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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liners_and_tramps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liners_and_tramps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Liners and tramps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liners_and_tramps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ships_and_watercraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships_and_watercraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ships and watercraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships_and_watercraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_in-transit_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_in-transit_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Typical in-transit times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_in-transit_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_mariners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_mariners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Professional mariners</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_mariners-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional mariners subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professional_mariners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deck_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deck_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Deck department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deck_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Engine department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steward's_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steward's_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Steward's department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steward's_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_at_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_at_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Life at sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_at_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maritime transport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watervervoer" title="Watervervoer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Watervervoer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="نقل مائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقل مائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_n%C9%99qliyyat%C4%B1" title="Su nəqliyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su nəqliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8" title="নৌপরিবহন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৌপরিবহন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Водны транспарт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Водны транспарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Воден транспорт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Воден транспорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_doprava" title="Vodní doprava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodní doprava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8fart" title="Søfart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Søfart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schifffahrt" title="Schifffahrt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schifffahrt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevandus" title="Laevandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laevandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_naval" title="Transporte naval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transporte naval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akva_transporto" title="Akva transporto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akva transporto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ترابری دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترابری دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_maritime" title="Transport maritime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transport maritime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipfeart" title="Skipfeart – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skipfeart" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="उदका येरादारी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उदका येरादारी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%9A%B4" title="해운 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="नौपरिवहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नौपरिवहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_air" title="Transportasi air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transportasi air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasporto_navale" title="Trasporto navale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasporto navale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תחבורה ימית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחבורה ימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkudan_segara" title="Angkudan segara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Angkudan segara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="წყლის ტრანსპორტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყლის ტრანსპორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_transports" title="Jūras transports – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūras transports" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laivyba" title="Laivyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laivyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADzi_k%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9s" title="Vízi közlekedés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vízi közlekedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitaterana_an-dranomasina" title="Fitaterana an-dranomasina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitaterana an-dranomasina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Усан тээвэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усан тээвэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepvaart" title="Scheepvaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scheepvaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B" title="海運 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海運" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siafaard" title="Siafaard – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siafaard" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipsfart" title="Skipsfart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skipsfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8fart" title="Sjøfart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjøfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv_transporti" title="Suv transporti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv transporti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seefohrt" title="Seefohrt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Seefohrt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_hidrovi%C3%A1rio" title="Transporte hidroviário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transporte hidroviário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviga%C8%9Bie_maritim%C4%83" title="Navigație maritimă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Navigație maritimă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Водный транспорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водный транспорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аал сырыыта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аал сырыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_transport" title="Ship transport – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ship transport" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporti_detar" title="Transporti detar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transporti detar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%A1_doprava" title="Vodná doprava – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodná doprava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladijski_prevoz" title="Ladijski prevoz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ladijski prevoz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transport of people or goods via waterways</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Water transport" redirects here. For the transportation of water, see <a href="/wiki/Water_transportation" title="Water transportation">Water transportation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ship transport" redirects here. For the transportation of ships, see <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyk_Aphrodite_p2_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam,_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nyk_Aphrodite_p2_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam%2C_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg/250px-Nyk_Aphrodite_p2_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam%2C_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nyk_Aphrodite_p2_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam%2C_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg/375px-Nyk_Aphrodite_p2_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam%2C_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nyk_Aphrodite_p2_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam%2C_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg/500px-Nyk_Aphrodite_p2_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam%2C_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption><i>Nyk Aphrodite</i> carrying up to 6500 containers</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transports_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Transports_icon.png/120px-Transports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Transports_icon.png/180px-Transports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Transports_icon.png/240px-Transports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_transport" title="Mode of transport">Modes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_animal-powered_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of animal-powered transport">Animal-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">Supersonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_vehicle" title="Uncrewed vehicle">Uncrewed vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transportation_technology" title="Timeline of transportation technology">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Planning</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_(transport)" title="Accessibility (transport)">Accessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_accessibility_level" title="Public transport accessibility level">Level</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_car_use" title="Alternatives to car use">Alternatives to car use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_transportation_planning_and_engineering" title="Bicycle transportation planning and engineering">Bicycle transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Green transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_public_transport" title="Personal public transport">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_divide" title="Transport divide">Disadvantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_transport" title="Private transport">Private</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport" title="Template:Transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport" title="Template talk:Transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Maritime transport</b> (or <b>ocean transport</b>) or more generally <b>waterborne transport</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> of people (<a href="/wiki/Passengers" class="mw-redirect" title="Passengers">passengers</a>) or goods (<a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>) via <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a> by sea has been widely used throughout <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">short trips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">pleasure cruises</a>. Transport by water is cheaper than <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">transport by air</a> or ground,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but significantly slower for longer distances. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a> in 2020. </p><p>Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a>, over oceans and lakes, through <a href="/wiki/Canal_age" title="Canal age">canals</a> or along rivers. Shipping may be for <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> purposes. While extensive inland shipping is less critical today, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide economy">worldwide economies</a>. Particularly, especially any material can be moved by water; however, water transport becomes impractical when material delivery is <a href="/wiki/Time-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-critical">time-critical</a> such as various types of perishable <a href="/wiki/Produce" title="Produce">produce</a>. Still, water transport is highly cost effective with regular schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products – and especially for heavy loads or <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargos</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>. Arguably, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had its first impacts where cheap water transport by canal, navigations, or <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a> by all types of watercraft on natural waterways supported cost-effective <a href="/wiki/Bulk_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulk transport">bulk transport</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> revolutionized maritime transport starting in the 1970s. "General cargo" includes goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels. When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it is <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Co-modality" title="Co-modality">co-modal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">Merchant navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">Sea lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_transport_systems" title="Sea transport systems">Sea transport systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">ship canal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_marine_by_country.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Merchant_marine_by_country.PNG/290px-Merchant_marine_by_country.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Merchant_marine_by_country.PNG/435px-Merchant_marine_by_country.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Merchant_marine_by_country.PNG/580px-Merchant_marine_by_country.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>2005 registration of merchant ships (1,000 <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">gross tonnage</a> (GT) and over) per country<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A nation's shipping fleet (variously called <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant navy</a>, merchant marine, or merchant fleet) consists of the ships operated by civilian crews to transport passengers or cargo from one place to another. Merchant shipping also includes water transport over the river and canal systems connecting inland destinations, large and small. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern era">early modern era</a>, cities in the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> began taming <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>'s rivers and harbors. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> connects the port cities on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in Canada and the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> shipping routes, while the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">various Illinois canals</a> connect the Great Lakes and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Ores, coal, and grains can travel along the rivers of the <a href="/wiki/American_midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American midwest">American Midwest</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, Alabama. Professional mariners are known as merchant seamen, merchant sailors, and merchant mariners, or simply seamen, sailors, or mariners. The terms "seaman" or "sailor" may also refer to a member of a country's martial <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a>. </p><p>According to the 2005 <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, the total number of merchant ships of at least 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross register ton">gross register tons</a> in the world was 30,936. In 2010, it was 38,988, an increase of 26%, across <a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">many countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a quarter of all merchant mariners were born in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liners_and_tramps">Liners and tramps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liners and tramps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ship may also be categorized as to how it is operated. </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner"><b>liner</b></a> will have a regular run and operate to a schedule. The scheduled operation requires that such ships are better equipped to deal with causes of potential delay such as bad weather. They are generally higher powered than tramp ships with better seakeeping qualities, thus they are significantly more expensive to build. Liners are typically built for passenger and container operation though past common uses also included mail and general cargo.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Tramp_trade" title="Tramp trade"><b>tramp (trader)</b></a> has no fixed run but will go wherever a suitable cargo takes it. Thus a ship and crew may be chartered from the ship owner to fetch a cargo of grain from Canada to Latvia, the ship may then be required to carry a cargo of coal from Britain to Melanesia. Bulk carriers and some cruise ships are examples of ships built to operate in this manner.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships_and_watercraft">Ships and watercraft <span class="anchor" id="Ships_and_watercraft"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ships and watercraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Watercraft</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ships</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">watercraft</a> are used for maritime transport. Types can be distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">propulsion</a>, size or cargo type. <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreational</a> or <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> to drive one or more <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a>, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow-draft areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>, some craft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>, are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. </p><p>Most modern merchant ships can be placed in one of a few categories, such as: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Primary maritime transport types </th></tr> <tr> <th>Image </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabrina_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sabrina_I.jpg/220px-Sabrina_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sabrina_I.jpg/330px-Sabrina_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sabrina_I.jpg/440px-Sabrina_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carriers</a></b> ("bulkers") are <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a> used to transport <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a> items such as <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> or food staples (rice, grain, etc.) and similar cargo. They can be recognized by the large box-like hatches on their deck, designed to slide outboard for loading. A bulk carrier could be either dry or wet. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk ships, but a large fleet of <a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">lake freighters</a> has been plying the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> for over a century. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Resim_057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Resim_057.jpg/220px-Resim_057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Resim_057.jpg/330px-Resim_057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Resim_057.jpg/440px-Resim_057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="488" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ships</a></b> are cargo ships that carry their entire load in truck-sized containers, in a technique called <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a>. They form a common means of commercial <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal freight transport</a>. Informally known as "box boats," they carry the majority of the world's dry cargo. Most container ships are propelled by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> and have crews of between 10 and 30 people. They generally have a large accommodation block at the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a>, directly above the <a href="/wiki/Engine_room" title="Engine room">engine room</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg/220px-CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg/330px-CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg/440px-CelebrityCruises_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="622" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ships</a></b> are <a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">passenger ships</a> used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the experience. <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)" title="Cruising (maritime)">Cruising</a> has become a major part of the <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> industry, with millions of passengers each year as of 2006. The industry's rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> clientele added every year since 2001, as well as others servicing <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> clientele. Smaller markets such as the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region are generally serviced by older tonnage displaced by new ships introduced into the high growth areas. On the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, ports are connected by <b><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">cruiseferries</a></b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg/220px-Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg/330px-Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg/440px-Beluga_Recognition_Gottwald_Cranes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td> <td>A <b><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">multi-purpose</a></b> ship (sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/General_cargo_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="General cargo ship">general cargo ship</a>) is used to transport a variety of goods, from bulk commodities to <a href="/wiki/Breakbulk_cargo" title="Breakbulk cargo">break bulk</a> and heavy cargoes. To provide maximum trading flexibility they are usually geared (supplied with cranes), and modern examples are fitted for the carriage of <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">containers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a>. Generally they will have large open holds and <a href="/wiki/Tweendecker" title="Tweendecker">tweendecks</a> to facilitate the carriage of different cargoes on the same voyage. The crew will be highly competent in the securing of break bulk cargoes and the ship will be equipped with various lashings and other equipment for sea fastening. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg/220px-Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg/330px-Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg/440px-Queen_Mary_2_07_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="259" /></a></span> </td> <td>An <b><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liner</a></b> is a passenger ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes. <p>Ocean liners are usually strongly built with a high <a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(nautical)" title="Freeboard (nautical)">freeboard</a> to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean, having large capacities for fuel, food and other consumables on long voyages. These were the main stay of most passenger transport companies, however, due to the growth of air travel, the passenger ships saw a steady decline. Cruise ships later filled the void and are primarily used by people who still have a love of the sea and offer more amenities than the older passenger ships. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/220px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/330px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg/440px-Salica_Frigo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="810" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">Refrigerated ships</a></b> (usually called reefers) are cargo ships typically used to transport perishable commodities which require <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">temperature-controlled</a> transportation, mostly <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Foodstuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodstuff">foodstuffs</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiCheemaun.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/ChiCheemaun.jpeg/220px-ChiCheemaun.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/ChiCheemaun.jpeg/330px-ChiCheemaun.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/ChiCheemaun.jpeg/440px-ChiCheemaun.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off ships</a></b> are ships designed to transport wheeled <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)" title="Trailer (vehicle)">trailers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railway carriages</a>. RORO (or ro/ro) vessels have built-in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently "rolled on" and "rolled off" the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and other short distances still often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for larger ocean-going vessels, including <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">pure car/truck carrier (PCTC)</a> ships. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg/220px-Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg/330px-Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg/440px-Supertanker_AbQaiq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="436" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></b> are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas (LNG)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable oils">vegetable oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and other food. The tanker sector comprises one third of the world tonnage. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Secondary maritime transport types </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CrushedStoneBarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/220px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/330px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/440px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span> </td> <td>A <b><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a></b> is a flat-bottomed <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a>, built mainly for <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> transport of heavy goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tugboats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Towboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Towboats">towboats</a> pushing or towing them. Barges on canals (towed by <a href="/wiki/Animal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal power">draft animals</a> on an adjacent <a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">towpath</a>) established the conditions supporting the early <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in both Europe and the <a href="/wiki/American_Northeast" class="mw-redirect" title="American Northeast">American Northeast</a> but later after they made possible <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(locomotive)" title="Prime mover (locomotive)">prime movers</a> riding <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">rails</a> – after both could grow (and mature) to become commonplace and capable – contended with the <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">were outcompeted</a> in the carriage of people, light freight, and high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>. Carriage of bulk goods also gradually lost ground to freight railways as train capacity and speeds continued to climb. Even underpowered early rail networks could usually reach places only an outrageously expensive canal might be built,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once Iron T-rails and higher powered locomotives became possible, the far cheaper to build railways were unfettered and independent upon water sources, whilst mostly unplagued by the seasonal problems (restricted by icing) of temperate latitude canals which suffered ice and <a href="/wiki/Freshet" title="Freshet">freshet</a> <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> damages with dreary regularity. When floods did affect railways, restoration of services was usually comparatively rapid. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cable_layer_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cable_layer_ship.jpg/220px-Cable_layer_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cable_layer_ship.jpg/330px-Cable_layer_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cable_layer_ship.jpg/440px-Cable_layer_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></b> is a deep-sea <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">vessel</a> designed and used to lay underwater <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">cables</a> for telecommunications, electricity, and such. A large <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">superstructure</a>, and one or more spools that feed off the <a href="/wiki/Transom_(nautical)" title="Transom (nautical)">transom</a> distinguish it. Modern <a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">cable layers</a> are equipped with advanced <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_positioning" title="Dynamic positioning">dynamic positioning systems</a> (DPS) to maintain precise control during cable deployment, even in rough sea conditions. These vessels often feature specialized equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated vehicles</a> (ROVs) to assist with underwater cable positioning, inspections, and repairs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_(01)_2006-09-21.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Warnemünde Handelsschiff (01) 2006-09-21"><img alt="Warnemünde Handelsschiff (01) 2006-09-21" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG/220px-Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG/330px-Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG/440px-Warnem%C3%BCnde_Handelsschiff_%2801%29_2006-09-21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessels</a></b>, also known as <b>coasters</b>, <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> between locations on the same island or continent. They are often small and of shallow <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a>, and sometimes set up as <a href="/wiki/Self-discharger" title="Self-discharger">self-dischargers</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredge_No-4_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG/220px-Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG/330px-Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG/440px-Dredge_No-4_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </td> <td>A <b><a href="/wiki/Dredger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredger">dredger</a></b> (sometimes also called a dredge) is a ship used to excavate in shallow seas or <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> and disposing of them at a different location, such as for <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold exploration</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PrideofRotterdam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PrideofRotterdam.png/220px-PrideofRotterdam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PrideofRotterdam.png/330px-PrideofRotterdam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/PrideofRotterdam.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferries</a></b> are a form of transport, usually a <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a>, but also other forms, carrying (or <i>ferrying</i>) passengers and sometimes their vehicles. Ferries are also used to transport freight (in lorries and sometimes unpowered freight containers) and even <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> cars. Most ferries operate on regular, frequent return services. A foot-passenger ferry with many stops is sometimes called a waterbus or <a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">water taxi</a>. Ferries form a part of the <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> systems of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a>. Many of the ferries operating in Northern European waters are <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> ships. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FS_Le_Four_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FS_Le_Four_1.jpg/220px-FS_Le_Four_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FS_Le_Four_1.jpg/330px-FS_Le_Four_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FS_Le_Four_1.jpg/440px-FS_Le_Four_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="499" /></a></span> </td> <td>A <b><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tugboat</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a> used to manoeuvre, primarily by <a href="/wiki/Towing" title="Towing">towing</a> or pushing, other <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">vessels</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a>, over the open sea or through <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>. They are also used to tow <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a>, disabled ships, or other equipment like <a href="/wiki/Towboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Towboats">towboats</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG/220px-SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG/330px-SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG/440px-SAGA_cargo_ship_on_the_Dardanelles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Open_hatch_general_cargo" title="Open hatch general cargo">Open hatch general cargo ships</a></b> are designed to transport <a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">forest products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">unitized cargoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_cargo" title="Project cargo">project cargoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">containers</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg/220px-MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg/330px-MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg/440px-MV_Blue_Marlin_carrying_USS_Cole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible_heavy-lift_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-submersible heavy-lift ship"><b>Semi-submersible heavy-lift ships</b></a> often move particularly large, heavy, or bulky goods that other ships cannot handle well. Such off-size goods include ship hulls, premade construction materials, other seagoing vessels, power plant components, cast steel objects, and a variety of very large or heavy goods. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_in-transit_times">Typical in-transit times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Typical in-transit times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cargo ship sailing from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_ports_in_Europe" title="List of busiest ports in Europe">European port</a> to a US one will typically take 10–12 days depending on water currents and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to make <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ship</a> transport more economical, ship operators sometimes reduce cruising speed, thereby increasing transit time, to reduce fuel consumption, a strategy referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Slow_steaming" title="Slow steaming">slow steaming</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-inti2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inti2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline" title="Maritime timeline">Maritime timeline</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_mariners">Professional mariners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Professional mariners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipping_routes_red_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/550px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/825px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/1100px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>This map of shipping routes illustrates the relative density of commercial shipping in the world's oceans.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seafarer%27s_professions_and_ranks" title="Seafarer's professions and ranks">Seafarer's professions and ranks</a></div> <p>A ship's complement can be divided into four categories: </p> <ol><li>The deck department</li> <li>The engine department</li> <li>The steward's department</li> <li>Other.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deck_department">Deck department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deck department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deck_department" title="Deck department">Deck department</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crewmember_doing_iceberg_lookout_on_the_USNS_Southern_Cross_(Ross_Sea,_Antarctica,_1981).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c4/Crewmember_doing_iceberg_lookout_on_the_USNS_Southern_Cross_%28Ross_Sea%2C_Antarctica%2C_1981%29.jpg/220px-Crewmember_doing_iceberg_lookout_on_the_USNS_Southern_Cross_%28Ross_Sea%2C_Antarctica%2C_1981%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c4/Crewmember_doing_iceberg_lookout_on_the_USNS_Southern_Cross_%28Ross_Sea%2C_Antarctica%2C_1981%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>An able seaman stands iceberg lookout on the bow of the freighter USNS <i>Southern Cross</i> during a re-supply mission to <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, Antarctica; circa 1981.</figcaption></figure><p> Officer positions in the <a href="/wiki/Deck_department" title="Deck department">deck department</a> include but not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Master_Mariner" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Mariner">Master</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Chief_Mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Mate">Chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mate">Second</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Mate">Third</a> officers. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the deck department are <a href="/wiki/Able_Seaman_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Able Seaman (occupation)">Able Seaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Seaman_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary Seaman (occupation)">Ordinary Seaman</a>. </p><p>A common deck crew for a ship includes: </p> <ul><li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Chief_Mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Mate">Chief Officer</a>/Chief Mate</li> <li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Second_Mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mate">Second Officer</a>/Second Mate</li> <li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Third_Mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Mate">Third Officer</a>/Third Mate</li> <li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">Boatswain</a></li> <li>(2–6) <a href="/wiki/Able_Seaman_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Able Seaman (occupation)">Able Seamen</a></li> <li>(0–2) <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Seaman_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary Seaman (occupation)">Ordinary Seamen</a></li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Deck_cadet" title="Deck cadet">deck cadet</a> is a person who is carrying out mandatory sea time to achieve their officer of the watch certificate. Their time on board is spent learning the operations and tasks of everyday life on a merchant vessel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine_department">Engine department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Engine department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Engine_department" title="Engine department">Engine department</a></div> <p>A ship's engine department consists of the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel. Engine staff also deal with the "Hotel" facilities on board, notably the <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, lighting, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> and water systems. They deal with bulk fuel transfers, and require training in <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>, as well as in dealing with the ship's boats and other nautical tasks- especially with cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers. On <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a> and <a href="/wiki/LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a>, however, a cargo engineer works with the deck department during cargo operations, as well as being a watchkeeping engineer. </p><p>A common engine crew for a ship includes: </p> <ul><li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Chief_engineer" title="Chief engineer">Chief engineer</a></li> <li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Second_engineer" title="Second engineer">Second engineer</a> / first assistant engineer</li> <li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Third_engineer" title="Third engineer">Third engineer</a> / second assistant engineer</li> <li>(1 or 2) <a href="/wiki/Fourth_engineer" title="Fourth engineer">Fourth engineer</a> / third assistant engineer</li> <li>(0–2) Fifth engineer / junior engineer</li> <li>(1–3) <a href="/wiki/Oiler_(occupation)" title="Oiler (occupation)">Oiler</a> (unlicensed qualified rating)</li> <li>(0–3) Greaser (unlicensed qualified rating)</li> <li>(1–5) Entry-level rating (such as <a href="/wiki/Wiper_(occupation)" title="Wiper (occupation)">wiper (occupation)</a>, utilityman, etc.)</li></ul> <p>Many American ships also carry a <a href="/wiki/Motorman_(ship)" title="Motorman (ship)">motorman</a>. Other possible positions include <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electrician</a>, refrigeration engineer, and tankerman. Engine cadets are engineer trainees who are completing sea time necessary before they can obtain a watchkeeping license. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steward's_department"><span id="Steward.27s_department"></span>Steward's department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Steward's department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Steward%27s_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Steward's department">Steward's department</a></div> <p>A typical <a href="/wiki/Steward%27s_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Steward's department">steward's department</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a> would be composed of a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Steward" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Steward">Chief Steward</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chief_cook" title="Chief cook">chief cook</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Steward%27s_Assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Steward's Assistant">Steward's Assistant</a>. All three positions are typically filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. On large <a href="/wiki/Passenger_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger vessel">passenger vessels</a>, the Catering Department is headed by the Chief <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">Purser</a> and managed by Assistant Pursers. Although they enjoy the benefits of having officer rank, they generally progress through the ranks to become pursers. Under the pursers are the department heads – such as chief cook, head waiter, head barman etc. They are responsible for the administration of their own areas. </p><p>The chief steward also plans menus and compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. They may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. They may bake bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries. A chief steward's duties may overlap with those of the <a href="/wiki/Steward%27s_Assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Steward's Assistant">Steward's Assistant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_cook" title="Chief cook">chief cook</a>, and other Steward's Department crewmembers. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">United States Merchant Marine</a>, a chief steward must have a <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Mariner%27s_Document" title="Merchant Mariner's Document">Merchant Mariner's Document</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>. Because of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, conventions, and <a href="/wiki/International_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="International agreements">agreements</a>, all chief cooks who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_departments">Other departments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seafarer%27s_professions_and_ranks#Other" title="Seafarer's professions and ranks">Seafarer's professions and ranks § Other</a></div> <p>Staff officer positions on a ship, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Junior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junior Assistant Purser (page does not exist)">Junior Assistant Purser</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senior Assistant Purser (page does not exist)">Senior Assistant Purser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">Purser</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Purser (page does not exist)">Chief Purser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_Doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Doctor">Medical Doctor</a>, Professional <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">Nurse</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Physician_Assistant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Physician Assistant (page does not exist)">Marine Physician Assistant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hospital_corpsman" title="Hospital corpsman">hospital corpsman</a>, are considered administrative positions and are therefore regulated by Certificates of Registry issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harbour_pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour pilot">Pilots</a> are also merchant marine officers and are licensed by the Coast Guard. Formerly, there was also a radio department, headed by a chief radio officer and supported by a number of radio officers. Since the introduction of GMDSS (Satellite communications) and the subsequent exemptions from carrying radio officers if the vessel is so equipped, this department has fallen away, although many ships do still carry specialist radio officers, particularly passenger vessels. Many radio officers became 'electro-technical officers', and transferred into the engine department. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_at_sea">Life at sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Life at sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mariners spend much of their life beyond the reach of land. They sometimes face dangerous conditions at sea or on lakes – the fishing port of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester, Massachusetts</a> has a seaside memorial listing over 10,000 fishermen who lost their lives to the sea, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> have seen over 10,000 lost vessels since the 1800s, yet men and women still go to sea. For some, the attraction is a life unencumbered with the restraints of life ashore. Seagoing adventure and a chance to see the world also appeal to many seafarers. Whatever the calling, those who live and work at sea invariably confront social isolation. </p><p>Findings by the Seafarer's International Research Center indicate a leading cause of mariners leaving the industry is "almost invariably because they want to be with their families." U.S. merchant ships typically do not allow family members to accompany seafarers on voyages. Industry experts increasingly recognize isolation, stress, and fatigue as occupational hazards. Advocacy groups such as International Labour Organization, a United Nations agency, and the Nautical Institute are seeking improved international standards for mariners.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phones</a> have improved communication and efficiency aboard sea-faring ships. This technology has contributed to crew welfare, although both equipment and fees are expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ocean voyages are steeped in routine. Maritime tradition dictates that each day be divided into six four-hour periods. Three groups of watch keepers from the engine and deck departments work four hours on then have eight hours off watch keeping. However, there are many overtime jobs to be done daily. This cycle repeats endlessly, 24 hours a day while the ship is at sea. Members of the steward department typically are day workers who put in at least eight-hour shifts. Operations at sea, including repairs, safeguarding against <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>, securing cargo, <a href="/wiki/Underway_replenishment" title="Underway replenishment">underway replenishment</a>, and other duties provide opportunities for overtime work. Service aboard ships typically extends for months at a time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years. </p><p>The quick turnaround of many modern ships, spending only a few hours in port, limits a seafarer's free-time ashore. Moreover, some foreign seamen entering U.S. ports from a watch list of 25 countries face restrictions on shore leave due to <a href="/wiki/Maritime_security" title="Maritime security">maritime security</a> concerns. However, shore leave restrictions while in U.S. ports impact American seamen as well. For example, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Masters,_Mates_%26_Pilots" title="International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots">International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots</a> notes a trend of U.S. shipping terminal operators restricting seamen from traveling from the ship to the terminal gate. Furthermore, in cases where transit is allowed, special "security fees" are at times assessed. </p><p>Such restrictions on shore leave, coupled with reduced time in port, translate into longer periods at sea. Mariners report that extended periods at sea living and working with shipmates, who for the most part are strangers, takes getting used to. At the same time, there is an opportunity to meet people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Recreational opportunities have improved aboard some U.S. ships, which may feature gyms and day rooms for watching movies, swapping <a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">sea stories</a>, and other activities. And in some cases, especially tankers, it is possible for a mariner to be accompanied by members of his family. However, a mariner's off-duty time is largely a solitary affair, pursuing hobbies, reading, writing letters, and sleeping. </p><p>On modern ocean-going vessels, typically registered with a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flag of convenience</a>, life has changed immensely in the last 20 years. Most large vessels include a gym and often a swimming pool for use by the crew. Since the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill"><i>Exxon Valdez</i> incident</a>, the focus of leisure time activity has shifted from having officer and crew bars, to simply having lounge-style areas where officers or crew can sit to watch movies. With many companies now providing TVs and DVD players in cabins, and enforcing strict smoking policies, it is not surprising that the bar is now a much quieter place on most ships. In some instances games consoles are provided for the officers and crew. The officers enjoy a much higher standard of living on board ocean-going vessels. </p><p>Crews are generally poorly paid, poorly qualified and have to complete contracts of approximately 9 months before returning home on leave. They often come from countries where the average industrial wage is still very low, such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Officers however, come from all over the world and it is not uncommon to mix the nationality of the officers on board ships. Officers are often the recipients of university degrees and have completed vast amounts of training in order to reach their rank. Officers benefit e.g. by having larger, more comfortable cabins and table service for their meals. </p><p>Contracts average at the 4 month mark for officers, with generous leave. Most ocean-going vessels now operate an unmanned engine room system allowing engineers to work days only. The engine room is computer controlled by night, although the duty engineer will make inspections during unmanned operation. Engineers work in a hot, humid, noisy atmosphere. Communication in the engine room is therefore by hand signals and lip-reading, and good teamwork often stands in place of any communication at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></div> <p>The environmental impact of shipping includes <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping#Sound_pollution" title="Environmental impact of shipping">acoustic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pollution">oil pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_et_al_2019_Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Transportation_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_et_al_2019_Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Transportation-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) estimates that <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> emissions from <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> were equal to 2.2% of the global human-made emissions in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expects them to rise 50 to 250 percent by 2050 if no action is taken.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IEA forecasts that ammonia will meet approximately 45% of shipping fuel demands by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_Association_for_Waterborne_Transport_Infrastructure" title="World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure">World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_port_facilities_in_Newark_Bay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Container_port_facilities_in_Newark_Bay.JPG/220px-Container_port_facilities_in_Newark_Bay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Container_port_facilities_in_Newark_Bay.JPG/330px-Container_port_facilities_in_Newark_Bay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Container_port_facilities_in_Newark_Bay.JPG/440px-Container_port_facilities_in_Newark_Bay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Container port facilities in <a href="/wiki/Newark_Bay" title="Newark Bay">Newark Bay</a>, seen from <a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For a port to efficiently send and receive cargo, it requires <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>: docks, bollards, pilings, cranes, bulk cargo handling equipment, and so on – equipment and organization supporting the role of the facilities. From pier to pier these may differ, one dock handling <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal transport</a> needs (container-ships linked to rail by cranes); another bulk handling capabilities (such as conveyors, elevators, tanks, pumps) for loading and unloading bulk cargoes like grain, coal, or fuels. Others may be outfitted as passenger terminals or for mixed mode operations. </p><p>Generally, <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marina" title="Marina">marinas</a> all host watercraft, and consist of components such as <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">wharfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dock_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (maritime)">docks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadsteads</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric ship">Electric ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_shipping_law" title="European Union shipping law">European Union shipping law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M-Z)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)">Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cargo_types" title="List of cargo types">List of cargo types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_colleges" title="List of maritime colleges">List of maritime colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_marine_capacity_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of merchant marine capacity by country">List of merchant marine capacity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sailors" title="List of sailors">List of sailors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_companies" title="List of ship companies">List of ship companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_War_Medal_for_Bravery_at_Sea" title="Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea">Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marine_Society" title="The Marine Society">The Marine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_safety" title="Maritime safety">Maritime safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">Merchant vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Yara_Birkeland" title="MV Yara Birkeland">MV Yara Birkeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">Navigability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGTTO" title="SIGTTO">SIGTTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCTAD_review_of_maritime_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD review of maritime transport">UNCTAD review of maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_watching" title="Ship watching">Ship watching</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStopford1997" class="citation book cs1">Stopford, Martin (1997-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-YB70kly8C"><i>Maritime Economics</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415153102" title="Special:BookSources/9780415153102"><bdi>9780415153102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Economics&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=9780415153102&rft.aulast=Stopford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R-YB70kly8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005224/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2108rank.html">"Rank Order - Merchant marine"</a>. <i>CIA.gov</i>. 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United States. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/filipino-workers-return-from-overseas-philippines-celebrates/">the original</a> on December 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Why+10+million+Filipinos+endure+hardship+abroad+as+overseas+workers&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Almendral&rft.aufirst=Aurora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F12%2Ffilipino-workers-return-from-overseas-philippines-celebrates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/02/16/unsung-filipino-seafarers-power-the-global-economy">"Unsung Filipino seafarers power the global economy"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 16 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Unsung+Filipino+seafarers+power+the+global+economy&rft.date=2019-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2019%2F02%2F16%2Funsung-filipino-seafarers-power-the-global-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKale_Bantigue_Fajardo" class="citation book cs1">Kale Bantigue Fajardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFfpH6rJYEIC"><i>Filipino Crosscurrents: Oceanographies of Seafaring, Masculinities, and Globalization</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3283-5"><bdi>978-1-4529-3283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Crosscurrents%3A+Oceanographies+of+Seafaring%2C+Masculinities%2C+and+Globalization&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-3283-5&rft.au=Kale+Bantigue+Fajardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFfpH6rJYEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Columbia_Railroad" title="Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad">Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad</a>; was built because a <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> canal would've needed a large water source requiring very expensive works to supply; canals without water are just a muddy ditch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.molpower.com/Service/Network/Service-Details/svcName/AX1">"Service Details"</a>. <i>cms.molpower.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cms.molpower.com&rft.atitle=Service+Details&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.molpower.com%2FService%2FNetwork%2FService-Details%2FsvcName%2FAX1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inti2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inti2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauro2013" class="citation cs2">Landauro, Inti (January 8, 2013), "Meet the World's Largest Cargo Ships", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, p. B1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Meet+the+World%27s+Largest+Cargo+Ships&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.aulast=Landauro&rft.aufirst=Inti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C186">"Maritime Labour Convention"</a>. <i>www.ilo.org</i>. International Labour Organization. 23 Feb 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=Maritime+Labour+Convention&rft.date=2006-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnormlex%2Fen%2Ff%3Fp%3DNORMLEXPUB%3A12100%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP12100_ILO_CODE%3AC186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Faye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nautinst.org/en/about-the-institute/aims-and-objectives.cfm">"Aims and Objectives"</a>. <i>www.nautinst.org</i>. The Nautical Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nautinst.org&rft.atitle=Aims+and+Objectives&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Faye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nautinst.org%2Fen%2Fabout-the-institute%2Faims-and-objectives.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioannis Theotokas, Aimilia Papachristou, Alexandros Koukoravas and Damian Stanchev, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go-maritime.net/working-and-living-at-sea/Stay-in-touch-with-family-and-friends/">Go-Maritime.net</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_et_al_2019_Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Transportation-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_et_al_2019_Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Transportation_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerAdebamboDel_Aguila_FeijooElhaimer2019" class="citation book cs1">Walker TR, Adebambo O, Del Aguila Feijoo MC, Elhaimer E, Hossain T, Edwards SJ, Morrison CE, Romo J, Sharma N, Taylor S, Zomorodi S (2019). "Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation". <i>World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">505–</span>530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9">10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805052-1"><bdi>978-0-12-805052-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135422637">135422637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Environmental+Effects+of+Marine+Transportation&rft.btitle=World+Seas%3A+An+Environmental+Evaluation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135422637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9&rft.isbn=978-0-12-805052-1&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tony+R.&rft.au=Adebambo%2C+Olubukola&rft.au=Del+Aguila+Feijoo%2C+Monica+C.&rft.au=Elhaimer%2C+Elias&rft.au=Hossain%2C+Tahazzud&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Stuart+Johnston&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Courtney+E.&rft.au=Romo%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Nameeta&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Zomorodi%2C+Sanam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019064411/http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf"><i>Third IMO GHG Study 2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, International Maritime Organization, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+IMO+GHG+Study+2014&rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fen%2FOurWork%2FEnvironment%2FPollutionPrevention%2FAirPollution%2FDocuments%2FThird%2520Greenhouse%2520Gas%2520Study%2FGHG3%2520Executive%2520Summary%2520and%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019064411/http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf"><i>Second IMO GHG Study 2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, International Maritime Organization, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-10-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+IMO+GHG+Study+2014&rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fen%2FOurWork%2FEnvironment%2FPollutionPrevention%2FAirPollution%2FDocuments%2FThird%2520Greenhouse%2520Gas%2520Study%2FGHG3%2520Executive%2520Summary%2520and%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2023" class="citation news cs1">Mehta, Amgeli (May 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/voyage-net-zero-which-green-shipping-fuel-will-rule-seas-2023-05-15/">"In the voyage to net-zero, which green shipping fuel will rule the seas?"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=In+the+voyage+to+net-zero%2C+which+green+shipping+fuel+will+rule+the+seas%3F&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Amgeli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fsustainability%2Fclimate-energy%2Fvoyage-net-zero-which-green-shipping-fuel-will-rule-seas-2023-05-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Data_and_Economic_Analysis2006" class="citation web cs1">Office of Data and Economic Analysis (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221134647/http://www.marad.dot.gov/Marad_Statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf">"World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Maritime Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Merchant+Fleet+2001%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=United+States+Maritime+Administration&rft.date=2006-07&rft.au=Office+of+Data+and+Economic+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marad.dot.gov%2FMARAD_statistics%2F2005%2520STATISTICS%2FWorld%2520Merchant%2520Fleet%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1994" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mark L. (1994). <i>Queen of the Lakes</i>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2393-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2393-6"><bdi>0-8143-2393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+the+Lakes&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8143-2393-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Council_on_Trade_and_Development_(UNCTAD)2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Council_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Council on Trade and Development">United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513201212/http://www.unctad.org/Templates/StartPage.asp?intItemID=2614&lang=1"><i>Review of Maritime Transport, 2005</i></a>. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unctad.org/Templates/StartPage.asp?intItemID=2614&lang=1">the original</a> on 2008-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport%2C+2005&rft.place=New+York+and+Geneva&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2005&rft.au=United+Nations+Council+on+Trade+and+Development+%28UNCTAD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctad.org%2FTemplates%2FStartPage.asp%3FintItemID%3D2614%26lang%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Council_on_Trade_and_Development_(UNCTAD)2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Council_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Council on Trade and Development">United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf"><i>Review of Maritime Transport, 2006</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York and Geneva: United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport%2C+2006&rft.place=New+York+and+Geneva&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2006&rft.au=United+Nations+Council+on+Trade+and+Development+%28UNCTAD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctad.org%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Frmt2006_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijnolstWergeland2009" class="citation book cs1">Wijnolst, Niko; Wergeland, Tor (2009). <i>Shipping innovation</i>. Amsterdam: IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-943-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-943-1"><bdi>978-1-58603-943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shipping+innovation&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58603-943-1&rft.aulast=Wijnolst&rft.aufirst=Niko&rft.au=Wergeland%2C+Tor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>UNCTAD (2020). <i>Review of Maritime Transport 2020.</i> Retrieved from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/review-of-maritime-transport">https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/review-of-maritime-transport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ship_transport" class="extiw" title="commons:Ship transport"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Ship transport</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/">MarineTraffic: Global Ship Tracking Intelligence</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2021" class="citation web cs1">Chua, Charmaine (4 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/the-ever-given-and-the-monstrosity-of-maritime-capitalism">"The Monstrosity of Maritime Capitalism"</a>. <i>Boston Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 Jan</span> 2024</span>. <q>Two books unmask the colossal shipping industry behind global trade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Review&rft.atitle=The+Monstrosity+of+Maritime+Capitalism&rft.date=2021-05-04&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Charmaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonreview.net%2Farticles%2Fthe-ever-given-and-the-monstrosity-of-maritime-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schaw_Lindsay" title="William Schaw Lindsay">W. S. Lindsay</a> (1874), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57208">History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_vessels349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fishing_vessel_topics" title="Template:Fishing vessel topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fishing_vessel_topics" title="Template talk:Fishing vessel topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing_vessel_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing vessel topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_vessels349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel#Commercial_vessels" title="Fishing vessel">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel#Commercial_vessels" title="Fishing vessel">Commercial fishing boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifter_(fishing_boat)" title="Drifter (fishing boat)">Drifters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_fleet" title="Fishing fleet">Fishing fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">Trawlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">Whalers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jangada-Tibau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jangada"><img alt="Jangada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jangada-Tibau.jpg/160px-Jangada-Tibau.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jangada-Tibau.jpg/240px-Jangada-Tibau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jangada-Tibau.jpg/320px-Jangada-Tibau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_fishing_boat" title="Traditional fishing boat">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_fishing_boat" title="Traditional fishing boat">Traditional fishing boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armadahan" title="Armadahan">Armadahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awang_(boat)" title="Awang (boat)">Awang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basnigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Basnigan">Basnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawley" title="Bawley">Bawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokkura" title="Bokkura">Bokkura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixham_trawler" title="Brixham trawler">Brixham trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFque" title="Caïque">Caïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Islander" title="Cape Islander">Cape Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e#Chasse-marée—boat" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhot" title="Chhot">Chhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coble" title="Coble">Coble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couta" title="Couta">Couta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">Currach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoni_(fishing_vessel)" title="Dhoni (fishing vessel)">Dhoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogger_(boat)" title="Dogger (boat)">Dogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femb%C3%B8ring" title="Fembøring">Fembøring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferilla" title="Ferilla">Ferilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frejgatina" title="Frejgatina">Frejgatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Sloop" title="Friendship Sloop">Friendship sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway_hooker" title="Galway hooker">Galway hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongkong" title="Jongkong">Jongkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkun" title="Junkun">Junkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajjik" title="Kajjik">Kajjik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolae_boat" title="Kolae boat">Kolae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkor_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkor (boat)">Korkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulibo" title="Kulibo">Kulibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakana">Lakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)" title="Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)">Lepa-lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis-alis" title="Lis-alis">Lis-alis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londe" title="Londe">Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzu" title="Luzzu">Luzzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_boat" title="Mackinaw boat">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_clipper" title="Monterey clipper">Monterey clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobby_(boat)" title="Nobby (boat)">Nobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontang" title="Ontang">Ontang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orembai" title="Orembai">Orembai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owong" title="Owong">Owong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduwang" title="Paduwang">Paduwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajala_(boat)" title="Pajala (boat)">Pajala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panineman" title="Panineman">Panineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu_payang" title="Perahu payang">Perahu payang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_boat" title="Peter boat">Peter boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirogue" title="Pirogue">Pirogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poveiro_(boat)" title="Poveiro (boat)">Poveiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_boat" title="Pump boat">Pump boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeq" title="Sandeq">Sandeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salambaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Salambaw">Salambaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth" title="Sgoth">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_boat" title="Shad boat">Shad boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakbox" title="Sneakbox">Sneakbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatara (ship)">Tatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataya" title="Tataya">Tataya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a" title="Va'a">Va'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voadeira" title="Voadeira">Voadeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipnol">Tipnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dory_(boat)" title="Dory (boat)">Dories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banks_dory" title="Banks dory">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann_dory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Ann dory">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_dory" title="Gloucester dory">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKenzie_River_dory" title="McKenzie River dory">McKenzie River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampscott_dory" title="Swampscott dory">Swampscott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oyster boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugeye" title="Bugeye">Bugeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_buy-boat" title="Oyster buy-boat">Buy-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_deadrise" title="Chesapeake Bay deadrise">Deadrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_canoe" title="Log canoe">Log canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungy" title="Pungy">Pungy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_schooners" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyster schooners">Schooners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpie_(boat)" title="Sharpie (boat)">Sharpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_(boat)" title="Skipjack (boat)">Skipjack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat_fishing" title="Recreational boat fishing">Recreational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_boat" title="Bass boat">Bass boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farley_Boats" title="Farley Boats">Farley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_boat_builders" title="List of boat builders">Builders and designers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bolger" title="Phil Bolger">Philip C. Bolger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_vessels" title="Category:Fishing vessels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_merchant_ships83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template talk:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_merchant_ships83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">Merchant marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reefer"><img alt="A reefer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/80px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/120px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/160px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Dry cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">Car float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat" title="Chain boat">Chain boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_barge" title="Hopper barge">Hopper barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">Lighter aboard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">Livestock carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">Reefer ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">Chemical tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Oil tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">Cargo liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tug supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel" title="Emergency tow vessel">Emergency tow vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_(boat)" title="Pusher (boat)">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">Salvage tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">Tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drillship" title="Drillship">Drillship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">Pipe-laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping" title="International Chamber of Shipping">International Chamber of Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">List of merchant navy capacity by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ports_and_harbors804" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ports_and_harbors" title="Template:Ports and harbors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ports_and_harbors" title="Template talk:Ports and harbors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ports_and_harbors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ports and harbors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ports_and_harbors804" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_port" title="Home port">Home port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuelling_station" title="Fuelling station">Fuelling station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_harbor" title="Inland harbor">Inland harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">Inland port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_(water_transport)" title="Landing (water transport)">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outport" title="Outport">Outport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_entry" title="Port of entry">Port of entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_port" title="Trust port">Trust port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_port" title="Dry port">Dry port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage_(maritime)" title="Anchorage (maritime)">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_base" title="Naval base">Naval base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rankings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_port" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest port">World's busiest port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports" title="List of busiest container ports">Busiest container ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_ports_by_cargo_tonnage" title="List of busiest ports by cargo tonnage">Busiest by tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_cruise_ports_by_passengers" title="List of busiest cruise ports by passengers">Busiest by cruise passengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_container_port_traffic" title="List of countries by container port traffic">Countries by container port traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Southern_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ports and harbors of the Southern Ocean">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port_management" title="Port management">Port management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_authority" title="Port authority">Port authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_state_control" title="Port state control">Port state control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harbour_engineers" title="Category:Harbour engineers">Harbour engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_operator" title="Port operator">Port operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_security" title="Port security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_operations_simulator" title="Port operations simulator">Port operations simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Operating_System" title="Terminal Operating System">Terminal Operating System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOLAS_Convention" title="SOLAS Convention">SOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STCW_Convention" title="STCW Convention">STCW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_Water_Management_Convention" title="Ballast Water Management Convention">Ballast Water Management Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" 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