CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Charles II, Duke of Parma - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4c81785e-5f89-4c77-8260-7aeb5febd2e0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma","wgTitle":"Charles II, Duke of Parma","wgCurRevisionId":1253496890,"wgRevisionId":1253496890,"wgArticleId":2900994,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2021","Articles containing Italian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013","1799 births","1883 deaths","19th-century dukes of Parma", "House of Bourbon-Parma","Kings of Etruria","Knights of Santiago","Spanish infantes","Nobility from the Republic of Lucca","Princes of Parma and Piacenza","Monarchs who abdicated","Princes of Bourbon-Parma","Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain","People from the Duchy of Lucca"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma","wgRelevantArticleId":2900994,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample": false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q352200","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript": "ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg/1200px-Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1497"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg/800px-Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="998"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg/640px-Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Charles II, Duke of Parma - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Charles_II_Duke_of_Parma rootpage-Charles_II_Duke_of_Parma skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Charles+II%2C+Duke+of+Parma" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Charles+II%2C+Duke+of+Parma" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Charles+II%2C+Duke+of+Parma" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Charles+II%2C+Duke+of+Parma" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Etruria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Etruria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>King of Etruria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Etruria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duke_of_Lucca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duke_of_Lucca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Duke of Lucca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duke_of_Lucca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duke_of_Parma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duke_of_Parma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Duke of Parma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duke_of_Parma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles II, Duke of Parma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="كارلو الثاني دوق بارما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارلو الثاني دوق بارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_II_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Карл II Лудвиг (Парма) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл II Лудвиг (Парма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_II_de_Parma" title="Carles II de Parma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles II de Parma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_II._Parmsk%C3%BD" title="Karel II. Parmský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel II. Parmský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_2._af_Parma" title="Karl 2. af Parma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl 2. af Parma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_II._(Parma)" title="Karl II. (Parma) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl II. (Parma)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_II_(Parma)" title="Carlo II (Parma) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carlo II (Parma)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κάρολος Β΄ της Πάρμας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Β΄ της Πάρμας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_II_de_Parma" title="Carlos II de Parma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos II de Parma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_(duc_de_Parme)" title="Charles II (duc de Parme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles II (duc de Parme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC%EB%A1%9C_2%EC%84%B8" title="파르마 공작 카를로 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파르마 공작 카를로 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_II_dari_Parma" title="Carlo II dari Parma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carlo II dari Parma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_II_di_Parma" title="Carlo II di Parma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo II di Parma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="קרלו השני, דוכס פארמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרלו השני, דוכס פארמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_II_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98)" title="კარლო II (პარმის ჰერცოგი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლო II (პარმის ჰერცოგი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._K%C3%A1roly_parmai_herceg" title="II. Károly parmai herceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Károly parmai herceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="كارلو التانى دوق بارما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارلو التانى دوق بارما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Lodewijk_van_Bourbon-Parma" title="Karel Lodewijk van Bourbon-Parma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karel Lodewijk van Bourbon-Parma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD2%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E5%85%AC)" title="カルロ2世 (パルマ公) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルロ2世 (パルマ公)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_II_Parme%C5%84ski" title="Karol II Parmeński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol II Parmeński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_II,_Duque_de_Parma" title="Carlos II, Duque de Parma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos II, Duque de Parma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_al_II-lea,_Duce_de_Parma" title="Carol al II-lea, Duce de Parma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol al II-lea, Duce de Parma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_II_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Карл II (герцог Пармский) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл II (герцог Пармский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_II_av_Parma" title="Karl II av Parma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl II av Parma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_II_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Карл II (герцог Парми) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл II (герцог Парми)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_II_x%E1%BB%A9_Parma" title="Carlo II xứ Parma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carlo II xứ Parma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC)" title="卡洛二世 (帕尔马) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡洛二世 (帕尔马)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q352200#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&oldid=1253496890" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma&id=1253496890&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCharles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCharles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q352200" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1847 to 1849</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles Louis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg/220px-Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg/330px-Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg/440px-Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Charles II in Spanish uniform, c. 1824</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Etruria">King of Etruria</a> (as Louis II)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1803 – 10 December 1807</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Etruria">Louis I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa,_Duchess_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Louisa, Duchess of Lucca">Maria Luisa of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Lucca">Duke of Lucca</a> (as Charles Louis)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1824 – 17 December 1847</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa,_Duchess_of_Lucca" title="Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca">Maria Luisa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Parma and Piacenza">Duke of Parma and Piacenza</a> (as Charles II)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1847 – 17 May 1849</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1799-12-22</span>)</span>22 December 1799<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Kingdom of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 April 1883<span style="display:none">(1883-04-16)</span> (aged 83)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">French Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Cappella della Macchia, <a href="/wiki/Tenuta_Reale_(Viareggio)" title="Tenuta Reale (Viareggio)">Villa Borbone</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy" title="Maria Teresa of Savoy">Maria Teresa of Savoy</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="5 September 1820">1820</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="16 July 1879">1879</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Princess Luisa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III, Duke of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Carlo Ludovico Ferdinando di Borbone</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon-Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon-Parma">Bourbon-Parma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_King_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis I, King of Etruria">Louis I, King of Etruria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa,_Duchess_of_Lucca" title="Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca">Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Louis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Carlo Lodovico</i>; 22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Etruria">King of Etruria</a> (1803–1807; reigned as <b>Louis II</b>), <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Lucca">Duke of Lucca</a> (1824–1847; reigned as Charles Louis), and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Parma" title="Duke of Parma">Duke of Parma</a> (1847–1849; reigned as Charles II). </p><p>He was the only son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Etruria">Louis, Prince of Piacenza</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa_of_Spain_(1782-1824)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Louisa of Spain (1782-1824)">Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain</a>. Born at the Royal Palace of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> at the court of his maternal grandfather King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a>, he spent his first years living at the Spanish court. In 1801, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1801)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a>, Charles became Crown Prince of Etruria, a newly created kingdom formed from territories of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>. Charles moved to Italy with his parents and in 1803, not yet four years old, he succeeded his father as King of Etruria under the name Louis II. </p><p>His mother Infanta Maria Luisa assumed the <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> while Charles Louis' minority lasted. In 1807 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> dissolved the kingdom of Etruria and Charles Louis and his mother took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. In May 1808 they were forced to leave Spain by Napoleon who arrested Charles Louis' mother in a convent in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Between 1811 and 1814 Charles Louis was placed under the care of his grandfather, the deposed King Charles IV of Spain. </p><p>After Napoleon's fall, in 1817, Infanta Maria Luisa became Duchess of Lucca in her own right and Charles Louis, age sixteen, became hereditary Prince of Lucca. In 1820 he married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy">Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy</a>. They were a mismatched couple and had only one surviving son. </p><p>At his mother's death in 1824, Charles Louis became the reigning <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duke of Lucca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had little interest in ruling. He left the duchy in the hands of his ministers and spent most of his time traveling around Europe. A liberal movement led him to abdicate Lucca in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany in October 1847 in exchange for financial compensation, as he wanted to retire to private life. Two months later, in December 1847, at the death of the former <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Empress Marie Louise</a>, he succeeded her as the reigning <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Parma">Duke of Parma</a> according to what had been stipulated by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. </p><p>His reign in Parma as Duke Charles II was brief. He was ill-received by his new subjects and within a few months he was ousted by a revolution. He regained control of Parma under the protection of Austrian troops, but finally abdicated in favor of his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III</a> on 14 March 1849. His son was assassinated in 1854 and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Robert I</a>, the last reigning Duke of Parma, was deposed in 1860. In exile Charles Louis assumed the title of count of Villafranca. He spent the last years of his life mostly in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, dying at <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> on 16 April 1883. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Louis was born at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>. His father, a member of the Bourbons of Parma, was <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Etruria">Louis, Prince of Piacenza</a>, son and heir of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand, Duke of Parma</a>. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa_of_Spain_(1782-1824)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Louisa of Spain (1782-1824)">Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain</a>, was a daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a>. They had married in 1795 when the Hereditary Prince of Parma came to Madrid in search of a wife. The couple remained in Spain for the first years of their married life. It was for this reason that Charles Louis was born in Madrid at his maternal grandfather's court and he was included in <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a>'s famous <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain_and_His_Family" title="Charles IV of Spain and His Family">portrait of the family of Charles IV</a>, in the arms of his mother. </p><p>Charles Louis's early life was over-shadowed by the actions of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> who was interested in conquering the Italian states. French troops invaded the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a> in 1796. In 1801, for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1801)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a>, Charles Louis became <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a>, formed from the former territories of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, as heir to his father, whom <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> had made King of Etruria in compensation for giving up his right to Parma. </p><p>On 21 April 1801 Charles Louis left Spain with his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_98-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a short visit to Napoleon in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, they moved to <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence, Italy">Florence</a> taking residence in the <a href="/wiki/Pitti_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitti palace">Pitti palace</a>, the former home of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici family</a>. Only a few months after settling in Florence, the Etrurian royal family was called back to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_98-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this trip that Charles's only sibling, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Luisa_Carlota_of_Parma" title="Princess Maria Luisa Carlota of Parma">Princess Maria Luisa Carlota of Parma</a>, was born. Their visit was cut short by the death of Charles Louis' paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand, Duke of Parma</a>, who had clung to his throne until his death on 9 October 1802, when Parma passed to France under the terms of a treaty which he had signed. </p><p>In December 1802 the royal family of Etruria returned to Florence, but King <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Etruria">Louis</a>, who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and was frequently ill, died few months later on 27 May 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_98-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_of_Etruria">King of Etruria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: King of Etruria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dena.jpg/250px-Dena.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dena.jpg/375px-Dena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dena.jpg/500px-Dena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Coins of Charles Louis king of Etruria and his mother Queen Maria Luisa : 10 lire (1803).</figcaption></figure> <p>After his father's death, Charles Louis, who was only three years old, succeeded him as King Charles Louis I of Etruria. He was under the regency of his mother Maria Luisa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_98-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1807, Napoleon dissolved the kingdom and had Charles Louis and his mother brought to France. Charles Louis was promised the throne of a new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northern_Lusitania" title="Kingdom of Northern Lusitania">Kingdom of Northern Lusitania</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Norte,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte, Portugal">north of Portugal</a>), but this plan never materialized, due to the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">break</a> between Napoleon and the Spanish Bourbons in 1808. Charles Louis, his mother and sister looked for refuge in Spain, arriving at the court of Charles IV on 19 February 1808. Spain was in unrest, and less than three months after their arrival, all members of the Spanish Royal family were taken to France on Napoleon's orders, while Napoleon gave the Spanish crown to his brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Ludovico_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carlo_Ludovico_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma.jpg/251px-Carlo_Ludovico_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carlo_Ludovico_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma.jpg/376px-Carlo_Ludovico_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carlo_Ludovico_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma.jpg/501px-Carlo_Ludovico_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a young Charles Louis</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Louis left Spain with his mother and sister on 2 May 1808 for <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Compiegne" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiegne">Compiegne</a>, the residence which had been assigned to them. Maria Luisa was promised the <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Colorno" title="Ducal Palace of Colorno">Ducal Palace of Colorno</a> in Parma and a substantial allowance, but Napoleon did not keep his word and Charles Louis with his mother and sister were held captive in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_98-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Charles Louis's mother tried to escape from Napoleon's grip, she was arrested and locked in a convent in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in August 1811. Charles Louis did not share his mother and sister's imprisonment. He was given in custody to his grandfather Charles IV, the deposed King of Spain. For the next four years, (1811–1815), Charles Louis lived under the care of his grandfather in the household of the exiled Spanish royal family in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Italy_1803.jpg/250px-Italy_1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Italy_1803.jpg/375px-Italy_1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Italy_1803.jpg/500px-Italy_1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Etruria. 1803</figcaption></figure> <p>After Napoleon's downfall in 1815, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> was not restored to the Duchy of Parma, which was instead given to Napoleon's wife, the <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Empress Marie Louise</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> compensated the Bourbons with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a>, which was given to Charles Louis's mother, with Charles Louis as her heir, bearing the title Prince of Lucca. He was also promised the right of succession to Parma upon Empress Marie Louise's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1817, weeks before his eighteenth birthday, Charles Louis made his entry in Lucca with his mother. Due to the vicissitudes of the early years of his life he had not received a formal political education, but through self-teaching he acquired a vast knowledge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was a Renaissance man with a wide range of interests, yet his fickle nature drawn him from his early youth to many different branches of knowledge, from medicine to music (he composed sacred music), to foreign languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was particularly oriented to humanities. Biblical and liturgical studies captured his interest. His ideology was influenced by the enlightening and romanticism of the period that followed the restoration of the European peace after the end of the Napoleonic wars. </p><p>As crown prince, he found himself subjected to continuous monitoring by his mother. Restless as he was, he clashed with his conservative mother who, in her later years, turned increasingly to religion. He also disliked her absolutist form of governing. However, from his mother, he inherited the love of the Spanish Bourbons for the pomp of a royal court. The relationship between mother and son turned sour with the years. He later complained that his mother had "ruined him physically, morally and financially".<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1820 his mother arranged his marriage with Princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy" title="Maria Teresa of Savoy">Maria Teresa of Savoy</a> (1803–1879), one of the twin daughters of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia</a>. The wedding took place in Lucca on 5 September 1820. Maria Theresa, who turned seventeen two weeks after the wedding, was tall and beautiful.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were said to be the most handsome royal couple.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children: </p> <ul><li><i>Luisa</i> Francesca (29 October 1821 – 8 September 1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III, Duke of Parma</a> (14 January 1823 – 27 March 1854)</li></ul> <p>Charles Louis was witty, charming and of a gregarious nature. Maria Theresa was melancholic and, unlike her husband, she was a deeply devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were a mismatched couple who lived most of their married life apart from each other. "Even if there was no love", Charles Louis later commented, "there was respect".<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duke_of_Lucca">Duke of Lucca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duke of Lucca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_II_Ludwig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Karl_II_Ludwig.jpg/200px-Karl_II_Ludwig.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Karl_II_Ludwig.jpg/300px-Karl_II_Ludwig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Karl_II_Ludwig.jpg/400px-Karl_II_Ludwig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Charles I Duke of Lucca in his youth. <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Staub" title="Andreas Staub">Andreas Staub</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 March 1824 Charles Louis' mother died and he succeeded her as the Duke of Lucca. Aged twenty-five, he inherited a small but well kept duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However he showed a lack of interest in ruling. The turbulent episodes of his early life had affected him badly. In his own words "The stormy nature of my life, my inexperience, my good faith have unfortunate resulted in a complete lack of faith in myself and a diffidence, often involuntary but none the less inevitable towards, others."<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Louis was initially uninterested in government, preferring to give free rein to his love for traveling. During the first few years of his reign he was largely absent from the duchy, leaving its government to his ministers led by Ascanio Mansi. From 1824 to 1827 Charles Louis traveled throughout Italy. He visited Rome and the courts of Naples and Modena often, he was less keen in staying with his in laws at the Piedmont Court which he disliked due to its austerity. From 1827 to 1833 he traveled thorough Germany where he owned two castles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urschendorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urschendorff (page does not exist)">Urschendorff</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Egyden_am_Steinfeld" title="Sankt Egyden am Steinfeld">Sankt Egyden am Steinfeld</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weistropp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weistropp (page does not exist)">Weistropp</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>). He enjoyed life at the Austrian court, where his sister in law was Empress. While in Vienna he rented the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Kinsky" title="Palais Kinsky">Kinsky Palace</a>. He also spent time in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and in the capitals of other German states. </p><p>In the early 1830s Charles Louis began to take an increased interest in state affairs. His duchy was not affected by the revolutionary movements that ran across central Italy in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In foreign relations, he refused to recognize King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe of France">Louis Philippe of France</a>, who had come to power in the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830. He was also allied with the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> supporting his uncle the Carlist claimant, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Carlos V</a> and with the legitimate (<i><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></i>) cause in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (former King <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I of Portugal</a> was his first cousin). </p><p>In 1833, after staying away for three years, Charles Louis returned to Lucca and granted a general amnesty. This was in stark contrast to the attitude of others Italian states that opted for repression and imprisonment. The same year <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ward,_Baron_Ward" title="Thomas Ward, Baron Ward">Thomas Ward</a>, a former English jockey, arrived in Lucca and in few years he became Charles Louis' adviser and minister. Charles Louis studied and collected biblical and liturgical texts and was interested in different religious rituals. He had built a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> chapel at his villa in Marlia, and he also flirted with Protestantism, which was viewed unfavourably by other Catholic courts. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy.jpeg/200px-Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy.jpeg/300px-Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy.jpeg/400px-Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy">Maria Teresa of Savoy</a>, Charles Louis's wife. They lived most of their married life apart from each other.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Louis made a number of administrative and financial reforms that were popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1824 and 1829, some measures were taken relating to duties; to a certain freedom of trade; tax cuts, at the Land Registry. He gave especial encouragement to education and medicine, favoring the establishment of schools. These reforms were implemented thanks to the initiative of his Minister Mansi during the duke's absence. Charles disappointed his subjects who had hoped for a return to the constitution of 1805 and the hopes of Liberals in his duchy shifted to his only son and heir. He tried to copy in Lucca things he saw made abroad regardless if the conditions in the duchy were favorable. His love for traveling created many difficulties in governing and he often signed decrees according to his state of mind at the moment without any real knowledge of the issues. The actual power rested in his minister Mansi. It was said that while Charles Louis was the Duke, Mansi was king. Aware that Lucca was headed to be annexed by Tuscany, Mansi aligned his policies with those of Florence, which was resented by Charles Louis. However his weakness and his restless character did not allow Charles to escape the oppressive relations of protection and control exerted upon Lucca by the courts of Austria, Tuscany and Modena. He was viewed with suspicion by both <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe of France">Louis Philippe of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1833, Charles Louis, chronically short of money, stayed abroad less frequently. In 1836 he returned to Vienna and in 1838, after being in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> for the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Emperor Ferdinand</a>, he went to France and then to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> where he contracted debts. In 1837 he authorized the opening of a casino in Pieve Santo Stefano. The same year he promoted a reform of the State Council and the Council of Ministers. In 1840, while he was staying in Rome, his minister Ascanio Mansi died. Mansi's death heralded a new period during which Charles Louis took the initiative more, but his court drew adventures from different nationalities and Lucca became a haven for liberals fugitives from other states. Some of them were unscrupulous adventures of dubious reputation. He chose Antonio Mazzarosa, an eminent man, as presidency of the Council of State, but under Austrian pressure, he appointed Fabrizio Ostuni as Foreign Minister representing him at the Austrian court. Ostuni tenure lasted only three years (1840–1843) and coincided with a period of increasing financial distress. The economy of the duchy was in decline since 1830 and deteriorated further with the years. In 1841, the paintings of the Palatine Gallery had to be sold. The irregularities committed by Ostuni were discovered and denounced by Charles Louis' new right-hand man, Thomas Ward.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Louis rarely saw his wife, who after 1840 retired from public life and lived in religious seclusion in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pianore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pianore (page does not exist)">Pianore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited her, but commented that her weak intellect and lack of sensitivity "would enable her to live a century".<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Louis admired female beauty, but was believed to be homosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in his Duchy, Charles was really little in his capital preferring to stay in the country in Marlia. In 1845 his son married princess <a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_d%27Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois">Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois</a>, a daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Duke of Berry</a> and the only sister of the French legitimate pretender, <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">the Count of Chambord</a>. </p><p>Under pressure by Austria, Charles Louis agreed on some territorial adjustments that were detrimental to his future inheritance in Parma. By the treaty of Florence, on 28 November 1844, between Charles Louis and the dukes of Tuscany and Modena, he had to give up his claim to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a> and the lands east of the <a href="/wiki/Enza" title="Enza">Enza</a>. These territories would be given to Modena receiving in compensation only <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a>. The treaty of Florence remained a secret for nearly three years, but once it became known it contributed to Charles Louis growing unpopularity both in Lucca and in Parma. Need for money led the Duke, on the advice of Ward, who became Minister of Finance, to claim tax credits for titles dating back thirty years. All these resulted in general dissatisfaction. A liberal movement began to grow in Lucca where in 1847 there was a series of demonstrations, culminating in July in a full-scale riot. At first Charles Louis tried to assert his authority, but the continuous unrest forced him to take refuge in the Villa of San Martino in <a href="/wiki/Vignale" title="Vignale">Vignale</a>. On 1 September 1847, alarmed at the sight of a crowd that wanted to submit some reforms, he signed a series of concessions. Three days later, under pressure from many citizens, he returned to Lucca, where he was welcomed triumphantly. However he was unable to cope with the pressure and on 9 September he left for Modena. From there, he issued a decree that converted the Council of State in a Council of Regency. On 4 October he abdicated in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who would in any case have taken the duchy when Charles Louis became Duke of Parma, meanwhile he was to receive a monthly economical compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Ward arranged the premature handover; in a letter Charles told him "I can't describe to you how I feel and what a sacrifice I have made".<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left for <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> while his family went to live in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> under the protection of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duke_of_Parma">Duke of Parma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Duke of Parma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_II_di_Parma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Carlo_II_di_Parma.jpg/220px-Carlo_II_di_Parma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Carlo_II_di_Parma.jpg/330px-Carlo_II_di_Parma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Carlo_II_di_Parma.jpg/440px-Carlo_II_di_Parma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Charles Louis in the habit of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Louis wandered from Modena to his German estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Released from the burdens of government, he aspired to enjoy life as a free man dedicating his time to travel and study. However he soon received news that Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, was gravely ill. She died on 17 December 1847. He was faced with the dilemma of whether to accept or refuse the Duchy of Parma. Initially he was tempted to evade the new responsibilities that fell upon his shoulders, but ended up accepting it, so as not to compromise the rights of his son. On 31 December 1847, Charles Louis arrived in Parma and took possession of the throne of his ancestors with the name of Charles (Carlo) II. The Duchy of Lucca was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, while Parma lost <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a> but acquired <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a>. </p><p>Charles II was coldly received in Parma, a country and people he did not know well. He lacked the character and political acumen to be able to overcome a situation far more complicated than the one he had left behind in the much smaller Duchy of Lucca. Parma was dominated by Austria and he was not free to follow his own political ideas. He wrote to Ward. "It is better to die than to live like this. During the day, and when I am alone and can weep I weep. But that does not help."<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lacked the support of his cousins in Madrid and in Paris, even though he went in 1852 to Spain to recognize his cousin <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a> as the legitimate Queen. In France <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> had lost his throne in the 1830 revolution. He was a virtually prisoner in the palace and wanted to abdicate.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his first acts of government, he tried to organize the central administration. He also signed a military alliance with Austria. A few months after his arrival, the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification#Revolutions_of_1848–49" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">revolution</a> broke out in Parma. He was forced to choose between suppressing the revolution or granting reforms. He decided for the latter and appointed a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> with the task of preparing a constitution. His intention was to save the throne for his son who asked for help from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert of Savoy">Charles Albert of Savoy</a>. However <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> had already asked to join <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and Charles Albert wanted <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a>. On 9 April the regency transformed into a provisional government. Only four months after regaining the throne of his ancestors, Charles II was forced to flee from Italy, finding refuge in the castle of Weistropp in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. On 19 April 1848, Charles abdicated in favor of his son, who had himself escaped. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a> the Austrian army decisively defeated the troops of Charles Albert at <a href="/wiki/Custoza" title="Custoza">Custoza</a>, and then at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, forcing him to sign the armistice of Salasco on 9 August 1848. In April 1849, Austrian troops led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Marshall Radetzki</a> occupied Parma and Piacenza. Charles II hastened to reassert its rights over the Duchy. He took control of the government under Austrian protection. Satisfied with securing the Duchy of Parma for his family, Charles presented his final resignation on 14 March 1849 at Weistropp in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> abdicating on his son.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balansó_101_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balansó_101-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma_c_1860.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma_c_1860.JPG/200px-Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma_c_1860.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma_c_1860.JPG/300px-Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma_c_1860.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma_c_1860.JPG/400px-Charles_II%2C_Duke_of_Parma_c_1860.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Charles II, Duke of Parma circa 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>After his abdication Charles Louis assumed the title of Count of Villafranca.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living as a private man, he dedicated his time to hobbies, alternating his stays between Paris, Nice and the castle of Weistropp in Saxony. </p><p>Always short of money, he sold his Austrian estate of Urschendorff to his friend Thomas Ward. In 1852 he went to Spain to recognize his cousin Isabella II as rightful queen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He began to return to Lucca where its citizen still had some sympathy for their former ruler despite his sale of the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was allowed to attend a family reunion held at Pianore in April 1853. </p><p>His only son <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III</a>, age 31, was assassinated on 27 March 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854 Charles Louis moved to Paris. In 1856 he visited his son's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a> and saw his wife. His grandson, <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Robert I</a>, who was reigning in Parma under the regency of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Marie Thérèse of France">Louise Marie Thérèse</a>, lost his throne in March 1860 during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. Charles Louis, unlike other dethroned Italian monarchs, welcomed the unification of Italy as a positive development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After 1860 Charles Louis was able to come to Italy more freely. He visited Lucca with increasing frequency staying in the Villas of Montignoso and San Martino in <a href="/wiki/Vignale" title="Vignale">Vignale</a>. His wife, Maria Theresa, who lived in complete retirement as a nun in villa San Martino in Lucca died on 16 July 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Louis was in Vienna at the time and only in October came to pay respect to her remains. His great granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Louise_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Louise of Austria">Archduchess Louise of Tuscany</a>, later Crown Princess of Saxony, described him in her memoirs: "My maternal great grandfather, Duke Charles of Parma and Lucca was one of the most amusing and original men. He had estates in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, to which he retired when he became weary of court life. He was always a protestant at <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a>, where his favorite castle was situated, and when he was remonstrated with on the subject by his spiritual advisers he replied. 'when I go to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> I shall be a Mohammedan; In fact wherever I go I always adopt, for the time being, the religion of the country, as it keeps me so much more in tone with the local color scheme.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Louis survived his wife for less than three years. He died at Nice on 16 April 1883, age 83. He was buried at the large property at Viareggio belonging to the Parma family.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%; min-width:50%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Heraldry of Charles II of Parma </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a></b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a></b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/240px-Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/360px-Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/480px-Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1681" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Middle_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/150px-Middle_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Middle_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/225px-Middle_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Middle_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/300px-Middle_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/130px-Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/195px-Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg/260px-Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Etruria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lucca_Mantle_Variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coats_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lucca_Mantle_Variant.svg/190px-Coats_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lucca_Mantle_Variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coats_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lucca_Mantle_Variant.svg/285px-Coats_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lucca_Mantle_Variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coats_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lucca_Mantle_Variant.svg/380px-Coats_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lucca_Mantle_Variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Bourbon-Parma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Bourbon-Parma.svg/155px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Bourbon-Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Bourbon-Parma.svg/233px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Bourbon-Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Bourbon-Parma.svg/310px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Bourbon-Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coat of arms as Louis II of Etruria, Infante of Spain<br />(1803-1807) </td> <td>Middle version<br />(1803-1807) </td> <td>Lesser version<br />(1803-1807) </td> <td>Coat of arms as Charles Louis Infante of Spain,<br />Duke of Lucca and Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a><br />(1824-1847) </td> <td>Coat of arms as Charles II of Parma Infante of Spain<br />(1761–1788) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles II, Duke of Parma</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">16. <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">17. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese" title="Elisabeth Farnese">Elisabeth Farnese</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand, Duke of Parma</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">18. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">19. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Etruria" title="Louis I of Etruria">Louis I of Etruria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">20. <a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Leopold, Duke of Lorraine">Leopold, Duke of Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">21. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans">Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma">Maria Amalia of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">22. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">23. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick">Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Charles II, Duke of Parma</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">24. <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> (= 16)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">25. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese" title="Elisabeth Farnese">Elisabeth Farnese</a> (= 17)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">26. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">27. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa,_Duchess_of_Lucca" title="Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca">Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">28. <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> (= 16, 24)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a> (= 8)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">29. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese" title="Elisabeth Farnese">Elisabeth Farnese</a> (= 17, 25)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa of Parma</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">30. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> (= 18)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth of France</a> (= 9)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">31. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a> (= 19)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles II. (Duke of Parma)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_II._(Duke_of_Parma)">"Charles II. (Duke of Parma)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 934–935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+II.+%28Duke+of+Parma%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=934-935&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+II%2C+Duke+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_98-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_98_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sainz de Medrano, <i>Changing Thrones: Duke Carlo of Parma</i>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_99-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_99_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sainz de Medrano, <i>Changing Thrones: Duke Carlo of Parma</i>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trebiliani, M.L. <i> Carlo II di Borbone </i>. Dizionario biografico degli Parmigiani<i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084129/http://biblioteche2.comune.parma.it/lasagni/bor.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteche2.comune.parma.it/lasagni/bor.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteche2.comune.parma.it%2Flasagni%2Fbor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+II%2C+Duke+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_100-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_100_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sainz de Medrano, <i>Changing Thrones: Duke Carlo of Parma</i>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balansó_101-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balansó_101_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, Balansó, <i>La Familia Rival</i>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sainz_de_Medrano_101-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sainz_de_Medrano_101_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sainz de Medrano, <i>Changing Thrones: Duke Carlo of Parma</i>, p. 101</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balansó, Juan. <i>La Familia Rival</i>. Barcelona: Planeta, 1994.</li> <li>Lucarelli, Giuliano. <i>Lo sconcertante duca di Lucca: Carlo Ludovico di Borbone Parma</i>. Lucca: Fazzi, 1986.</li> <li>Mateos Sainz de Medrano. Ricardo. "Changing Thrones: Duke Carlo II of Parma". <i>Royalty History Digest</i> 3, no. 1 (July 1993).</li> <li>Trebiliani, M.L. <i>Carlo II di Borbone</i>. <i>Dizionario biografico degli italiani</i>, 20: 251–258. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. Text also available in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084129/http://biblioteche2.comune.parma.it/lasagni/bor.htm"><i>Dizionario biografico degli Parmigiani</i></a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles II, Duke of Parma </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="House of Bourbon-Parma">Bourbons of Parma</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 22 December 1799</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 16 April 1883</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Etruria">Louis I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Tuscany">King of Etruria</a>, as Louis II </b><br />1803–1807 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Annexed </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa_of_Spain_(1782-1824)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Louisa of Spain (1782-1824)">Maria Luisa of Spain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Lucca">Duke of Lucca</a>, as Charles Louis </b><br />1824–1847 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise of Austria</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Parma" title="Duke of Parma">Duke of Parma</a>, as Charles </b><br />1847–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Parma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Parma" title="Template:Princes of Parma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Parma" title="Template talk:Princes of Parma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Parma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Parma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Parma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princes of Parma</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ottavio, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(cardinal)" title="Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)">Prince Alessandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_Farnese_(cardinal)" title="Ranuccio Farnese (cardinal)">Prince Rannucio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander, Duke of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_I_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio I, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese_(cardinal)" title="Odoardo Farnese (cardinal)">Cardinal-Prince Odoardo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma">Odoardo, Duke of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_II_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Prince_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma">Prince Alessandro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Parma" title="Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma">Odoardo, Hereditary Prince of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma">Francesco, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Antonio, Duke of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Etruria" title="Louis I of Etruria">Louis I of Etruria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles II, Duke of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III, Duke of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Robert I, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Count_of_Bardi" title="Prince Henry, Count of Bardi">Prince Henry, Count of Bardi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Henry, Duke of Parma">Henry, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Joseph, Duke of Parma">Joseph, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Elias, Duke of Parma">Elias, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sixtus_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Sixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Xavier_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma">Xavier, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma">Felix, Prince Consort of Luxembourg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ren%C3%A9_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince René of Bourbon-Parma">Prince René</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gaetano_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Gaetano of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Gaetano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugo,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma">Robert II, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Hugo,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma">Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sixtus_Henry_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Sixtus Henry, Duke of Aranjuez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a>*^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Luxembourg_(1927%E2%80%931977)" title="Prince Charles of Luxembourg (1927–1977)">Prince Charles</a>*^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jacques_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michel_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Michel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carlos,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma">Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_de_Bourbon_de_Parme" title="Jaime de Bourbon de Parme">Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a>*^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jean_of_Luxembourg" title="Prince Jean of Luxembourg">Prince Jean</a>*^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Guillaume_of_Luxembourg" title="Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg">Prince Guillaume</a>*^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Robert_of_Luxembourg" title="Prince Robert of Luxembourg">Prince Robert</a>*^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>*</small></sup><i>also <a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Princes of Luxembourg">prince of Luxembourg</a></i></li> <li><sup><small>^</small></sup><i>also <a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Nassau" title="Template:Princes of Nassau">prince of Nassau</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Parma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Parma" title="Template:Dukes of Parma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Parma" title="Template talk:Dukes of Parma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Parma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Parma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Parma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Parma" title="Duke of Parma">Dukes of Parma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg/60px-Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg/90px-Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg/120px-Parma_und_Piacenza-Stroehl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma">Pier Luigi</a> (1545–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ottavio</a> (1556–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander</a> (1586–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_I_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio I</a> (1592–1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma">Odoardo</a> (1622–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_II_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio II</a> (1646–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma">Francesco</a> (1694–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Antonio</a> (1727–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles I</a> (1731–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles II</a> (1735–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> (1740–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip</a> (1748–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand</a> (1765–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Cambacérès</a> <small>(<i>Parma</i>)</small> (1808-1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun,_duc_de_Plaisance" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance">Lebrun</a> <small>(<i>Piacenza</i>)</small> (1808-1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a> (1814–47)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Louis</a> (1847–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Charles III</a> (1849–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Robert I</a> (1854–1859)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty: <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Robert</a>* (1859–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Henry, Duke of Parma">Henry</a>* (1907–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Joseph, Duke of Parma">Joseph</a>* (1939–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Elias, Duke of Parma">Elias</a>* (1950–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugo,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma">Robert II</a>* (1959–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Xavier_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma">Xavier</a>* (1974–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Hugo,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma">Carlos Hugo</a>* (1977–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carlos,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma">Carlos</a>* (2010–present)</li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* denotes titular Duke</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantes_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Template:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantes_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infantes of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Carlos I</a>, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Felipe II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Fernando, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Felipe III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Felipe IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Infante Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Infante Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Infante Alonso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Carlos II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Luis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip_of_Spain_(1712%E2%80%931719)" title="Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)">Infante Felipe Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Fernando VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Carlos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Felipe I, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis_of_Spain" title="Infante Luis of Spain">Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria">Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Carlos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Fernando I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spain" title="Infante Gabriel of Spain">Infante Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Antonio_Pascual_of_Spain" title="Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain">Infante Antonio Pascual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_Javier_of_Spain" title="Infante Francisco Javier of Spain">Infante Francisco Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Fernando I, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Fernando VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_of_Spain" title="Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain">Infante Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_de_Paula_of_Spain" title="Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain">Infante Francisco de Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Pedro_Carlos_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal">Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Etruria" title="Louis I of Etruria">Luis I of Etruria</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luis_de_Borb%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Luis de Borbón">Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Juan, Count of Montizón">Infante Juan, Count of Montizón</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Fernando of Spain">Infante Fernando</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs,_Duke_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz">Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Enrique,_Duke_of_Seville" title="Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville">Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Sebasti%C3%A3o_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Sebastião of Spain and Portugal">Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carlos II, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gaetan,_Count_of_Girgenti" title="Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti">Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria">Infante Luis Fernando</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Antonio,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera">Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Carlos III, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carlos_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria">Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera">Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis_Fernando_of_Spain" title="Infante Luis Fernando of Spain">Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Roberto I, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Infante Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria">Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_%C3%81lvaro,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera">Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alfonso of Spain">Infante Alfonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria">Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">title granted by Royal Decree</span></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap">consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352200#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061531914">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/48296149">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/220691/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfxf99GBJqfmyyqWhdJDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123331749">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87903100">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15047538f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15047538f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Borbone, Carlo Luigi : di <duca di Parma>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV056569">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580353605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/47926">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CARLO II di Borbone, duca di Parma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-ii-di-borbone-duca-di-parma_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd123331749.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/123331749">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/113418620">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30056933">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&oldid=1253496890">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&oldid=1253496890</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1799_births" title="Category:1799 births">1799 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1883_deaths" title="Category:1883 deaths">1883 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_dukes_of_Parma" title="Category:19th-century dukes of Parma">19th-century dukes of Parma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Category:House of Bourbon-Parma">House of Bourbon-Parma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Etruria" title="Category:Kings of Etruria">Kings of Etruria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_Santiago" title="Category:Knights of Santiago">Knights of Santiago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_infantes" title="Category:Spanish infantes">Spanish infantes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobility_from_the_Republic_of_Lucca" title="Category:Nobility from the Republic of Lucca">Nobility from the Republic of Lucca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princes_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Category:Princes of Parma and Piacenza">Princes of Parma and Piacenza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_who_abdicated" title="Category:Monarchs who abdicated">Monarchs who abdicated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princes_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Category:Princes of Bourbon-Parma">Princes of Bourbon-Parma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece_of_Spain" title="Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain">Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Category:People from the Duchy of Lucca">People from the Duchy of Lucca</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2021">Use dmy dates from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 08:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-4qhwh","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.756","walltime":"0.920","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6195,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":131803,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11267,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":51257,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 777.577 1 -total"," 26.00% 202.138 2 Template:Infobox"," 25.74% 200.155 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 13.26% 103.079 1 Template:Langx"," 12.13% 94.357 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.97% 85.295 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.78% 76.062 1 Template:Princes_of_Parma"," 9.30% 72.332 1 Template:Cite_EB1911"," 8.89% 69.101 1 Template:Marriage"," 8.15% 63.390 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.420","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24255484,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2t9f4","timestamp":"20241130121900","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Charles II, Duke of Parma","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q352200","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q352200","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-13T22:16:03Z","dateModified":"2024-10-26T08:43:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/Ritratto_di_Carlo_Ludovico_di_Borbone.jpg","headline":"King of Etruria (1803-1807)"}</script> </body> </html>