%86%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="冰冻">冰凍</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水">洪水</a>冰凍損害。當洪水確實影響鐵路時，服務的恢復通常相對較快。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cable_layer_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cable_layer_ship.jpg/220px-Cable_layer_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cable_layer_ship.jpg/330px-Cable_layer_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cable_layer_ship.jpg/440px-Cable_layer_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C%E6%95%B7%E8%A8%AD%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電纜敷設船（页面不存在）">電纜敷設船</a></b>是一種深海<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船">船</a>，設計用於水下鋪設<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="海底通訊電纜">電纜</a>，用於電信、電力等。一個巨大的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%A4%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-disambig" title="上層建築">上層建築</a>和一個或多個從<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E6%A8%91" class="mw-redirect" title="橫樑">橫梁</a>供電的線軸將其區分開來。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_(01)_2006-09-21.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Warnemünde Handelsschiff (01) 2006-09-21"><img alt="Warnemünde Handelsschiff (01) 2006-09-21" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG/220px-Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG/330px-Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG/440px-Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沿海貿易船（页面不存在）">沿海貿易船</a></b>，該船用於同一島嶼或大陸上不同地點之間的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易">貿易</a>。它們通常很小並且<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%83%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="吃水">吃水</a>很淺，有時設置為自卸器。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredge_No-4_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG/220px-Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG/330px-Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG/440px-Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%96%E6%B3%A5%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挖泥船（页面不存在）">挖泥船</a></b>（有時也稱為挖泥船）是一種用於在淺海或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="淡水">淡水</a>區域進行挖掘的船舶，其目的是收集底部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物">沉積物</a>並將它們處置在不同的地點，例如用於<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%9F%BF%E5%BC%80%E9%87%87" title="金矿开采">金礦勘探</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PrideofRotterdam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PrideofRotterdam.png/220px-PrideofRotterdam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PrideofRotterdam.png/330px-PrideofRotterdam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/PrideofRotterdam.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A1%E8%BC%AA" title="渡輪">渡輪</a></b>是一種運輸形式，通常是<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船">船</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船">船</a>，但也有其他形式，運載（或“擺渡”）乘客，有時他們的車輛。渡輪也用於運輸貨物（卡車和有時無動力的貨運集裝箱），甚至<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>汽車。大多數渡輪提供定期、頻繁的往返服務。有許多站點的步行渡輪有時被稱為水上巴士或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8A%E8%A8%88%E7%A8%8B%E8%BB%8A" title="水上計程車">水上計程車</a>。渡輪是許多濱水城市和島嶼<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="公共交通">公共交通</a>系統的一部分，允許在各點之間直接運輸，其資本成本遠低於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E6%A8%91" class="mw-redirect" title="橋樑">橋樑</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93" title="隧道">隧道</a>。許多在北歐水域運作的渡輪都是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BE%E8%A3%9D%E8%88%B9" title="滾裝船">滾裝船</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FS_Le_Four_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FS_Le_Four_1.jpg/220px-FS_Le_Four_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FS_Le_Four_1.jpg/330px-FS_Le_Four_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FS_Le_Four_1.jpg/440px-FS_Le_Four_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="499" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%96%E8%88%B9" title="拖船">拖船</a></b>是用於操縱的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船">船</a>，主要透過拖或推動，其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="船舶">船隻</a>（參見<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="運輸">運輸</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3" title="港口">港口</a>，越過公海或通過<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="運河">運河</a>。它們也用於拖曳<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%81%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="駁船">駁船</a>、故障船舶或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%96%E8%88%B9" title="拖船">拖船</a>等其他設備。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG/220px-SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG/330px-SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG/440px-SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E8%89%99%E5%8F%A3%E9%9B%9C%E8%B2%A8%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開艙口雜貨船（页面不存在）">開艙口雜貨船</a></b>設計用於運輸林業產品、散裝貨物、組合貨物、項目貨物和海運貨櫃。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg/220px-MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg/330px-MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg/440px-MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%BD%9B%E8%88%B9" title="半潛船">半潛式重吊船</a></b>經常搬運其他船舶無法很好處理的特別大、重或笨重的貨物。此類超尺寸貨物包括船體、預製建築材料、其他海船、發電廠零件、鑄鋼物體以及各種非常大或重型的貨物。 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="船运"><span id=".E8.88.B9.E8.BF.90"></span>船运</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：船运"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="定期船運"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E6.9C.9F.E8.88.B9.E9.81.8B"></span>定期船運</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：定期船運"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>定期船运输也作班轮运输是一种水上运输方式<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">它接受零星<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E8%B2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="雜貨">雜貨</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E6%AB%83" class="mw-redirect" title="貨櫃">貨櫃</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="貨物運輸">貨運</a>，照固定<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%BA%BF" title="航线">航线</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E5%88%BB%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="時刻表">时刻表</a>航行，将人员，货物和邮件从一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3" title="港口">港口</a>送往另一个港口。定期船的航线往往是在固定港口之间往返。</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在19世纪到20世纪初非常常见的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AE%E8%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="邮轮">邮轮</a>经营的业务就是远洋定期船运输。由于飞机的发展，长途客运定期船运输已经被空运所取代。短途和近海客运定期船运输依然存在。少数航运公司的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E8%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="貨輪">货轮</a>依然承长途载客运业务，但是居住环境与时间往往受船只的限制。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">與定期船運相對的是不定期船運。不定期船運以運送散裝<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%B2%A8" title="乾貨">乾貨</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>為主，既無固定班期，亦無固定航線，端視貨物流動之需要而決定其航程，與定期船運有所區別。</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="船運條款"><span id=".E8.88.B9.E9.81.8B.E6.A2.9D.E6.AC.BE"></span>船運條款</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：船運條款"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>利用水路作國際貿易，會牽涉到一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="國際商業用語">條款</a>。 </p> <ul><li>船上交货（Free on Board，FOB）- 卖家負責運到港口的成本費，之後的費用由買家承擔；卖家承担货物责任至起运港，之后责任由买家承担。</li> <li>成本，保險加運費（Cost & Insurance & freight，CIF）：保險和運費都是由卖家支付，至目的地為止；卖家承担货物责任至目的地港。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對環境的影響"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E7.92.B0.E5.A2.83.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>對環境的影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：對環境的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>航運對環境的影響包括溫室氣體的排放、人為噪音對生態的干擾及漏油造成的汙染等。<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Transportation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Transportation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根據International Maritime Organization (IMO) 計算，2012 年全球人為二氧化碳排放中有 2.2% 是由航運所造成。他們在 2014 年更預測，若人們沒有採取進一步的行動，隨著經濟持續增長及能源發展，到了 2050 年航運所排放的二氧化碳量將上升 50-250%。<sup id="cite_ref-Third_IMO_GHG_Study_2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Third_IMO_GHG_Study_2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="航運公司"><span id=".E8.88.AA.E9.81.8B.E5.85.AC.E5.8F.B8"></span>航運公司</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：航運公司"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在西元2020年，根據法國海運諮詢機構Alphaliner的最新資料顯示，全球海運公司前三名依序為埃彼穆勒-快桅（APM–Maersk），地中海航運（MSC）及中遠海運集團（COSCO Group）。而台灣的海運公司長榮海運和陽明海運位居第七名和第九名。 </p><p>以下為全球十大海運公司及其資訊： </p> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>航運公司</th> <th>世界排名</th> <th>創立時間</th> <th>國家</th> <th>總部</th> <th>船隻數量 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%A1%85" title="快桅">快桅</a> APM-Maersk</td> <td>1</td> <td>西元1904年</td> <td>丹麥</td> <td>哥本哈根</td> <td>667 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E8%88%AA%E9%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海航運">地中海航運</a> MSC</td> <td>2</td> <td>西元1970年</td> <td>瑞士</td> <td>日內瓦</td> <td>569 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%A0%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中國遠洋海運">中國遠洋海運</a> COSCO</td> <td>3</td> <td>西元1997年</td> <td>中國</td> <td>上海</td> <td>482 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%94%E9%A3%9B%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="法國達飛海運集團">法國達飛海運集團</a> CMA CGM</td> <td>4</td> <td>西元1978年</td> <td>法國</td> <td>馬賽</td> <td>522 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E7%89%B9" title="赫伯罗特">赫伯羅特</a> Hapag-Lloyd</td> <td>5</td> <td>西元1970年</td> <td>德國</td> <td>漢堡</td> <td>235 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%BD%91%E8%81%94%E8%88%B9%E5%8A%A1" title="海洋网联船务">海洋网联船务</a> ONE</td> <td>6</td> <td>西元2017年</td> <td>日本</td> <td>東京</td> <td>211 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%A6%AE%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B" title="長榮海運">長榮海運</a> EVERGREEN Marine</td> <td>7</td> <td>西元1968年</td> <td>台灣</td> <td>桃園</td> <td>194 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%95%86%E8%88%B9" title="現代商船">現代商船</a> Hyundai M.M.</td> <td>8</td> <td>西元1976年</td> <td>韓國</td> <td>首爾</td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E6%98%8E%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B" title="陽明海運">陽明海運</a> YANG MING Marine</td> <td>9</td> <td>西元1972年</td> <td>台灣</td> <td>基隆</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太平船務" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pacific International Lines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E8%88%B9%E5%8B%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太平船務（页面不存在）">太平船務</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_International_Lines" class="extiw" title="en:Pacific International Lines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pacific International Lines</span></a></span>）</span></span> PIL</td> <td>10</td> <td>西元1967年</td> <td>新加坡</td> <td>新加坡</td> <td>108 </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/159819">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425171024/https://www.thenewslens.com/article/159819">存档</a>于2023-04-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewslens.com%2Farticle%2F159819&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">參見<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%BB%E5%9F%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="費城和哥倫比亞鐵路（页面不存在）">費城和哥倫比亞鐵路</a>；之所以建造，是因為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="費城">費城</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%8E%E5%93%88%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="薩斯奎哈納河">薩斯奎哈納河</a>的運河需要大量水源，需要非常昂貴的工程來供應；沒有水的運河只是一條泥濘的溝渠。</span> </li> <li 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90&rft.atitle=Third+IMO+GHG+Study+2014%2C+International+Maritime+Organization&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fen%2FOurWork%2FEnvironment%2FPollutionPrevention%2FAirPollution%2FDocuments%2FThird%2520Greenhouse%2520Gas%2520Study%2FGHG3%2520Executive%2520Summary%2520and%2520Report.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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