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for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-種類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#種類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>種類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-種類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关種類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-種類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-近海打撈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近海打撈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>近海打撈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近海打撈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-港口打撈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#港口打撈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>港口打撈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-港口打撈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-貨物與設備打撈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#貨物與設備打撈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>貨物與設備打撈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-貨物與設備打撈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殘骸移除" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殘骸移除"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>殘骸移除</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殘骸移除-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漂流物打撈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漂流物打撈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>漂流物打撈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漂流物打撈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清理打撈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清理打撈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>清理打撈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清理打撈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-打撈迫切性與預算考量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#打撈迫切性與預算考量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>打撈迫切性與預算考量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-打撈迫切性與預算考量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考注釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">打撈</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。14种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergung_(Seefahrt)" title="Bergung (Seefahrt) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bergung (Seefahrt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Επιθαλάσσια αρωγή – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιθαλάσσια αρωγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Marine salvage" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvamento_mar%C3%ADtimo" title="Salvamento marítimo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salvamento marítimo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="نجات (دریانوردی) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نجات (دریانوردی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renflouement" title="Renflouement – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renflouement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="उद्धार – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उद्धार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="海洋サルベージ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海洋サルベージ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဆယ်တင်ခြင်းလုပ်ငန်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆယ်တင်ခြင်းလုပ်ငန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berging_(scheepvaart)" title="Berging (scheepvaart) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berging (scheepvaart)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratownictwo_okr%C4%99towe" title="Ratownictwo okrętowe – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ratownictwo okrętowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfluare" title="Ranfluare – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ranfluare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rgning" title="Bärgning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bärgning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A4" title="سمندری بچاؤ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندری بچاؤ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q820382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%89%93%E6%92%88" lang="zh-Hans-MY" 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id="cite_ref-史记汉书秦灭周_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-史记汉书秦灭周-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>前219年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87" title="秦始皇">秦始皇</a>派人入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%BA%8A" title="河床">河床</a>利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B3%E7%B4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="绳索">绳索</a>将其自水下拉起，不过没有成功（这在浅浮雕时代甚至成为了艺术主题）。<sup id="cite_ref-秦始皇寻九鼎_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-秦始皇寻九鼎-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-temple_1986_73_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple_1986_73-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>至11世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>（960年至1279年），<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a>人利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%9B" title="浮力">浮力</a>完成了一次成功的打捞作业。<sup id="cite_ref-temple_1986_72_73_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple_1986_72_73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 考古学家由史载<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%86%B2" title="曹冲">曹冲</a>（西元196-208年）称<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1" title="象">象</a>一事，<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 得知古人至少在西元3世纪时即掌握浮力的概念。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而於1041年至1048年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8)" title="蒲州 (北周)">蒲州</a>附近、约距当时於350年前建成、横跨<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3" title="黄河">黄河</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E6%A9%8B" title="浮橋">浮桥</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%B2%E6%B4%A5%E6%A1%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒲津桥（页面不存在）">蒲津桥</a>，毁于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水">洪水</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-宋史僧怀丙_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋史僧怀丙-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 这座桥是由船构成，船间以铁鍊相连，铁鍊则连到两岸8座不同的由<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E9%93%81" title="铸铁">铸铁</a>铸成的在休憩中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%89%9B" title="水牛">水牛</a>像上。洪水把铁牛从沙岸拉入黄河，并且一沉到底；在事件发生后，当地州府贴出榜文对如何取回铁牛寻求对策。<sup id="cite_ref-宋史僧怀丙_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋史僧怀丙-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 后来，<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="僧人">僧人</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E4%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀丙（页面不存在）">怀丙</a>的计划受到采用。学者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·坦普尔">罗伯特·坦普尔</a>对此描述道：「在僧怀丙的指示下，工人将两条大船装满土，船夫<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4" title="潜水">潜水</a>将索固定在位于河床的铁牛上。然后逐渐抛弃酬载船上的土，导致船在水中吃水越来越浅。为大家所欣喜的是，产生的浮力便将铁牛自河床浮起。然后他们只需将船往岸边开就可将万斤铁牛拖到浅水区域。」<sup id="cite_ref-temple_1986_72_73_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple_1986_72_73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-宋史僧怀丙_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋史僧怀丙-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同样技术亦应用于打捞<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="现代">现代</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="远洋轮船安德烈亚·多里亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="SS Andrea Doria"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9C%E6%B4%8B%E8%BD%AE%E8%88%B9%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="远洋轮船安德烈亚·多里亚（页面不存在）">远洋轮船安德烈亚·多里亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Andrea_Doria" class="extiw" title="en:SS Andrea Doria"><span lang="en" dir="auto">SS Andrea Doria</span></a></span>）</span></span>（SS <i>Andrea Doria</i>）号。该船于1956年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%B2%92" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="沉沒">沉没</a>于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>；在该次任务中，打捞用矿砂船不装满泥土酬载，而以水代替。它将水逐渐漏出，这将安德烈亚·多里亚废船自水下68.5公尺（225英尺）打捞上来。<sup id="cite_ref-temple_1986_73_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple_1986_73-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="種類"><span id=".E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E"></span>種類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：種類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="近海打撈"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E6.B5.B7.E6.89.93.E6.92.88"></span>近海打撈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：近海打撈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>將開放水域內擱淺或沉沒的船體帶上水面，稱之為近海（離岸）打撈。此種類型因船體暴露於海浪、洋流與自然天候下，相較於港口內的沉船，更容易受損也較難作業。能施行近海打撈的時機不多，通常受限於海象與天候條件。由於船體狀況只會越來越糟，打撈作業只能在最短時間內進行。典型的近海打撈作業會預備全套牽引設備以及牽引船，此外也會利用直升機或小船運補自攜式的潛水設備。純粹從施工規劃的觀點來看，在沒有額外防護的水域作業，對起重船、監工人員、挖泥船與駁船（大型平底船）都難以施展身手。再者，施工人員（焊工、木工等）在打撈作業期間必須隨時待命，人力來源難維持穩定。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="港口打撈"><span id=".E6.B8.AF.E5.8F.A3.E6.89.93.E6.92.88"></span>港口打撈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：港口打撈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>將受防護水域內擱淺或沉沒的船體帶上水面，稱之為港口打撈。此類型的沉船，較不會受到海象與天候摧殘，除非座標鎖定困難，否則作業時效性也沒有近海打撈這麼急迫。此外，港口打撈的前置作業與計劃時間較短，施工人力與重型機具（起重船、駁船等）也更容易取得，當然這與當時作業環境有直接關係。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="貨物與設備打撈"><span id=".E8.B2.A8.E7.89.A9.E8.88.87.E8.A8.AD.E5.82.99.E6.89.93.E6.92.88"></span>貨物與設備打撈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：貨物與設備打撈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>貨物沉沒有時會造成環境問題，如果是貴重機具或貴金屬更會成為重大損失，因此搶救貨物與設備往往比搶救船體更重要。這類型的打撈著重於將貨物移出，必要時不惜將船殼分解或破壞。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殘骸移除"><span id=".E6.AE.98.E9.AA.B8.E7.A7.BB.E9.99.A4"></span>殘骸移除</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：殘骸移除"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>這類打撈著重於移走危害物或不具打撈價值且有礙觀瞻的殘骸。因為重點不是救起船體，所以搬運殘骸往往採用最簡單便宜的方式。通常，移除危害物會比移除殘骸優先考慮，有時會直接把船殼分解為易搬運的碎塊，甚至把撈起船體再度鑿沉，使其沒入深海中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="漂流物打撈"><span id=".E6.BC.82.E6.B5.81.E7.89.A9.E6.89.93.E6.92.88"></span>漂流物打撈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：漂流物打撈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>搶救受損但未沉沒的船隻可稱為漂流物打撈。此種打撈與一般認知的撈起作業有別，惟仍然不可以輕忽船體損害控管，有時需進行船殼焊接，調整壓艙物與移動貨物來幫助船體穩定，或加強結構支撐。某些情況下，船體雖有輕微受損，仍然可以繼續航行，並留下原來的船務人員執行原來的任務。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="清理打撈"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E7.90.86.E6.89.93.E6.92.88"></span>清理打撈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：清理打撈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清理打撈，涵括移走或者撈起港灣中及航道裡的沉船，一般是海嘯、颶風、或戰爭（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="珍珠港事件">珍珠港事件</a>）等巨大災禍所致。許多成堆的沉船也因為碰撞、火災或爆炸，而有不同程度的損壞。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="打撈迫切性與預算考量"><span id=".E6.89.93.E6.92.88.E8.BF.AB.E5.88.87.E6.80.A7.E8.88.87.E9.A0.90.E7.AE.97.E8.80.83.E9.87.8F"></span>打撈迫切性與預算考量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：打撈迫切性與預算考量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>打撈計畫依其迫切性與預算考量而有不同的執行方式。如沉船為商船，那麼打撈方式通常會考量其商業價值以及對航道的衝擊。不過，軍艦打撈則常常沒有預算限制，甚至可以超過船艦本身的價值，這通常與國家威望與「不遺棄」政策有關。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%95%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" title="水底搜索">水底搜索</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="飽和潛水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Saturation diving"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飽和潛水（页面不存在）">飽和潛水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving" class="extiw" title="en:Saturation diving"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Saturation diving</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潛水加減壓室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diving chamber"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%A0%E6%B8%9B%E5%A3%93%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潛水加減壓室（页面不存在）">潛水加減壓室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber" class="extiw" title="en:Diving chamber"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diving chamber</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潛水鐘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diving bell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4%E9%90%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潛水鐘（页面不存在）">潛水鐘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell" class="extiw" title="en:Diving bell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diving bell</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E9%87%8D%E6%A9%9F%E8%88%B9" title="起重機船">起重机船</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考注釋"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>參考注釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：參考注釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-史记汉书秦灭周-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-史记汉书秦灭周_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">见《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0" title="史记">史记</a>》<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0/%E5%8D%B7028" class="extiw" title="s:史记/卷028">卷二十八封禅书第六</a>，原文：「……其后百二十岁而秦灭周，周之九鼎入于秦。或曰宋太丘社亡，而鼎没于泗水彭城下。……」及《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>》<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6/%E5%8D%B7025%E4%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="s:汉书/卷025上">卷二十五上郊祀志第五上</a>，原文：「……后百一十岁，周赧王卒，九鼎入于秦。或曰，周显王之四十二年，宋太丘社亡，而鼎沦没于泗水彭城下。……」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-秦始皇寻九鼎-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-秦始皇寻九鼎_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">见《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0" title="史记">史记</a>》<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0/%E5%8D%B7006" class="extiw" title="s:史记/卷006">卷六秦始皇本纪第六</a>，原文：「……始皇还，过彭城，斋戒祷祠，欲出周鼎泗水。使千人没水求之，弗得。……」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temple_1986_73-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temple_1986_73_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temple_1986_73_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple (1986), 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temple_1986_72_73-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temple_1986_72_73_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temple_1986_72_73_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple (1986), 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">见《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="三国志">三国志</a>》<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B720#邓哀王曹冲" class="extiw" title="s:三国志/卷20">魏书·武文世王公传邓哀王曹冲</a>，原文：「……邓哀王冲字仓舒。少聪察岐嶷，生五六岁，智意所及，有若成人之智。时孙权曾致巨象，太祖欲知其斤重，访之群下，咸莫能出其理。冲曰：「置象大船之上，而刻其水痕所至，称物以载之，则校可知矣。」太祖大悦，即施行焉。……」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-宋史僧怀丙-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-宋史僧怀丙_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋史僧怀丙_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋史僧怀丙_7-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">见《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="宋史">宋史</a>》<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7462" class="extiw" title="s:宋史/卷462">卷462列传第221方技下</a>，原文：「……僧怀丙，真定人。巧思出天性，非学所能至也。……河中府浮梁用铁牛八维之，一牛且数万斤。后水暴涨绝梁，牵牛没于河，募能出之者。怀丙以二大舟实土，夹牛维之，用大木为权衡状钩牛，徐去其土，舟浮牛出。转运使张焘以闻，赐紫衣。寻卒。……」及<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7333" class="extiw" title="s:宋史/卷333">卷333列传第92</a>，原文：「……张焘，字景元，枢密直学士奎之子也。举进士，通判单州。……迁天章阁待制、陕西都转运使。蒲津浮桥坏，铁牛皆没水中，焘以策列巨木于岸以为衡，缒石其秒，挽出之，桥复其初。」</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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